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Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture, Ancient'
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1
Tian, Mengyao, and Xu Xiao. "The influence of Chinese and Western cultural traditions on ancient architecture." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i4.231.
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Architecture is a frozen music, a visual art, and a visual object whose existence is witnessed by history. Some classic ancient architectures including the pyramids of ancient Egypt, the Parthenon of ancient Greece, the Pantheon of ancient Rome, the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, the Hanging Temple of China and other world-famous traditional Chinese and Western architectures reflect ancient philosophical thoughts of the times. Architecture has formed a unique culture with the passage of time, and in turn culture plays an influential role to the formation of architecture. Geographical differences cause diversity to architectural cultures all round the world. In terms of Chines and western ancient architecture, the two differ each other on appearance, connotation, space and structure, which indicate not only the culture characteristics but also the aesthetic changes behind the architectures between China and the West.The West's passion for stone architecture and the East's passion for wood architecture are determined by national culture and geographical environment. It is difficult to judge which one is superior, sine such designs are developed to adapt to the environment and living habits. Ancient people built their characteristic architecture to meet the needs of the local people and living conditions.
2
Xie, Xiaoying, and Qitong Wang. "Parameterization of Chinese Ancient Architecture on the Basis of Modulo Relationships." SHS Web of Conferences 171 (2023): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317103031.
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Contemporary systems are trending toward 3D computer-aided design systems that integrate, network, and exhibit intelligence. The integration of parametric technology with ancient Chinese architecture can enhance the efficiency and quality of managing information on ancient buildings, thereby expanding the application scenarios of ancient architectural information models. By analyzing the construction characteristics of ancient Chinese carpentry work and modular systems, this research outlines the logic and methods for generating Chinese ancient architecture. The program’s parametric technology allows for adjusting variable parameters to produce carpentry work structures of varying scales and forms. Furthermore, this research establishes a library of parametric 3D components for ancient architecture, which can simplify the design process of contemporary antique architecture. Additionally, the parametrization of Chinese ancient architectures can function as an auxiliary tool for maintenance and repair techniques, serving as a storage mechanism for whole-life cycle information. This can enable the digital archiving of component information and model entities in an informative manner for managing existing ancient architectures.
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Liu, Yuxuan. "Tradition and Modernity: Inheritance and Innovation of Ancient Chinese Architecture." Communications in Humanities Research 6, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/6/20230393.
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With a history of five thousand years, China has made many outstanding achievements in architecture. Even in modern times with advanced technology, there are still many advantages that can be used for reference. This article expounds the modern development of ancient Chinese architecture through the unique structure of ancient Chinese architecture and the application and evolution of ancient Chinese architectural styles in modern times. In general, the two unique structures of ancient Chinese architecture, the mortise and tenon structure and the bucket arch structure, due to the development of science and technology, no longer need them to play a load-bearing role. Now they are more used as decorations to reflect Chinese culture in architecture. middle. The architectural style of ancient China is also combined with modern architectural style to simplify the cumbersome construction process while still retaining the unique charm of ancient Chinese architecture. The main purpose of this study is to study the application and development trend of ancient Chinese architecture in modern times.
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Xia, Bo Rui, and Xiao Wang. "Fairyland-Emphasizing Effect of the Ancient Taoist Architecture for Wudang Mountain in Hubei Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.630.
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The Fairyland-emphasizing effect of the ancient Taoist architecture in Wudang Mountain is analyzed in the present paper. To this purpose, the different location selection of the “human world”, the “spirit mountain” and the “kingdom of heaven” is employed. Specifically, the “spirit’s world” are always constructed on a geographical dangerous site in the mountains in the forms of huge-scale ancient architectures. These architectures are always featured by their unique architectural details and marvelous plan. The Nanyan and the Taihe Palace in Wudang Mountains are taken as two studying case at the end of the paper, to analyze the fairyland-emphasizing effect of the Taoist ancient architectures.
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Xiao, Ran. "Analysis of the Layout Axis of Jinci in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2601.
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The ancient building group of Jinci gathers different architectures in the dynasty of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing , which is deserved to be recognized as the national treasure and living ancient architecture archives including more eras. Based on the location, layout, axis of the building arrangement, this essay expounds the layout features and analyses the ancients’ grasp of axis in Jinci.
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Wu, Yali. "Classification of Ancient Buddhist Architecture in Multi-Cultural Context Based on Local Feature Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (May 23, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8952381.
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Ancient Buddhist architecture plays an important role in the development of Chinese architectural culture. Under the background of multiculturalism, the ancient Buddhist architectural style has also been influenced to varying degrees. In order to realize automatic classification of ancient Buddhist architecture under multi-cultural background, this paper proposes an automatic classification algorithm based on local feature learning. Firstly, the ancient Buddhist architecture images are gridded, so that the backbone network can obtain relatively flat ancient Buddhist architecture image blocks. At the same time, the backbone network can learn more local details. Then, the grid reconstruction module is designed to strengthen the connection between the features of each block and highlight the distinguishing detail features. The accuracy of ancient Buddhist architecture classification can be effectively improved through image meshing and mesh reconstruction. Experiment and analysis are carried out by using the dataset of ancient Buddhist architecture images on the Internet. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better recognition accuracy and robustness than other comparison algorithms.
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Zhang, Yong. "Analysis of Ancient Chinese Architecture Aesthetics." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1515.
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the ancient Chinese architecture after two thousand years of development, formed the unique architectural style and aesthetic implication of Chinese traditional culture, this kind of architectural style and aesthetic connotations mainly reflected in the structure of the structure, roof shape, layout and color, etc. Appreciate the ancient Chinese architecture, can give a person very special aesthetic pleasure.
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Wang, Jicong, Min Li, Jia Wang, and Xiaoqing Ma. "Inheritance and Development of Ancient Buildings Culture based on Digital Image Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017901011.
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Given the glorious achievements China boasts in the construction of ancient buildings, developing digital image technology for exploring the existing ancient buildings is of great significance, which cannot only analyse ancient civilization thoroughly, but also provide a reference for the field of modern architecture. It is efficient and accurate to collect information of ancient buildings by using modern digital image technology. However, it also has the drawbacks of having enormous sources which cannot be directly applied to image transmission. How to simplify the miscellaneous information resources and combine them with the ancient architectural culture is the key and difficult points of this study. In order to overcome the problem caused by incomplete information and lack of cultural concepts in ancient architecture construction, this paper explores the cultural connotation of ancient architecture from two aspects—material culture and intangible culture. When high-quality ancient architectural culture is demonstrated through modern digital image technology, ancient architectural culture is further promoted with the help of a variety of media platforms, so as to provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese ancient architectural culture.
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Xiong, Xue Yu, and Zhao Yang Su. "Review of Timber Structure Reinforcement Research for the Huizhou Ancient Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.498.
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Chinese ancient architectures are valuable culture heritages for human beings, and most of these ancient architectures are timber structures.[ Since most of the survived ancient architectures were built long time ago and suffered all kinds of nature disasters, their structures were damaged severely, and needed to be effectively reinforced and repaired. As the key element of Huizhou culture, Hui-style architecture is the representative of Chinese ancient architectures. Based on Hui-style architectures current damage situations, this paper studies the strengthen methods and current study situations of the timber structure of the ancient architectures from beam, column, mortise and tenon joint, corbel bracket, retaining structure and other aspects. It also studies the shortage of the traditional reinforcement methods, and discusses the usage of the new reinforcement material CFRP in the timber structure of the ancient architecture. In the end, the writer believes that finding sufficient methods to ensure the reinforcement effect, overcoming the shortage of the traditional reinforcement method, as well as ensuring the original appearance of the components when carry out the reinforcement, is the direction of the reinforcement study of Hui-style architecture in the future.
10
Chen, Jinju, and Shiyan Ou. "Research on the construction of the semantic model for Chinese ancient architectures based on architectural narratives." Electronic Library 38, no. 4 (September 3, 2020): 769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-02-2020-0039.
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Purpose This paper aims to reorganize the relevant information of Chinese ancient architectures with the use of Semantic Web technologies and thus facilitate its deep discovery and usage. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes an ontology model for Chinese ancient architectures based on architectural narratives theory. To verify the availability of the ancient architecture ontology, we designed and implemented three experiments, including semantic retrieval based on SPARQL query, semantic reasoning with the use of Jena reasoner and visual analysis based on the Chinese Online Digital Humanities Resources Platform. Findings The proposed ontology provided a solution for the semantic annotation of the unstructured information of Chinese ancient architectures. On this basis, deep knowledge services such as semantic retrieval, semantic reasoning and visual analysis can be provided. Practical implications The proposed semantic model of ancient architectures can effectively improve the organization and access quality of the semantic content of Chinese ancient architectures. Originality/value This paper focuses on the semantic modelling for the unstructured information of Chinese ancient architectures to semantically describe the related entities (e.g. persons, events, places and times) and uncover their relationships, and thus it made contribution to the deep semantic annotations on ancient architectures.
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Yan, Haijun. "A Cultural Study of The Roof Beast in Traditional Chinese Ancient Architecture." International Journal of Education and Humanities 9, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v9i2.9884.
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Chinese traditional ancient architecture is an important part of Chinese ancient culture, and its architectural style is unique and exquisite. The roof beast is a kind of decorative element in traditional ancient architecture, its meaning is rich and far-reaching. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin, evolution and cultural connotation of the roof ridge beast in traditional Chinese ancient architecture through the cultural research, and further deepen the understanding and understanding of ancient Chinese culture.
12
Zhang, Rui Xue, and Tian Jie Liu. "The Development of An Ancient Village - Xidi, Wannan." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2255.
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As a typical representative of Huizhou architecture, ancient houses of Anhui Xidi show ancient residential living environment with its integrated primordial form. Excellent artistic attainments is displayed by unique ancient architecture and decorations. This paper introduced residential characteristics, morphological structure and cause of formation of the Ancient villages in southern Anhui, to clarify the influence of architectural morphology to village development.
13
wang, Fang. "The Influence of Chinese Traditional Philosophical Ideas on Ancient Chinese Architecture." Философия и культура, no. 2 (February 2023): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2023.2.39792.
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The formation and development of any architectural form and system has its own historical and cultural background. The ancient Chinese architectural system has a long history and characteristics inseparable from the historical development of Chinese traditional philosophy. Chinese philosophy, as a theory of human self-consciousness, does not give knowledge, but mainly gives ideas and ways of thinking for the needs of human self-development; At the same time, ancient Chinese architecture became a physical object reflecting the idea of traditional Chinese philosophy. Therefore, in order to explore ancient Chinese architecture, it is necessary to analyze and study it from the point of view of traditional Chinese philosophy. Like Confucius' thoughts on etiquette, the idea of the "doctrine of the middle" and the concept of hierarchical division; These ideas had a profound influence on ancient Chinese architecture, including urban planning, traditional dwellings, the environment, Lao Tzu's desire for harmony and unity between man and nature, worship of the gods, etc., as well as the theory that emerged later "Feng Shui", etc. temple space and garden architecture in the south of the Yangtze River. This article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of Confucianism and Taoism on the general principle of designing spaces of ancient Chinese architecture. The article selects some typical examples of ancient Chinese architecture for analysis. The following principles are manifested in the design of spaces of Chinese architecture under the influence of Confucianism and Taoism: moderation of living space; the principle of symmetry, balance and coordination; architectural hierarchy formed on the basis of the needs of "rituals"; integration of architecture and the environment; design of spaces according to "Feng Shui".
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Pechenkina, Yuliya V. "THE PHENOMENON OF "LIVE" AND "UNALIVE" RESIDENTIAL OBJECTS IN ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE." Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, no. 3(71) (September 29, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47055/1990-4126-2020-3(71)-12.
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The article considers the rules of creating “live” residential objects based on the principles of ancient Indian architecture, the impact of such objects on the quality of life. For comparison, the impact of “dead” objects on human development is illustrated by examples. The concepts of "live" and "dead" residential objects are defined from the standpoint of ancient Indian architecture. Several basic principles of ancient Indian architecture are described. The importance of applying some of the principles of ancient Indian architecture in the design and construction of residential facilities in Russia. Examples of architectural inventions created by the world-famous architect Dr. Ganapati Sthapati are included. The article has three main sections devoted to the main postulates formulated by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius.
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Changzhi, Wu. "MYTHOPOETICS AND MYTH-CREATIVITY IN THE METHODS OF RESEARCH OF ANCIENT CHINESE ARCHITECTURE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 63 (April 14, 2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.63.110-123.
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The article examines the currently insufficient the amount of literature on architecture and art of the Celestial Empire, which determines the relevance of this study. However, despite this in Ukrainian oriental studies are presenting the work of scholars specializing in Chinese architecture. Problem statement: the analysis of architectural monuments of ancient China is using well-known theoretical methodologies of scientific research, but taking into account the specifics of the mythological heritage of individual regions of China, the impact on the construction of the architectural image changes. In this regard, it is necessary to explore some methods of mythological influence on the construction of ancient Chinese architecture. Objective of the article: identify features of the methodology of studying the architecture of ancient China. There is describing that based on the general theoretical methods of studying architecture, it was founding that in ancient Chinese architecture there is a special cosmological meaning, which was giving great importance in the Celestial Empire. In ancient buildings, we can see the Chinese idea of the Great Way. The central core of Chinese traditional thinking is the postulate of "the union of man and heaven." This is the basis of his myth making and methods of constructing architectural structures and compositions. It can be suggesting that the further development of the methodology of studying the architecture of China should be based on the postulate of the dominant importance of the natural environment. The Cosmos–Man–Tao triad is a link in the architectural compositions of Chinese buildings and temple complexes.
16
Wang, Ru, Wei Xin Sun, and Xiang Zhang. "Construction of the Information Model of Ancient Architecture Components Based on BIM - A Case Study of Bracket Sets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.323.
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Taking Bracket sets as an example, we have discussed the construction methods of BIM-based Information model of the ancient architecture components. First, to build the three-dimensional model of the bracket sets with the method of CSG, and then write the information in the model with the technology of extended data and data dictionary, and to built Information model of the ancient architecture's components, at last we have given the key code to achieve it. The information model meet the rule about the ancient buildings’ modulus, it can be used for the measurement of existing ancient buildings, the repair and reconstruction of the ancient architecture, the design of antique architecture.
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Wang, Meng Lin, and Jie Tan. "Four Orientation Gods of Ancient Chinese Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.61.
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East blue dragon, west white tiger, south phoenix and north tortoise were four orientation gods of ancient Chinese architecture. Four orientations derived from the astronomical phenomena about Big Dipper in the sky. Four gods were ancient totem symbols. Chinese ancients had the idea of “harmony between nature and man”. Many buildings were organic arranged and isomorphic with the sky. Buildings usually sit north and faced south, and their sides were toward to four directions named----east blue dragon, west white tiger, south red phoenix and north black tortoise. The applying of orientation gods to some extent caused the stylized mode in architecture.
18
Dominiczak, Marek H. "Ancient Architecture for Healing." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.218347.
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Lindfield, Peter. "Serious Gothic and ‘doing the Ancient Buildings’: Batty Langley's Ancient Architecture and ‘Principal Geometric Elevations’." Architectural History 57 (2014): 141–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00001404.
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Batty Langley (1696-1751) is one of the most familiar and generally infamous figures of Britain's eighteenth-century Gothic Revival (Fig. 1). Following his father, he trained as a gardener and was one of the early promoters of the irregular style that prefigured William Hogarth's ‘line of beauty’. Langley's interest, however, turned to architecture and he produced numerous architectural treatises and pattern books, the majority of which were concerned with Classical architecture. This was a sensible decision since, as Eileen Harris and Nicholas Savage observe, ‘Langley had much to gain by concentrating his publishing activities on architecture, for which there was a considerably larger, more diversified, and less discriminating market.’ His most well-known publication, however, is concerned with the Gothic: Ancient Architecture: Restored, and Improved by a Great Variety of Grand and Useful Designs, Entirely New in the Gothick Mode (1741-42).
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Alnehmi, Ahmed. "Investigating Permanence Principles of Sustainability in the Sabaean-Himyaritic Yemeni Architecture." Journal of Palestine Ahliya University for Research and Studies 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59994/pau.2024.1.1.
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The study aims to identify a set of standards and innovations that achieve sustainability in ancient Yemeni architecture. It also attempts to know the experiences and skills of the ancient Yemeni people in the field of architecture, which led to the production of sustainable architecture. The methodology followed a historical approach to trace developments in architecture. It also relies on an analytical approach in analyzing samples and analyzing architectural and cultural characteristics. The study concluded that the ancient Yemeni people used building materials such as clay, stone, and wood to achieve the principles of sustainability. The architecture of the Himyarite Sabaean era was influenced by several factors, including the choice of a suitable site, available local materials, and local techniques. The study recommends official and private experts take advantage of the solutions to ancient Yemeni architecture and apply them to modern architecture.
Originality/value: This study deals with the ancient Yemeni civilization, especially the Sabaean and Himyarite architecture. It seeks a deep understanding of the foundations that formed the first nucleus of inherited styles, and knowledge of the reasons for the continuation of civilization.
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Zhao, Mingming, Jun Liang, and Shanquan Lu. "Cultural Connotation and Image Dissemination of Ancient Villages under the Environment of Ecological Civilization: A Case Study of Huizhou Ancient Villages." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 26, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7401144.
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Ecological civilization refers to the sum of the material production and consumption mode, social organization and management system, values and ethics, and resource development and environmental influence mode between man and nature created in the practice of transforming nature, adapting to nature, conserving nature, and savoring nature. The construction of ecological civilization is an important part of the realization of the new rural construction goal of “production development, well-off life, civilized village customs, clean village appearance, and democratic management.” With the comprehensive promotion of the construction of a new socialist countryside in China, the ancient villages, as the source foundation of Chinese national culture and the real record of historical information, have become an urgent and severe topic for the current village renovation and protection. This article studies the architectural modeling, village layout, space, color application, and other aspects of ancient Huizhou village architecture, appreciates some elements of form aesthetics, and explores its rich content in modern society, cultural background, and economic conditions. At the same time, starting from the architectural characteristics of ancient Huizhou villages, integrate and understand the characteristics of village layout, architectural shape, and space color application in Huizhou traditional ancient village architecture, and analyze the harmonious beauty, overall beauty, nature, and coordination covered in Huizhou traditional ancient village architecture beauty and other beautiful features. To study the architectural shape, village layout, space, and color application in Huizhou's ancient village buildings, appreciate some elements of morphological aesthetics, and explore its rich content contained in modern society, cultural background, and economic conditions. At the same time, starting from the architectural characteristics of Huizhou ancient villages, we can integrate and understand the characteristics of village layout, architectural shape, and spatial color application in Huizhou traditional ancient villages, and analyze the characteristics of harmony, overall beauty, nature, and coordinated beauty covered in the architecture of Huizhou traditional ancient villages. This study is of great practical significance to promote the comprehensive improvement and protection of historical buildings, traditional residential communities, historical features, and surrounding ecological environment in ancient villages, and to realize the unity of ecology and civilization, efficiency and energy saving, healthy and sustainable development of ancient villages.
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Hashemi, Mahsa, and Hossein Najari. "Avestan Architecture: A Descriptive Etymological Lexicon." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.59.
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The Avesta could be considered as the most important masterpiece of ancient literature of Iran and its older parts as the oldest belletristic exploits. The importance of Avesta is firstly in its religious value and its sanctity and secondly in the picture it draws for us of ancient Iran. On the other hand, architecture is the greatest aspect of art and a very old one. Not many people have analyzed or interpreted the ancient Iranian texts in the context of architecture. In this research, the focus was on viewing the ancient Architecture of Iran through the Avesta, which was definitely used for religious purposes at that time. There is no doubt that nowadays, centuries after the era of Avesta, there is a huge difference between our modern architecture and the Avestan architecture. The main goal of this research was making a descriptive and etymological lexicon on Avestan architecture. Therefore, firstly every single vocabulary was studied etymologically, discussed literary and also given one example of the use of it in the Avesta. Finally, the authors have reached the conclusion that the Ahuramazda versus Ahriman fight can even be traced in the ancient architecture of Iran and its architectural descriptions, which can be studied more in the future.
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Negulyaeva, T. V., and S. F. Dyadchenko. "Architecture and philosophy of antiquity: The formation of classical architecture." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-1-73-84.
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The classical architecture is being constantly developed in time, and, consequently, is relevant nowadays. The paper deals with the development of classical architectural in antiquity up to the present time. This is necessary for further study of modern architecture. The aim of this work is to identify the most stable formation of the classical antique architecture. Scientific novelty lies in the systematic approach to the studying the evolution of ancient architectural theory, taking into account a variety of external factors and based on ancient philosophy. The main level of scientific knowledge is a theoretical (historical) method, which involves a study of graphic and textual information covering the era as well as a systematic analysis of the material for the identification of basic principles of the antique architecture. It is shown that the main principles of the antique architecture are being developed in a close connection with philosophy, and determine the further development of the classical direction in architecture.
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Rostam, Nasim Gholami, Asma Hojjati, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, and Mina Mirlohi. "Natural Energy Efficient Materials for Rock Cut Architecture in Case of Kandovan, Iran." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.202.
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Endogenous materials open a learning window toward contemporary architects to use ancient wisdom to develop a more sustainable architecture. Regarding to aim of this research, this paper is to analyze interaction of adoption of ancient materials and a more efficient architectural space. The result of paper shows that the usage of natural materials in rock cu architecture of Kandovan can be considered as a way to a more energy efficient architecture which presents interaction of energy efficient materials and sustainable architecture.
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Li, Dinghai. "Material Management in Planning and Construction of Ancient Buildings." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0016.
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According to the unique style and historical significance, Chinese ancient architecture which has a long history, plays an important role in world architecture. Most of Chinese ancient architecture uses wooden frame as a load-bearing system, however, a unique combination of components has emerged in its development. Due to the well-preserved ancient buildings and a long historical and cultural background of Qijiang ancient town, the paper takes the Qijiang ancient town as an example through field measurement and investigation. The composition of the external environment of the building, architectural characteristics and building monomer composition were analyzed and studied. The unique architectural art charm of Qijiang ancient town was showed. Moreover, the delimitation of the protection scope mainly includes the scope of protected areas and the scope of the construction control zone. Among them, the protected areas are generally divided into key protected areas and general protected areas; the construction control zones are generally divided into Type I of construction control zone and Type II of construction control zones. Ancient buildings are the most existing heritage types in China and are an important part of the immovable cultural relics in China. The group layout of ancient buildings is an important feature in the layout of ancient buildings in China, which is conducive to the realization of the overall protection of heritage.
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Khlevnoi, Vladimir Aleksandrovich. "The ancient pattern in the Crimean cultural landscape." Урбанистика, no. 1 (January 2024): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2024.1.70088.
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The subject of the study is the ancient pattern in the cultural landscape of Crimea, expressed in architecture, sculpture, monumental and decorative arts. The object of the study is the Crimean artifacts of the ancient polis (architectural details, sculpture, vase painting) in comparison with similar objects of mainland Greece. The author pays special attention to the transformations of the ancient style in the Crimean diaspora, associated with the influence of autochthonous cultures: Taurian, Meotian, Cimmerian, Scythian-Sarmatian, and examples of the synthesis of the artistic stylistics of these cultures and the ancient style. The use of the ancient order system as the basis of all subsequent styles, including the Crimean modern, which is a reflection of the synthesis of cultures of the multiethnic cultural landscape of Crimea, is also traced. The continuous continuity of the ancient style up to the present is shown. The article uses the method of historicism in retrospect of the ancient pattern in the cultural landscape of the Crimea, the comparative method in the comparative analysis of artifacts of the Crimea and mainland Greece, the method of stylistic analysis in classical architecture and decorative arts of the Crimea. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. The Crimean cultural landscape is diverse due to the historical polyethnicity of the region, associated with its geographical location and unique natural complex, which has become a place of numerous ethnic migrations throughout history. This is also connected with the appearance of ancient Greek culture in the Crimea, which left a significant mark on the peninsula. 2. The ancient order architectural system, as well as the use of classical anthropomorphic proportions in sculpture, wall painting, vase painting, became the basis of the classical approach in architecture and fine arts. The constructive expediency, conciseness and harmony inherent in ancient architecture became the reason for its global introduction into subsequent architectural and artistic styles, up to the present time. 3. The ancient pattern in the Crimean cultural landscape is unique in that it embodies the cultural synthesis of Greek classics and local autochthonous cultures.
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Liu, Yongting. "A Comparison and Combination of Modern and Historical Architecture." Applied and Computational Engineering 24, no. 1 (November 7, 2023): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/24/20230723.
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Considering the rapid development of today's society, earth-shaking changes have taken place in many areas, and the field of architecture is no exception. More and more new buildings are emerging. Some of them are built with different materials, some are in innovative styles, and some are for diverse uses. People can clearly find the differences between modern buildings and ancient buildings, including the differences in materials, uses, structures, etc. By tracing and analyzing the relationship between ancient architecture and modern architecture, this paper discusses the architectural style, materials, and how to combine the two. It can be concluded that there are differences existing in materials, structures, and space utilization between ancient and modern buildings. Ancient buildings pay attention to beauty and the embodiment of national spirit, but they do not perform well in the fire resistance and the construction period is long. Modern buildings focus on practicality and safety but may allow less daylighting to enter or have other unreasonable designs. Therefore, the materials and styles of ancient buildings and modern buildings can be well integrated to maximize the role of architecture.
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Lichak, Dmitry, and Nataliya Lichak. "The Sacred Heritage of Pskov." Smart composite in construction 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2024): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52957/2782-1919-2024-5-1-59-70.
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Pskov is an ancient Russian city known for its unique architecture, rich historical and cultural heritage. It attracts many tourists annually. Pskov architecture is an integral part of Russian culture and art. The paper presents brief overview of the tourist walking route around Pskov. However, this route forms a kind of sacred ring, including the external band of stone walls of the Kroma stone. It is an example of a unique architectural school of military architecture, temple heritage, and fresco painting. Hence, Pskovites preserved sacred traditions from ancient times, and successfully involved the modern architectural decisions into national art development.
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Zainuri, Ahmad. "Integrasi Islam dan Budaya Lokal dalam Seni Arsitektur Masjid Kuno di Jawa: Sebuah Tinjauan Umum." heritage 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/hrtg.v2i2.58.
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Abstract This article will explain about the integration of Islam and local culture in the architecture of ancient mosques in Java. The architecture of the ancient mosque to this day is still considered to have a deep meaning. The encounter with local culture and Islam, made Islam transformed into a religion that sees the existing reality. Civilization is in the form of a physical stand firmly in its nuances of locality. Mosques are historical relics for Muslims as evidence that Islamic history has succeeded in bringing civilization to a stop in Java. The mosque is a center for da'wah, education and socio-religious activities. So the establishment of the mosque is not a matter of physical considerations, but metaphysical. The method that the author uses is the historical method. This article only looks at an overview of the architecture of ancient mosques in Java. The content of the discussion describes how Islamic architecture in Java, architectural development, integration of Islam and culture in the art of ancient mosque architecture in Java. In conclusion, there is no certain standard in building and establishing mosques in Java. The architectural style of Javanese Islamic mosques has given its own characteristics for Islam in Java.
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Guo, Chun Yan, Da Ke Wei, and Chun Ying Guo. "Study on Relation between Architectural Form and Structure." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2114.
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Multiple longitudinal unified times are spread out laterally by this paper through analysis on ancient Greek temples, ancient Romanesque arched architecture, Gothic churches, domed architecture and other western classical architectural forms in various historical periods, and five types of relations between architectural forms and structures are found out through summarization in combination with contemporary technological characteristics. The conclusion is that harmonic coexistence of technology and art can be truly achieved through architectural form creation on basis of respect to the laws of structural science and through active cooperation between architects and structural engineers.
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Jacquet, J., and A. J. Spencer. "Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 71 (1985): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3821662.
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Rossi, Corinna. "On Measuring Ancient Egyptian Architecture." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 106, no. 1-2 (June 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513320975782.
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This article discusses the meaning and function of the act of measuring ancient Egyptian architecture in the present-day context, in which the advent of digital culture has allowed the accumulation of extremely precise and accurate data. Our expectations on our modern measurements may lead us to select the ancient data through a filter that does not correspond to the ancient perspective, thus affecting the validity of the results. In order to disentangle past and current perspectives, it may be useful to discuss two aspects: the difference between ancient measures obtained from calculations and observations, and the meaning of precision and accuracy in modern and ancient times. A reconstruction of the planning and building process of ancient monuments is likely to take a successful path only if we are willing to look at the evidence from a slightly different perspective, in which numbers become part of a larger and more complex operation.
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Guo, Weiru. "Qingdao Modern Church Contrast and Analyzing Based on Religious Influences Perspective: Examples from Qingdao Catholic Church and Qingdao Christian Church." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 86 (March 27, 2024): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3g980w98.
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Qingdao, as a city with a colonial history, has numerous architectures that combine traditional Chinese architectural style and Western architectural style. One of the most distinctive types of architecture is the church. Churches have significant mental support functions as well as their function as shelters. They are symbols of the city, and valuable for the city to present its architectural scene. This article wishes to state the backgrounds and history of Catholicism and Protestantism; compare the differences in external spaces, internal spaces, decorations, and volume of Qingdao catholic church and Qingdao Christian church to analyze the architectural differences based on different religious backgrounds; emphasize the characteristics and connotations for churches. Studying church architecture can reveal the creativity and technical proficiency of ancient architects and craftsmen. Church architecture encompasses knowledge and skills from various fields, including structural engineering, sculpture, painting, and decoration. Such research contributes to the advancement of architectural design and engineering technology. Church architecture is a reflection of human creativity and cultural traditions, and it holds significant importance for the study and preservation of cultural heritage.
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Zou, Han, Jing Ge, Ruichao Liu, and Lin He. "Feature Recognition of Regional Architecture Forms Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Architecture Heritage in Hubei Province, China." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043504.
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Architecture form has been one of the hot areas in the field of architectural design, which reflects regional architectural features to some extent. However, most of the existing methods for architecture form belong to the field of qualitative analysis. Accordingly, quantitative methods are urgently required to extract regional architectural style, identify architecture form, and to and further provide the quantitative evaluation. Based on machine learning technology, this paper proposes a novel method to quantify the feature, form, and evaluation of regional architectures. First, we construct a training dataset—the Chinese Ancient Architecture Image Dataset (CAAID), in which each image is labeled by some experts as having at least one of three typical features such as “High Pedestal”, “Deep Eave” and “Elegant Gable”. Second, the CAAID is used to train our neural network model to identify three kinds of architectural features. In order to reveal the traditional forms of regional architecture in Hubei, we built the Hubei Architectural Heritage Image Dataset (HAHID) as our object dataset, in which we collected architectural images from four different regions including southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest Hubei. Our object dataset is then fed into our neural network model to predict the typical features for those four regions in Hubei. The obtained quantitative results show that the feature identification of the architectural form is consistent with that of regional architectures in Hubei. Moreover, we can observe from the quantitative results that four geographic regions in Hubei show variation; for instance, the feature of the ‘elegant gable’ in southeastern Hubei is more evident, while the “Deep Eave” in the northwest is more evident. In addition, some new building images are selected to feed into our neural network model and the output quantitative results can effectively identify the corresponding feature style of regional architectures in Hubei. Therefore, our proposed method based on machine learning can be used not only as a quantitative tool to extract features of regional architectures, but also as an effective approach to evaluate architecture forms in the urban renewal process.
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Harutyunyan, Martin. "The stages of development of architecture and observance of architectural heritage in the Republic of Armenia." Sustainable Engineering and Innovation 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/sei.v4i2.id182.
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There are a lot of scientific and research reports dedicated to Armenian architecture from the ancient times to nowadays. There are many interesting and thoroughly researched reports of architectural and historical value done by not only Armenian but also foreign historians, architects, and engineers. Exploring Armenian architecture’s chronology and research reports, we noticed that after independence of the Republic of Armenia (since 1991) there are few scientific reports which include the stages of development of architecture of newly independent Armenia, the current state of the architectural heritage and their observance. So we decided to study that period trying to show the problems and essential events as well as to introduce that period by the stages of development also including some examples of architectural heritage.
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Li, Z., M. Hou, Y. Dong, J. Wang, Y. Ji, and P. Huo. "RESEARCH ON THE DIGITAL RETENTION MECHANISM OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM ARCHITECTURE BASED ON UAV AND TLS: A CASE STUDY OF BAOGUANG HALL." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VIII-M-1-2021 (August 27, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-m-1-2021-95-2021.
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Abstract. Tibetan Buddhist architecture embodies ancient Chinese architectural culture and religious culture. In the past, the information retention mechanisms for ancient buildings were implemented as photos, tracings, and rubbings, which cannot fundamentally document the authenticity of architectural heritage. To explore the digital retention method for the unique style of Han Tibetan architecture，this research that based on the idea of reverse documentation first collects point cloud data with the technical support of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and then uses registration method to obtain the integral of the point cloud model of Baoguang Hall. This paper explores the possibility of extracting 2D and 3D information, such as architectural plans, facades, decorative components, and models of the temple architecture, by processing point cloud data. Finally, this study proves the feasibility of using digital technology for the preservation and protection of architectural heritage.
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Kholboevich, Sharipov Bakhodir. "GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT "QIRQQIZ” CASTLE LOCATED IN TERMIZ DISTRICT." American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume03issue01-05.
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This article provides general information about the " Qirqqiz " fortress, an architectural monument of ancient urban planning, which was built in the past in the territory of Termiz district of Surkhondarya region and a part of it has been preserved until today. The origin of the term "Qirqqiz", legends and historical sources about the " Qirqqiz " fortress monument are explained. Providing information about the ancient architectural monument, interested in the field, students, researchers, building and construction architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture, design and construction of highways, design and construction of water structures, tourism, oriental studies, archeology and history, etc. increases the interest of students and representatives of peoples of the whole world in architectural monuments. I wish success to students and young professionals who are hungry for knowledge, in their quest to study history and create the architecture of the future!
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Wang, Liang, and Ke Ding. "Ancient Architectural Damage Recognition Based on AlexNet and Transfer Learning." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (September 27, 2023): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v7i2.12256.
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Due to the need for a large dataset to train image recognition using convolutional neural networks, obtaining accurately categorized images of ancient architectural structure damage poses certain challenges. To improve the recognition accuracy of damage in ancient architectural structures, we have enhanced the Vgg-16 network by combining transfer learning techniques with convolutional neural networks. This design, a new image recognition method based on transfer learning, effectively achieves precise identification of structural damage in ancient architecture, showing potential for real-world applications.
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Fang, Zizhen, Le Zhang, Yujie Zhu, and Yuanyuan Chen. "Protection and Inheritance of Huizhou Ancient Architecture." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v4i3.13183.
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Huizhou style ancient architecture is an important carrier of Huizhou culture, a concrete manifestation of history, and has rich cultural heritage. However, due to the development and impact of modern civilization, the lack of protective measures, and the outflow of personnel, many ancient buildings have been damaged or even dealt a devastating blow. Therefore, it is urgent to protect Huizhou's ancient buildings. The article provides a combination of ancient and modern methods for the protection of Huizhou ancient architecture, the use of IBM technology for digital protection, and the establishment of standardized institutional systems, promoting the protective development and utilization of Huizhou ancient architecture.
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CHENPALOV, Mark F., and Mikhail Yu ZHURAVLEV. "AUTHENTICATION OF NOVGOROD SCHOOL OF ANCIENT RUSSIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.01.15.
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Taking into account the historical context the characteristic features of the Novgorod architectural school of Orthodox temple architecture of the 12th-15th centuries are explored. A comparative analysis of the most signifi cant objects of this period is carried out. The process of formation of the Novgorod style is traced. The volume-spatial and architectural-artistic features of a number of buildings are listed and described. A conclusion is drawn about authentic elements and expressive methods characteristic of this direction.
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Hussain, Saddam, and Fu Juan. "Exploring the Architecture and Its Influence of Badshahi Mosque Lahore (Bmlh): A Unesco Tentative Heritage Site." Journal of Islamic Architecture 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i3.20999.
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Asia has a variety of diverse ancient cultures and civilizations. In this paper, we studied the architecture of a UNESCO tentative heritage site: Badshahi Mosque Lahore (BMLH, 1671–1673), built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir (AA). The site is special since it had the largest mosque title (human capacity = 100,000) in the world from 1673 to 1986, has great architectural importance, and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. Various mosque architectures (MA) emerged over the past 1400 years worldwide to preserve each region's diversity, identity, and culture. A documentation visit was arranged to study this site and feel the real architecture of the Mughals after decades of preserved form. The study found that BMLH underwent significant alterations while keeping the original MA. This unique study further focused on the basic architecture of the Mughal Era. A detailed study of the architectural themes of BMLH showed that the architectural style of this heritage included regional, cultural, and traditional impacts. By analyzing the architectural themes and distinctive features of BMLH, we have uncovered the distinct regional, religious, and psychological influences that led to Mughal-era mosque architecture's development. Further documentation was reported about the current structural situation of Badshahi Mosque; the number of seepages has been pointed out, and several decays were sighted during our visit. For this significant site's perfect preservation, it was proposed that high-end preservation strategies be implemented in the future.
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Ullah, Maseeh, Abdur Rehman, and Junaid Bashir. "CONSERVING WOODEN STRUCTURE OF NEELUM AND LEEPA VALLEY, KASHMIR." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 458–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.496.
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Kashmir. One of its examples is the architecture of this region. Ancient Wooden Houses in different areas of Neelum valley and Neepa valley are slightly different with each other on style of construction, material, and engraved art motives. Some of the houses are more than centuries old and are fine example of culture and heritage of Kashmir. Mostly old houses are made of wood. These houses are different from each other in style and technique. A brief comparison of ancient houses of different regions will be done in this regard. Comparison includes architectural style, techniques, material, and motives related to art. It concludes that ancient houses of Kashmir need attention which is necessary for saving our culture and heritage. Keywords: Kashmir, Art of Woodwork, Neelum and Leepa Valley, Ancient Architecture, Culture Conservation.
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Zhao, Zhi Qing, and Li Tao. "Differences of Philosophy and Culture between Chinese and Western Reflected in Construction." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1533.
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Globalization had the great influence on architectural culture. Rational and fighting spirit, the individual and subject consciousness, religion and willpower of Western culture were represented on buildings. And Confucianism and Taoism, with other various internal and foreign Buddhist, complement each other, became the main line of ancient China thought, were penetrated and cohered in all aspects of Chinese buildings. In the globalized world, the architect should explore the rational core and objective laws of architectural development, and consciously promote the continuous development of traditional regional architecture, activate special cultural value of regional architecture. Based on the absorption, blend and innovation of both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign architectural excellence culture, the Chinese architectural culture will be full of vitality.
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Mako, Vladimir. "Characters of Ancient Architectural Orders and their Mannerist Interpretation in Dietterlin’s Book from 1598." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.7-2-1.
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The aim of this paper is to explore a particular metaphorical pictorial language used by German mannerist painter Wendel Dietterlin in his book on architecture at the end of the sixteenth century. It was formed through personal imaginary interpretation of the Vitruvian notion regarding personal characters of the five ancient architectural Orders. In that context it has all aspects of the mannerist approach in inventing metaphorical meanings by combining ancient, mediaeval, and contemporary narratives. However, in that process Dietterlin unavoidably refers to cultural and social aspects of his time, particularly when reflecting on the issue of the invention of the ‘new [German] architecture’. By this, Dietterlin enters the group of the majority of German sixteenth and seventeenth century authors on architecture emphasizing one particular prerogative in their writings: to merge the ancient roots with the longing for a coherent German cultural identity. However, it seems that in the process of narration, used to ‘invent’ new forms of architectural expression, Dietterlin refers also on particularities related to the historical development of mankind in a personal manner.
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Jiang, Jing. "The Development of Tourism Towns with Characteristic Ancient Buildings Based on Partial Differential Model of Competitive Resource Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5127510.
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In this paper, a deep learning-based method for solving high-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations is proposed, that is, the deep backward stochastic differential equation method. The solution function of the high-dimensional partial differential equation is represented by the corresponding solution function of the backward stochastic differential equation. The substantive carrier of ancient town tourism is the ancient town itself. The essence of resources and the ancient town are highly unified, resource occupiers (suppliers) and tourism participants are highly unified, and tourists need to be highly coupled with the essence of tourism products. The art of ancient architecture is not only an important material basis for the sustainable development of the local tourism industry but also an important experience reference for the traditional architectural design of the creation of artistic architecture in the new era. To create a tourist destination of ancient architecture in a characteristic town, it will contribute to the sustainable development of the local economy and society. Taking the policy support related to tourism of ancient buildings as the starting point, and the internal cultural heritage as the basis for development, we explore the characteristic activities and products, integrate natural tourism resources and modern tourism resources in the whole region, to help ancient buildings become an important driving force to promote the development of the tourism industry.
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Sherova, Dilorom Abdullaevna. "The Issue Of Harmony In Central Asian Architecture." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue12-13.
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In this article, the author analyzes the specific scientific and spiritual law of medieval oriental architecture, as well as the similarity of building methods and the peculiarities of architectural style and artistic symbols, creating a form that ensures the harmony of shapes and is the basis for geometric analysis. The differences and similarities of ancient monuments in Uzbekistan are also shown. In particular, the constructions of ancient buildings in Shakhrisabz, Samarkand and Khorezm.
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Wang, Ru, and Wei Chen. "Case-based Reasoning of Damaged Ancient Buildings based on Ontology." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504007.
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At present, China has a large number of ancient buildings, and correspondingly, it also faces many problems. Staff of different professions have inconsistent perceptions of ancient buildings, resulting in inability to interact with information. In addition, the ancient architecture case did not carry out efficient reuse of knowledge. Therefore, this article applies ontology to the field of ancient architecture, and proposes the knowledge expression of ancient architecture based on ontology. And SWRL is used to describe the ancient building rules. Secondly, through the application of case-reasoning technology, the reuse of case knowledge of ancient architecture is realized. Ontology-based case representation can provide a unified definition of ancient building knowledge for different participants and lay the foundation for information interaction. Case-based reasoning provides an implementation method for knowledge reuse of ancient building damage cases.
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Solovyov, Kirill A. "Daylighting of Buildings and Structures of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages." Light & Engineering, no. 02-2023 (April 2023): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2023-016.
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The history of the development of human civilization shows us how the use of daylight could influence the development of world architecture. In the article, the author tried to show how in different epochs daylighting influenced not only civil architecture, but also how light becomes an important sacred component of cult architecture, starting from Ancient Egypt and ending with Christian and Islamic architecture. The article examines the influence of daylight on architecture throughout history, determines the relationship of philosophical aspects, religion and worldview views in certain historical periods and architectural techniques using daylighting.
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Fasail Mosa, Dr Ruwaida. "History of Greek Architecture: (Influence and Influence)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 13, no. 02 (2023): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v13i02.034.
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The Greek civilization is considered one of the most important and oldest civilizations of the ancient world because of the human, intellectual and cultural data it provided that contributed to the advancement of ancient societies and civilizations, especially those that later came under the control of the Greeks in Asia Minor, Egypt, Mesopotamia and others. Greek architecture enjoyed a uniqueness and identity that is unparalleled, as the ancient Greeks made their capital (Athens) a radiant center of thought, philosophy and culture to suit those human values until that architecture became a special feature of the beauty of construction and formation and what it possesses of sculptural supplements, murals and others The current research dealt with those bright stations of Greek architecture and on three scientific topics. The first topic included the study of civilization and architecture, and the city and civilization arose that distinguished the Greeks from others. Studying the architecture of the Greek temples in the early periods, including the Temple of (Apollo), the Temple of (Parthenon) and others. As for the civil architecture, the researcher classified it into the architecture of palaces, including the study of the well-known (Knossos) palace, the architecture of houses, and theaters. As for the third topic, the researcher dealt with the study of Greek architecture and the civilizations of the ancient world, especially after the conquest of Alexander the Great to many vast areas within the Nile Valley and the Mesopotamian Valley up to Persia. Civilization between East and West and the definition of the most important of those architectural influences that were accomplished during the rule of Alexander the Great until the end of the rule of the Seleucids. Then I included the most important conclusions that came out of the research and a list of the sources and references that the researcher relied on in her study
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Milosevic, Predrag. "Foundations of Byzantine late middle ages architecture thoughtfulness." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 2, no. 5 (2003): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0305395m.
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Only in the recent few years have a number of facsimile publications on architecture offered a possibility of studying the original texts from different time periods. Those, already rare studies on the theory of architecture in the western civilization, almost regularly completely omit the Byzantine achievements in the so-called entirety of thoughtfulness (enkyklios paideia), that was a main characteristic of Byzantine learning. This learning, based on the ancient Greek and Hellenistic foundations, in many ways concern architecture, especially the architectural theory. That is why writing a good account of the architectural theory of this, historically such an important country as Byzantium, in such a long historical period (since 312 till 1453), has been a difficult task (this contribution is just the initial part of the study). One should not be disregarded that the architectural theories are never completely independent of historical geographical or even personal prejudices of their authors. In this sense, a subject matter of this treatise is just one 1141 year long part of the architectural theory of the West (West - in civilizational terms, not a political West), the part that rests on Christian foundations that is the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant ones, mainly. It is all treated in order, from ancient pagan Greece and Rome, ancient and Middle Ages Orthodox Byzantium, until Middle Ages and New Age Europe, altogether, Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant Europe, and then those parts of the world in which the said civilizational circle managed to take root in: parts of Asia, North and South America, parts of Africa and Australia.