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Journal articles on the topic 'Architecture of ancient Persia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Valaei, Zakarya. "Consideration on Sassanid architectural works and urban planning in ancient Persia." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 10 (October 20, 2011): 1384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i10.31.

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2

Dever, William G., A. Kempinski, and R. Reich. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods." Journal of the American Oriental Society 113, no. 3 (July 1993): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/605414.

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3

Davies, G. I., A. Kempinski, and R. Reich. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods." Vetus Testamentum 44, no. 3 (July 1994): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1535238.

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4

Schwartz, Joshua. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods." Journal of Jewish Studies 46, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1995): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/1849/jjs-1995.

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5

Sheijani, Zeinab Soleimani, Seddighe Soleimani Sheijani, and Mojgan Khakpour. "A Review on the Concepts of Traditional Architecture by Mulla Sadra’s Al-Hikmat Al-Mota'alie." Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4225.

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Paying little attention to the roots of today's architecture has departed the contemporary architecture from its conceptual origins. However, the single application of traditional architecture principles does not fulfill the demands of today's life. Although by peering into the traditional Iranian architecture, principles and specific ideas implicit in the Islamic wisdom of Iran are revealed. In addition to maintaining the values of traditional architecture, a new approach to architectural design can also be achieved by recognizing and integrating these principles with the necessities of today's life. The article aims to answer whether it is possible to create a link between the traditional Iranian architecture concepts and the principles of contemporary rational architecture, similar to what Mulla Sadra, the great Persian philosopher, created between the Iranian ancient wisdom and al-Hikmat al-Masha which was solely a rational philosophy. To achieve the mentioned aim, first Mulla Sadra's intellectual structure has been studied, after modeling <em>al-</em><em>Hikmat al-Mota'alie</em>. Then the traditional architecture has been analyzed in order to recognize its being (<em>al-</em><em>Wojud</em>) and essence (<em>al-</em><em>Mahiyat</em>). The priority of being has been introduced in the next step, followed by levels of being. The next pace was to discuss the structure of Mulla Sadra's thinking method in architecture. The results of study indicate that the process of communication between ancient wisdom and <em>al-</em><em>Hikmat al-Masha</em>explained by Sadra can be classified in two phases, cognizing and integrating. In the stage of integration Sadra used rational reasoning to prove the issues that have been obtained through intuition and the same trend can be applied in architecture. The intuitive aspects of traditional architecture can also be presented within the framework of today's rationalist architecture in two steps, including cognizing and integrating.<p> </p>

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Gorbyk, Olena. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN OIKUMEN: HE BIRTH OF THE MONUMENTAL FACADE (2 MILLENNIUM BC) AND ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO A PORTICO (FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC)." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 59 (March 1, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.3-15.

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The article presents a general picture of the development of architecture of the Ancient World in the 3nd - 1st millennium BC. identified three main style-making cultures of the Mediterranean (Egypt, Mesopotamia with the Levant, the Aegean world with Antalya) which were formed in 3 thousand BC. and changing trends in the development of their architecture, the birth of the facade composition and its change from plane to spatial, which, according to the author, reveals historical development through architectural form – socio-cultural, worldview changes. At the level of 3 thousand BC. it is possible to state formation of a theme of a monumental portal: in Egypt and in the Mesopotamia. But meaningful construction of the facade, the creation of a presentable facade composition has not yet taken place. from the middle of 2 thousand BC in Egypt and Assyria, symmetrical planar façade compositions were formulated (paired pylons in the temple in Egypt and paired towers at the entrance arch portal in palaces and citadels in Assyria and the Hittites). This architecture stops the visitor not only in its form: small entrance opening against the dominant deaf array presents secrecy, remoteness and elitism of the content of the building. Instead, the traditions of secular open facade with a two-column loggia on the facade denote the megarons of the acropolises of the Aegean world and a bit-hilani house. An echo of such traditions can be considered two-column facades of Georgian traditional folk housing darbazi, which can be considered as characteristic of the region not only of the Caucasus. It should be noted as a change in the ratio of the area of the opening to the plane of the facade indicated the degree of elitism, esoteric or vice versa - democracy of a society and a certain type of building. It is established, as after long stagnation of development and conservation of achieved ideals in schemes of facade compositions noticeable changes occurred around 6-5 centuries. BC, when both in the Aegean region and in Antalya and Persia the formation of the composition of the open facade took place in monumental elite and sacred architecture. Mediterranean architecture opens up, becomes public, social, humane - it is time to form the space of a secular public city square surrounded by columned symmetrical portico facades - time of antique classical architecture.

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7

Sousa, G., G. Carlos, R. Florentino, and T. Bermudez. "MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE VERNACULAR SETTLEMENTS IN USHGULI (UPPER SVANETI, GEORGIA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-189-2020.

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Abstract. Ushguli, located in the Upper Svaneti region (Georgia), represents the highest point of human occupation before the permanent snowed highlands that separate Georgia from Russia. The local inhabitants (Svan) are described as an aggressive community with warrior habits. Their history is one of permanent conflict. Most of the major empires of the ancient world (Persia, Greece, Rome and Byzantium) disputed this territory. In the Middle Ages, when natural conditions secured their isolation, the established feudal system preserved, until recent times, the warrior culture of the Svan through a judicial system based on blood feuds. The necessity to defend their territory from invaders, as well as the violent conflicts between families, influenced their settlement morphology, as well as their vernacular architecture. Four small settlements (Chvibiani, Zhibiani, Chazhashi and Murkmeli) constitute the Ushguli province, inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list since 1996. This paper aims to study the Ushgulli traditional urban morphology, which does not correspond to any classical urban element. The overlapping between private and public spaces and the inexistence of a standard concept of street or square are some of their peculiar features; some of which have an important influence on the organization of vernacular buildings. These buildings do not present a dominating facade or any other type of hierarchical composition towards the exterior. Under the scope of the Project 3D Past a multidisciplinary approach (Architecture, Urban Morphology and History) is used to better understand the original features of these peculiar settlements.

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8

Hallote, Rachel S. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Aharon Kempinski , Ronny Reich." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, no. 3 (July 1996): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373850.

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9

Zorn, Jeffrey. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Aharon Kempinski and Ronny Reich." Biblical Archaeologist 57, no. 3 (September 1994): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210419.

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10

Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. "The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world." Anatolian Studies 69 (2019): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154619000073.

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AbstractGordion, ancient capital of Phrygia, was a large and thriving city of secondary importance during the period of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (ca 550–333 BC). Recent work makes possible a reconsideration of the site: evaluating its architecture, finds and use of landscape within and after the socio-economic and administrative context of the Achaemenid imperial system enables the following new overview. During the Achaemenid period, Gordion’s populace participated in the broad cultural exchanges enabled by the imperial system and may have emphasised animal husbandry. When Alexander’s conquest led to the collapse of the Achaemenid administrative infrastructure, the impact on Gordion’s economy and cultural circumstance was profound. Its population plummeted, the architectural and spatial organisation of the site changed dramatically and new directions and means of trade and cultural interaction developed. Gordion’s archaeological remains reflect and emphasise the tremendous historical and political changes attending the end of the Empire and the beginning of the Hellenistic period.

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11

Leontis, Artemis. "Mediterranean Topographies before Balkanization: On Greek Diaspora, Emporion, and Revolution." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 2 (September 1997): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.6.2.179.

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I place my work under the rubric of spatial studies: an investigation of how people inhabit their world. The corner of the world I examine is the northeastern Mediterranean, a highly contested region that has brought into contact numerous peoples: Greek, Persian, and Roman in ancient times; Byzantine, Slavic, Arabic, Venetian, Frankish, Jewish, Armenian, and Ottoman in the late ancient to early modern period; and Greek, Turkish, Slavic, and Albanian in our own times. Literature is my point of entry into that world. Though it is unusual in spatial studies, an area of inquiry dominated by geography, architecture, environmental psychology, political theory, and anthropology, I find the literary approach quite useful. For literature has always occupied itself with topographia or topothesia, the “description” or “situation of place” (Curtius 200). Literature relies on historical and geographical spatiality to orient its readers and send them on its imaginative journey.

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12

Borowski, Oded. "The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Aharon Kempinski and Ronny Reich, eds." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 293 (February 1994): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357285.

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13

Waliszewski, Tomasz, Magdalena Antos, Piotr Jaworski, Piotr Makowski, Marcin Romaniuk, Rafał Solecki, and Agnieszka Szymczak. "Preliminary report on the 2012 and 2013 excavation seasons at Jiyeh (Porphyreon): work in sector D (residential Quarter)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0087.

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Archeological work in the 2012 and 2013 seasons in Jiyeh (Porphyreon), which lies on the Phoenician coast north of ancient Sidon, was focused on reconstructing the history of settlement on the site. At least three phases were identified and dated to the Iron Age II, the Persian– Hellenistic–Roman period and late antiquity. The early dating of the functioning of the Christian basilica to the 4th–5th century AD was also confirmed in trial pits. The complex and unusual sewage installation discharging rainwater from the roofs and streets of the 5th-century settlement contributed important data for studies of late antique domestic architecture in the region.

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14

Foster, Benjamin R., John Curtis, Vladimir Lukonin, Muhammad A. Dandamayev, and Philip L. Kohl. "Ancient Persia." Classical World 85, no. 1 (1991): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350986.

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15

Muscarella, Oscar White, and John Curtis. "Ancient Persia." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 3 (July 1991): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604323.

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16

Drecun, Vasilije. "Medicine of ancient Persia." Zdravstvena zastita 38, no. 6 (2009): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz0901047d.

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17

Mezzatesta, Michael P. "The Façade of Leone Leoni's House in Milan, the Casa degli Omenoni: The Artist and the Public." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44, no. 3 (October 1, 1985): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990074.

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Leone Leoni's house in Milan, the Casa degli Omenoni, is one of the city's most distinctive architectural landmarks. It has long earned the attention and admiration of visitors, particularly for its unusual façade decorated with six over-life-sized barbarian prisoners and two half-length caryatids flanking the central portal. Figures of this kind had never been seen on a house or palace façade before they appeared here. This article analyzes the sculptural and architectural sources of these figures as well as the architectural sources of the façade in general. The Casa degli Omenoni is placed within the context of the three major façade types at mid-century, in order to further clarify its innovative qualities. Finally, the iconology is discussed, with Leoni's dedication of the house to Marcus Aurelius seen in relation to the popularity of two books on the ancient emperor by the court historian of Charles V, Fray Antonio de Guevara. The prisoner motif is linked to the Persian Portico, and the famous frieze relief showing lions attacking a satyr is related to a similar device in Filarete's palace for the pseudonymous architect Onitoan Noliaver. It will be seen that Leoni presented himself to the public less as an artist than as a gentleman in the social camp of the Hapsburgs.

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18

Silver, K., M. Silver, M. Törmä, J. Okkonen, and T. Okkonen. "APPLYING SATELLITE DATA SOURCES IN THE DOCUMENTATION AND LANDSCAPE MODELLING FOR GRAECO-ROMAN/BYZANTINE FORTIFIED SITES IN THE TŪR ABDIN AREA, EASTERN TURKEY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 17, 2017): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-251-2017.

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In 2015-2016 the Finnish-Swedish Archaeological Project in Mesopotamia (FSAPM) initiated a pilot study of an unexplored area in the Tūr Abdin region in Northern Mesopotamia (present-day Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey). FSAPM is reliant on satellite image data sources for prospecting, identifying, recording, and mapping largely unknown archaeological sites as well as studying their landscapes in the region. The purpose is to record and document sites in this endangered area for saving its cultural heritage. The sites in question consist of fortified architectural remains in an ancient border zone between the Graeco-Roman/Byzantine world and Parthia/Persia. The location of the archaeological sites in the terrain and the visible archaeological remains, as well as their dimensions and sizes were determined from the ortorectified satellite images, which also provided coordinates. In addition, field documentation was carried out <i>in situ</i> with photographs and notes. The applicability of various satellite data sources for the archaeological documentation of the project was evaluated. Satellite photographs from three 1968 CORONA missions, i.e. the declassified US government satellite photograph archives were acquired. Furthermore, satellite images included a recent GeoEye-1 Satellite Sensor Image from 2010 with a resolution of 0.5 m. Its applicability for prospecting archaeological sites, studying the terrain and producing landscape models in 3D was confirmed. The GeoEye-1 revealed the ruins of a fortified town and a fortress for their documentation and study. Landscape models for the area of these sites were constructed fusing GeoEye-1 with EU-DEM (European Digital Elevation Model data using SRTM and ASTER GDEM data) in order to understand their locations in the terrain.

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19

KNAUSS, F. "Ancient Persia and the Caucasus." Iranica Antiqua 41 (January 1, 2006): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.41.0.2004762.

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20

Tuplin, C. "Women in Ancient Persia. M Brosius." Classical Review 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/48.1.104.

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21

Pomeroy, Sarah B., and Maria Brosius. "Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC." American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (June 1997): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171529.

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22

Chavalas, Mark W. "Women in Ancient Persia (559–331 B.C.)." History: Reviews of New Books 25, no. 1 (July 1996): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1996.9952646.

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23

Salehi-Esfahani, Haideh. "Rule of Law: A Comparison between Ancient Persia and Ancient Greece." Iranian Studies 41, no. 5 (December 2008): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860802518285.

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24

Behnood, Mahsa, Effatolsadat Afzaltousi, Shanthi Balraj, and Izmer Ahmad. "Transfiguration of Goat Designs in the Ancient Persia." International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review 5, no. 1 (2010): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v05i01/35793.

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25

Waters, Matt, Josef Wiesehöfer, and Josef Wiesehofer. "Ancient Persia from 550 BC to 650 AD." Journal of the American Oriental Society 122, no. 4 (October 2002): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3217669.

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26

Sahab. "Ancient and Historical Maps of Georgia and Persia." Journal of Persianate Studies 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187471608786303867.

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27

Choksy, Jamsheed K., Josef Wiesehofer, and Azizeh Azodi. "Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD." American Historical Review 105, no. 3 (June 2000): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652004.

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28

Khodadoust, Ali A. "Ophthalmology From Ancient Persia to the Modern Era." Archives of Ophthalmology 124, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.10.1481.

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29

Chavalas, Mark W. "Ancient Persia from 550 b.c. to 650 a.d." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 2 (January 1999): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528353.

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30

Fiizha, Berliana Fatihatuz, Mohammad Robby M, and Rizky Apria Bakti. "Dinamika Perkembangan Kebudayaan di Persia dan Mesir Kuno." SINDANG: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Kajian Sejarah 2, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/sindang.v2i2.789.

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The ancient persians and egyptians were known as the originators and beginnings of modern civilization today in the world, from these two civilizations close to the great rivers. Early in its civilization, Persia developed through warfare and conquest of other areas without war powers and fertile areas the expansion of territory was the only way to make progress. The education of the era was still one of harsh military education and extremely high discipline, because the persians were the main military force to conquer the land rather than technological or scientific advancement. The ancient egyptians are enjoyed a greater cultural and educational culture than the persians because military forces of both land and sea are rather popular. The ancient egyptians were extremely wealthy, supported by natural resources, because they lived along the Nile's regular flood course and caused the region around the river to become fertile and suitable for cultivation.

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31

Pritchard, David M. "PUBLIC FINANCE AND WAR IN ANCIENT GREECE." Greece and Rome 62, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000230.

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Before the Persian Wars the Greeks did not rely on public finance to fight each other. Their hoplites armed and fed themselves. But in the confrontation with Persia this private funding of war proved to be inadequate. The liberation of the Greek states beyond the Balkans required the destruction of Persia's sea power. In 478bcAthens agreed to lead an alliance to do just this. It already had Greece's largest fleet. But each campaign of this ongoing war would need tens of thousands of sailors and would go on for months. No single Greek city-state could pay for such campaigns. The alliance thus agreed to adopt the Persian method for funding war: its members would pay a fixed amount of tribute annually. This enabled Athens to force Persia out of the Dardanelles and Ionia. But the Athenians also realized that their military power depended on tribute, and so they tightened their control of its payers. In so doing they turned the alliance into an empire.

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32

Sahabuddin, Wasilah Sila. "Dome Form Typology Of Islamic Architecture In Persia." Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4374.

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Aim of this research is to describe the dome form typology of Islamic Architecture in Persia area. This research applies descriptive qualitative method with physiognomy concept approach as a method in interpreting architecture object. This research methods also identify a particular physical object based on the style of Persian Area (Iran and Middle Asia) which correlated with the origin of dome form. The result explained that the dome typology in Islamic Architecture of Persia style has six types. Most of the types are the development gateway curvature (<em>iwan</em>) as the characteristic feature of Persian architecture.

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33

Ghasemzadeh, Sadigheh, Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani, and Mohsen Monadi. "The supreme calculation court and tribute in Persia (ancient Iran)." Journal of Mathematics and Technology 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/jmt.2015/6-2/3.

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34

London, Gloria. "Ceramics of Ancient Persia. Shinji Fukai and Edna B. Crawford." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 269 (February 1988): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356956.

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35

Green, Jack. "No Longer Forgotten, Ancient Persia Comes to the British Museum." Near Eastern Archaeology 68, no. 3 (September 2005): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea25067612.

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36

Sabău, Nicolae. "„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos…”. Colegamenti di amicizia di Coriolan Petranu con storici magiari." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2020.06.

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"„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos...” (“With kind regards, your old friend...”). Coriolan Petranu’s Friendly Connections to the Hungarian Historians. Coriolan Petranu is the founder of modern art history education and scientific research in Transylvania. He had received special education in this field of study that is relatively new in the region. He started his studies in 1911 at the University of Budapest, attending courses in law and art history. During the 1912-1913 academic year he joined the class of Professor Adolph Goldschmiedt (1863-1944) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin. The professor was an illustrious personality from the same generation as art historians Emil Mâle, Wilhelm Vögte, Bernard Berenson, Roger Fry, Aby Warburg, and Heinrich Wölfflin, specialists who had provided a decisive impetus to art historical research during the twentieth century. In the end of 1913, Coriolan Petranu favored Vienna, with its prestigious art historical school attached to the university from the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There he completed and perfected his education under the supervision of Professor Josef Strzygowski (1862-1941). The latter scholar was highly appreciated for his contributions to the field of universal art history by including the cultures of Asia Minor (Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Persia), revealing the influence that this area had on proto-Christian art, as well as by researching ancient art in Northern Europe. In March 1920 the young art historian successfully defended his doctoral dissertation entitled Inhaltsproblem und Kunstgeschichte (”Content and art history”). He thus earned his doctor in philosophy title that opened him access to higher education teaching and art history research. His debut was positively marked by his activity as museographer at the Fine Art Museum in Budapest (Szepműveszeti Muzeum) in 1917-1918. Coriolan Petranu has researched Romanian vernacular architecture (creating a topography of wooden churches in Transylvania) and his publications were appreciated, published in the era’s specialized periodicals and volumes or presented during international congresses (such as those held in Stockholm in 1933, Warsaw in 1933, Sofia in 1934, Basel in 1936 and Paris in 1937). The Transylvanian art historian under analysis has exchanged numerous letters with specialists in the field. The valuable lot of correspondence, comprising several thousands of letters that he has received from the United States of America, Great Britain, Spain, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, the USSR, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Egypt represents a true history of the stage and development of art history as a field of study during the Interwar Period. The archive of the Art History Seminary of the University in Cluj preserves one section dedicated to Hungarian letters that he has send to Hungarian specialists, art historians, ethnographers, ethnologists or colleagues passionate about fine art (Prof. Gerevich Tibor, Prof. Takács Zoltán, Dr. Viski Károly, Count Dr. Teleki Domokos). His correspondence with Fritz Valjavec, editor of the “Südostdeutsche Forschungen” periodical printed in München, is also significant and revealing. The letters in question reveal C. Petranu’s significant contribution through his reviews of books published by Hungarian art historians and ethnographers. Beyond the theoretical debates during which Prof. Petranu has criticized the theories formulated by Prof. Gerevich’s school that envisaged the globalization of Hungarian art between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and that also included in this general category the works of German masters and artists with other ethnic backgrounds, he has also displayed a friendly attitude and appreciation for the activity/works of his Hungarian colleagues (Viski Károly and Takács Zoltán). The previously unpublished Romanian-Hungarian and Hungarian-Romanian set of letters discussed here attest to this. Keywords: Transylvania, correspondence, vernacular architecture, reviews, photographs, Gerevich Tibor, Dr. Viski Károly "

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Chelidze, V. "Written Sources from Ancient Albanian-Georgian Communications (Sagdukht - Princess Rani and Queen of Kartli)." Язык и текст 7, no. 3 (2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070309.

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National-cultural and religious disappearance of the Christian countries of the Caucasus (Albania, Iberia, Armenia) from the V century was threatened by Persia. "Kartlis Tskhovreba" (History of Georgia) tells in detail about these acute and dramatic historical events. Historical writings from a later period show one feature of this region. The references to Rani (Aran) as Persia ("Mirian... called from Persia his relative, a descendant of kings, named Peroz") and the inhabitants of this country as Persians ("in Ran, wherever the Persians fought") should not be taken literally. In Georgian historical works, the terms "Persia" and" Persian " in addition to Persia and Persians also meant countries and peoples of the Near and Middle East-Arabs, Turks, and others: "Sultan Arfasaran came out, king of P e R s I I" (Leonti Mroveli, Life of kings); "P e R s I d s K I e s u l t a n s, far and near" ("Chronicle of the times of lash Giorgi", life of king Giorgi); "the Georgians entered the castle, and there was a strong battle, and p e R s s B a g d a d a were defeated" (Chronicle of the century). This situation is due to the fact that the entire territory to the East of the Caucasus for centuries belonged to and was ruled by the Persian Empire of the Achaemenid, Arshakid and Sasanian eras (much later the Arab Caliphate and then the Turkish Sultanate appeared on the historical scene). In Georgian historical texts, in particular in the chronicle "Life of the kings" by Leonti Mroveli, a logical geographical description is given about this – "Persians from the East of the sun". According to Georgian historical data, these peoples also include Albanians who lived to the East of the Georgians. One of the most notable historical events is an extensive episode of romantic love in the life of an Albanian Princess, the daughter of the ruler of Rani (Aran) Barzaboda and a thorough historical account of the dramatic state activities of the Queen of Kartli (Iberia), mother of the great Georgian king Vakhtang Gorgasal-S a g d u x t.

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Septianingrum, Anisa. "INVASI YUNANI KE PERSIA SEBAGAI BUKTI KEBANGKITAN KEBUDAYAAN HELLENIS." Diakronika 18, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol18-iss1/58.

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Persia and Greece have engaged in a complicated relationship with war in the expansion of the territory. Persia was superior first because it was able to form strong empires and conquer cities around Asia and several cities in Europe. Greece managed to get rid of Persia, but it did not last long. Greece in ancient times consisted of many policies that competed with each other. The most famous policies of that period were Athens and Sparta. Both have advantages compared to other policies scattered in Greece. However, Athens and Sparta are two policies that compete with their respective strengths, causing disputes. Persia at that time had established good relations with Athens and Sparta. Persia found great opportunities to control Greece in the event of a war between Athens and Sparta. Persian interference in Greece was unavoidable which led to the Peloponnesian War which resulted in the conquest of Persia over Greece. Greece's downfall under the conquest of Persia did not last long. A unifying figure emerged in Greece that was able to embrace all policies and become the greatest king in history who had a vast conquest, both in the West and East. Alexander The Great was a king from the Kingdom of Macedonia in Greece who was able to unite all policies. Alexander invaded Persia to spread Hellenic culture.

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Mauntel, Christoph. "The ‘Emperor of Persia’." Medieval History Journal 20, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 354–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945817718648.

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From the late eleventh century onwards, the crusades brought Latin Christianity into direct contact with Muslim powers in the Near East. For the chroniclers of these events, the task of coping with the diversity of different Muslim actors the Christians faced was extremely challenging. Basically, they had two options to describe their respective political order: they could either use the rulers’ titles in the version supplied by the original language (i.e., sultan or caliph) or they could refer to them by using Latin terms (i.e., rex or imperator). An analysis of the way in which different crusade chroniclers described the political landscape of Islam in the Near East reveals interesting insights: ethnic denominations such as ‘Turks’ or ‘Saracens’ alternated with classical terms such as ‘Babylonians’ and ‘Persians’ thereby evoking ancient empires that were part of the medieval theory of translatio imperii. The Seljuk Sultan, for example, was frequently presented as the ‘emperor of Persia’. Thus, the Muslim states of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were at least to some extent presented as being part of the historical process of evolving and declining empires. The present article asks first how different chroniclers coped with the difficulty of naming and defining foreign political orders and thus developed distinctive interpretations of the history of these empires. Second, the article traces the way in which these models could be adopted by ‘non-crusade’ historiography: the example of William of Malmesbury shows that the English chronicler used the account by Fulcher of Chartres, but developed a remarkably distinctive version. Underlying his accounts is an overall theory of a continuing presence of eastern empires against the changing nature of politics in Christian Europe.

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Acar, Keziban. "An Examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and Intellectual Descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000186151.

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In nineteenth-century Russia, the Caucasus was a large region composed of various territories and ethnic and religious groups. This region included Circassia, Mingrelia, Georgia, a part of Armenia, the ancient Media, Daghestan and the territories of Suanctians, Ossetians, Abkhazians, Karakalpaks and other mountaineer nations. During the nineteenth century, Persia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wanted to establish their influence and power on the Caucasus. Due to this conflict, these powers, especially Russia with Persia and Russia with the Ottoman Empire, fought with each other.

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Behnood, Mahsa, A. Rahman Haji Mohamed, Izmer Ahmad, and Sam Muhizam. "Principles of Design on Ancient Pottery Motifs from Persia, 5000 B.C." Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal—Annual Review 5, no. 1 (2011): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v05i01/38018.

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Kariminejad, MohammadH, and Ardeshir Khorshidian. "Science of breeding and heredity from ancient Persia to modern Iran." Indian Journal of Human Genetics 18, no. 1 (2012): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6866.96641.

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Daryaee, Touraj. "Mind, body, and the cosmos: chess and backgammon in ancient Persia." Iranian Studies 35, no. 4 (September 2002): 281–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860208702022.

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Zargaran, Arman, Afsoon Fazelzadeh, and Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh. "Surgeons and Surgery from Ancient Persia (5,000 Years of Surgical History)." World Journal of Surgery 37, no. 8 (April 17, 2013): 2002–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-013-2055-0.

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Chaverdi, Alireza Askari. "Post-Achaemenid Legacy of the Persian Gulf Hinterland." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 23, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341312.

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The archaeological site of Tomb-e Bot, located in the Mohr County of southern Fars Province, is a major settlement of Arsacid and Sasanid date. The site was selected for detailed investigation from among the 76 sites recorded by the general survey of southern Fars region to provide answers to outstanding questions on ancient Iran, in particular during the period from the Achaemenids to the Sasanids. The survey team systematically collected all visible architectural remains, including capitals with volutes and addorsed animal protomes as well as surface ceramics and attempted to draw and register the whole assemblage of finds. Documenting and analyzing the assemblage revealed that centuries after the Achaemenid demise the Persepolis artistic legacy had run on at the site in religious beliefs and among the local groups, from the Seleucid and Arsacid periods up to the rise of the Sasanids.

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Dominiczak, Marek H. "Ancient Architecture for Healing." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.218347.

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Bivar, A. D. H. "John Curtis: Ancient Persia, pp. 72. London: British Museum Publications, 1989. £4.95." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 2 (June 1991): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00015007.

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Kharazmi, Mahsa, Reza Afhami, and Mahmood Tavoosi. "A Study of Practical Geometry in Sassanid Stucco Ornament in Ancient Persia." Nexus Network Journal 14, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-012-0106-8.

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Nazer, Zeynab, Gergo Máté Kovács, and Péter Rabb. "Comprehensive Revelation on the Tomb Towers Architecture; Persia and Anatolia." Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning 8, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15320/iconarp.2020.137.

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Dahmardeh, Mahdi, and Amir Nemati Limaee. "Foreign Languages: A Gate from the Past to the Present." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.48.

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Persia has got an ancient, very rich history and civilisation. This has resulted into widespread relations between Persians and other nations along history. As a result, besides the Persian language which has been used to communicate by different people settled in this territory, befitting a time and era, a variety of foreign languages have become popular. By the means of historical research, this article aims to discuss foreign languages in Persia and their changes in different eras, from the past to the present. Having considered historical documents and existing knowledge, it has been realised that the number of languages that used to be spoken during the Persian history as well as their diversity is very impressive.

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