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1
Andjelkovic, Katarina. "Kinesthetic Imagination in Architecture: Design and Representation of Space." Život umjetnosti, no. 106 (November 30, 2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31664/zu.2020.106.02.
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Histories of architecture have long-recognized the vital role of concepts, strategies and principles exchanged between architecture and film, which reconfigured their systems of knowledge and made this relationship rich. Nonetheless, film has been used mainly as an instrument of narration and representation in architecture, only rarely engaged in questioning how it affects the way we understand, think and design space. Some of the most recent architectural design practices have recognized that film, using its specific screen environment, can provide a source of new architectural imagination while contextualizing our kinesthetic experience of space. In this article, I will examine how kinesthetic imagination has informed architectural practice in relation to the established practices of architectural representation.
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Clelland, Doug. "On the establishment of new communities: Allerton Bywater and Osbaldwick Fields." Architectural Research Quarterly 4, no. 3 (September 2000): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500000257.
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Two competition designs have provided frameworks for ideas for the establishment of new communities. The projects provided the opportunity for the design team to consider core architecture (urban and architectural space) and its relationship with extended architectures (detailed design and construction). The building designs have been required to meet performance standards considerably in excess of recent UK norms. This paper describes the design approach and demonstrates how research (university and practice based) has contributed to the two submissions.
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Kattein, Jan. "Made in Architecture: Education as collaborative practice." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 3 (September 2015): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000500.
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In an attempt to make architectural education more relevant to professional architectural practice and as a response to increasing tuition fees, major changes to university curricula in the UK are afoot. This brings unprecedented opportunities to re-consider what and how universities teach - and to make architectural education more relevant to real-world challenges.Last year, undergraduate design unit UG3 at the Bartlett School of Architecture completed an innovative project. The unit teamed-up with educational charity Global Generation to design and build a series of small buildings for a real client on a real site in King’s Cross. The article ‘Made in Architecture: Education as collaborative practice’ evaluates the emerging tradition of the live project as a vehicle for teaching architecture students about teamwork, collaboration and engagement. These skills - although increasingly significant to architectural practice - have until now been largely side-lined by university curricula.Only if educators and practitioners together embrace new opportunities for architects to engage and empower communities can the profession reverse increasing marginalisation and re-define it’s remit in the face of new social and environmental challenges.
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Scott, Andrew. "Design Strategies for Green Practice." Journal of Green Building 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.1.4.11.
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Should green buildings not only work differently, but also look, feel, and be conceived differently? The emergence of LEED accreditation as the leading form of environmental performance monitoring and its associated points and checklist format can mask the necessity for architectural projects to have focused and effective design strategies that integrate sustainability with the design process. Green accountability does not always go hand in hand with architectural quality: a good building is certainly not necessarily a green building, while a green building is not always a good work of architecture. So it becomes important to recognize the unique character and possibilities in each project and then to develop environmentally responsive concepts that support and enhance the form of the architecture. This article discusses the current context for “Green Design Practice” through a series of quite different design assignments where the focus is upon enabling the design to emerge from the recognition of the “environmental and sustainability potential.”
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Cifuentes Quin, Camilo Andrés. "The Platonic Forehand and Backhand of Cybernetic Architecture." Leonardo 52, no. 5 (October 2019): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01796.
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Since the 1960s, the field of digital architecture has been grounded on a computational practice of design, which has been inseparable from cybernetic constructions of architectural issues. The result of the former has been a common oscillation, in digital architectural practices, between the construction of design problems in reference to technoscientific notions and its construction as a reification of such resources. This article analyzes these aspects of digital architecture in reference to N.K. Hayles's vision of the construction of knowledge as a “seriation” and her conception of the “platonic forehand and backhand” in the work of scientists. Finally, the author identifies possible scenarios for a cybernetic practice of architecture that is not necessarily trapped in technocratic and reified visions of design issues.
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Wang, Xue Yong, Bo Zhou, Wen Dong, and Jing Wei Gong. "Modern Representation of Traditional Architectural Style." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.272.
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Based on the architectural design practice of Peach Blossom Valley Traffic Control and Training Center, this paper probes into several key points of modern architecture creation from the aspects of local cultural context, adaptation to local conditions, traditional signs and architectural style, etc., emphasizing that traditional local architectural culture should be inherited and developed in the modern architecture design.
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Hatton, Brian. "Exploring architecture as a critical act, questioning relations between design, criticism, history and theory." Architectural Research Quarterly 8, no. 2 (June 2004): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135504000132.
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This conference, which took place 25–27 November 2004, was held by the Bartlett School of Architecture in association with the Architectural Humanities Research Association (AHRA). Its stated aim was to examine the relationship between critical practice in architecture and architectural criticism, intending to place architecture in an interdisciplinary context with reference to modes of criticism in other disciplines, specifically art criticism, and to explore modes of critical practice in architecture: buildings, drawings and texts. Brian Hatton attended the second day of the conference; his comments on the first day are based on discussions with colleagues and reading of transcripts.
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Medvidovic, Nenad, Eric M. Dashofy, and Richard N. Taylor. "The Role of Middleware in Architecture-Based Software Development." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 13, no. 04 (August 2003): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194003001330.
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Software architectures promote development focused on modular functional building blocks (components), their interconnections (configurations), and their interactions (connectors). Since architecture-level components often contain complex functionality, it is reasonable to expect that their interactions will be complex as well. Middleware technologies such as CORBA, COM, and RMI provide a set of predefined services for enabling component composition and interaction. However, the potential role of such services in the implementations of software architectures is not well understood. In practice, middleware can resolve various types of component heterogeneity — across platform and language boundaries, for instance — but also can induce unwanted architectural constraints on application development. We present an approach in which components communicate through architecture-level software connectors that are implemented using middleware. This approach preserves the properties of the architecture-level connectors while leveraging the beneficial capabilities of the underlying middleware. We have implemented this approach in the context of a component- and message-based architectural style called C2 and demonstrated its utility in the context of several diverse applications. We argue that our approach provides a systematic and reasonable way to bridge the gap between architecture-level connectors and implementation-level middleware packages.
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Andjelkovic, Katarina. "The spatial context of the cinematic aspect of architecture." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 13, no. 2 (2015): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1502123a.
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This paper presents the findings, conclusions and results of my PhD research entitled, "The spatial context of the cinematic aspect of architecture". The purpose of this paper is to present the possibilities of adopting the cinematic qualities of architecture as an approach to tracing current modifications in contemporary architectural discourse in relation to the paradigmatic change of perception of urban space towards a movement perspective. The design process tradition, which comprises a standard series of procedural exercises aided by new technology, is in contrast to the experimental architectural research of the last decade that has clearly demonstrated the tendency to enrich the limited traditional approach in order to extend human vision beyond what is perceivable. Accordingly, I propose that we can test the cinematic aspect of architecture, first having harmonized the relationship between architecture and film through their common methodological and didactic approaches. To verify the cinematic aspect of architecture in theory, practice and education, and to maintain the level of creativity present in design practice, I initiated a reassessment of current design practice and proposed alternative architectural design strategies.
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Fan, Li Ya, and Xue Qiang Wang. "Architecture Design Curriculum Reform Practice Triggered by the British Architectural Education and Certification System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2393.
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This paper based on the best architecture universities education concept, through the analysis of the architecture education mode, put forward the current architectural education reform and development directions. From the perspective of curriculum practice, probes into the new mode of curriculum and education, enhance the comprehensive ability and creative thinking of students; Reference to CRIT rating chart patterns, join in the concept of "workshop", Create local and broader academic building information platform, provides the domestic architectural education improvement ideas.
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Carpo, Mario. "Drawing with Numbers: Geometry and Numeracy in Early Modern Architectural Design." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 448–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3592497.
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Precision in building was pursued and achieved well before the rise of modern science and technology. This fact applies to the classical tradition as well as to medieval architecture, and is particularly evident in architectural drawings and design from the Italian Renaissance onward. In this essay, I trace the shift from geometry-the primary tool for quantification in classical architecture- to numeracy that characterizes Renaissance architectural theory and practice. I also address some more general aspects of the relation between technologies of quantification and the making of architectural forms.
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Megahed, Yasser. "On research by design." Architectural Research Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 2017): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135518000179.
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Early issues of arq in the mid-1990s were preoccupied with the possibilities for researching architecture through design: how design research might be constituted and communicated, and – practically for architecture schools at that time – how design might be counted as research in the newly-introduced metrics used to judge research quality in UK Universities.Debates around design research in arq in the 1990s reflected uncertainties about its position in both practice and academic culture at that time. Since then, design research has gained traction, becoming increasingly accepted and acquiring greater capital in architectural academe. Key texts in architectural design research are increasingly leaving behind the question ‘is design considered research or not?’ to search instead for how to secure the status of design as a rigorous mode of academic inquiry. There is increasing confidence in the architectural field about the potential and power of design as a research method. Yet the notion of design research in architecture remains broad, with a diversity of approaches echoed in a diversity of distinct but overlapping terminologies. Taking its cue from arq's early focus on design research, this paper sketches-out its contemporary methodological landscape in architecture, surveying key sources in design research scholarship.
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Kuan, Yong, and Yahaya Ahmad. "Architectural Design Criteria for Multi-Storey Housing Buildings." Open House International 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0009.
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Architecture influences people and the environment from the past, present and the future. Nevertheless architecture and design quality is viewed as subjective, and benchmarks to achieve consensus are necessary for design or evaluation of buildings. This paper establishes architectural design criteria for design quality of multi-storey housing buildings. A set of the criteria was established with literature review, an operational definition and survey on qualified persons or architects in the professional practice of architecture. The literature reviews identified seven concepts for architecture and design quality, and the operational definition translated this architectural design quality to measurable and observable cases and variables. The survey collected these variable data from a purposive sample of 95 respondents, and these data were examined by statistical analysis. The results of the descriptive statistics, inferential t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) and positive hypothesis testing verified that respondents in general agreed to these seven design concepts as architectural design criteria for design quality. These results established the first ever set of seven architectural design criteria which were ranked in descending order of significance as function, socio-culture, site context, cost, aesthetic of art, sustainability, and Feng Shui. These architectural design criteria can be applied to the design or evaluation of multi-storey housing buildings for the good of people and the environment.
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Parry, Eric. "Design thinking: the studio as a laboratory of architectural design research." Architectural Research Quarterly 1, no. 2 (1995): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500002712.
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This paper looks at the case for studio design work taught in a unit system at Diploma/RIBA Part II level to be considered as a fundamental tool of research with a direct contribution to contemporary architectural practice. A case study of unit proposals for one year at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London and its subsequent adoption by practitioners is used to illustrate the discussion.
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Liu, Ruo Lin, and Hong Jin. "A Brief Analysis on Technological Expression of Contemporary Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2430.
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The technological expression of contemporary architecture is developed basing on modernistic architecture. As one of the most influential architectural design methods, it is being paid more and more attention to by contemporary architects. Technological expression has made lots of changes in the design of architectural forms, space and environment. With the rapid development of science, more and more fantastic technology is being applied, which makes it beyond just a method and forms an architectural design theory itself. This paper makes some analysis on the relationship between technological expression and regional culture, ecological concept and natural environment. Since digital information technology is penetrating into architectural designing field, I hope this paper can give some inspiration to architects on their architectural study and practice.
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Tepavčević, Bojan. "Design thinking models for architectural education." Journal of Public Space 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i3.115.
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<p>Technology advancements have profound impact on design thinking in architecture, professional practice and architectural education. New models of representation, along with computational design thinking and innovative approaches in digital fabrication bring new demands for the rethinking of educational pedagogy for the new generation of architects in the digital age. While learning by making has been deeply rooted in the process of architectural education, digital modes of design, representation and manufacturing reconcile the dual nature of design process that has traditionally oscillated between drawing and making, visual and material. In this paper, the relationship between making process in design-led research and other aspects that challenge architectural education are analyzed and described. Along with emerging trends in this topic, current design-led research position and strategies at some Australasia schools of architecture are presented.</p>
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Stenslie, Stahl, and Magne Wiggen. "Preemptive Architecture: Explosive Art and Future Architectures in Cursed Urban Zones." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 12 (April 15, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i12.165.
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This article describes the art and architectural research project Preemptive Architecture that uses artistic strategies and approaches to create bomb-ready architectural structures that act as instruments for the undoing of violence in war. Increasing environmental usability through destruction represents an inverse strategy that reverses common thinking patterns about warfare, art and architecture. Building structures predestined for a constructive destruction becomes a creative act. One of the main motivations behind this paper is to challenge and expand the material thinking as well as the socio-political conditions related to artistic, architectural and design based practices. Article received: December 12, 2016; Article accepted: January 10, 2017; Published online: April 20, 2017Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Stenslie, Stahl, and Magne Wiggen. "Preemptive Architecture: Explosive Art and Future Architectures in Cursed Urban Zones." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 12 (2017): 29-39.
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Manic, Bozidar, Dragana Vasiljevic-Tomic, and Ana Nikovic. "Contemporary Serbian Orthodox church architecture: Architectural competitions since 1990." Spatium, no. 35 (2016): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1635010m.
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This paper focuses on the architectural competitions for Orthodox Christian churches in Serbia since 1990, both on the analysis of the designs submitted and the competition requirements. The first competition for an Orthodox church in Serbia after World War II was announced for Pristina in 1991. After that, competitions for the temple in Cukarica, Novi Beograd, Nis, Aleksinac and Krusevac were conducted. Thanks to the fact that architectural competitions allow a greater degree of creative freedom to the architects than regular practice, various solutions were offered, from replicas of models from architectural history and tradition to fully non-traditional proposals. Depending on the relationship to tradition, architectural design approaches can be classified into three main groups: radically modernizing, conservatively traditionalist, and compromising. Of the six competitions conducted, four churches were built, which are among the most architecturally successful newer churches in Serbia. This points to the importance of the implementation of the architectural competition in this field of architecture. The diversity of the award-winning projects shows that there is awareness of the possibility for the further development of church architecture, favouring a moderate approach.
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Liu, Xiao Ping. "The Urban Design Logic and its Application in Architectural Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2278.
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This paper expounds the urban design logic in architectural design, introduced the related analytic methods of urban design. In the end the author's introduced the practice cases which the analytic methods were applied in architecture creation. These cases show how the analytic methods are used to deal with architectural design problems, so that the building design and urban environment is harmonious and creative. These methods also make urban building generation and evaluation more rational, more scientific.
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Andri Yatmo, Yandi. "Renewing Theories, Methods and Design Practices: Challenges for Architectural Education." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184102003.
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Architectural education should promote the advancement of knowledge that is necessary as the basis for the development of excellent design practice. Architectural education needs to respond appropriately to the current issues in the society. To find its way into the society in an appropriate way, architecture needs to be liquid. The ability to address the liquidity of architecture requires educational approach that promotes the ability to work with a range of design methods and approaches. There are several principles that become the basis for developing architectural education that could strengthen its position within the society: to promote knowledge-based design practice, to embrace variety of design methods and approaches; to keep a balance between design knowledge and design skills; while at the same time to aim for mastery and excellence in design. These principles should be the basis for defining and developing the curriculum and the process of design learning architectural education. Then the main challenge is on our willingness to be liquid in developing architectural education, which needs continuous renewal and update to respond to the changing context of knowledge, technology and society.
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Tepavcevic, Bojan, and Vesna Stojakovic. "Shape grammar in contemporary architectural theory and design." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 10, no. 2 (2012): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1202169t.
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In the past decade, digital technologies had a great impact on contemporary architectural practice, design and theory. CAD/CAM technologies opened up new opportunities by allowing design and production of complex geometric shapes. One of the first applications of computational process in architecture was based on using shape grammars, a rule-based expert systems in artificial intelligence generating geometric shapes. Early applications of shape grammars in art and architecture started shortly after its invention during the 70ies and 80ies of the XX century, however, their potential as a generative design tool still has not been fully exploited in practice. Despite their popularity in academic circles, shape grammars have not found a widespread place/usage in computer aided architectural design. Role of shape grammar as a generative design and analysis tool and their influence on contemporary architectural design and theory are examined in this paper. Also, new and ongoing issues concerning shape grammars are discussed in order to indicate further directions of their usage.
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Agung Ayu Suci Warakanyaka, Anak, and Yandi Andri Yatmo. "Understanding the Importance of Time in Interior Architectural Design Method." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184104009.
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The presence of time holds an important position in interior architectural practice and education. On theother hand, the presence of time challenges the stability and steadiness that framed the discipline. Furthermore, in interior architectural practice it is usually seen as a threat that should be either eliminatedor restricted. Rather than establishing defense mechanism against it, this paper argues that interiorarchitectural practice should be able to progress with time. By looking through undergraduate designstudio projects in Interior Architecture Program, Department of Architecture, Universitas Indonesia, this paper aims to addressed how the presence of time might affect, transform and even generate context specific interior architectural design methods that enables several dynamic forms of inhabitation. The out come of this study provides the opportunity for interior discipline to switch its focus, from the discipline that focuses on the aesthetic and constructional aspects, to the one that embraces the temporal aspectsof sociocultural conditions to enhance the wellbeing of its inhabitant.
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Onal, Gokce Ketizmen. "3 A`s of Reflexive Design Thinking in Architecture." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i11.3708.
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The present study intends to discuss reflexive design thinking in architecture with respect to the interactions between three main dimensions and with the aim to disclose the interrogative considerations in architecture; the identical features, in various actions and contexts. The main objective is to uncover new connections and new potentials that are equally essential in architectural thinking, the inquiry through theory construction and the connection to practice, as well as the basic attitude of initiating thinking on iterative possibilities.Within this scope, the present study develops a reflexive design approach in architecture, by layering the theoretical and practical dimensions, taking creative generation and transformation into consideration. Accordingly, the whole structure of the value systems is accepted as reflexive architectural thinking that is formed by three dimensions: Architect, Action, Artifact. These contents, accepted as the main subjects of research approach, are each evaluated in the light of knowledge systems and conditions. The present study utilizes this research perspective in order to analyze and discuss the basic dimensions of design thinking in a reflexive way, through presenting a discourse on its meanings, context and contents. Therefore, the present study an attempt in architectural design-based research to develop a reflexive methodology for re-interpreting and re-formulating the relation between theory and practice.
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Wafiqe, Saifallah Adel, and Ghada Musa Rzouki Alslik. "Parametric Design process in Architecture." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.2.018.
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Parametric Design got a good deal of interest and debate since the 90s of the 20th century ,yet this debate increased in size and influence when important buildings in the world by known architects were designed parametrically .These buildings have terms with compositional complexity and smoothness .They characterized the architecture uniqueness and practice since 2000, which caused the academic and theoretical institutions and individuals in architecture to carry on research focusing on parametric design and exploring its activities .Previous studies concentrated on the exploring activity and process of parametric design, accordingly the research problem is identified as follows: The lack of knowledge of parametric design in architecture from the theoretical and detailed sides related to the role of the (architect) , act and process of design , and result of the architectural design .The objectives of the research are : Clarifying the specific knowledge on parametric design in general and in architecture in particular .Clarifying the (thought) aspects of parametric design considering it as a tool or a way of design on an architectural approach .Clarifying the role of (parametric design) and exploring the comparative sides between it and the normal ( traditional ) way of design.
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Perin, Gavin John, and Linda Matthews. "Organizing Architectural Atmospheres." International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcicg.2019010102.
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The article outlines an alternative type of digital drawing technique for architecture called chromatic mapping. This new procedural drawing technique redefines the theoretical frameworks of digital design practice by manipulating the formal and spatial capacities of data captured in the image. The ensuing discursive and practical changes to architectural design practice deliberately leverage the ability of image-based software to gather, collate and modify real-world data. The pixel is central to chromatic mapping because it is the medium that translates form and space into color. This alterative definition of form as visual data contests the orthodoxy that only the line can delineate form and reactivates the issues surrounding the role of the image in architectural production. While maintaining digital architecture's ambition to reduce the procedural and formal consequences of postmodern semiotics, this new drawing technique recalibrates the part images play in architectural production by activating image data to foreground drawings that simulate architecture's atmospheric qualities.
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FARENHORST, RIK, PATRICIA LAGO, and HANS VAN VLIET. "EAGLE: EFFECTIVE TOOL SUPPORT FOR SHARING ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 16, no. 03n04 (September 2007): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843007001706.
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Knowledge management plays an important role in the software architecting process. Recently, this role has become more apparent by a paradigm shift that views a software architecture as the set of architectural design decisions it embodies. This shift has sparked the discussion in both research and practice on how to best facilitate sharing of so-called architectural knowledge, and how tools can best be employed. In order to design successful tool support for architectural knowledge sharing it is important to take into account what software architecting really entails. In this paper, we define the main characteristics of architecting, based on observations in a large software development organization, and state-of-the-art literature in software architecture. Based on the defined characteristics, we determine how best practices known from knowledge management could be used to improve architectural knowledge sharing. This results in the definition of a set of desired properties of architectural knowledge sharing tools. Finally, we highlight the design and implementation of EAGLE, an architectural knowledge sharing portal that implements those properties.
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Wu, Yong, Ming Du, and Li Shen. "Architectural Practice Inspired by Water Context." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.99.
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The paper puts forward the design logic and methods for waterfront buildings through three examples of architectural practice, covering the fields from education, commerce to museum buildings, which are all inspired as well as influenced by water. By analyzing the relationship between water and architecture, the paper lists five aspects namely overall concept, circulation, function, space and landscape, in which the water context guides and decides the design process and outcome.
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Chechel', I. "MODERN DESIGN CONDITIONS AND COMPONENTS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-7-73-88.
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Today, large-scale programs for the construction of general education facilities are being implement-ed in the country. The Russian architecture of general educational buildings is gradually moving away from the standard architectural solutions approved by practice. This is influenced by the condi-tions of the current stage in the development of the state and society, and the tasks for the formation of an individual and a new generation of citizens. An analysis of the works of modern Russian architects suggests that the country has begun and is steadily gaining momentum in the process of forming the architecture of a new generation of school buildings. According to the author, the process is under the influence of a number of objective conditions. They are: the need to provide cost-effective architectur-al solutions of the design documentation for the mass construction of an object of General education in Russia; the continuation of the traditions of the author's architectural design for the public sector in education and the growing influence of the architecture of the non-public (private) sector to create innovative school buildings of the new generation; the impact of the reform processes in the field of pedagogical technologies in the system of General education and in solving complex issues of security and anti-terrorist protection of the object of General education on the formation of architecture of the school building; the operation of the object of General education in Emergency situation ( pandemic) and transition to the information society in the era of digitalization,; the enforcement of Federal laws of the Russian Federation in the field of safety of object of General education. Based on the identified conditions, a new systematization of the components of the architectural concept is proposed and the principles necessary for the creation of a general education building that marks the end of time are formulated.
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Johanes, Mikhael, and Yandi Andri Yatmo. "Composing the Layer of Knowledge of Digital Technology in Architecture." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184105002.
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The use of digital tools in architectural practice has been evolving significantly. In following such developments, architectural practice has been incorporating digital technology not only to meet the current demand but also to pursue the vast amount of possibilities ahead. However, the integration of digital technology in architectural knowledge has been reasonably operative that produces uncritical understanding, and it tends to put architects as a passive user of technology. This paper argues that there are layers of knowledge that nees to be acknowledged and nourished accordingly in embracing the use of computation tools yet avoiding the overly simplistic.understanding. It attempts to explore the methods of digital technology in archietctural design practices as well as dicussions that follow to create a critical evaluation of its roles and potentials. The review is conducted theoretically in which the use of digital in the design process is explored in such a way to reveal its importance in architectural design methods. The review also crosses beyond the disciplines of architecture to construct more comprehensive understanding that bridges the logic of digital technology and architecture. The resulted map of methods of the digital thus can be used to develop a framework for digital discourse that bridge the operative knowledge of technology to the more critical perspectives.
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Kidd, Akari Nakai. "The stickiness of affect in architectural practice: the image-making practice of Reiser + Umemoto, RUR Architecture DPC." Architectural Research Quarterly 22, no. 2 (June 2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135518000337.
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Many disciplines have taken an ‘affectual’ turn, from the philosophical lineage of Spinoza, Nietzsche to Deleuze & Guattari where affects constitute bodies according to capacities and processes of becoming, to more recent engagements with ‘new materiality’ that has redirected attention to the expressive properties of materials - matter's relational, interactive and affective capacities. Affect and its indeterminacy as a concept encourage different interpretations. This paper is situated in this complex theoretical landscape. Although numerous studies have examined how affect emerges in- and through- the occupation of architectural spaces, little analytical attention has been paid to the creative process of design and the role that affect plays in the many contingencies that arise in the process. In this context and specifically, this article explores the production and circulation of affect within architectural practices invested in image-making processes. Importantly, it illustrates how affective aspects of image-making in architecture plays a role in the process of design. The study concentrates first on the work of Sara Ahmed who provides a critical engagement with affect as a sticky process, and then extending this to incorporate such things as sticky images. An analysis of the architectural practice of Reiser +Umemoto, RUR Architecture DPC and their project for Kaohsiung Port Terminal is put forward to show how images and image-making can inform and be informed by the design process, and moreover, how they can produce certain affective economies. The article explores the usefulness affect theory in architectural discourse to provide other ways of conceptualising architectural practice beyond being governed by the generations of actual objects and clear processes of production.
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Kurath, Monika. "Architecture as a Science: Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Design Knowledge from Research." Science & Technology Studies 28, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55343.
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Recent STS literature has described a trend of academisation in higher education and universities in which administrative bodies and formalised practices like evaluations have gained increased influence. This article discusses the impact of such trends on the discipline of architecture, focusing on the strains and boundaries that architectural faculties face in their research and teaching practice. Specifically, the development of design knowledge from individual and multiple theoretical and methodological approaches, the tight connection with tacit knowledge forms, as well as the use of non-formalised tenure and peer-review indicate on-going processes of boundary work (Gieryn, 1983), where external disciplines evaluate architectural knowledge production and demarcate it from their own research approaches. Due to the increased meaning of evaluations, such boundary work plays an increasing role in framing the form and content of design research. In this respect, architectural research becomes a matter of negotiation that not only involves architecture, but also traditional research disciplines as well as the added restrictions of interdisciplinary and administrative bodies.
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Dias Valle, Pedro Henrique, Lina Garcés, Tiago Volpato, Silverio Martínez-Fernández, and Elisa Yumi Nakagawa. "Towards suitable description of reference architectures." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (March 9, 2021): e392. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.392.
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Due to the increasing size and complexity of many current software systems, the architectural design of these systems has become a considerately complicated task. In this scenario, reference architectures have already proven to be very relevant to support the architectural design of systems in diverse critical application domains, such as health, avionics, transportation, and the automotive sector. However, these architectures are described in many different approaches, such as using textual description, informal models, and even modeling languages as UML. Hence, practitioners are faced with a difficult decision of the better approaches to describing reference architectures. The main contribution of this work is to depict a detailed panorama containing the state of the art (from the literature) and state of the practice (based on existing reference architectures) of approaches for describing reference architectures. For this, we firstly examined the existing approaches (e.g., processes, methods, models, and modeling languages) and compared them concerning completeness and applicability. We also examined four well-known, successful reference architectures (AUTOSAR, ARC-IT, IIRA, and AXMEDIS) in view of the approaches used to describe them. As a result, there exists a misalignment between the state of the art and state of the practice, requiring an engagement of the software architecture community, through research collaboration of academia and industry, to propose more suitable means to describe reference architectures and, as a consequence, promoting the sustainability of these architectures.
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Feria, Margarida, and Miguel Amado. "Architectural Design: Sustainability in the Decision-Making Process." Buildings 9, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050135.
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This article discusses the potential of introducing sustainability in the architectural design method so that building solutions can contribute to sustainable development. Sustainability has introduced a new pattern to the architecture practice, which involves important modifications in the teaching of architecture in what regards to the design methods to students but also practitioners, in order to provide more comfort for present and future generations. In the design phases of the architectural design, the subject of the three pillars of sustainability—economic, social and environmental factors—are not always considered by the architect in the decision-making process. The topic involves actions that will influence the overall performance of the building throughout its lifecycle. Sustainability has not been a priority in the training of the architect. The existing tools, Sustainability Assessment and Certification Systems, although adequate to evaluate the sustainability component of a building, do not prove to be the most appropriate tool to support architects during the design process. Therefore, the implementation and evaluation of strategies that integrate the sustainability principles need to be included in the early stages of the architectural design method. In addition to collecting data through literature review, a survey was conducted among 217 architects and architecture students in order to access the need for a tool that supports architects in the issue of sustainability. The results concluded that, although all the respondents agree about what concerns the implementation of sustainability principles in the architectural design method, only few respondents guarantee that these principles are implemented by means of a rigorous evaluation. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to identify a set of guidelines that can help architects to change the current approach of architectural practice towards more sustainable strategies in building design. This means the introduction, implementation and evaluation of sustainability principles in different phases of the architectural design method. The proposal stresses the main strategies that need to be considered in each phase of the architectural project and defines a level of recommendation in each guideline that allows the architect to evaluate the implementation of sustainability.
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Silberberger, Jan. "Architecture Schools and Their Relationship with Research: It’s Complicated." Dimensions 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dak-2021-0110.
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Editorial Summary In »Architecture Schools and Their Relationship with Research: It’s Complicated«, Jan Silberberger describes the problematic divide between practicing architects that teach design at architecture schools and scholars investigating the practices of designing from a theoretical or social scientific perspective. Identifying three recurrent misunderstandings between these two groups, he stresses the lack of awareness about genuine research approaches within the discipline of architecture. Emphasizing the interconnectivity of research and practice, Silberberger highlights the potential for further development of the discipline that thorough reflections on the methodologies applied in architectural design afford. [Katharina Voigt]
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Reynolds, Jessica. "What is ‘minimal’ anyway? John Pawson: Plain Space at the Design Museum and About a Minute at the Gopher Hole." Architectural Research Quarterly 15, no. 2 (June 2011): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135511000522.
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Architecture shows and biennales have proliferated in the last decade, accompanied by new courses and publications on architectural curation. The curation of an exhibition can be as complex and political as the realisation of a work of architecture. It can be presented as an effective vehicle for critical discourse, challenging the traditional definition of architectural practice as the design, procurement and construction of a building. In response, existing architecture exhibition spaces are adapting and new galleries are opening, reconceptualising modes of display. This review considers two contrasting architecture exhibitions on show in London at the turn of 2011, each with different agendas, ambitions and audiences.
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Farmer, Graham. "Re-contextualising design: three ways of practising sustainable architecture." Architectural Research Quarterly 17, no. 2 (June 2013): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135513000468.
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The predominant model of sustainable architecture is based on a sharp differentiation between technical and social realms that tends to situate architectural design practice in an ambiguous and marginalised position. Sustainable architecture as a whole has come to be dominated by a focus on engineering design with a related emphasis on energy efficiency and climate-change strategies that seek to improve the economic performance of buildings whilst providing little or no consideration of the wider contexts of architectural design and production. This paper argues for an expanded understanding of sustainable design and draws on ideas developed within the Philosophy of Technology to point to the broader cultural values and practices that surround particular design choices. From this perspective the work of engineers, architects, and other designers of the built environment provide settings upon which the ongoing dramas of political action are mounted.Through analysis of ‘live’ student design-build projects, the paper explores three distinct conceptualisations of sustainable design practice in which buildings are interpreted as physical manifestations of differentiated frames of design thinking that emphasise either de-contextualised, context-bound or re-contextualising design processes. Although these apparently distinct practices can be analytically differentiated, it is argued that the realisation of sustainable design practices inevitably involves a seamless interaction and interchange between the differentiated dimensions. The conclusion draws on the work of Andrew Feenberg to conceptualise sustainable design as a concrete practice whereby abstract technical concerns and social considerations seamlessly converge to produce artefacts that fit specific contexts.
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Sotnikova, Nadezhda. "Organization of outdoor practice of students." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 12062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312062.
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In this article we consider ways of solving the problem of lacking practical experience in drawing and painting among the students of architecture departments. We propose a solution to this problem through creation of teaching methods aimed to develop a perception of of nature, compositional and technical skills and abilities. We study the principles of the approach to the plein air practice working program of the leading architectural universities in Russia, and also compare and analyze two approaches to the program: an interdisciplinary approach based on the relationship of architecture with the visual arts - drawing and studying architectural monuments and holding a plein air in the form of master classes by professional artists, with an emphasis on techniques and technologies of work in the plein air. Revealing the methodological features of building a program for mastering the universal and general professional competencies of an architect and designer: acquaintance with the monuments of architectural heritage, a creative research approach to the object of study, the development of compositional thinking and the basics of linear constructive drawing, the development of graphic techniques necessary for working on sketches of projects. Recommendations are given for the development of tasks for plein air practice for students of architecture, reconstruction, urban planning and design departments.
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Mirza, M., Y. Harahap, Yandi Andri Yatmo, and Paramita Atmodiwirjo. "Reading Architecture: Explorative Text-ual Reception for Architectural Education." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184104010.
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This paper discusses how reading is central to the architectural practice and how it carries an immense potential for design method, it is further argued that an act of reading is important to be introduced and learned in the architectural education institution within which students learn and develop various design methods. Accordingly, to this importance, this paper proposes a discussion toward various examinations of reading of various types of text. Stressing the discussion toward the conception of reception, interpretation, and representation, this paper aims to disclose the potential of the textual reading for design development by dismantling a range of exploratory reading acts, from literal act of reading to a developed act of reading, each of which positioned text as an event rather than an object. Each of the acts of reading ex Amined in the study takes a role as a process of creative analysis and interpretation which results in a representation of received knowledge.
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Megayanti, Trias, Tutin Aryanti, and NItih Indra Komala Dewi. "PEER GROUP JUDGING: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GROUP PIN-UP IN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO." Journal of Architectural Research and Education 1, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jare.v1i1.15808.
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The architecture design studio is a core course in architectural learning that trains students' abilities in the architectural design process. Unfortunately, students often fail to meet scheduled task targets, even though the time alloted is sufficient. This article examines the application of the group pin-up as a teaching method and its effectiveness in helping students meet deadlines for completing tasks in the Architecture Design III course, a studio attended by second year students. This study uses documents analysis (reviewing student design drawings to measure student achievement), and interviews (investigating changes in attitudes and perceptions of the students in pin-up group applications). We found that using the group pin-up strategy to impose an in-between deadline leads to improved discipline, better teamwork, and higher motivation due to competition in the group. This method is recommended in architectural design studios as a simulation practice for students before they move up and begin to work in the architecture profession.
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Zhang, Liang-Jie, and Jia Zhang. "Service Oriented Solution Modeling and Variation Propagation Analysis Based on Architectural Building Blocks." International Journal of Web Services Research 10, no. 4 (October 2013): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2013100102.
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In spite of the widely recognized benefits of applying Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to design enterprise-scale software systems, its actual application practice is not always a success. One major reason is the lack of a systematic engineering process and tool supported by reusable architectural artifacts. Toward this ultimate goal, this paper proposes a new method of architectural building blocks (ABB)-based SOA solution design and it is applicable to any layered or tiered infrastructure. The authors present the modeling of solution-level architectural artifacts and their relationships, whose formalization enables event-based variation notification and propagation analysis. The goal is to provide architecture-level support for configuration and re-configuration of architectural artifacts based on industry practices. Their method also supports solution-level project variation management for the process of updating and maintaining architectural artifacts. The authors report a prototype tool that they have developed and describe how they extend the Unified Modeling Language (UML) mechanism to implement the system and enable solution-level enforcement as an example. The prototype has been applied in real projects as an SOA solution modeling tool.
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Pretty, Annabel C., and Peter McPherson. "Design dialogues. Ambiguity of “Design” within Architectural Studio." Journal of Public Space 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i3.113.
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<p>The ambiguous nature of the word “design” offers up a complex dialectic dialogue for the architectural studio lecturers to impart to their students. Discussing the “design”, more commonly referred to as the programme or scheme, is quite a different beast to the process or design methodologies the students use to create an architectural proposition or “design”. Clarity around this notion of design as both the process, in being design-led, and also as the end result, becomes a necessary task for studio lecturers to inculcate into the student body.<br />This paper aims to navigate through the mire/path of the design methodologies as adopted within architecture studio teaching at second year level within the Bachelor of Architectural Studies, Unitec Department of Architecture – by way of using the tried and tested notions of First Insight / Empathy, Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification, with the anticipation that these are the essential tools with which to interface teaching and practice, within the context of a “live build project”.<br />Three years’ worth of case studies of large scale Interdisciplinary and collaborative “live build projects” in Christchurch in conjunction with the Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA) are used to demonstrate and investigate the heuristic design processes that are an integral part of a prospective architect’s arsenal of skills. These case studies offered a complex window of tasks, not least that the students were designing in Auckland 1000 km away from the Christchurch sites, and each year posed a different set of problems and clients-related issues. Luxcity 2012 / Canterbury Tales 2013 / CityUps 2014 were the students’ responses to FESTA’s call to rejuvenate the city centre after the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011, and all of which were assembled only for a 24-hour period over Labour Day Weekend.</p>
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Jadrešin-Milić, Renata, and Catherine Mitchell. "The death of aesthetics in architectural education? Possibilities for contemporary pedagogy." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 11, no. 3 (2019): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1903553j.
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The importance of aesthetics within architecture has a long history. Although evidence suggests that the term was not brought into architectural writing until 17351 , the place of aesthetics can be identified across architectural theory and philosophy since the time of Vitruvius. Developing an aesthetic sensibility was seen as crucial for an architect and the study of architecture was understood through the three Vitruvian lenses (utlitas, firmitas, venustas) one of which, venustas, is directly associated with aesthetics. This paper responds to the current and ongoing discussions between architects, architectural educators and architectural students on the role of aesthetics in architectural education and professional practice today. It was initially inspired by questions raised at the 2017 and 2018 annual conferences of the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH 2017 and 2018) about the role of architectural history in architectural design and practice today, and in line with this, questions about place of aesthetics in architectural education. This paper considers the place of aesthetics in architectural education and provides a detailed overview of the key pedagogical interventions undertaken in one architectural studies programme which might serve as a guide for educators interested in maintaining the place of aesthetics in contemporary architectural education. It suggests that aesthetics can continue to play a key role in the architectural curriculum whilst a focus on design problem-solving and achieving the contemporary educational requirements of accreditation is maintained.
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Cikic-Tovarovic, Jasna, Nenad Sekularac, and Jelena Ivanovic-Sekularac. "Specific problems of media facade design." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 1 (2011): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1101193c.
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During the last years we have been facing a growing need of involving architects into processes of modern city medialization. Transposing contemporary media logic into architecture must be accompanied by qualitative answers within architectural theory and practice. The field of media facade is interdisciplinary - not only does it involve research within architecture and urbanism, but also within some border areas of technology, urban design, art, culture, media and marketing. Media facade design process involves analyses of some specific design aspects.
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Jevremovic, Ljiljana, Branko Turnsek, Milanka Vasic, and Marina Jordanovic. "Passive design applications - industrial architecture perspective." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (2014): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1402173j.
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This paper deals with the process of design in the context of the idea of energy conservation. We used analytical instruments in order to extract the principles and methods the architects used in their design as the solutions for passive design concepts. We narrowed down our research focus to the industrial architecture as a paradigm of the contemporary designs that is very much into the idea of green technology and energy conservation. As great energy consumers by their function, investors of the industrial buildings are justifiably interested in building a more energy effective building. There is a characteristic difference in the design of industrial architecture and the other types that also make passive design applications specific. Using the case study method and invert method of translation, we have examined the selected design projects. We tend to make some progress in the field of architectural design methodology, as a main area of application of our findings. The idea was to make the proposition of methodological principles extracted from the successful architectural practice for more rational and less time-consuming design method that has passive design component.
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Ding, Guanghui, Jonathan Hale, and Steve Parnell. "Constructing a place for critical practice in China: the history and outlook of the journal Time + Architecture." Architectural Research Quarterly 17, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135514000062.
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This paper investigates the history and programme of the Chinese architectural journal Time + Architecture (Shidai Jianzhu). As one of the newly established architectural periodicals in post-Mao China, the journal was launched in 1984 by academics Luo Xiaowei, Wang Shaozhou and their colleagues at the Department of Architecture in Tongji University, Shanghai. The journal's close association with academic institutions and commercial design firms shaped its dual nature; that is, both scholarly and professional. At the turn of the millennium, the journal's substantial reform of editorial policy redefined its character from a ‘presenter’ of received materials to a ‘producer’ of selected collaborative work, and enabled it to maintain editorial distinctiveness in the Chinese architectural publishing scene.This paper argues that Time + Architecture constructed a significant place for critical practice in contemporary China through the presentation of critical architecture and architectural criticism. Over the past few decades, the journal, under the editorship of Zhi Wenjun, published a number of special issues on the work of emerging independent architects such as Yung Ho Chang, Wang Shu, Liu Jiakun and others. The thematic topics, projects and criticisms presented by the journal exemplified an editorial agenda to publish innovative and exploratory work and demonstrated the editors' and contributors' collective endeavours to develop a critical discourse that confronted the dominant ideology of architecture.
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Yussupova, A. A., A. N. Yussupov, and B. S. Nsanbayev. "Determining the optimal parameters of landscape architectural elements." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 79, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2021.1-22.
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The necessity of the development of architecture in modern economic conditions raises new challenges to architects and builders: the design of architectural objects in accordance with international standards. In this regard, this article discusses the harmonization of the architectural environment with using of the Corbusier Modulor. Examples of the tasks for students from the modern practice of architecture and urban planning are given. Modulor Corbusier combines the canons of the Golden ratio and the proportions of human size. The table for the use of the Modulor in educational design for the finding of harmonious sizes of architectural structures and design products is given. Specific examples of correction of small architectural forms parameters, contours of buildings and constructions, width and length, elements of alleys, and flower gardens are stated. Here, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the sketches of projects seamlessly comply with the terrain, which is very important for the architectural and artistic expressiveness of city parks, squares, and suburban recreational areas.
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Luo, Ping, and Jun Tang. "Research on Collaborative Design Practice of REVIT Based on BIM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2552.
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With the continuous improvement of the level China architectural design, BIM technique is applied more and more widely in China. Collaborative design is one of the core ideas of design using BIM technology, reasonable design using BIM software can realize the architectural, structure, water supply and drainage, electrical, ventilation and air conditioning and other collaborative design speciality. In this paper, by using the Revit Server deployment server, different professional designers respectively by Revit Architecture, Revit Structure and Revit MEP collaborative design. Through collaborative design technology of the application of Revit in the The main control building project, a 80% reduction in the designer communication project design time, total time reduced by 50% than the traditional model, and achieved good application effect and economic benefit.
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Ayebeng Botchway, Edward. "Software Application Employed in Architectural Design Education: The Case of KNUST." Review of European Studies 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n2p30.
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<p>Computer software has come to replace the manual form of designing in both architectural education and practice. The use of drawing boards had been employed in architectural education and practice for a long time. Since the first half of the twentieth century, computer hardware and corresponding software have seen dramatic change and development manufactured and tailored to meet the demand of changing technological and human needs. Architecture has had its fair share since the advent of computers and has seen major milestone changes in its integration into the profession. In the last century, architectural education in Ghana has also witnessed this revolution. From the year 2000 and thereon since Computer Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) was introduced in the Department of Architecture (DOA) in the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) there has been tremendous improvement in the CAAD tools used in architectural design education. There is therefore the need to evaluate the CAAD software used by the students and faculty. This paper looked at the existence and the mode in which CAAD software is applied in the department, the predominant software used by students and the mode of acquisition of the software. The findings proved that CAAD is taught as part of the curriculum in the DOA and has helped improve architectural design education over the years. However, the full potential and benefit of CAAD use has not been realized as a result of challenges faced by students and faculty in teaching, learning and acquisition of software.</p>
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Kelbaugh, Douglas. "“Seven Fallacies in Architectural Culture”." Open House International 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2006-b0002.
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As an architect and educator I worry about the intellectual and pragmatic challenges that currently bedevil architectural practice and pedagogy. There are at least seven design fallacies that in various combinations permeate professional practice and studio culture at most schools of architecture. Some are self-imposed and tractable; others are less easily addressed because they are externally driven by the media, technology, globalization and capital. Some are about form-making; others are about social equity and environmental sustainability. All seven are deeply embedded in our architectural psyches. Changing them will not be easy, but change them we must if we want to recuperate architecture and urbanism, as well as invigorate them as a more positive and progressive force in the world.
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Saxon, Richard. "Global practice implications Reactions to Duany The West is running out of talent …" Architectural Research Quarterly 5, no. 3 (September 2001): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135501211245.
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Paolo Tombesi sets out a very interesting thesis that Asia will become the ‘back office’ of Western design practice in, ‘A true south for design? The new international division of labour in architecture’ (arq 5/2, pp.171–180). There are many instances of this happening already, though mainly in engineering and in US style architectural practice where documentation consists of the application of rules-based methods and the work used to be done by ‘tracers’. Practices with computer-based standard detailing can have schematic drawings worked up overnight and corrections similarly serviced. UK architectural practice is largely done without back offices or standard solutions and drafting help must be closely supervised. Price competition from the South may well become a factor for change.