Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Architecture – China – Shanghai'

"Li" means neighborhoods, "Long" means lanes. These two words combine to describe an urban housing form which characterizes the city of Shanghai. Indissociable from the growth of Shanghai from 1840s to 1949, lilong settlements still comprise the majority of housing stock in the city center today. Inherited traditional dwelling patterns prevailing in the southeast China, profound transformation due to drastic social changes during that era produced lilong housing. Though, these transformation were demonstrated by the evolution of lilong's house forms, the settlement's general organization pattern persisted.<br>Lilong settlement, as a low-rise, ground-related housing pattern, has many advantageous features: hierarchical spatial organization network, separation of public and private zones, high degree of safety control, strong sense of neighborly interaction and social cohesiveness, and so on. These factors make the lilong neighborhoods a pleasant place to live and hence they are loved by local populace.<br>This thesis traces the evolution of lilong settlement forms in response to social transformation, and analyzes its indigenous design features and urban characteristics. As an ultimate goal, this thesis also explores the key characteristics of this settlement pattern, and the valuable experience that could be drawn as reference in contemporary housing design.

As cities have evolved over history as a function of human behaviour, they represent the rich social laboratories of a particular civilization. Because of its ancient roots and its particular historical evolution, the urban tradition in China is appreciatively unique, but yet as China is rapidly thrust into modernity and post-modernity of global interdependence most evident in its urban centres, one can discern clearly the serious cultural disparities that threaten the social fabric of the Chinese people. It is through the massive development of its major metropolises that China is embarking on a disturbing trend of false development, a top-down process which imposes disparate images and illusory expectations on a politically-fatigued society. As the centrepiece of China's entrance onto the international stage, the city of Shanghai represents both the vision of Chinas future, but perhaps also its social demise.

Shanghai has experienced rapid urbanization over the past three decades, accompanied by large-scale economic development. The spatial structure and landscape of Shanghai has been significantly transformed due to this urbanization and decentralization process. As the byproduct of urbanization process, the creation of all kinds of “wastes”( including actual waste as well as some waste or wasteful places) are an inevitable effect of urban growth which sustain our activities of growth. As a result, these “wastes” have caused a number of negative impacts on the environment, natural resources, human health, social and economic issues. The objective of this thesis project is to explore the potentials embed in those waste landscape in terms of landscape intervention as well as update our understanding and redefine the roles of those areas in the process of urbanization. How landscape as a medium to construct the city and how to redefine and reclaim waste landscape that in order to propose sustainable urbanization in Shanghai would also be explored and reflected from this thesis project.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Architecture<br>Master<br>Master of Landscape Architecture

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH<br>Bibliography: leaves 72-74.<br>In the recent decade, China has been facing serious housing shortages and inequalities in the urban sector. Shanghai, the largest and the most congested city in the country, represents housing problems of China in its extreme. Based upon the situation of this city, the thesis demonstrates the working of China's urban housing policy: its achievements in eliminating urban slums at the early stage and its failure of providing adequate housing later on. The analysis of the housing problems is focused on the notion that housing should be a universally provided welfare commodity. A variety of negative effects resulted from this notion are broken down to illustrate: i) low priority and of investment and low production; ii) inequalities in distribution; iii) heavily subsidized rents; iv) difficulties in cost recovery; v) "stereotyped" new residential construct ion. In the light of the analysis, the thesis discusses the current experiment in housing policy reform. Although the direction of the reform toward commercialization seems appropriate, the actual remedial policy provides only a temporary relief of the housing shortage but complicates inequalities in the urban sector. The argument of the thesis is that practical reforms should challenge the investment pattern and the distribution structure which have together led the problems. A combination of market and non-market methods to channel state housing services and subsidies to different income is suggested as a more effective way. In addition, the reform of policy will inevitably have its impacts on architectural design. The aim of the thesis is to provide an overview of housing development in China. It shows that China shares with many industrializing countries a shortage of housing and housing inequality in the urban sector. Its housing problem, however, is brought about by a peculiar set of policy directives and institutional arrangements that differs entirely from many countries. The study provides a reference for future policy formulation in China.<br>by Ruijue Peng.<br>M.S.

Cette monographie consacree a shanghai - en trois volumes dont un d'illustrations - analyse les temps forts de l'evolution urbaine presentes sur un siecle et demi : de la montee en puissance de la metropole au cours de la seconde moitie du xixe siecle jusqu'a son nouvel essor materialise par l'amenagement de pudong lors de la derniere decennie, apres une latence d'une trentaine d'annees. La recherche des elements structurants de la ville a pour objectif la definition des points d'ancrage sur lesquels se fonde l'identite de shanghai. L'analyse des formes de modernisation urbaine est menee a deux echelles complementaires : une dimension urbanistique globale, celle des vues aeriennes ou des plans d'amenagement, et une dimension quotidienne perceptible par le promeneur, celle de l'habitat shanghaien. Paradoxalement, la regularite du tissu urbain s'etablit alors que la metropole est administree par trois autorites distinctes, a l'epoque des concessions. Ce parcellaire va perdurer jusqu'aux grands travaux des annees 1990, qui le bouleversent profondement. Le "gel" de la metropole sous le regime maoiste correspond a une doctrine anti-urbaine et a un budget municipal extremement limite : l'accent est porte sur la construction de logements standardises, dans de grands ensembles situes en peripherie ou dans les villes-satellites. Au debut des annees 1980, la saturation des transports publics et la crise recurrente du logement necessitent des reponses urbaines globales. L'amenagement de pudong, envisage des le milieu des annees 1980, est rendu possible, une decennie plus tard, par le dynamisme des decideurs locaux qui ont su imposer leur projet au gouvernement central et gagner la confiance des investisseurs internationaux. Que ce soit avec la reforme du logement ou la mise en vente des parcelles du centre-ville, les conditions de vie des shanghaiens changent continuellement dans un cadre urbain lui-meme en pleine mutation depuis vingt ans<br>The present monography on to shanghai - in three volumes, including one of illustrations - deals with the highlights in a century and a half of urban development : it analyzes the boost of the metropolis from the second part of the xixth century to its new dimensions symbolized by the development of the pudong area over the last decade, which occured after a thirty years sleep. The search of the city's structuring patterns aims at bringing out the roots from which shanghai' identity sprung. Urban modernisation forms are analyzed on two interlinked scales : a global urban dimension, that of an bird's views or urban planning designs, and a daily based understanding perceved by the pedestrian, that of the shanghai housing. A paradox is that the regularity of the urban network was established during the concessions era, when the city was managed by three different authorities. This urban parcel system will last until the 1990's great public works which will then radically change the system, underwent deep changes. During the maoist regime, an anti-urban policy together with an extremely restricted municipal budget brought the developement to a halt : efforts were aimed at building standardized housing in peripherical blocks or in satellite-cities. At the beginning of the 1980's, the need fot global urban measures became acute facing the public transportation saturation and the recurrent housing shortage crisis. The pudong area project, planned as early as the mid-1980's, became a reality a decade later thanks to dynamic city politicians able to impose their project to the central government and convince international investors. Whether by the housing reform or the selling of land in the city centre, the daily lifestyles of the shanghainese is forever changing in an urban surrounding itself in mutation for the past twenty years

Donner le symbolisme dans l'architecture semble être un moyen nécessaire lorsque les êtres humains construisent leurs villes. Les Chinois ne font pas exception, au fil des siècles nous voyons une grande variété des symboles architecturaux existant dans les villes chinoises d'aujourd'hui. Quel rôle continueront-ils à jouer à l'avenir alors qu’au 21ème siècle nous sommes dans un contexte d'urbanisation important: les nouvelles constructions ont proliféré comme des champignons après la pluie dans toutes les villes chinoises? Ces nouveaux symboles architecturaux ont été déterminés et sont en construction aujourd'hui mais quel genre d’influence vont-ils produire sur la vie en Chine future ? Cela est notre sujet de recherches. A travers un large éventail d'activités de construction, Pékin continue de renforcer l'influence de la centralisation en Chine, Shanghai se bat pour garder son statut de pionnier de la mode dans le pays. Ce sont les deux exemples que nous déployons. Mais les architectes Paul ANDREU, Etienne TRICAUD, HE Jingtang, CHIU Che Bing, WANG Shu, LIU Jiakun et ZHU Pei proposent une réponse de leur point de vue respectif<br>To give symbolism in architecture seems to be necessary means when human beings construct their cities. Chinese don’t make an exception to the rule, all along centuries we can see a great variety of architectural symbols just existing in present Chinese cities. Which role will they continue to press in the future while for the 21th Century we are in in an important urban context? New constructions have grown up as mushrooms after the rain in all Chinese cities. These new architectural symbols have been determined and are today in construction but what type of influence will they product on the durable environment and on Life in Chinese future generations? This is our subject of investigations. All among a range of activities in construction, Pekin contributes to renforce the influence of Centralisation in China and Shanghai continues to fight in order to keep his status of pioneer of fashion in the country. These are two examples we are opening out. However the architects Paul ANDREU, Etienne TRICAUD, HE Jingtang, CHIU Che Bing, WANG Shu LIU Jiakun and ZHU Pei suggest an answer on their own point of view

Cette recherche porte sur les transformations sociales et spatiales d’établissements humains à travers l’architecture locale de Shanghai, que sont les unités urbaines appelées les shikumen lilong. Leurs existences dans la mégapole contemporaine, au-delà de leurs destructions ou de leurs protections, révèlent les traces d’une architecture urbaine en plein mouvement. Notre problématique est que tout changement passe par la complexité des rapports sociaux et spatiaux dans un espace commun, celui des espaces partagés. Nous soutenons que les processus d’appropriations, individuels et collectifs, sont reliés à l’échelle de la ville, du voisinage des lilong, de l’allée, et de la maison shikumen selon différents degrés de partage de l’anonymat au domaine de l’intime. Tous sont connectés par des toponymes, des formes, des manières d’habiter ou encore de fabriquer de nouveaux espaces. L’objectif de notre étude est de voir comment les espaces et les quotidiens des occupants ont évolué ou perdurent. Quels sont les facteurs de transformations ? Comment se mettent-ils en place ? Comment se développent-ils ? L’étude contemporaine des espaces, entre compartimentations et débordements, nous permet de révéler différentes aires historiques. Chaque acteur, que ce soit les occupants, les gouvernances, voire les agents extérieurs, se rejoignent à travers leurs actions. Des règles de vie communes ou encore des manières de faire évoluent avec le temps et leur environnement véhiculé par les lilong. L’architecture des shikumen lilong change ainsi entre les légitimités politiques, juridiques, règlementaires, les relations sociales et familiales<br>This research on human settlements’ socio-spatial transformations focus on Shanghai local architecture, such as the urban entity called Shikumen lilong. Their existences in the actual megacity, beyond their destructions or beyond their protections, reveal the marks of an urban architecture in movement. Our argument is that any change is going through complexes socio-spatial relationships in a common space, the shared spaces. We argue that appropriations processes, individual and/or collective, are connected at different level – the city, the lilong neighbourhood, the alleyway, and the shikumen house – according to various sharing degrees from anonymous to intimate relations. Residents and lilong are interconnected by place-names, forms, way of lives, and even way to transform their spaces. The objective of this study is then to understand how shikumen lilong residents’ daily lives and spaces evolve or remain. What are the factors of transformations? How are they set up? How do they develop? The actual study of spaces compartmentalization and added architecture, traces different historical era. Every actor, whether they are, the residents, governances, even outsiders, are linked through their actions. Common rules or ways of living evolve with time and environment conveyed by lilong. So that the architecture of shikumen lilong transforms in relation with: political legitimacies, legal status, and administrative records, social and family relationships

La thèse se focalise sur les relations sociales de la vie contemporaine liée à l’habitat dans la grande métropole chinoise, tout en visant à questionner la notion d’ « espaces de voisinage », qui gère les frontières entre les individus et les groupes, à travers une analyse socio-spatiale et architecturale. Notre attention est portée sur l’époque contemporaine, où la construction des tours résidentielles s’affirme rapidement, la tour devenant le type architectural dominant de l’urbanisation chinoise. La verticalité typologique et architecturale des tours résidentielles affirme un changement spatial fondamental, par rapport aux anciens types d’habitation. La notion d’« harmonie », issue de la pensée philosophique de la société traditionnelle chinoise, est introduite comme nouveau vecteur à travers lequel analyser les nouvelles relations de voisinage<br>The thesis focuses on the social relations of contemporary life linked to housing in this major Chinese metropolis. Through a socio-spatial and architectural analysis, the thesis aims to question the notion of "neighbourhood spaces" that governs the borders between individuals and groups. Our attention is focused on the contemporary era, during which the construction of residential towers has rapidly asserted itself, the tower becoming the dominant architectural style of Chinese urbanization. The typological and architectural verticality of the residential towers affirms a fundamental spatial change compared to the old types of housing. The notion of "harmony", stemming from the philosophical thinking of traditional Chinese society, is introduced as a new vector through which to analyse new neighbourhood relations

This thesis explores the global traffic in culture and its effects on the urban environment. Two overlapping forces are documented: first the proliferation of Western models and cultural signifiers in China and second the emergence of corresponding patterns resistance. Both these forces are explored on the global and urban scale as they affect the shaping of Shanghai and Toronto. The profusion of Western culture into China has reshaped the country through various periods in its history. Most recently, the whole scale application of Western aesthetics to the built environment has given rise to numerous anomalous places that border on the absurd. This act of cultural erasure has also given rise to a new population, an informal floating population that exists outside of the prevailing system of “progress”. Their forms of habitation and cultural transaction are articulated by informal and non-conforming patterns of development—an underground world. This represents a reaction to marginalization and cultural disenfranchisement. When looking at the formation of Toronto’s own Chinese community, similar patterns of marginalization have promoted the constitution of ethnic enclaves, first in the traditional sense of the urban Chinatown and more recently in the forms of suburban ethnic enclaves. In both cases, the proliferation of these subversive patterns offers a form of reverse colonialism. The thesis parallels the tension of these two forces as they are played out in the formation of the new suburban Chinatown, exploring how this phenomenon is redefining the traditional parameters of Asian Diaspora communities and how these new patterns challenge the traditional model of the suburb. In the last part of the book a speculative proposition is made about the intersection of these two worlds, a world where the thresholds between official and unofficial have been blurred, where they are now coincidental. Throughout the body of research offers a broad sampling of past trajectories and the meeting of current trends. It is an incomplete road map that traces the pathology of cultural exchange in the past and projects their intersection in the future. It offers a way of navigating through the emergent transnational territories engendered by cultural trafficking, documenting anomalies, phenomena and emergent patterns that renegotiate our traditional ideas of the nationality.

This thesis focuses on the evolution of urban tissues of nine urban blocks of Huangpu District of Shanghai from 1842 to 1949, relying on theories and methods developed by urban morphology. It is more specifically a cross-cultural application of the Italian typo-morphological approach to the realities of a Chinese city, which offers a novel interpretation of Shanghai’s urban form. By studying Huangpu District’s urban tissues, we wish to learn lessons, inspire good design principles, propose new planning approaches, and shed light on the wider consideration of historical conservation in Shanghai and other Chinese cities. This thesis traces back the formation and transformation of urban and architectural forms in Huangpu District by exploring the street blocks evolution and drawing a typological analysis of residential types of the selected site. The research highlights the particularities and specificities of urban and architectural forms of Chinese cities and illustrates that the Chinese urban culture is enacted in the spatial system, rather than figuratively expressed by the architectural language.