Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Architecture [discipline]'

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-[170]).
This Thesis proposes a 2015 World's Fair in Prishtina, Kosovo, to redefine the relationship between tourists and local places. Globalization has created an explosion of world tourism; however, it has homogenized the global landscape and therefore the tourist experience. To counteract this erosion of the identity and sense-of-place, leadership in new nation-states believe that they must consciously exert a new individual identity. This scenario is flawed as well; groups in power seek to instrumentalize a false uniform and idealist identity to serve their own interests. If the global condition is overrun by the tourist, and the local condition is hijacked by the idealist, where does this leave the global-local debate in the discourse of architecture? Creating an ambiguous, complex, cultural condition that confronts and reinvents the most polarizing tendencies of the tourist and the idealist will meet the needs of the largest number of parties that have a stake in the architecture. As the world's newest nation, Kosovo has declared Independence and is partially recognized by the global community. From a decade under international jurisdiction, Kosovo has a complex relationship to the global. In recognizing that this global connection is economically essential to Kosovo, the new country needs to use this international presence to satisfy its own pressing need to establish the legitimacy of its new government. In this proposal, the international presence currently operating in Kosovo provides a network of structures for an International Fair which introduces Kosovo to the world.
(cont.) This global tourist program is inherently subverted; the investment in urban infrastructure ensures that the architecture is seamlessly repurposed into Kosovo's new National Capital complex. This coupling of unlikely programs not only provides both financial capital and impetus to create the architecture, thereby addressing critical needs of Kosovo, but meshes together the touristic and nationalistic forms of national identity. The uneasy alliance between the two programs necessitates a redefinition of both.
by Laura E. Rushfeldt.
M.Arch.

From the 1990\'s onwards, service science field has experienced a great growth, taking the Marketing academic field as the precursor, next gathering Management and also Engineering academic field. From business tool (i.e., e-commerce), new approaches in service delivery (e.g., IT-based self-service technology such as on-line ticketing and reservation, on-line bank account access, on-line package tracking, and so forth), and new ways of relating to customers (i.e., e-Customer Relationship Management), internet based and IT services prompted researchers to an infusion of Software Engineering concepts and techniques into Service field (MOUSSA; TOUZANI, 2010). The beginning of 2004 was marked by the introduction of the service dominant logic (SDL), advocating a transition from an good-based exchange economy to a service-based one. Also, at the same year, IBM launched a call to action on the Service Science, Management and Engineer (SSME) initiative, pushing service research towards a more formal science field (MAGLIO et al., 2006). Researchers and practitioners are studying and developing ways to consolidate service theories, laws, and principles in order to effectively manage and control service systems in practice. On the other hand, Service Systems are defined as systems with an intense relationship (or collaboration) with the customer. This collaborative relationship characteristic changes the current (good-based) idea of services: from a one way informational channel, to a multiple resource exchange and adaptable process with the costumer. In fact, it changes not only the way service systems are understood, but specially how to design it. In terms of the impact of the service dominant logic on different economic sectors, the impact over manufacturing industry had the attention of several different researchers over the world (AURICH; MANNWEILER; SCHWEITZER, 2010; CAVALIERI; PEZZOTTA, 2012; TOMIYAMA, 2001). The Service Engineering research field then advocate for the incursion of Service Design in manufacturing, changing entirely the current idea of a production chain transformation process from suppliers raw materials inputs until distribution to the final consumer. However, the new perspective on manufacturing services understand services that encompass products, surpassing the notion of a product\'s function design, to reach a receiver\'s state change design. To support adaptation and intense relationship to address customer individual needs, a manufacturing service initiative must be root on technologies that brings more freedom and flexibility into the production process. A production processes for manufacturing services must be formed be a new sophisticated network arrangement supported by internet and combined with intelligent machines. In fact, manufacturing has to be supported to reach the concept of smart (virtual) factories producing smart products. The Product-Service Architecture (or just PSA) was proposed firstly by(SILVA; NOF, 2015) with the objective of answering the needs for a serviceoriented approach to manufacturing industries. As defined by the authors, PSA is a distributed architecture where a service provider is defined as an open set of production unities (which could deliver products, services, or even product/services) that could be independent or commercially connected to the service provider corporation. It is an approach to address the problem of Service Systems from a Design perspective, based on an high-level architecture. The current design approach for PSA is imported from the Service Information Systems, forming a collection of design methods and languages highly connected to object oriented and service-oriented architecture (SOA) approaches. However, to achieve the provider-customer relationship, intense and collaborative, improvements on PSA design approach should be placed in order to allow an internal design that could achieve new solutions that adapt to meet the customer\'s needs. Our main hypothesis is that major problems are on the early phases of the design. Modifying the approaches of the PSA design discipline to approaches more connected to agent-oriented modeling could offer the necessary tools to improve the service design using PSA. Goal-Oriented Requirement Engineering (GORE) emerged as approach very consistent modeling approach strongly based on agent-oriented concepts. Adding the concepts of goals and softgoals to the design process, that could be understood as a high-level stakeholder objectives, it opened a new level of analysis capturing the \"why\" dimensions of the stakeholders(YU, 1997). Following modeling representations to increase agency for the PSA design Discipline, the concept of Intentionality, brought by the GORE method i*, meaning interests and motivation of agents, seems to fit to the objectives of service design. Therefore, we present on this work our proposal for an Intentional PSA Service Design Discipline to support modeling and design for service system that could be even applied to new manufacturing approaches. For the purposes of this work, we understand discipline as a set of rules, involving steps and tools, to achieve a proposed goal. Discipline, as it does not admit a formalism that allows it to be called a method. Therefore, it is a theoretical conceptual proposal that aims practical incursions to demonstrated improvements of the modeling process. Therefore, what we want to demonstrate is that the steps gathered, aligned to a framework improves the quality of the design process. It is not possible to formalize it completely since there is no formal definition of the elements (even for services). It should be noted that the conceptual basis of the intention-based method lies in the preliminary stage of requirements elicitation and analysis, which as we know can not be formalized. We seeks the enrichment of the current PSA design discipline approach with Goal-oriented and Intentional approaches to form a new Service Design Discipline applied for the PSA architecture.
A partir da década de 1990, o campo das ciências de serviço vivenciou um grande crescimento, tendo o Marketing como campo acadêmico precursor, seguido pela área de gestão e logo depois pelo campo acadêmico da engenharia. Desde ferramentas de negócios (ie, comércio eletrônico), passando por novas abordagens na prestação de serviços (por exemplo, tecnologia de autoatendimento baseada em TI, emissão de tickets e reservas on-line, acesso à conta bancária on-line, entre outras), novas formas de relacionar-se com clientes (por exemplo, e-Customer Relationship Management), os serviços baseados na Internet e TI levaram os pesquisadores a uma infusão de conceitos e técnicas relacionadas ã engenharia de software dentro do campo dos serviços (MOUSSA; TOUZANI, 2010). Já o início de 2004 foi marcado pela introdução da lógica dominante de serviço (SDL), defendendo a transição de uma economia de trocas baseadas em bens para uma baseada em serviços. Além disso, no mesmo ano, a IBM lançou um \"call to action\"para uma iniciativa chamada Service Science, Management e Engineer (SSME), provocando uma maior formalização ao campo de pesquisa das ciências de serviço (MAGLIO et al., 2006). Porém, hoje ainda pesquisadores e profissionais estão estudando e desenvolvendo maneiras de consolidar as teorias, leis e princípios das ciências de serviço, a fim de gerenciar e controlar os sistemas de serviços na prática. Por outro lado, os Sistemas de Serviço são definidos como sistemas com uma intensa relação (ou colaboração) com o cliente. Esta característica de relacionamento colaborativo altera a idéia atual de serviços (baseada em bens): de um canal informacional unidirecional, para um intercâmbio de recursos múltiplos através de um processo adaptável com o cliente. Na verdade, esta mudança altera não apenas a forma como os sistemas de serviço são entendidos, mas especialmente como são projetados. Em termos de impacto da lógica dominante de serviço sobre os diferentes setores econômicos, a indústria de manufatura acabou obtendo grande atenção de vários pesquisadores pelo mundo. (AURICH; MANNWEILER; SCHWEITZER, 2010; CAVALIERI; PEZZOTTA, 2012; TOMIYAMA, 2001). O campo de pesquisa de Engenharia de Serviços, que estuda o impacto da lógica de serviços sobre a manufatura, defende então a incursão do Design de Serviço no processo de fabricação, mudando inteiramente a idáia atual de uma cadeia de produção que se iniciava a partir dos insumos e matárias-primas vindas dos fornecedores, passando pela manufatura, atá a sua distribuição ao consumidor final. No entanto, a nova perspectiva sobre serviços de manufatura compreende serviços que englobam os produtos, superando assim a noção do design como projeto da função de um produto, para alcançar a ideia de design como o projeto da mudança de estado de um receptor. Com o objetivo de apoiar a adaptação e o relacionamento intenso em busca de atender às necessidades individuais de cada cliente, uma proposta para um manufatura orientada à serviços deve ter como base tecnologias que trazem mais liberdade e flexibilidade ao processo de produção. Um processo de produção para os serviços de manufatura deve ser, portanto, formado por um novo e sofisticado arranjo em rede conectados à internet, combinando máquinas inteligentes e colaborativas. A manufatura dessa maneira caminhará para uma proposta no qual fábricas inteligentes (virtuais) produz produtos inteligentes. A Arquitetura de Produto-Serviço (ou apenas PSA) foi proposta pela primeira vez por (SILVA; NOF, 2015) com o objetivo de responder às necessidades de uma abordagem orientada a serviços para indústrias de manufatura. Conforme definido pelos autores, o PSA é uma arquitetura distribuída no qual um provedor de serviços é definido como um conjunto aberto de unidades de produção (que poderiam fornecer produtos, serviços ou mesmo produtos / serviços) que poderiam ser independentes ou comercialmente conectados à empresa prestadora de serviços. O PSA é portanto uma abordagem para tratar do problema dos Sistemas de Serviço a partir de uma perspectiva de Design, baseada em uma arquitetura de alto nível. A abordagem de projeto atual para o PSA foi importada de tácnicas vindas dos Sistemas de Informação de Serviço, formando uma coleção de métodos de design e linguagens altamente conectados à abordagens orientadas a objetos e à arquitetura orientada a serviços (SOA). No entanto, para alcançar a relação fornecedor-cliente, intensa e colaborativa, algumas melhorias na abordagem de design utilizando o PSA devem ser feitas a fim de permitir um projeto interno que poderia alcançar novas soluções que se adaptem às necessidades do cliente. Nossa principal hipótese é de que os principais problemas estão concentrados nas fases iniciais do design. Por tanto, é necessário realizar modificações na disciplina de design atual do PSA em busca de abordagens mais conectadas à modelagem orientada à agentes que poderia oferecer as ferramentas necessárias para tal alteração. A Engenharia de Requisitos Orientada para o Objetivo (GORE), portanto, surge como uma candidata importante dado que é uma abordagem de modelagem muito consistente e também fortemente baseada em conceitos orientados a agentes. Esta adiciona conceitos como goals e softgoals, que podem ser entendidos como uma representação alto nível dos interesse dos stakeholders. Assim, permitindo um novo espaço de análise capturado através da dimensão dos \"porquês\"dos stakeholders (YU, 1997). Seguindo as representações de modelagem que buscam aumentar a agência com foco para uma possível aplicação na disciplina de design do PSA, o conceito de Intencionalidade, trazido pelo método GORE i*, que representa os interesses e motivação dos agentes, parece ajustar-se aos objetivos do design de serviço. Portanto, apresentamos neste trabalho a nossa proposta para uma Disciplina Intencional para o Design de Serviço usando o PSA para apoiar a modelagem e o design de sistema de serviço que poderiam ser aplicados até mesmo em conjunto com novas abordagens para manufatura. Para os fins desse trabalho, entendemos disciplina como um conjunto de regras, um código de conduta, envolvendo etapas e ferramentas, para alcançar um objetivo proposto. Discilpina, pois esta não admite formalismo que permita chamá-la de método. Portanto trata-se de uma proposta de base teórica conceitual que visa a incursão prática demonstrada pela melhoria do processo de modelagem. Logo, o que se quer demonstrar é que a reunião de passos, alinhado a um framework melhora a qualidade do pocesso. Não é possível formalizar completamente este método já que não há uma definição formal dos elementos (e nem mesmo de serviços). Note-se que ainda que a base conceitual do método baseado em intenções se encontra na fase preliminar da eliciação e análise de requisitos, que como se sabe não pode ser formalizada. Buscamos portanto o enriquecimento da atual abordagem de disciplina de projeto usando PSA com abordagens orientadas por objetivos e intencionais para formar uma nova disciplina de design de serviços aplicada para a arquitetura PSA.

This thesis aims to develop a cognitive map of architectural reproduction to better understand it as both a medium for and the end result of disciplinary practices. To this end, the production of architectural space is understood as a form of mediation in which social relations are reproduced. This analysis is undertaken in an original manner – departing from live experiments in design workshops; using tools of Marxist cultural theory, the sociology of art, and accounts of the production of subjectivity; and focusing on the contradiction between ‘discipline’ and ‘dialectic’. The aim is to investigate possible routes for counter-hegemonic architectural practices that confront ideology and engage in politics. This cognitive map thus aims to clarify – in order to question – the traditional myths of the field and the notion of the individual architectural genius as an independent agent. To call these myths into question, we present an alternative to the narrative of the individual architect as the engine of architectural history – namely, transindividuality – and conceptualise architecture as the production of ‘things’ – understanding such objects as reifications of social relations. Restoring architecture’s dialectical relationship with the social mode of spatial production, the idea of a ‘reproduction of architecture’ reveals its triple meaning: society reproduces the discipline; the discipline reproduces society; and architecture reproduces itself by reproducing subjectivities. For this reason, architecture will be investigated in terms of its processes of estrangement and the resulting reproduction. Estrangement will be investigated in terms of its deadlocks, its discipline, and its conception of the subject. Reproduction will be investigated in terms of its reification (production of things), its fetish (the technique of hiding artifices), and its phantasies (narratives that justify desire). The result is a cognitive map that is conceived as a tool for traversing the myths that reproduce architecture – in the sense that it provides aesthetic perceptions of these phenomena and enables self-reflexivity for collective subjects.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 241-262).
This dissertation is an historical inquiry into the concomitant transformations of architectural discourse and the discipline of architecture in America. It proceeds on the theoretical assumption that the documents produced and used in architecture not only reflect but constitute architecture as an institutional practice. The study begins with an outline of the academic discipline established, during the late nineteenth century, along the ideals of artistic autonomy and methods of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. It was an internalized discipline, centered on the self-referential discursive practice of the portfolio, and the integrated conceptual framework of composition, planning and the parti. During the latter half of the 1910s, with the changing conditions of architectural production, the traditional status of architecture began to be cast into doubt. In the aftermath of this crisis, what had once been an efficacious disciplinary formation was fragmented into the formal concerns of composition and the concept of functional planning as a rational intervention into social institutions. By the late twenties, ideological formations that made a fundamental break with the traditional claim to autonomy had emerged. The study examines two divergent strains of rationalist ideology: first, the new editorial policies of the architectural journals which projected in different ways, a rational discipline that would be integrated with the demands of mass production and consumer society; secondly, the Veblenian strategy of Frederick Ackerman, who attempted to isolate a domain of architectural discourse uncontaminated by the exigencies of capitalism. Two important transformations of architectural discourse that ensued during the thirties will be examined: the first was the shift in the status of the discourse of reference, constituted by the emergence of new types of reference manuals; secondly, the transformation of the architectural journal which saw the demise of the traditional status of the portfolio and its reorganization along studies of planning. At the center of these transformations was what I have called the discourse of the diagram. Through this new discursive formation, planning emerged as an integral discipline of architecture; it allowed the architect to intervene into the institutional program, while maintaining an independent method that was rational, free of formal preconceptions, and yet would produce singular results for each project. What had been a closed and tightly organized discipline was now opened and dispersed. Along with its promise of social amelioration, it carried the constant burden of formal invention.
by Hyungmin Pai.
Ph.D.

This thesis investigates the emergence of a new specialisation within the profession of architecture, namely that of the architectural technologist. The main original contributions from the research concern a deep understanding of how that emergence has been realised, and a study of the implications for buildings in the longer term. Using the UK and Denmark as examples it finds that this profession has existed for a long time, but until recently without formal recognition. It also finds that the consequences of the lack of attention are potentially major, and it suggests why recognition came so late. By researching literature the history of the building and architecture industries was investigated and it is shown how the architects were cooperating with well-trained craftsmen for many centuries. This is compared with the kind of cooperation with architectural technologists going on today, and what will most likely occur in the future. Questionnaires, to provide data about current architectural and architectural technologist education, were sent to groups of newly graduated professionals. After statistical treatment the resulting quantitative data were thoroughly analysed by discussing the possible interpretations. Focus groups of highly qualified professionals also interpreted the data and insights into the needs of industry in both the UK and Denmark were provided. Finally, the thesis concludes by identifying necessary means of improvement, and points at the serious risk of a further division of the construction industry into more consulting companies. This increases the risk of future architecture failing to properly integrate technology and design.

This thesis examines the parallels between two distinct disciplines: Architecture and Roman Catholic Mysticism. The argument centers on these disciplines' connection to the world of corporeal things and examines the convergence and divergence of the disciplines in this respect It is argued that whereas the mystic is compelled by his vocation to simply notice the beauty and the truth and the goodness of things as the work of God, the architect is required to attempt to improve things through the craft of his occupation. The poetry of Michelangelo serves as a relevant case study.
Master of Architecture

Le travail s'interroge sur la transformation de l'histoire de l'architecture et des concepts historiographiques entre 1863- année ou est mise en place la réforme pédagogique de l'école des Beaux-Arts- et 1914, qui constitut inévitablement un moment de césure, tant dans l'enseignement que dans l'édition. Peu à peu, de Huyot à Magne, de Reynaud à Choisy, se profile la volonté de transformer l'histoire de l'architecture en une discipline autonome ayant un objet d'étude, des objectifs et des méthodes spécifiques, et dont le rôle ne serait plus celui d'une discipline auxiliaire aux autres branches historiques (politiques ou littéraires), comme la paléographie ou la numismatique. La volonté d'élaborer une méthodologie "scientifique" se heurte aux liens avec la pratique architecturale, comme à la désorientation d'une profession à la recherche d'un style caractéristique du siècle. Les objectifs des auteurs, leurs approches analytiques et leurs stratégies iconographiques s'avèrent les enjeux majeurs de cette transformation
The subject of this study is the transformation of history of architecture and of the historiographical conceptions between 1863, date of the pedagogical reform at the parisian ecole des beaux-arts, and 1914, date that signifies a break in teaching and publishing. From huyot to Magne, from Reynaud to Choisy, history of architecture aims more and more to become an independant matter. This research of autonomy means to define clearly the fields of inquiries, the objectives and particular methods. History of architecture refuses to provide only auxiliary knowledge to illustrate political or literary history, to be confined to the same existence as numismatical studies for example. Archeology, comparative anatomy and other sciences supply important models. But for the architects or engineers a major difficulty exists : they need to define the links between a scientific' history and the architectural pratice, searching desperately for the caracteristic style of their own century. The most important items of this transformation studied here are the aims and ideas of the authors, their analytical methods, their conception of classification and their manner of using images and illustrations

This study titled When the spaces dominate A study of the school as disciplinary rooms is a study where the emphasis is on quality and where the results are based on observations. The purpose of the research was to analyse rooms and other artefacts in the school as seen from Foucault’s analysis of power. He emphasised that power is expressed in human relationships. To understand how that power is used one can study the techniques adopted and resistance offered. We have studied two types of schools, firstly schools with n open architecture and secondly schools with a more confined architecture. In those schools, where there is an open architecture, there is a less visible disciplinary control than in those schools where the architecture is more confined. By rendering the techniques of power invisible you obtain a feeling of freedom while the disciplinary responsibility lies with he individual. That how looks and open and freely are in fact more controlled than the visible control.

Denna studie med titeln När rummen råder En studie om skolan som disciplinerande rum är en kvalitativ inriktad studie där observationer har legat till grund för resultatet. Syftet med undersökningen var analysera skolans rum och dess artefakterutifrån Foucaults maktanalytik. Han betonade att makt uttrycks i relationer mellan människor. För att förstå hur makten utövas kan man studera de tekniker som används och det motstånd som bjuds. Vi har studerat två typer av skolor, dels skolor med öppen arkitektur dels skolor med en mer sluten arkitektur. I de skolor som har en öppen arkitektur råder en mer osynlig disciplinerande kontroll än i de skolor som har en mer sluten arkitektur. Genom att göra maktteknikerna osynliga erhålls en frihetskänsla samtidigt som ansvaret för disciplineringen läggs på individerna, man bygger in disciplineringen i individerna. Det till synes öppna och fria innebär i själva verket mer kontroll än den synliga kontrollen.

Scansion is the act of discerning a poem’s meter and measure to discover its overall meaning. To achieve beauty in poetry, just as in interior design, content must continually be in conversation with form. And, just as a building must be scaled against the human figure to determine its final shape, a poem is scaled against human breath, the breadth of our sounds. Scan & Scansion is a Richmond-based residency with a six-month term providing a work, living and exhibition space to poets and artists who wish to work collaboratively across disciplines. As the program is essentially about applied poetics and process, it presents the perfect moment to place these two modes of measurement alongside one another, exploring how poetics may be used as a design driver--how a space might be both architectural and lyrical, and, ultimately, how poetry and the arts, or the sound and the image, may enrich each other.

The aim of this dissertation is to put forward conceptual frameworks to inquire into and update the following theoretical categories of Aldo Rossi’s architectural production: the city as an artefact, the idea of type, architectural autonomy, history understood as collective imagination, and the concept of the analogical city. On one hand, our inquiry puts forward a close reading of particular aspects of Rossi’s formal and theoretical production, examining Rossi’s work as well as other commentators on Rossi’s work. On the other, the inquiry is supported by a selective reading of major figures as well as canonical theories and projects from the discipline of architecture. In both cases detailed readings of texts, drawings, built and unbuilt work is undertaken to extrapolate the theoretical categories as well as key descriptive characteristics. These develop the conceptual frameworks which are diagrams that visualise the relations between categories and characteristics. Revisiting Rossi helps us re-engage with architecture as a discipline that simultaneously produces its own historical-formal body of knowledge while co-determining the wider social imagination. The discipline has, in the last decades, become weakened by the continuing proliferation of unique architecture-objects and the rejection of architecture’s fixed terms of reference. By discussing the category of discipline, we point to future work on how architecture negotiates its formal condition and its societal role. We re-learn that architecture is an instrument that puts forward singular alternative ways of living – formal possibilities – and critical interpretations of existing conditions – theoretical alternatives. The primary method of inquiry is visual and literary montage. Simultaneously analytic and synthetic, montage provides a way to isolate theoretical categories and formal examples from the mass of material, then produce new insight by making connections between things otherwise different.

Doutoramento em Teoria da Arquitectura
A palavra Arquitectura tem origem grega e o primeiro livro de Arquitectura que chegou até nós tem mais de dois mil anos. De então para cá vários foram os entendimentos sobre a Arquitectura, como conceito, como conjunto de existências construídas, como práticas profissionais, como conjunto de conhecimentos, como disciplina. O primeiro passo desta dissertação é o perscrutar esses entendimentos para definir um campo dentro do qual se pode falar de Arquitectura. Um segundo passo interroga a legitimidade contemporânea da disciplina da Arquitectura, o seu conteúdo, métodos e relações e finalmente a Teoria da Arquitectura. Enquanto um terceiro passo corresponde à observação, com a informação dos passos anteriores, do universo da Teoria da Arquitectura em Portugal na primeira metade do século XX, escolhendo três casos que se estendem por esse período: Raul Lino e a Casa Portuguesa a partir do debate nas revistas, bem como a sua luta contra a Arquitectura Moderna nos jornais diários; a geração Modernista presa à sua filiação Belas Artes, mas com uma vontade modernizante num particular contexto histórico; Keil do Amaral, figura de transição para o Movimento Moderno, preparando uma transformação disciplinar ao estabelecer a Arquitectura como uma base da felicidade dos povos e reconhecer a necessidade de uma racionalidade integrada, respondendo assim a uma nova responsabilidade e à evolução dos conhecimentos para um país que se pensava poder progredir.
ABSTRACT: The word Architecture has a greek origin and the first book on Architecture, that survived until know, has more than two thousand years. From that period to nowadays several understandings were produced about Architecture as a concept, as a body of building existences, as a professional practices, as a body of knowledges, as a discipline. The first step of this study is the inquiry about those understandings to define a field in which we can speak about Architecture. A second step is the interrogation about the contemporary legitimacy of the discipline of Architecture, his content, methods and relationships and at last the Theory of Architecture. The third step is the observation, with the information from the previous steps, of the world of the Theory of Architecture in Portugal during the first half of the 20th century, choosing three examples that existed in that period: Raul Lino and the Casa Portuguesa from the debate in the architectural reviews, and his fight against the Modern Architecture in the daily papers; the Modernist generation close to the Beaux Arts views, but with a modernizing will in a particular historic context; Keil do Amaral, which is an architect between two periods, in transition to the Modern Movement, preparing a transformation of the discipline rooted on the idea that Architecture is one of the bases of the people’s happiness and recognizing the need of a whole rationality, responding to a new responsibility and to the evolution of the knowledges in a country that many thought could progress.

The need to define notions in one and a concrete way is actually a tendency to remove the contradictions that could blur their meanings. However, in the architectural discourse the different definitions and interpretations of a notion lead sometimes to an interesting and productive paradox through which a dual situation can emerge. The notion of type as one of these instances gained such a duality in time throughout the accumulated thoughts that were studied in different times and conditions since the eighteenth century by scholars like Marc-Antoine Laugier, Quatremé
re de Quincy, Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, Le Courbusier, Giulio Carlo Argan, Aldo Rossi, and Peter Eisenman. These conditions which occurred between the relations type-nature, type-machine and type-city have a common point in that type was seen as a principle, to explain the architectural attitude in a particular period. And in these periodical conditions it can be said that type has, actually, a visual (in Leandro Madrazo&
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s terms) and non-visual (in Leandro Madrazo&
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s terms) aspect which leads to a discrepant problem in that it is sometimes defined as sensible in the sense of a physical construction and sometimes defined as conceptual in the sense of a conceptual construct. Therefore, in using the outline of Anthony Vidler&
#8217
s essay the third typology as a loose framework in the context of a historical point of view from the eighteenth century to the twentieth century, the main problem of this thesis will be to expose this dual situation between the visual (sensible) and non-visual (conceptual) aspects of type. In addition, it is actually said that the visual aspect of type appeared in the sense how its non-visual aspect is re-constructed. Moreover, within its double-nature (in Leandro Madrazo&
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s terms) type seems to have a potential and power for its transformation towards a key for reading the architectural process in a re-constructed continuity. And because of this re-construction it is possible to follow the continuity of architectural knowledge, which designates the changing boundaries of the architectural discipline and gives the means for a tendency to define it as autonomous.

O ensino institucional da arquitetura no Brasil é considerado insatisfatório de forma quase consensual. Tem sido objeto de inúmeras e continuadas reformulações em sua curta história de pouco mais de seis décadas, sem contudo se obter maiores avanços. Este trabalho reconstitui o processo dessas reformas centrado nas experiências da FAUUSP, muitas das quais tiveram papel decisivo na organização dos cursos da maioria das escolas do país. O autor vivenciou em parte esse processo e analisa algumas questões e propostas que considera importantes para a reflexão sobre a questão. A partir da hipótese de que o problema do ensino da arquitetura é, na realidade, problema do ensino do projeto, analisa o conflito conceitual e organizacional entre o ateliê, considerado locus privilegiado para o ensino de projeto, e a estrutura disciplinar em que está inserido. Este conflito estaria, aparentemente, na raiz da persistência do problema do ensino do projeto, apesar das sucessivas reformulações. O trabalho procura aprofundar estas e outras questões consideradas importantes para um encaminhamento mais conseqüente do problema.
The institutional training of architecture in Brazil is deemed unsatisfactory on an almost consensual level. It has been the target of many and continuous reformulations along his short existence a little more than six decades but nevertheless it has not achieved much advancement. This thesis aims to reestablish the process of these reforms, centered in the experiences of the FAUUSP, many of which have played a crucial part in the organization of the courses offered in the majority of architecture faculties in the country. Its author has partly experienced this process and analyses some issues and proposals which, in his opinion, are important for a meditation on that matter. Adopting the assumption that the problem of the teaching of architecture is, in fact, a problem of the teaching of design, this author analyses the organizational and conceptual conflict between the atelier, seen as the privileged locus for the teaching of design, and the disciplinary structure in which it is embedded. Apparently this conflict would be in the root of the problem of the persistency of the teaching of design, notwithstanding its successive reformulations.The thesis looks up to deepen this and other issues, seen as important for a more consequent forwarding of the problem.

Upon acceptance that what is perceived to be "true" is related specifically to a given circumstance under given conditions in which all variables cannot be known, sustaining a "conviction" in the design process is no longer ethical. Precedent concept as a working goal must be abandoned in a relativistic critique. It is only possible to resign oneself to the methods and discipline of chance as a design directive. Therefore, all information, regardless of perceived significance becomes equally (ir) relevant to subsequent impositions of design decisions. Appropriate versus inappropriate is merely academic and moot. An application of non-methodological chance design is presented herein.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School University, 2006.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-223). Also available in electronic format on the World Wide Web. Access restricted to users affiliated with the licensed institutions.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Nas prisões, os dispositivos de controlo sempre se sobrepuseram aos de aprendizagem e de higiene, onde “o aspeto educacional da pena no Sistema Prisional está vinculado à disciplina” (Foucault, 1987, p.288) e a privação da liberdade. Dessa forma a arquitetura funciona como um instrumento de punição em que o espaço opressor contribui para a prática da violência. Apesar de avanços relacionados aos Direitos Humanos, assim como as discussões acerca de métodos alternativos de punição, e de justiça restaurativa, a busca por uma tipologia arquitetónica mais “humanizada” ainda permanece pouco explorada.Nessa perspetiva, esta investigação pretende discutir a condição pedagógica do espaço prisional, avaliando se os modelos arquitetónicos acompanharam ou não a evolução dos direitos e necessidades da sociedade contemporânea. A investigação irá comparar as prisões e as escolas secundárias construídas em Portugal desde o final do século XIX até ao final do século XX, por constituírem exemplos com o mesmo nível de complexidade. A investigação fará uma análise do conjunto edificado e também dos espaços mais relevantes, cela, corredor, refeitório, biblioteca, pátio, como espaço de socialização e de aprendizagem informal. Pretende-se identificar aspetos favoráveis à prática do ensino e aspetos negativos para que se possa repensar a conceção arquitetónica dos próximos estabelecimentos prisionais e escolares, afinal é necessário que haja essa reformulação para atender a reinserção do recluso na sociedade e alcançar a diminuição da reincidência, como também, fortalecer a educação pública para diminuir o índice de abandono escolar.
In prisons, control devices always overlapped those of learning and hygiene where "the educational aspect of the sentence in the Prison System is linked to the discipline"(Foucault, 1987, p.288) and deprivation of freedom.Thus arquitecture works as a punishing instrument where the oppressive space contributes to the practice of violence.Despite the advances made related to human rights, as well as discussion about alternative punishment methods, and restorative justice, the search for a more "humanized" architectural typology still remains little explored.In that perspective, this investigation intends to discuss the pedagogical condition of prison space, evaluating if the architectural models do follow the evolution of human rights and the needs of modern society.The investigation will compare prisons and high schools built in Portugal since the end of the 20th century, as they are examples with the same complexity level. The investigation will make an analysis of the edified set and also the most relevant spaces, cells, corridor, canteen, library, courtyard, as a socialization and informal learning space.It is intended to identify the most favorable aspects to the teaching practise and also the negative aspects so that the architectural design can be rethinked for the next prison and school establishments, after all, it is necessary that there is this reformulation to attend the inmates reintegration into society and achieve a decrease in recidivism, as well as strenghtening public education to reduce dropout rates.