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Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture, Ancient – Egypt'
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1
Jacquet, J., and A. J. Spencer. "Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 71 (1985): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3821662.
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Tian, Mengyao, and Xu Xiao. "The influence of Chinese and Western cultural traditions on ancient architecture." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i4.231.
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Architecture is a frozen music, a visual art, and a visual object whose existence is witnessed by history. Some classic ancient architectures including the pyramids of ancient Egypt, the Parthenon of ancient Greece, the Pantheon of ancient Rome, the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, the Hanging Temple of China and other world-famous traditional Chinese and Western architectures reflect ancient philosophical thoughts of the times. Architecture has formed a unique culture with the passage of time, and in turn culture plays an influential role to the formation of architecture. Geographical differences cause diversity to architectural cultures all round the world. In terms of Chines and western ancient architecture, the two differ each other on appearance, connotation, space and structure, which indicate not only the culture characteristics but also the aesthetic changes behind the architectures between China and the West.The West's passion for stone architecture and the East's passion for wood architecture are determined by national culture and geographical environment. It is difficult to judge which one is superior, sine such designs are developed to adapt to the environment and living habits. Ancient people built their characteristic architecture to meet the needs of the local people and living conditions.
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Rossi (book author), Corinna, and Sarah Symons (review author). "Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt." Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science 2 (December 21, 2015): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/aestimatio.v2i0.25733.
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Jacquet, J. "Book Review: Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 71, no. 1_suppl (August 1988): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751338507101s12.
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Larkin, Diana Wolfe. "Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt Corinna Rossi." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 65, no. 3 (September 2006): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25068296.
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Musacchio, T. "Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Corinna Rossi." Near Eastern Archaeology 70, no. 2 (June 2007): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea25067706.
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Spence, Kate. "Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Corinna Rossi." Journal of Anthropological Research 61, no. 2 (July 2005): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.2.3630880.
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Gardón-Ramos, Víctor. "The Imitation Phenomenon The Imitation Phenomenon During the Thinite Age." Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt 12 (2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.tde.2021.12.03.
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The most important evolution in the royal architecture of Ancient Egypt was probably the emergence of pyramidal architecture. This revolutionary new concept, started with Netjerkhet’s step pyramid, does not have a clear architectural explanation in the Egyptological context. Most scholars argue that the emerging solar cult was the only clue to this transformation. The present work shows that pyramidal architecture was the result of mixing the clear importance that the solar cult was growing in this historical context and the necessity of the pharaohs to stop the imitation phenomenon that their buildings were suffering by the upper classes during the Early Dynastic Period.
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Istvánfi, Gyula. "Architectural measure and proportion methods in ancient Egypt." Építés - Építészettudomány 42, no. 3-4 (September 2014): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/eptud.42.2014.3-4.4.
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Imhausen, Annette. "Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. By Corinna Rossi." American Journal of Archaeology 110, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ajs40027166.
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Williams, Kim. "Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt by Giulio Magli." Nexus Network Journal 16, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-014-0201-0.
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Małecka-Drozd, Natalia. "Notes on the Origin of Casemate Foundation Platforms in Ancient Egypt." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.10.
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Casemate foundation platforms appeared in Egypt in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC during the 2nd Intermediate period. As they are similar in nature to palace-citadel structures from the capital of Egypt under the Hyksos, Avaris, the possibility of their being Asiatic in origin has been considered. Recently, however, similar structures from Deir el-Ballas have been associated with Nubian funerary architecture. Yet making a choice between these two hypotheses means forgetting about the achievements of Egyptian brick architecture. The link between casemate foundation platforms and high Nile floods, as well as their structural features, unquestionably suggest Egyptian origin. Over the course of this paper, I would like to consider if the appearance of casemate platforms in the 2nd Intermediate period and the beginning of the New Kingdom could be related to mastaba burials and the local development of foundation laying methods.
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Kormysheva, E. E. "Features of the Hellenistic culture of ancient Sudan." Orientalistica 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 224–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2022-5-2-224-242.
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The article examines the main features and specificity of the formation of the Hellenistic culture in ancient Sudan. To assess the nature of the Hellenistic influence on the culture of Meroe, the author analyzes the characteristic features of the region's architecture, reliefs of temple complexes, painting and decoration of walls, items of minor art, jewelry, which had been obtained during archaeological excavations. The author explores the ways of penetration of Greek culture directly and through Egypt, as a result of which the Hellenistic culture of Meroe becomes the result of the syncretisation of Hellenistic Egypt and local forms. The borrowing had a specific nature, most of the Hellenistic elements were re-interpreted, transplanted into the Meroe and adapted to the local culture. The processes of transformation of images created through the syncretization of Egyptian Hellenistic images with local culture gave rise to a special form of Sudanese Hellenism, in which the Meroitic reading is traced in the concept, form and style. Such processes of combining local features with images that came from Egypt were typical for the entire history of contacts between these two Nile civilizations, the nature of the interaction as a whole was subjected to uniform laws, giving rise to a unique form of Hellenism in Meroe.
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Korachy, M. "IS THE LOSS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE REVERSIBLE? THE CASE OF LAHUN VILLAGE IN EGYPT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-977-2020.
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Abstract. In Fayoum, the largest oasis in the Egyptian western desert, the modern Lahun village was developed close by the ancient mud-brick Lahun Pyramid in the 19th Century. The architecture of Lahun village followed its ancestors’ architecture. Until 2003, a mix of mud and stone vernacular houses were dominant in the village. In 2010, 35% of the houses at Lahun main street, which leads to the pyramid site, were of mud brick/stone houses, the rest was replaced by high-rise concrete buildings. By 2019, little traces of the traditional vernacular dwellings survived a massive movement to concrete construction. In the last 15 years, the skyline of the village has completely transformed. Lahun’s loss of its vernacular architecture is not an exception, except in one case: Tunis village where a pottery school for locals, started 30 years ago, to change the future of Tunis, where traditional architectural techniques have taken an important place in contemporary constructions. What are the local needs when they decide to replace their traditional houses with concrete? What is the impact of the pyramid’s recent re-opening on the village? What should be learned from Tunis village? Could what remained from the aspects of the Lahun vernacular heritage be used to reverse the loss of the tangible architectural aspects? Is new architecture that is sympathetic to the traditional vernacular character of the village a solution?
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Ahmed, Ayman Mohamed. "Imitation of the Lotus Flower in Architecture: its Use in the Decoration of Walls and Ceilings of Palaces, Houses, and Tombs in Ancient Egypt." Res Mobilis 11, no. 14 (February 12, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rm.11.14.2022.1-20.
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Plant motifs were of great importance in the arts of ancient Egypt. It was very interested in decorative units and its aesthetic forms. The lotus flower is one of the most well-known plants in ancient Egyptian civilization due to its association with the religious and daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This fragrant flower in its colors white, blue, red, and as a sacred symbol in the life of the ancient Egyptian was not only an aesthetic decorative component that was depicted by the ancient Egyptians on walls of temples, or used in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics, but also used it in the decoration of palaces, houses and tombs in a specific decorative form. This study investigates on how the ancient Egyptians imitated the lotus flower in architecture and used it in decorative decoration of walls and ceilings in naturalistic scenes on walls or ceiling decoration with floral composition, and also in the form of pattern border strip (frieze), both in civil and religious architecture.
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Gorbyk, Olena. "ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT PERSIA: SYNCRETISM OF THE ARCHETYPES OF THE OIKOUMENE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 62 (January 31, 2022): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.62.29-39.
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The architecture of ancient Persia was an important component ecumenical development of culture and architecture of the ancient editerranean. Syncretism is confirmed in the forms of the order system and the porticos of Persia and Greco-Roman ancient architecture in the courtyards of Persian palaces and Roman court exedra in the form of a cross-domed temple of Persian Zoroastrianism and Byzantine Christianity. In the Achaemenid period of the history of ancient Persia, in the 6th century. B.C. in the Persian-occupied Anatolia and the Ionian Greeks took place an important event in ancient architecture - the birth of the order and the original architectural style. There is no reason to claim that the Persian marble column is a prototype of Greek Ionic marble or vice versa: they appeared synchronously and had common features (column with a developed base, flutes, with paired symmetrical sub-beam volutes) and methods of their monumental facade use (order portico). The archetype of the columned hall in the case of the Persian apadana, in solving its internal space, has certain features in comparison with ecumenical analogues – hypostyle halls of Egypt or Roman basilicas. The space of apadana, evenly marked by rows of slender columns of a unified order, had no difference in width or height nave, had neither deep nor centripetal spatial development. During the Sassanid dynasty in the 6th century. in the border provinces, which were the scene of the struggle between Rome- Byzantium and Sassanid Persia, the formation of the cross-domed system took place – parallel in the cross-domed Zoroastrian temples and Christian Roman-Byzantine. At the Persian University in Gondishapur, where an international team of scientists gathers, in the construction (involving Roman prisoners of war) of the Persian capital Bishapur the formula of ideal (centric, axial) architecture was realized. Zoroastrian temples of the Sassanid era receive a symmetrical shape, cross composition, centricity, trinity, that is, those archetypal themes that are characteristic of the traditions of sacred architecture of the Mediterranean ecumenism, in particular ancient Rome. The shape of the Persian courtyard is a variation of the Roman biaxial cross planning composition found in the architecture of Rome in the city plans, in the courtyards-perestilya with exedra, in the layout of the imperial baths). These examples show that the experience of ancient Persian architecture is not only the original oriental style, but is a variation of the Mediterranean ecumenical stylistic development.
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Satpathy, Chinmayee. "RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE TEMPLES IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND PURI SHRI JAGANNATH TEMPLE IN INDIA: COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW." MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (2022): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/mes.2022.v03i01.15.
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Since ancient times, two ancient civilizations of the world such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Egyptian Civilization though geographically fall apart from one another; they were well connected through the sea routes for maritime trading and cultural exchange as described in the ancient texts and archival records. The maritime trading also resulted in the social and cultural exchange between the two civilizations as well. The article focuses primarily on the striking resemblances observed between the Puri Shri Jagannath temple in India with that of the temples of ancient Egypt in terms of the religious worship of the deities, ritual practices in the temples, arts and architecture, celebration of temple festivals, religious record keeping, the role of king as the first servitor, humanisation of God and daily offering rituals, the concept of the state deity and God-King relationship etc. Though it is very difficult to trace the origin and evolution of the religio-cultural system and ritual practices in the temples of both the regions Odisha in India and ancient Egypt, however this similar system and arrangements might have been originated and evolved at one place at some point in time, might have gradually spread over to the other places in course of time.
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Gorbyk, Olena. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN OIKUMEN: HE BIRTH OF THE MONUMENTAL FACADE (2 MILLENNIUM BC) AND ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO A PORTICO (FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC)." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 59 (March 1, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.3-15.
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The article presents a general picture of the development of architecture of the Ancient World in the 3nd - 1st millennium BC. identified three main style-making cultures of the Mediterranean (Egypt, Mesopotamia with the Levant, the Aegean world with Antalya) which were formed in 3 thousand BC. and changing trends in the development of their architecture, the birth of the facade composition and its change from plane to spatial, which, according to the author, reveals historical development through architectural form – socio-cultural, worldview changes. At the level of 3 thousand BC. it is possible to state formation of a theme of a monumental portal: in Egypt and in the Mesopotamia. But meaningful construction of the facade, the creation of a presentable facade composition has not yet taken place. from the middle of 2 thousand BC in Egypt and Assyria, symmetrical planar façade compositions were formulated (paired pylons in the temple in Egypt and paired towers at the entrance arch portal in palaces and citadels in Assyria and the Hittites). This architecture stops the visitor not only in its form: small entrance opening against the dominant deaf array presents secrecy, remoteness and elitism of the content of the building. Instead, the traditions of secular open facade with a two-column loggia on the facade denote the megarons of the acropolises of the Aegean world and a bit-hilani house. An echo of such traditions can be considered two-column facades of Georgian traditional folk housing darbazi, which can be considered as characteristic of the region not only of the Caucasus. It should be noted as a change in the ratio of the area of the opening to the plane of the facade indicated the degree of elitism, esoteric or vice versa - democracy of a society and a certain type of building. It is established, as after long stagnation of development and conservation of achieved ideals in schemes of facade compositions noticeable changes occurred around 6-5 centuries. BC, when both in the Aegean region and in Antalya and Persia the formation of the composition of the open facade took place in monumental elite and sacred architecture. Mediterranean architecture opens up, becomes public, social, humane - it is time to form the space of a secular public city square surrounded by columned symmetrical portico facades - time of antique classical architecture.
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Gates-Foster, Jennifer, Isabelle Goncalves, Bérangère Redon, Hélène Cuvigny, Mariola Hepa, and Thomas Faucher. "The Early Imperial fortress of Berkou, Eastern Desert, Egypt." Journal of Roman Archaeology 34, no. 1 (June 2021): 30–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759421000337.
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AbstractIn 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and unusually shaped fort, identified in ostraca found in the fortress as Berkou (Βɛρκου), lay along a track leading from ancient Kaine (Qena) to the imperial quarries at Porphyrites. The fort lay over the remains of a Ptolemaic village and incorporated elements from the water system of the older settlement. This article presents the results of those excavations, including an overview of the fort's architecture and associated finds, as well as a discussion of its role in the regional transportation and security network that supported Roman exploitation of the nearby porphyry quarries in the 1st c. CE.
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Al-Rifai, Nada Yousuf. "Egyptology, Theodore Roosevelt and Lord Carnarvon in the Poetry of Ahmad Shawqi." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 10 (October 28, 2022): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.910.13287.
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It was Shawqi's right or rather his duty for which he was entrusted with his submissive talent, creativity, and ability to master the elements of poetry and the tools of art in addition to his strong patriotic sense and sincere national conscience to glorify the ancient civilization of Egypt. In this works, Shawqi praises Egypt’s monuments and its glory and indicates what happened to the ancient Egyptians who preceded him in the fields of science, art, building, architecture, engraving, painting, photography, and others. Shawqi referred to the pharaonic monuments in a group of his poems as part of a poem that has other purposes and in others as a complete poem with one purpose. This thinking indicates the extent of Shawqi's awareness of ancient Egyptian history, his familiarity with its events, and his use of Egyptian history in the service of poetic art.
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Sherkova, T. "Traditions and Innovations in Funeral Rites for the Social Elite in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/42.
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Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.
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Khalil, Mona M. E., Safia M. Khodary, Youssef M. Youssef, Mohammad S. Alsubaie, and Ahmed Sallam. "Geo-Environmental Hazard Assessment of Archaeological Sites and Archaeological Domes—Fatimid Tombs—Aswan, Egypt." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122175.
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The Fatimid state was established in Egypt in 969 and lasted until the end of the dynasty in 1171. During the Fatimid rule in Egypt, a large set of monuments were erected. A significant portion of these monuments were shrines dedicated to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammed, especially in Aswan. Groundwater rising, at present, has introduced severe deterioration to the ancient earthen mud-brick architecture of the Fatimid tombs in Aswan city (Egypt). However, monitoring the influence of anthropogenic and environmental aspects on the deterioration issues in Fatimid tombs has not yet been considered. To this end, the scope of this pilot study is to investigate the structural stability and weathering vulnerability of the building materials of mud-brick structures in the Fatimid Cemetery before restoration labor. This was achieved using an integration of remote sensing (Landsat 8 and SRTM-DEM) and hydrogeological datasets in the Geographic Information System (GIS), along with a physicochemical and mineralogical analysis of various materials (the bearing soil, wall plasters, and Muqarnas) from the affected cemeteries. The morphological and mineralogical compositions of the collected samples were analytically examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and CT scan. Moreover, geotechnical studies were conducted for the perched soil water and subsoil, including the analysis of the physiochemical composition and heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of multitemporal analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes displayed the growth and appearance of wetlands near the Fatimid tombs area over the last decades, boosting the geo-environmental risks from soil water rising. Furthermore, the detailed analytical investigations of building materials and soil foundations showed that this unique and substantial ancient Islamic archaeological site of Egypt shows weak geotechnical properties, and it is highly sensitive to natural and anthropogenic stressors. This innovative methodology can produce novel recommendations and results to the Ministry of Antiquities in Egypt and the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia for the adequate restoration of monuments.
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Saad, Saad Michael. "The Contemporary Life of the Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States." Studies in World Christianity 16, no. 3 (December 2010): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2010.0101.
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The present state of the Coptic Orthodox Church in America could not have been imagined fifty years ago. As an integral part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt, the young archdiocese in America evolved from non-existence to a formidable 151 parishes, two monasteries, three seminaries and many benevolent, educational and media organisations. Waves of immigration from Egypt brought not only Copts, but also a wealth of Coptic art, music, architecture, literature and spirituality. These treasures are being preserved and promoted by the immigrants and the second generation; in the homes, churches and community centers; and also at American universities via programs of Coptic studies. This article covers the above topics and discusses a few of the challenges that come with immigration and assimilation, especially when the community desires to maintain the depth and versatility of an ancient religious culture.
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Stewart, Jon. "Hegel's Analysis of Egyptian Art and Architecture as a Form of Philosophical Anthropology." Owl of Minerva 50, no. 1 (2019): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/owl2019501/26.
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In his different analyses of ancient Egypt, Hegel underscores the marked absence of writings by the Egyptians. Unlike the Chinese with the I Ching or the Shoo king, the Indians with the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Persians with the Avesta, the Jews with the Old Testament, and the Greeks with the poems of Homer and Hesiod, the Egyptians, despite their developed system of hieroglyphic writing, left behind no great canonical text. Instead, he claims, they left their mark by means of the architecture and art. This paper explores Hegel’s analysis of the Egyptians’ obelisks, pyramids, sphinxes, etc. in order to understand why he believes that these are so important for understanding the Egyptian spirit. This analysis illustrates Hegel’s use of history and culture in the service of philosophical anthropology.
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Malamud, Margaret. "Pyramids in Las Vegas and in Outer Space: Ancient Egypt in Twentieth-Century American Architecture and Film." Journal of Popular Culture 34, no. 1 (June 2000): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2000.3401_31.x.
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Driessen, J. M. "Earthquake-Resistant Construction and the Wrath of the "Earth-Shaker"." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 46, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990185.
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The writer investigates possible anti-seismic construction techniques used in Minoan architecture on Bronze Age Crete. The frequency of earthquakes in the Aegean seems to imply the presence of such techniques. Starting by noting the methods still in use in Turkey and other dangerous areas, the writer looks at the practice of projections and setbacks, the near absence of windows, room dimensions, roof and floor construction, the presence of partition walls, the size and number of stories, town planning, the presence of cornices and ring beams, and other construction details which helped to improve the anti-seismic capability of Minoan houses. Attention is given to the location of houses and to the question of whether or not the Minoans used these methods consciously. The writer believes they did, not only because of the frequency of these earthquakes but also because of the religious connotations and the existence of an architectural koiné in earthquake-stricken areas in the ancient Mediterranean and Near East, in contrast with Egypt.
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Carruthers, William. "Records of Dispossession: Archival Thinking and UNESCO's Nubian Campaign in Egypt and Sudan." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00015_1.
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Abstract This article discusses the creation of architectural and archaeological archives in newly independent Egypt and Sudan during the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, organized by UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). This initiative took place in the contiguous border regions of Egyptian and Sudanese Nubia from 1960 until 1980 in response to the building of the Aswan High Dam. Contingency in these archives demonstrates the necessity of acknowledging the (post-) colonial social and historical conditions in which they were produced. UNESCO's campaign sought to record ancient remains that would be submerged by the High Dam's floodwaters. During the campaign, UNESCO set up 'documentation centres' that helped codify what knowledge about Nubian architecture/archaeology might be archive-worthy, producing index cards dedicated to this purpose in Egypt (concentrating on monuments) and Sudan (centring on archaeological sites). This practice ‐ echoed by other organizations involved in the work ‐ was often purposefully forgetful of contemporary Nubia, whose material traces were also soon to be flooded. Nevertheless, such practices rendered visible other unauthorised histories of Nubia that subverted archival knowledge production: histories of local involvement with the campaign and now-submerged Nubian settlements. This article therefore argues that it is not only possible, but also ethically imperative, to repurpose the Nubian campaign's archives towards the acknowledgement of erased Nubian histories.
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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.
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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.
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Elgewely, Eiman. "3D Reconstruction of Furniture Fragments from the Ancient Town of Karanis." Studies in Digital Heritage 1, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23340.
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Furniture is the most personalized component of architectural space. It reflects or even determines the use of space, but also the standard of living, the gender, and age of the user. Heirlooms, furthermore, are retainers of memory and social relationships. The raw materials used and the level of skill and craftsmanship to produce furniture speak to the availability of such items for the community. Import of wood, techniques, or entire pieces of furniture show connectedness with other production centers. Furniture fragments are abundant among the well-preserved archaeological finds from the ancient Greco-Roman Town of Karanis, a site located on the arid desert edge of the Fayum basin, Egypt. Objects include furniture legs, boxes, reading tables, and table tops. The University of Michigan mission which worked on the site for about ten years (1924-1934), had as its main focus the architecture of Karanis. The furnishings of these structure do, however, provide important information and a study of the woodworking and composition of the pieces has now been undertaken, together with an attempt to place these remains back in their virtual context. The reconstruction of the Karanis furniture provides a major challenge because the fragments belong to various time periods and combine Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences and tastes. This research is a next phase of the project “Reviving Karanis in 3D”, which we started in 2013. In this research, we aim at using state-of-the-art digital technologies to create multiple interpretations of 3D reconstruction of a selection of furniture pieces based on analysis and photogrammetric models of wood furniture fragments from the Karanis collection of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan.
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Fritsch, Emmanuel, and Michael Gervers. "Pastophoria and Altars: Interaction in Ethiopian Liturgy and Church Architecture." Aethiopica 10 (June 22, 2012): 7–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.10.1.235.
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FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS BELONGING TO THE ARTICLE SEE SUPPLEMENTARY FILES > There are three parts to the interior space of ancient Ethiopian churches: a sanctuary (Mäqdäs) which is expanded into the “Holy Place” (Qǝddǝst) and the place of the assembly (Qǝne maḥlet). Four rooms stand at the corners of a cross-in-square interior: two service rooms on either side of a narthex-like entrance-room, westwards and, more important for the present discussion, two eastern service rooms which flank the sanctuary. These are called the pastophoria. After early input from Syria-Palestine, the Ethiopian basilicas took on an Aksumite character. Their development continued in a loose relationship with changes on the Egyptian scene, notably with a double phenomenon: the evolution of the rite and place of preparation of the bread and wine for Mass (the prothesis), and the demand for more altars at a time when churches could not be multiplied in Egypt. A study of architectural changes in the churches, alongside a comparison of liturgical practices and clues found in iconography and Coptic and Syriac literature, can bear witness to how the liturgy of the Ethiopian Church developed. Such investigation is all the more important because the absence of written documentation until the 13th century has left the church buildings as almost the only evidence available for study. The present study concentrates on the evolution and eventual disappearance of the pastophoria. The nature and location of the altars provides further evidence for dating. It should be noted that Ethiopia does not entirely abide by the Coptic models, essentially because what provoked change in Egypt did not exist in Ethiopia. Many questions still remain to be answered, including: When and where did the large monolithic altar of the permanent Coptic altar type first appear? Why are the West-Syriac and Ethiopian Churches today the only ones to celebrate Mass in a synchronized manner? We hope to address these and other questions at a later date.
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Mikhailovsky, Denis, Tatiana Skliarova, and Bogdan Bondarchuk. "ARCHES WITH GLUED WOOD. THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.247-267.
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Building structures made of solid and glued timber have long been widely used in many countries of the world, they have existed for several centuries. Their appearance is due to the fact that the available material, wood of natural origin, often could not be obtained with the desired section and quality. The simplest solution to this problem was the flaking of wooden fragments into one solid monolithic element. With the advent of effective technologies, all kinds of production of a large number of various wooden structures appeared, which opened up much more opportunities for designing with glued timber, and its ability to bend and fit into the desired shape, contributed to their use in the manufacture of arched structures.
The arch is one of the most interesting and effective designs, the shape of an arch is very common in nature, which speaks of a bionic approach to design, which, by its form, bears both aesthetic and practical significance. Arches have been used by mankind since ancient times, and to be precise, they first appeared in the II millennium BC in the architecture of the Ancient East, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, ancient and Hellenic Syria, and continue to be used to this day, which speaks of their eternal relevance and the need for further improvement and development of this constructive form.
The paper considers the process of formation and development of arched structures, in general, and in particular from wood. This work will be able to help to more accurately understand the processes that have influenced, influence and will influence the calculation and design of arched structures, which in turn will help formulate a more competent approach to the design and modification of this structural form. Also, the advantages of glued timber design, its best application in construction and architecture, as well as the advantages of using arched structures will be revealed again.
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Miniaci, Gianluca. "Multiple Burials in Ancient Societies: Theory and Methods from Egyptian Archaeology." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431800046x.
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The paper aims at providing theoretical models and data interpretation applied to multiple burials. Challenging the current fuzzy definition of multiple burials in ancient societies, the paper proposes a more accurate classification of multiple burials, with particular reference to ancient Egypt funerary culture, based on two main parameters, which may have influenced the association of bodies: p1) architecture; p2) time span, and three flexible sub-parameters that may be used to customize different scenarios, on occasion: sp1) number of deceased; sp2) age of deceased; sp3) nature of death/deposition. The body has been often considered the real ontological centre of the burial itself with all of the other countable objects intended as radiating projections supporting the body-nucleus. The practice of multiple burials disrupts such a perception as it juxtaposes horizontal, multidirectional perspectives: the role of a new body entering among older bodies and objects, and of the multiple bodies and objects themselves. The study of multiple burials, if correctly framed, can lead to insights into different religious, social, and economic reasons behind the mortuary programmes within a society. For instance, sequential multiple burials reinforce the transformation of dead bodies into part of the burial equipment itself, reducing the centrality of the body and disrupting the narrative tied to individual biographies, increasing an ‘artefactual’ perception.
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Bąkowska-Czerner, Grażyna, and Rafał Czerner. "Marina el-Alamein as an Example of Painting Decoration of Main Spaces of Hellenistic-Roman Houses in Egypt." Arts 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010002.
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The article is based on the research conducted by the authors. The houses from the ancient town discovered in 1985 on the Mediterranean coast at the location of today’s Marina el-Alamein, are among the rare remains of Egyptian residential buildings from Hellenistic and Roman times. There are few remains of houses from this period in major cities, including the capital of Alexandria. The ancient town, which functioned under the influence of nearby Alexandria, developed from the second century BC to the sixth century AD. Various types of buildings, relatively well preserved here, provide information on a reduced scale about the architecture of Alexandria, as well as the lives of its inhabitants. This also applies in particular to residential houses, their décor and colours. The ancient town of Marina el-Alamein can be seen as demonstrating solutions that are more common. The present article aims to analyse the preserved remains of painting decoration in the main spaces of houses and attempts to reconstruct forms and the principles of their creation on the background of better-known solutions from other regions. Houses in Marina generally implemented layouts defined by flagstone-paved portico courtyards, sporadically taking the form of an incomplete peristyle, and reception halls oikos, which could be accompanied by smaller adjoining rooms. Both the columns and entablature with the cornices of the porticoes as well as the walls of the main rooms were painted. Wall decoration was organised by geometric partitions, filled in variously. The aedicula that served religious purposes, placed centrally in the rear walls of the main reception rooms, was also polychrome. The painted decoration can be reconstructed from the preserved remains, as rich and intensely colourful, similar to Hellenistic and Roman layouts from other regions, but differing in details.
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LONE, SHABIR AHMAD. "Art and Architecture of Ancient Kashmir During Karkota Dynasty with Special Reference to Lalitaditya Muktapida (724-761 A.D)." Journal of Language and Linguistics in Society, no. 22 (March 30, 2022): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jlls.22.34.43.
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The Karkota dynasty of Kashmir was led by Lalitaditya Muktapida, who was its greatest emperor. During his reign, which lasted from 724 until 761 AD, he brought Egypt to the peak of glory. His rule was unquestionably historic in many ways, but his conquests are what history will remember him for the most. The kingdom's golden age began during Lalitaditya's leadership. For him, there was no one religion that he could not accept. At this period, both Buddhism and Brahmanism, the two major religions in India at the time, gained support from this emperor, who built temples for the Buddha and other gods? Several viharas, where learning flourished, were established by the king, who lavishly supported scholars. Foreign scholars and intelligentsia were treated with respect in Kashmir, and several cultural missions from other countries were welcomed. Many public buildings and services were overhauled under his watch. In the event of a natural disaster, farmers were given access to irrigation facilities and relief measures were put in place. As a result of the establishment of charitable institutions, those in need were fed every day. During the reign of Lalitaditya, also known as Samudurgupta of Kashmir, the author of this thesis focuses on art and architecture. During his reign, Kashmir prospered in art, architecture, culture, and learning. Many historians and writers have dubbed him the "Alexander of Kashmiri history" because of his many victories. The study will investigate the old styles of art and architecture from the time of the Karkota Dynasty, which was controlled by Lalitaditya from 724-761. These styles are of considerable significance in the modern era as part of the rich cultural history of the country.
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Maddock, Daniel. "Triumph of the Will: A memorial in film." Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 8, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej8.304.
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Despite Hitler’s efforts to transform Berlin into Germania, the capital of the new world he envisioned and which he believed would bear comparison with Ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome, there is little in the way of monumental architecture to bear witness to that ambition. Though there is only limited public evidence of Hitler’s architectural hubris present either in stone or steel, the same cannot be said of film. Leni Riefenstahl’s masterpiece Triumph of the Will (1935) (German: Triumph des Willens) is the most famous propaganda film of all time and a staple of university film schools and secondary schools across the world. At the time of its creation, celluloid motion picture film was a relatively new technology and the documentary format a nascent art form. Nevertheless, it was lauded almost immediately as a visually stunning imagining of the new regime and its leader. Though the film maker was subsequently reviled for her Nazi associations, as an art work her film has retained an almost miasmic aura that justifies continued re-assessment of its standing as a monument to the Nazi regime and the horrors perpetrated in its name.
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Abdel-Fattah, Zaki A. "Fluvial architecture of the Upper Cretaceous Nubia Sandstones: An ancient example of sandy braided rivers in central Eastern Desert, Egypt." Sedimentary Geology 420 (July 2021): 105923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105923.
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Elnaggar, Hala Barakat. "Heritage Resources as a Method to Reviving the Identity of Contemporary Interior Designs A Comparative Analysis of Users' Preferences of Interior Space." Academic Research Community publication 1, no. 1 (September 18, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.109.
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Egyptian heritage is known to be a result of many great civilizations. With various traditional elements and special features that add prominence to its cultural aspects, it carries magnificent aesthetic values and visual forms. Nonetheless, and due to the different nature of the cities and provinces in Egypt, styles and features in each region have taken different paths. For instance, Ancient Egyptians influenced some areas while others were more affected by Islamic or Coptic civilizations. Some regions were preserved in Nubian folk art heritage form. In the past, the country had a clear and unique identity that reflected its characteristics, environmental benefits and socio-cultural attributes. However, today the identity is faded and is nearly completely wiped by Western notions erasing our ideas, identities, and thoughts. This study focuses on the elements of heritage, their impact on people and the way these elements inspire interior architecture, form and psychology.This study aims to discern the elements of heritage and identify the character and special criteria of each civilization such as the Ancient Egyptian, Islamic and Nubian folk art heritage with special references and clarifications as to the criteria of reviving the traditional identity in contemporary interior design. This study will also include an analysis of user preferences in relation to discussed features.
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Czerner, Rafał, Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner, and Grzegorz Majcherek. "Research and conservation in the Roman baths of Marina el-Alamein in the 2012 and 2013 seasons (Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9714.
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A Roman bath in use from the 2nd to the 4th century AD at the harbor of Marina el-Alamein on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt continued to be researched, conserved and prepared for exhibition by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission working under the auspices of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw and the Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology. The bath and adjacent civic basilica were located in the center of the ancient town, to the south of the ruins of the main square. By updating results of research carried out in previous seasons, the present studies on the caldarium and frigidarium of the bath and a part of the civic basilica have brought us significantly closer to identifying the functional layout of the southern baths. Phases of construction were investigated as well and it is now possible to trace the transformation of the building over time.
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Bárta, Miroslav, Veronika Dulíková, Radek Mařík, and Matej Cibuľa. "Modelling the Dynamics of Ancient Egyptian State During the Old Kingdom Period: Hidden Markov Models and Social Network Analysis." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 149, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2020-0017.
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Summary The present study aims to outline new, more adjusted approaches of research addressing social complexity of past societies. In doing so, we use varied evidence to detect major ‘leap events’ in the history of ancient Egypt which were reflected by the state administration and its fluctuating complexity. The archaeological and inscriptional evidence shows that crucial changes in history had a non-linear, punctuated character. To reveal their true character, newly developed mathematical models have been applied. The analyses of early complex civilisations have made a noticeable progress recently. The current scholarship pays significant attention to a processual approach, description of the dynamics and its interpretation against the specific background formed by varied datasets originating from disciplines such as archaeology, history, art history, philology or environmental sciences to name but a few of the most relevant ones. Within this context, Old Kingdom Egypt evidence is reassessed using specific methods of analysis and interpretation. The ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom (2592–2120 BC), one of the earliest territorial states on this planet, is still frequently considered to be a homogenous continuum of isolated historical events manifested in various forms of architecture, art or religion. Some recent studies applied to its study put emphasis on a non-linear, ‘punctuated approach’ which appears to provide some new important perspectives on this traditional problem. The application of modern mathematical methods based on Hidden Markov Models and Social Network Analysis significantly changes this view. These methods have the potential to detail a vivid, heterogenous process of historical progress as a punctuated equilibria model, as a non-linear system with changing dynamics of its development in time. In this process, human agency, the rise and fluctuation of complexity and particular strategies of different social groups played significant roles and can be detected with the help of impartial approaches. The emerging picture can be used not only to describe the evolution of a past society but also for comparative purposes when studying the dynamics of past or present societies.
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Rossi, Corinna, and Fausta Fiorillo. "The Vaults of Umm al-Dabadib: Geometric Study." Nexus Network Journal 22, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 1063–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-020-00532-x.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the shape of the vaults that cover the rooms of the Fort of Umm al-Dabadib (Kharga Oasis, Egypt’s Western Desert), dating to the Late Roman Period. This building is the central element of the contemporary Fortified Settlement, consisting of a dense, three-dimensional mosaic of domestic units, all covered by similar vaults, and belonging to a chain of similar installations. Two elements make Umm al-Dabadib an interesting case-study: the excellent preservation of its architectural remains, and the possibility to rely on an accurate photogrammetric survey of the entire built-up area. Thanks to this combination, it was possible to analyse the geometric shape of the vaults in connection to the ancient building techniques. The study determined that the vaults of the Fort are elliptical; this conclusion will impact on the study of all the similar settlements built in the Kharga Oasis, and possibly to other contemporary buildings elsewhere in Egypt.
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Kryzhantovska, O. A., T. S. Rumilec, and T. T. Morozova. "HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE FORMATION OF HIGH-DENSITY LOW-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING." Regional problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 14 (December 29, 2020): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-403x-2020-14-136-142.
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The article discusses key issues related to the historical prerequisites for the formation of a high-density low-rise residential development. This is a complex and long process, the stages of which took place at different times and in different countries of the world. Today, such a building is very promising for modern rapidly growing cities, so it is important to track the history of its formation and the features of such planning decisions at different times. Such architecture can become a new vector in the development of modern cities, because low-rise residential buildings are much more comfortable than high-rise buildings. The article gives examples of low-rise city houses in different histories and in different countries. The aim of this work is to review the historical background of the formation of modern high-density low-rise buildings. The following historical examples of low-rise high-density buildings are considered: early single-family residential buildings of the ancient settlements of Mesopotamia and Egypt, residential buildings in Ancient Greece and Rome, blocked residential buildings for workers in the 19th century. In the UK, townhouses of the 1920s and 30s. In the USA, etc. The article shows the planning decisions and the appearance of low-rise high-density residential buildings. The main features of such houses are quarterly development, large-scale man, blocked development and the presence of a small house area.
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Moreno Moreno, María Pura. "El discurso arquitectónico de Hassan Fathy Lo vernáculo desde una perspectiva moderna." Cuaderno de Notas, no. 19 (July 31, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2018.3817.
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Resumen La condición de arquitectura alternativa apunta a procesos individualistasalejados de convencionalismos de contexto. La internacionalización de los postulados modernos condujo a la crítica a eludir en sus análisis construcciones de revitalización de una arquitectura considerada comoexcesivamente identitaria. Este artículo analiza el esfuerzo del arquitectoegipcio Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) por reivindicar, a todas las escalas, lasabiduría de la edificación tradicional durante un periodo coincidente con la modernidad occidental. La escasez de hierro y cemento en Egipto, tras la II Guerra Mundial, fomentó la recuperación de una construcción de bajo coste adaptada a las circunstancias y recursos materiales del lugar. La durabilidad de la arquitectura popular que permanecía conservada desde tiempos remotos, y sobre todo su eficacia en el control climático, fomentó en Fathy el deseo de aprendizaje de métodos y dispositivos tradicionales tanto constructivos como espaciales que fueron reinterpretados con una lectura moderna, desde el ámbito doméstico al urbano, en la morfología y materialización de sus proyectos.AbstractThe “alternative” architectural condition points to individualistic processes that give results far removed from the conventionalisms of context. The internationalization of the modern postulates led the critique to leave constructive procedures in the analyses of revitalization of an architecture considered as excessively identitarian, to one side.This article analyses the effort of the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) to defend at all levels, during a period coinciding with Western modernity, the wisdom of traditional inherited edification.The scarcity of iron and cement in Egypt, after the Second World War, boosted the recovery of a low-cost construction adapted to the climatic conditions and the material resources available locally. Popular architecture’s durability, especially its utilitarian aspect, preservedsince ancient times and, in particular, its effectiveness in climate control, inspired in Fathy the desire to learn traditional constructive and spatial devices. The questioning of the figure of the “Muallim”, or Master Mason, which had become a source of inherited knowledge, with regards vernacular constructive systems, added to his own analysis of popular architecture, gave him a knowledge of autochthonous materials and passive mechanisms of environmental control that were reinterpreted with a modern reading in the materialization of both his domestic and urban projects.
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El-Bassyouny, Khaled. "فنون التصویر والدیکور فی عمارة القصور والمنازل فی مصر القدیمة Painting and decorative arts in the architecture of palaces and houses in Ancient Egypt." Conference Book of the General Union of Arab Archeologists 15, no. 15 (November 1, 2012): 103–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/cguaa.2012.32867.
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Sarmento Esteves, Luís Pedro F. R. "Inverted pyramid Azores - an eternal hybrid structure." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 3 (October 24, 2021): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-3-261-269.
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Engineering structures are designed with observation of rules for structural performance under specific design loads, defined in the so-called structural codes. While dead loads are directly dependent from the selection of structural materials to a given structural function, live and accidental loads are often linked to the region where the structure must perform. In a complete opposition to engineering principles in Ancient Egypt, the inverted pyramid was designed to become a statement of how to bend gravitational laws, and what can be achieved by modern engineering, sill with intelligence to fulfill its function in a region where engineering structures are subjected to extreme live and accidental load regimes, e.g. high risk of earthquakes and high wind seasonal loads. A hybrid structural concept was specified, comprising lightweight structural wall elements anchored to a relatively heavyweight structural core. The suggested design concept fulfills the global equilibrium equation defined by architecture, and should become a structural example from a structural design perspective. As any other project involving non-comprehensive geometry, design and construction of the inverted pyramid is highly sensible to management options, which shall assure high precision manufacturing, and accurate control of its production.
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Robson, Eleanor. "Corinna Rossi. Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. xxii + 280 pp., illus., tables, app., bibl., index. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. $100 (cloth)." Isis 96, no. 2 (June 2005): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/491492.
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Giovannini, E. C., M. Lo Turco, and N. Mafrici. "DOCUMENTING HISTORICAL RESEARCH FOR A COLLECTION INFORMATION MODELLING. A PROPOSAL FOR A DIGITAL ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-519-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The paper describes part of the conceptual structure produced within the still ongoing project B.A.C.K. TO T.H.E. F.U.T.U.RE. (BIM Acquisition as Cultural Key TO Transfer Heritage of ancient Egypt For many Uses To many Users REplayed). The aim of the project was to use a semantic web infrastructure to describe archival research and tracking informations related to a hidden museum collection <q>expedition models of Egyptian architecture</q> partially stored in the depots of the Museo Egizio of Turin. The outcome will be an interactive web-presentation portal of high-resolution 3D models enriched by historical and archival set of content, from the digitization procedure applied to collection objects, to the digitization process of related data and information. The development of the collection documentation of the project illustrates how is crucial to declare the semantic description underlying narrative contents. Data about single collection objects were conceptually modelled using generalizable formulas already known by CIDOC-CRM community. The description of provenance of knowledge related to the historical investigation process was modelled using CRMinf extension, exploring the possibility of making beliefs based on the available documentation and validating the results of the assumptions made during the research.</p>
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Kahl, Jochem. "Manuscripts and monuments: the ten contracts of Djefai-Hapi and economies of knowledge." Manuscript and Text Cultures (MTC) 1 (May 1, 2022): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.56004/v1k83.
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Reconfigured and recontextualized several times, the ten contracts inscribed on the walls of the monumental tomb of the regional governor Djefai-Hapi I at Asyut (c. 1920 BC) are a particularly striking example of how different material and different contexts generate new meaning. Originally written on papyrus or leather, the ten contracts between Djefai-Hapi and the priests of the main deities of his city and the necropolis staff ensured that Djefai-Hapi would be able to participate in the local cult(s) on a regular basis after his death. Put in a new context, the 'tomb edition' of the ten contracts went beyond Djefai-Hapi's insistence on later successors honouring his agreements. It exercised a powerful effect on Djefai-Hapi's deification in a dynamic interplay of monumental tomb-architecture, high-quality statues, elegant language used in the tomb-inscriptions, and Asyut's local cults. After more than two millennia, the contracts were stored in a temple more than 200km away from Asyut and did not have legal meaning any more. Instead, they had changed to a commemorative text written on papyrus. Defining and reconstructing actors, institutions, materials, and working processes provides insight into the colourful history of knowledge transfer in Ancient Egypt.
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Dąbek, Józefa, Halina Kulik, Oskar Sierka, Magdalena Szynal, and Zbigniew Gąsior. "DOCTORS AND ARCHITECTS – DO THESE PROFESSIONS HAVE ANYTHING IN COMMON?" Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 8 (2021): 2004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202108138.
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Both architecture and medicine have accompanied man for centuries. Both architects and doctors make every effort to ensure that the objects of their interest (buildings and the human body) comply with the Vitruvian principles of ideal construction. Doctors take steps to restore these principles in the event of a disease, and like architects, they try to keep the subject of their activities as long as possible. It can be said that this two professions have a common ancestor: the first physician known by name in general history – Imhotep – was not only an outstanding doctor, but also an architect. He designed and built the funerary complex in Saqqara on the basis of a combination of different types of burials from lower and upper Egypt. He also was the author of the prototype of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, discovered in Luxor, a document containing the rational and scientific approach of ancient physicians to diseases for which science dominates over magic. Historians are debating whether it is Imhotep, and not Hippocrates, who should be called the father of medicine. The 21st century forces both doctors and architects to take up newer and newer challenges and change standards. Both of these professions today are based on the service provider-recipient relationship. According to modern technologies, they both work in accordance with the guidelines displayed on the computer screen. Doctors take responsibility for human health and life, while architects – for interpersonal relationships created in the buildings they have designed.
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Teeter, Emily. "The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. 3d ed. By W. Stevenson Smith. Revised by, William Kelly Simpson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Pp. 296 + 419 figs. $70 (cloth), $36 (paperback)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63, no. 2 (April 2004): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422291.
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Vasiljević, Vera. "Ancient Egypt in our Cultural Heritage?" Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2016): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v8i3.10.
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Inspiration derived from ancient Egypt is usually expressed through the Egyptian motifs in arts and popular culture of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as through the non-scientific interpretations of the culture, very much based upon the Renaissance ones. The number and variety of material and non-material traces of this fascination are most expressed in the countries where, along with the early support for the institutional development of Egyptology, there existed economically potent educated middle classes (Western and Central Europe, USA), but may also be traced elsewhere. The public fascination by ancient Egypt has not ceased by the times of foundation of Egyptology, marked by the decipherment of the hieroglyphic script in 1822. Until the end of the 20th century Egyptologists have rarely dealt with the prelude to their discipline, limiting their interest to the critical approach to ancient sources and to noting the attempts to interpret the hieroglyphic script and the function of pyramids. However, the rising importance of the reception studies in other disciplines raised the interest of Egyptologists for the "fascination of Egypt", thus changing the status of various modes of expressing "Egyptomania" – they have thus become a part of the cultural heritage, registered, documented, preserved and studied. The research of this kind is only beginning in Serbia. The line of inquiry enhances the knowledge of the scope, manifestations and roles of the interest in Egypt, not limited by the national or political borders. On the other hand, the existence of the cultural heritage similar to the wider European view of ancient Egypt – short remarks by Jerotej Račanin, Kandor by Atanasije Stojković, the usage of architectural motifs derived from Egypt, the emergence of small private collections, to mention several early examples – all show that the research into the reception of ancient Egypt may contribute to the knowledge about the history and understanding of the complexity of the cultural life of Serbia.