Academic literature on the topic 'Architecture Brutalism'

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Journal articles on the topic "Architecture Brutalism"

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Alfirevic, Djordje, and Sanja Simonovic-Alfirevic. "Brutalism in Serbian architecture: Style or necessity?" Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (2017): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160805028a.

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Historiography expresses a firm point of view that the movement of Brutalism did not have a more significant influence on Serbian architecture. Several researches in their essays point out that there are, however, certain works by Serbian architects that could be denoted as Brutalist in style. Nevertheless, after scientific analysis of the representative examples materialized in raw concrete and brick and their comparison with authentic interpretations of Brutalist principles, it is evident that Serbia does have a significant number of architectural works representing Brutalism. The aim of the
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Wahid, Julaihi, A. Abdullah, Nashwan Al Ansi, Ema Yunita Titisari, and Afaq C. Hyder. "A Discourse on Brutalism Architecture: The Forgotten Architecture Style in Architecture Revolution." Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies 21, no. 2 (2023): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2023.021.02.13.

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This paper explores the Brutalism architectural style. This style became popular in the 1950-1970s with the start of experimentation with building materials in line with the social movements of that time. This research uses an exploratory approach based on a longitudinal study of similar studies. The discussion focused on the architects' revolutionary thinking towards unique designs through form manipulation and material exploration. The results of his work show the determination of form seekers, material experimentation, and the enthusiasm of young architects for monumental architecture. Mass
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BALCI ÖZTÜRK, Özlem, and Oya ŞENYURT. "Localization of Brutalist Architecture in Post-War Turkey: Three Unique Examples from Istanbul." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 17, no. 3 (2024): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2024-0017.

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Abstract Brutalism, a revision of Modernism, originated in England in the 1950s and spread rapidly globally. This intercontinental expansion has led to distinctive local diversity in different geographies, from Europe to the America. Concurrent with global examples, brutalist buildings began to appear in Turkey in the early 1960s. Notably, in Istanbul, Brutalism has managed to localize and create unique examples. This study investigates the transition of Brutalism between geographies and its localization in Turkish Architecture. This study analyzes brutalist and brutalist-influenced structures
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Ikhsan, Nur, and Ashadi Ashadi. "Kajian Konsep Arsitektur Brutalisme Pada Bangunan Perkantoran Wisma Hayam Wuruk." PURWARUPA Jurnal Arsitektur 7, no. 1 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/purwarupa.7.1.57-62.

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ABSTRAK. Bangunan perkantoran yang merupakan sekumpulan ruang kantor memiliki tipologi bangunan yang menunjang fungsi, fasilitas dan pelayanan kantor. Perkembangan jaman telah merubah karakter perkantoran yang tadinya hanya sekadar tempat bekerja menjadi sebuah ‘pride’ kebanggaan dalam mecapai suatu hasil bagi perusahaan maupun karyawan yang bekerja. Bangunan perkantoran dapat mendeskripsikan citra yang ingin ditampilkan termasuk konsep brutalisme. Permasalahan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penerapan prinsip-prinsip arsitektur brutalisme pada bangunan perkantoran. Tujuan kajian ini adal
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Соломонова, Ирина Сергеевна. ""Зеленая зона" в архитектуре английского брутализма 1950–1960-х годов". Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art 14 (11 жовтня 2024): 522–32. https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2414-7-41.

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In modernist, especially functionalist, theory, nature was given a rationally justified hygienic function, which obviated the need for artistic design of landscapes. However, after World War II the architectural community started to feel the inadequacy of the functionalist method and sought to humanize it. The CIAM discussion developed new principles, based on the idea of communication and community building, as well as blending of functions like in the traditional city. It was presented by a group of young architects who called themselves ‘Team X’. On this basis, the group’s leaders, British
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Imani, Elena, and Samira Imani. "Brutalism: as a preferred style for institutional buildings in modern architecture period." E3S Web of Conferences 231 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123104001.

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From the 1950s onward, Brutalist style spread all over the world and dedicate many breathtaking architectural movements to buildings. Architect’s opinion about this prominent approach to building design varies greatly. Brutalist style has known primarily for its aesthetics and property for institutional buildings with the use of functional reinforced concrete, steel, modular, and repetitive elements. Besides all advantages of brutalism, this style is sharply criticized for being cold, crude, cruel, and not appropriate for many climates. Brutalism also became popular with governmental and insti
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Ivaschenko, Nikita A. "BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN ART HISTORY AFTER REYNER BANHAM." Articult, no. 4 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2022-4-6-16.

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Brutalist architecture is of great interest to contemporary art historians, architecture lovers, designers and musicians. The first large work on brutalist architecture was Reyner Banham’s “The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?”, initially published in the beginning of the 1970-s. This text, though not free of contradictions, became the start of a whole tradition of speaking about brutalism in special literature. Still being relevant, Banham’s book serves as a guiding star for the succeeding authors on the one hand and needs to be revised on the other. The article is centered on the texts tha
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Niebrzydowski, Wojciech. "The Impact of Avant-Garde Art on Brutalist Architecture." Buildings 11, no. 7 (2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070290.

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Brutalism was an architectural trend that emerged after World War II, and in the 1960s and 1970s, it spread throughout the world. The development of brutalist architecture was greatly influenced by post-war avant-garde art. The greatest impact on brutalism was exerted by such avant-garde trends as art autre, art brut, and musique concrète. Architects were most inspired by the works of such artists as Jackson Pollock, Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Schaeffer, Eduardo Paolozzi, and Nigel Henderson. The main aim of the research was to identify and characterize the most important ideas and principles commo
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Letzter, Jonathan. "The Brutalist Figure—Grid: Exploring New York Brutalism." Architecture 4, no. 2 (2024): 316–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture4020019.

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The grid plays a prominent role in architecture, aiding in space organization and influencing all aspects of planning, ranging from urban design to intricate building details. This paper posits that the grid receives heightened emphasis in Brutalism, particularly in constructivist Brutalism, where materials and construction are intentionally exposed. A question arises regarding the grid’s characteristics—despite its subtle appearance, the grid can sometimes be deceptive, ambiguous, and manipulative. The paper analyzes the merits and drawbacks of employing the grid in architecture, shedding lig
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Altun, Didem. "Brutalism Now: Rethinking Brutalism in Contemporary World Architecture." Arts 5, no. 2 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts5020003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Architecture Brutalism"

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Jeanroy, Audrey. "Claude Parent, architecture et expérimentation, 1942-1996 : itinéraire, discours et champ d'action d'un architecte créateur en quête de mouvement." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR2001.

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Consacrer une recherche monographique à un architecte vivant est un exercice d’autant plus ardu que Claude Parent (né en 1923) œuvra à se mettre en scène, autant dans son travail qu’à travers son activité de critique. Le regard historien le plus détaché ne peut être totalement neutre face à des réalisations souvent peu patinées par la mémoire, bien que parfois déjà patrimonialisées. C’est peut-être le moins volontaire des paradoxes que Claude Parent aima à construire autour de sa personne. À travers ses très nombreux écrits, il se construit un personnage de scandale et, pour cela, s’est tôt pr
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Daufenbach, Karine. "A modernidade em Hans Broos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-26012012-140820/.

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\"A Modernidade em Hans Broos\" é um estudo que parte da obra alemã e brasileira do arquiteto Hans Broos (1921), compreendida entre fins da década de 1940 e os anos 1970. O cenário alemão pós-guerra torna-se contexto chave, onde o arquiteto reúne densa formação teórica e prática, e experiências que conformarão o cerne de seu fazer arquitetônico. À formação ampla e diversificada junta-se o desejo de contextualizar suas propostas no ambiente brasileiro, quando aqui chega no início da década de 1950. Este encontro inicial com a arquitetura da Escola Carioca resultará especialmente fértil, maduro
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Kringas, Simon. "Design of the High Court of Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18605.

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The High Court of Australia is a seminal work of architecture, recognised nationally after twenty-five years by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects 'Enduring Architecture' award, and internationally, as one of only ten Australian buildings registered on the Union of International Architects 'Architectural Heritage of the 20th Century'. Since its construction in 1980, the design of the High Court has been consistently ascribed to the architect Colin Madigan – a director of the firm Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs. It is said to embody a 'unity of concept' with Madigan's National G
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Petroli, Marcos Amado. "Arquitetura bancária gaúcha nos anos 70 : a influência brutalista." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104085.

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A presente dissertação de mestrado busca reconhecer e analisar a arquitetura bancária do Rio Grande do Sul – destacadamente de Porto Alegre –, influenciada pelo que se convencionou como Brutalismo; uma produção que se concentrou nos anos setenta, mas atingiu parcialmente as décadas adjacentes. Entre as características próprias desta vertente, destacam-se a franca exposição do concreto aparente, a monumentalização da estrutura como geratriz da forma e o alto teor artesanal presente – tanto no projeto quanto na execução dessas edificações –. Merece destaque, também, a contraposição existente ent
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Pähn, Tess. "A Manifesto for Wood & the Search for Bois-brut." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222139.

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Wood is often perceived as a flawed material. When painted, technologically treated or sealed, in a pursuit to make it more predictable and durable, some of its most important qualities are mislaid. This project explores the aesthetic, material and constructional possibilities of wood, and suggests the possibility of a wood brutalism architecture. The project includes a written manifesto for the benefits of wood in the human habitat, proposes a CO₂ based economic strategy for our built environment and promotes massive wood buildings as our carbon savings account. To find out what a wood brutal
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Chong, Sung-Hyun. "Le brutalisme dans l'architecture contemporaine en Europe." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20062.

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Dans l'histoire de l'architecture contemporaine, le mot de brutalisme designe un mouvement architectural apparu au cours du debut des annees cinquante. On estime souvent que ce mouvement est parti de l'ecole secondaire de hunstanton (1949-1954) des smithson. Pourtant ce mouvement n'a pas ete seulement influence par l'ecole des smithson mais aussi par des batiments de l'apresguerre de le corbusier fondes sur l'utilisation du beton brut de decoffrage. Ainsi, nous avons d'abord donne aux deux tendances un nom propre pour eviter la confusion essentielle pouvant etre amenee par l'usage du meme mot
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Nam, Kyoung-Sook. "L'architecture brutaliste en France : sources et réalisations." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010567.

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L'architecture brutaliste a l'apparence rustique peut tirer son origine de l'architecture vernaculaire. Le Corbusier vise à restituer l'unité entre architecture et humanité, entre invention plastique et invention technique. Dans les années 2030, le régionalisme procède d'une culture originale, avec des conséquences rustiques dans la modernité. La nouvelle référence à la culture locale chez Le Corbusier et ses émules commence à être prise en compte. Parés la guerre, cette approche du brutalisme est due aux circonstances historiques avec la reconstruction. La tendance vernaculaire de l'architect
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Santos, Michelle Schneider. "A arquitetura do escritório Forte Gandolfi 1962-1973." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2594.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T23:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Michelle Schneider Santos1.pdf: 6298445 bytes, checksum: c680fd7cb8a6a16293d4f8ff8e81297c (MD5) Michelle Schneider Santos2.pdf: 16587714 bytes, checksum: d12f9641f70329d35c72369fed6b7d41 (MD5) Michelle Schneider Santos3.pdf: 16793428 bytes, checksum: 35ac5ec5e10f1a1e35f15795d5f8c8ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>The circulation of young architects became an important vector on the expansion of new ideas in Brazil mid XX Century, what improved the sprouting of important moder
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Sousa, Letícia Gomes de. "Arquitetura de feições brutalistas no Piauí: dez exemplares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-22062017-143338/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal o conhecimento e o reconhecimento de dez edifícios de feições brutalistas do estado do Piauí. Por meio de um reconhecimento arquitetônico, crítico e referenciado dessas obras, construídas nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, procura-se compreender os seus valores projetuais, a relevância das mesmas na identidade da paisagem urbana em que se inserem e a origem e as peculiaridades do seu contexto de criação e implantação. Esta pesquisa leva em consideração os pormenores locais e as individuais contribuições intelectuais dos arquitetos, fatores que, vinculados a u
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Boscardin, Luiz. "Arquiteto Jorge Bomfim : a produção de edifícios residenciais no ABC paulista: análises projetuais das características técnico-formais." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2012. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/301.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Boscardin.pdf: 61826304 bytes, checksum: 9fba2a5f6506fb7e0277bfa95d2ff186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-12<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>This master´s dissertation presents a methodology for design analysis, based on the primary documentation of buildings and works, and its reading and interpretation by means of graphics (redesigns in CAD programs), virtual (three-dimensional digital models) and photographs. This approach is performed through the analysis of architectural production of the architect Jo
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Books on the topic "Architecture Brutalism"

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Thorsteinson, Jeffrey. Brutalist architecture in Winnipeg. Winnipeg Architecture Foundation, 2012.

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Westerman, Julie. Brutalist speculations and flights of fancy. Site Gallery, 2011.

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Cymer, Anna. Brutal Poland: Build your brutalist Polish People's Republic = zbuduj swój betonowy PRL. Zupagrafika, 2020.

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Vorlík, Petr. Beton, Břasy, Boletice: Praha na vlně brutalismu. Česká technika - nakladatelství ČVUT, 2020.

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Capitan, Maria Vittoria. Brutalist houses. 24 ore cultura, 2022.

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Baía, Pedro, and Magda Seifert. Porto brutalista. Circo de Ideias, 2019.

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Olsson, Tove Falk. Sverige brutal: Arkitektur med attityd under 60- och 70-tal. Bokförlaget Max Ström, 2018.

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Furudate, Aki. Shin Takamatsu. Carte segrete, 1989.

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Janečková, Michaela, Ondřej Horák, and Petr Kučera. Praha brutálně krásná: Mimořádné stavby postavené v Praze v letech 1969-1989. Scholastika, 2018.

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Casper, Dale E. Technology and architecture, twentieth century partners: A review of journal articles, 1983-1988. Vance Bibliographies, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Architecture Brutalism"

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Pereira, Diogo Mondini. "Brutalism." In Finishing in Architecture. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032722481-16.

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Hartoonian, Gevork. "On brutalism." In Time, History and Architecture. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315270210-8.

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Vidler, Anthony. "Smooth and Rough: Tactile Brutalism." In Forty Ways To Think About Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118822531.ch3.

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Jaarsveld, Albert van. "Modernist, Metabolist, and Brutalist generosity." In Generosity and Architecture. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003211815-11.

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Thalmann, Jessica. "Losing Site: Folded Morphologies of Photography and Brutalist Architecture." In The Politics of Spatial Transgressions in the Arts. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55389-0_7.

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Bartolomei, Cristiana, Falko Kuester, Eric Lo, Caterina Morganti, and Dominique Rissolo. "The Geisel Library, the Brutalist Architecture of William Pereira." In Digital Modernism Heritage Lexicon. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76239-1_30.

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Bagnara Milan, Selena. "The Surge of Brutalist Architecture in Southwestern Oklahoma During the Cold War Era." In Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69634-3_4.

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Marino, Francesco Paolo R., and Filiberto Lembo. "Brutalist Architecture and Pathologies: How Design Mistakes Can Make a Building “Sick” from the Beginning." In Case Studies of Building Pathology in Cultural Heritage. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0639-5_11.

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Marino, Francesco Paolo R., and Filiberto Lembo. "How to Refurbish ‘80s Brutalist Architecture, Turning It into NZEB: The Case Study of the High School “Enrico Fermi” in Muro Lucano (Potenza, Italy)." In 2nd International Congress on Energy Efficiency and Energy Related Materials (ENEFM2014). Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16901-9_33.

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"Brutalism." In The Visual Dictionary of Architecture. AVA Publishing SA Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350096462.0053.

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Conference papers on the topic "Architecture Brutalism"

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Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. "Experimenting with prototypes: architectural research in Sweden after Le Corbusier’s projects." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.893.

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Abstract: Le Corbusier’s architectural production throughout the twentieth century served as a reference for subsequent developments in architecture and urban planning in Sweden. Some of the buildings and urban plans subsequently developed in Sweden and influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas and projects also impacted on the international architectural scene. This research analyses how the study of Le Corbusier’s works affected projects in Sweden from the 1920s to the 1970s and how they also became an international standard. Le Corbusier’s works provided a kind of prototype, with which Swedish arc
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Zuk, Pawel. "BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE IN CRACOW." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/51/s17.007.

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Moragues Puga, José. "Casa Concretus: hormigón brutalista en una vivienda unifamiliar. *** Concretus House: brutalist concrete in a single dwelling." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7435.

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Casa Concretus es sin duda una vivienda inspirada en el bêton brut de Le Corbusier, en el brutalismo. Simboliza una actuación sencilla, sin grandes pretensiones, que va al grano y actúa sobre lo realmente necesario... la Casa Concretus es hormigón crudo, pero veraz, noble y austero. En su concepción, además de todos los parámetros de índole normativo, se aplicaron muchos conceptos tecnológicos necesarios para obtener mejoras en el ámbito energético, de la sostenibilidad o de la mecánica estructural, además de que siempre se tuvo en cuenta cómo y dónde se iba a construir, desde el principio, co
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Camporeale, Antonio. "Spanish ‘Plastic’ Architecture. A critical reading and design approach." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7594.

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The following critical text proposes a series of notes and reflections on the reinforced concrete architecture, not on the material itself. Since its invention, concrete has combined two potentialities, deriving from the two materials of which it is composed: the ‘elastic’ potential, which has been developed and has reached a consolidated form and tradition, and the ‘plastic’ one. The last one has been little experienced at the beginning and, in the course of recent history of architecture, has found space in architectural criticism in the meaning of "expressive", "brutalist", "sculptural", en
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Molina, Manuel Calleja. "Espai Vert. Estructura como símbolo. *** Espai vert. Structure as symbol." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7433.

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Espai Vert es una singular obra arquitectónica, realizada en Valencia a principios de los años 90. La utilización del hormigón visto en su colosal estructura combinada con una profusa vegetación, la convierten en todo un símbolo arquitectónico de su época. Su imponente materialidad y dimensiones hacen que esta obra pueda catalogarse como brutalista. Del mismo modo, también se encuentra dentro de la arquitectura modular residencial, ya que existe toda una suerte de leyes de combinatoria espacial para encajar sus viviendas en base a una trama regular. En los últimos años esta edificación ha vist
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Charitonidou, Marianna. "The Reconceptualization of the City’s Ugliness Between the 1950s and 1970s in the British, Italian, and Australian Milieus." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3981pqn6x.

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The paper examines the reorientations of the appreciation of ugliness within different national contexts in a comparative or relational frame, juxtaposing the British, Italian, and Australian milieus, and to relate them to the ways in which the transformation of the urban fabric and the effect of suburbanization were perceived in the aforementioned national contexts. Special attention is paid to the production and dissemination of the ways the city’s uglification was conceptualized between the 1950s and 1970s. Pivotal for the issues that this paper addresses are Ian Nairn’s Outrage: On the Dis
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Rodriguez, Leopoldo C. Farias, and Erich Funk. "The Era of Brutalist Subsurface Engineering, Why the Time is Now." In Mediterranean Offshore Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/223323-ms.

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Abstract A challenging task faced by subsurface teams is to decipher reservoir flow behavior based on limited/insufficient information on relevant geological, fluid dynamic and thermodynamic variables. The conventional approach consists of integrating multiscale data into software platforms to create a digital clone of nature. This is followed by attempts to model reservoir reactions in response to human interventions. As the scale narrows from field to well scale, challenges and uncertainties escalate due to the intricacies of near-wellbore scenarios, marked by wellbore features, high fluid v
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Amirjani, Rahmatollah. "Labour Housing and the Normalisation of Modernity in 1970s Iran." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4020p1tmw.

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In the 1970s, rapid modernisation fuelled population displacement and increased the number of workers in the large cities of Iran, in particular Tehran. In response, the Imperial Government initiated several housing programs focusing on the provision of megastructures on a large scale. Consequently, a new opposition formed among some sectors of society, regarding the dissemination of gigantic buildings in the International or Brutalist styles. Critics and clerics argued that the radical government interventions not only polarised the image of Islamic identity in cities, but also affected the b
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Uzra, Mehbuba Tune, and Peter Scrivener. "Designing Post-colonial Domesticity: Positions and Polarities in the Feminine Reception of New Residential Patterns in Modernising East Pakistan and Bangladesh." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4027pcwf6.

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When Paul Rudolph was commissioned to design a new university campus for East Pakistan in the mid-1960s, the project was among the first to introduce the expressionist brutalist lexicon of late-modernism into the changing architectural language of postcolonial South and Southeast Asia. Beyond the formal and tectonic ruptures with established colonial-modern norms that these designs represented, they also introduced equally radical challenges to established patterns of domestic space-use. Principles of open-planning and functional zoning employed by Rudolf in the design of academic staff accomm
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