Academic literature on the topic 'Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy"
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STUDINSKA, G.Y. "Branding as a tool to modernization the architecture of the national economy." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №6(217)2019 136 (August 23, 2019): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375512.
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The subject of research is the architecture of the national brand and the architecture of the national economy. The purpose of this study is to determine the link between the architecture of the national brand and the sectoral structure (architecture) of the national economy. Methodology of the research was proposed by the author. Results of work. The difference between the architecture of the national brand and the economic architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy is established. The method of calculation of GDP growth in the conditions of changing the architecture of the national economy is proposed. The existence of mutual influence between the architecture of the national brand and the architecture of the national economy is substantiated. Conclusions. There is a mutual influence between the architecture of the national brand and the architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy, that requires management of both of. Effective national economy architecture ensures the coherence of the strategic goal and potential of branding facilities, stability, efficiency of their development and competitiveness, which integrates the overall competitiveness of the national economy.
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MALKINA, Marina Yu, Yuliya O. PLEKHOVA, Valentina I. PEROVA, and Andrei L. SOCHKOV. "Studying the influence of the sectoral structure of Russian regions on their economic development using artificial intelligence methods." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 24, no. 2 (2025): 123–43. https://doi.org/10.24891/ea.24.2.123.
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Subject. The article explores the influence of the sectoral structure of economies of Russian regions on the level of their economic, innovation, and digital development in terms of achieving the national goal of "Technological Leadership" and ensuring the economic security of the country. Objectives. The study aims at clustering the Russian regions under artificial intelligence methods based on official statistics on the share of enlarged industries in the GRP of the region and the scale of region's economy; establishing links between identified cluster formations with average (for their constituent regions) indicators of economic development, innovation, and digital activity. Methods. We performed cluster analysis using the machine learning method being one of the most important parts of artificial intelligence. We compared the results of two main clustering procedures: hierarchical cluster analysis and the K-means method. Regions’ ratings for three groups of indicators were formed using the methods of normalization (Z-counting method) and aggregation of partial indicators. Results. The paper described the architecture of each cluster formation, calculated average values of considered indicators in clusters. Six out of seven identified clusters have a pronounced industry specialization. The seventh cluster was the most diversified, its sectoral structure is close to that of the Russian economy as a whole. For each group of development indicators (economic, innovative, digital), we identified leader and outsider clusters. Conclusions. The study confirmed the hypothesis about connection of the sectoral structure of Russian regions’ economies with the level of their economic development, innovation, and digital activity. The obtained clustering results can be used in the formation of digital twins of Russian regions to establish their general characteristics of development and forecast socio-economic indicators.
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Yermalinskaya, N. "Conceptual analysis of the development of agroindustrial cooperation models in the context of forming the architecture of national and macro-regional economy." Agrarian Economics 1, no. 4 (2025): 18–36. https://doi.org/10.29235/1818-9806-2025-4-18-36.
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The paper presents the results of analyzing the evolutionary sequence of development of agroindustrial cooperation concepts. The models of building cooperativeintegrative relations in agroindustrial production at the national and regional levels corresponding to the individual stages are described, and examples of their practical implementation are given. Constructive transitions in the substantiation of goals, forms and directions of agroindustrial cooperation development are defined. Sectoral trends characterizing new formats of building cooperative ties have been identified. The dynamics is visua lized, phase transitions of the development vector are defined and regularities of formation of the conceptual basis of agroindustrial cooperation in the system of national and international documents of strategic planning and management are substantiated. The necessity of methodological study of coherent economic structures as a form of target synchronization of joint activities of subjects in a dyna mic external environment is shown.
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STYDINSKA, G.Ya., and A.M. TERESHCHENKO. "Analysis of the world fuel and energy complex." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №1(212)2019 165 (March 1, 2019): 67–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2581160.
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The object of research is the fuel and energy market of Ukraine, as a component of the world market. The subject of the research is the efficiency of the energy consumption of the national economics. The purpose of the study is to analyze Ukraine’s place in the world oil and energy market through the assessment of energy efficiency and to determine the directions for optimizing its energy policy strategy. Methods of research: statistical analysis, structural geographic analysis, comparative analysis. Results of work and conclusions. The article is devoted to the structural analysis of the world energy sector in continental, regional and national context with a focus on the specifics of its components. The balance of production and consumption of the main types of fuel: oil, coal and gas was investigated. The factors influencing the energy efficiency of the fuel and energy complex are analyzed through the indices of GDP energy intensity and environmental friendliness of the world’s GDP. A special place in the study is singled out to analyze the place and role of Ukraine in the global fuel and energy complex. A special place in the study is singled out to analyze the place and role of Ukraine in the global fuel and energy complex. The conclusion is made on the need to change the architecture of the national economy. The directions of forming the strategy of development of the national economy of Ukraine and its fuel and energy complex are proposed. Novelty: A distribution factors of influence on energy efficiency on objective and subjective was proposed. The sectoral structure of the world economy and its relation to the level of GDP per capita are considered.
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Sanzharevskiy, Igor I. "Strategic planning in public administration as a political system of institutional instruments and goal-setting mechanisms." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Sociology. Politology 23, no. 4 (2023): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2023-23-4-447-453.
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The article is devoted to the subject field of political science research within the scientific specialty “Public Administration and sectoral policies” and the analysis of the practice of state strategic planning as a political system of institutional instruments and goal-setting mechanisms in the Russian Federation. The article discusses public political and legal mechanisms for combining values and goals with the choice of ways and methods to achieve them. The constitutional exclusivity and independence of each branch of government as the basis of its strategic resource and strategic planning potential is highlighted as the fundamental public political and legal mechanism for combining values and goals with the choice of ways and methods to achieve them. A general description of the architecture of the unified system of public power in accordance with the amendments to the Constitution of Russia and the current configuration of the public administration system is given. The importance of political factor of the effectiveness of the administration of strategic management system and the implementation of sectoral policies in modern Russia on the basis of the mechanisms of coordinated functioning and interaction of public authorities and local self-government in a single system of public authority is shown. Fundamental changes are highlighted that make it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the federal government in a unified system of public authority with an emphasis on the implementation of national development goals of both the Russian Federation as a whole and the regions based on the sectoral structure of the economy. Attention is focused on the political goals of the regional factor of socio-economic development of territories on the basis of mechanisms and tools of strategic planning, the directions of fundamental political, legal, administrative and managerial decisions on the implementation of the regional investment standard are determined. The role of federal institutions of innovative development and provision of infrastructure projects and programs for solving the tasks of ensuring sustainable economic growth and diversification of the modern Russian economy, which cannot be optimally implemented by market mechanisms, was demonstrated. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of the interpretative understanding of politics as a system of institutional tools and goal-setting mechanisms in the political and legal practice of state strategic planning for determining promising directions in the subject field of scientific research within the specialty “Public Administration and sectoral policies”, for solving problems of improving the quality of public administration through the introduction of a management model based on big data and artificial intelligence, the transition of the public authority system to a data-based management model using a platform approach.
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Riznyk, Dmytro. "SYSTEMIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." Three Seas Economic Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2023-1-8.
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Investment activity is an important component of the financial and economic mechanism of the national economy. In the socio-economic turbulence inherent in Ukraine, significant challenges for the development of the state and its national economy, the role of investment activity in supporting socio-economic development at both the micro and macro levels is growing significantly. In this context, special attention is paid to the main characteristics of investment activity, and the subject of study is revealed in its systemic and structural features. The purpose of the article is to determine the systemic and structural aspects of investment activity in Ukraine, taking into account the influence of exogenous and endogenous drivers both at the level of enterprises and the state. The methodology used in this article consists of a systemic and structural analysis of investment activity in Ukraine, including the study of key components and factors, comparative analysis with other regions, and sectoral analysis. This comprehensive approach makes it possible to identify challenges and opportunities in the investment climate, which ultimately leads to the formulation of practical recommendations for improving investment activity in the country. The article examines the nature of investment activity in Ukraine at the current stage, emphasizing its systemic and structural aspects. The main risks and limiting factors for the adequate development of investment activities in Ukraine were identified both at the micro- and macro-levels. The main challenges to investment activity in Ukraine were studied with a focus on the main groups of stakeholders. Within the framework of the study, the main trends of investment activity in Ukraine were analyzed from the point of view of its system and structural architecture. The trends in the sectoral structure of foreign direct investments, as well as in the leading countries of their receipt are highlighted. The structure of the development of capital investments by spheres of economic activity, as well as the peculiarities of the financing of capital investments in their structural aspects were studied. In conclusion, based on the results of the research, scientific and practical proposals were made to support the development of investment activity in Ukraine in financial and economic, regulatory and legal, communication and promotion aspects. The conducted research can be useful for professional researchers, experts in financial and investment sphere, professional investors, business associations, financial institutions and state authorities. Prospects for future research are an extended analysis of the issues of the essence of investment activity from the point of view of its critical challenges for the creation of added value for stakeholders of different levels in a turbulent environment.
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Krivenko, E. I. "Monitoring the state and prospects of development of the industrial market segment and the production sector of the national economy." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 2 (2021): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-2-320-335.
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The production sectors and markets of the dairy and grape-wine sectors are of great strategic importance not only for the sustainable and balanced functioning of the entire consumer segment, but also for ensuring the food and national security of our country at the proper level. At the beginning of the study, an analysis of the development of domestic dairy production in historical retrospect was carried out. Further, a multifactorial assessment of the main problems and risk situations inherent in modern dairy production was carried out. In particular, it was found that today one of the key constraining factors for the sustainable development of dairy cattle breeding in the Russian Federation is the lack of a clear organization and effective work in the field of reproductive and breeding farming. They also identified internal reasons that hinder the development of domestic dairy farming and identified strategic directions in the context of the organization of high-tech enterprises in the field of dairy cattle breeding. Further, the assessment of the milk and dairy products market itself was carried out (the dynamics of production and consumption, the balance of imports and exports, the level of self-sufficiency, prices, main producers, the structure of production by categories of farms). In addition, the issue related to the loss of milk in the areas of production and consumption was worked out. The key factors that will influence the development of the domestic industry market in the short term are identified. The assessment of the world market of milk and dairy products (production volumes, consumption, market leaders, strategic goals, tasks and development scenarios in the long term) was carried out. The monitoring of the grape and wine sector included the following estimated parameters (the volume of grape harvest, the area of vineyard planting, sales of wine products, the main problems and factors constraining sustainable development). In particular, special attention was paid to the problem of illegal use of imported wine material. In conclusion, a set of state initiative solutions was proposed in order to give a stable trend to the development of the domestic wine industry.
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Mashchenko, Olha, and Dmytro Radiev. "INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY SECTOR." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 5 (2023): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-5-169-175.
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The purpose of this article is to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the essence and peculiarities of development of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector, to allocate the components of its architectonics as the basis for forming a platform for the conceptual development of the national economy based on digitalisation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is formed by modern economic and sociological institutional theories, the object of analysis of which is the institutional dynamics of the environment: institutional theory, new institutional theory, substantivist theory, the concept of institutional density, the concept of institutional matrices, the theory of societal psyche. The paper uses the historical-logical and dialectical methods to study the contradictions of the processes of formation and development of the institutional environment, as well as the methods of system analysis to study the components of the architectonics of the institutional environment of the digital economy. Results. From the standpoint of institutional theory, it is formulated and substantiated that the institutional environment of the digital economy sector is a synthesis of a set of formal/іnformal basic/complementary institutions of the traditional and digital economies of different levels and institutions that are in certain interconnections and relationships with each other, forming a hierarchical integrity. Institutions determine the creation and operation of relevant institutions, which, in turn, ensure the implementation and enforcement of established rules and regulations. At the same time, the resilience and flexibility of the environment is based on the natural accumulation or forced implementation of basic institutions capable of ensuring the emergence of new digital economy institutions or significant modernisation of existing ones, which protects and promotes the development of the digital economy. The task of managing the institutional environment is to balance the ratio of institutions. The architectonics of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector is a system that combines a functional set of institutions of the traditional economy (management, labour, property, market, non-market), specific institutions of the digital economy (information, participation, digital space), global institutions, and regional institutions. Institutions as systemic elements, through implementation/legitimation mechanisms, form a set of institutions of the digital economy that mediate the interaction of economic actors, provide contracting, and mechanisms of institutional change. The most important institutions include innovation labs, research centres, technology companies, start-ups, cryptocurrency exchanges, digital agencies, consultancies, educational institutions, learning platforms, government agencies, legislative bodies, banks, digital banks, financial institutions, digital platforms, and digital networks. Interaction and mutual influence of institutions and institutions of the digital economy form the guidelines for selecting effective elements of the institutional structure from alternative institutional forms. The digitalisation of Ukraine, which is focused on the norms of international, European and regional cooperation, will facilitate Ukraine's integration into the European and global market of e-commerce, goods and services based on information and communication technologies. A new global economic architecture is being designed, into which new economic agents are integrating. At the same time, regionalisation processes are taking place, new regional clusters are emerging, and the country is being integrated into the European cluster. Practical implications. The elements of the architectonics of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector are identified and summarised by criteria, which makes it possible to identify the most problematic areas of institutional transformations and to formulate and select instrumental solutions to overcome them. The development of the relevant elements of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector contributes to a rapid and profound digital transition, when the results of digital transformation will become the basis of Ukrainian society and a key factor on the path to Ukraine's prosperity and welfare. Value/оriginality. It is established that the use of institutional analysis tools will allow determining the optimal directions of institutional building/transformation of digital economy institutions and minimising the social costs of Ukraine's evolutionary development. A two-level approach to designing the institutional environment of the digital economy sector in the national space is proposed: at the institutional level – as designing the socio-political and economic conditions for the development of digital economy institutions based on the development of digital products and technologies; at the individual level – as designing the functional place of a digital product in the human life space.
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BUSHOVSKA, L., and A. BYTYI. "METHODOLOGY OF STUDY STRUCTURE RESEARCH." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 272, no. 4(1) (2019): 69–70. https://doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2019-272-4-1-69-70.
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Each industry market has specific characteristics, but there are common features of their operation, such as market concentration at the industry level, barriers to entry into the industry market, product differentiation, vertical relationships between firms, price discrimination, strategic behaviour of firms, trends in globalization and more. The theoretical understanding of these processes makes it possible to expand and systematize the directions of effective functioning and development of sectoral markets and the economy as a whole, to determine the directions of regulation of sectoral markets in the current conditions. The relevance of theoretical analysis of the functioning and development of sectoral markets is connected with the need to solve three groups of problems of the Ukrainian economy: increasing the efficiency of functioning of sectoral markets, overcoming sectoral disparities in the structure of the economic system, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy in the global economic space. The solution to these problems is possible on the basis of research of institutional principles of functioning of sectoral markets that combine market mechanism of self-regulation, state regulation and formation of effective institutions that would ensure realization of national interests of development of Ukrainian economy in the conditions of globalization.
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STYDINSKA, G. Ya. "The influence of innovations in the agrarian sphere on changes in the sectoral structure of the national economy." Market Relations Development in Ukraine 97, no. 10(289) (2023): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10403189.
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The object of the research is innovations in the agrarian sphere in the conditions of sustainabledevelopment of the country.The subject of the study is the impact of innovations in the agricultural sphere on changes in thesectoral structure of the national economy in the context of its sustainable development.The purpose of the study is to reveal the mechanism of the impact of innovations in the agrariansphere on changes in the sectoral structure of t he national economy in the context of sustainabledevelopment of Ukraine.Conclusions: The application of innovations in the agricultural sector aims not only to increasethe efficiency of agricultural production, significantly improve the socio–economic conditions of life inrural areas, but also to influence changes in the sectoral structure of the national economy, which willensure the acceleration of the country’s economic growth due to the achievement of a higher levelof added value, which is created in the second, third and fourth sectors of the economy. Innovationsof direct impact include technical, technological, economic, and organizational innovations, as theirapplication leads to a faster economic effect and more significant changes in the sectoral structureof the national economy. Innovations of indirect impact include more modern innovations – social,marketing, environmental, institutional and legal, the impact of which is less powerful and distant intime. The economic nature of the sectoral structure consists in different levels of generation of addedvalue in different sectors, which limits the final results of the work of agrarians. In the primary sector,which includes agriculture, the least added value is created due to the relative simplicity of the work,a significant impact on the results of the work of the land as a factor of production. Expecting highresults from the economic development of the national economy while preserving the modern sectoralstructure of the economy is in vain.The scientific novelty consists in substantiating the conclusions regarding the impact of innovationsin the agrarian sphere on the change of the sectoral structure of the national economy in the contextof the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine.The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using indicators of the ratio of thecomponents of the sectoral structure of the national economy as an external identifier for the controlline and optimization of the state management of the country’s economic development.
Books on the topic "Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy"
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Lopotenco, Viorica. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE AT THE NATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMS LEVEL. RS Global S. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal/027.
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The fundamental purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformations in the international financial architecture and their impact on the national financial system. The analysis of the international financial architecture's functioning mechanism suggests its similarity with the software system structure. It is static in the way the system functionality is decomposed and divided into implementation teams. The efficiency of international financial architecture's functioning depends mainly on how balanced and interconnected its elements are. Thus, according to systems theory, only by overcoming the deformation of the international financial architecture at all its levels, it is possible to increase the financial system's overall performance. In this regard, maintaining a dynamic balance in the development of the international financial architecture as an integral unit of its structural elements and functions is becoming of urgent importance. This aspect of the research allows the creation of an instrumental and methodological basis for forecasting the directions for further developing the international financial architecture in the context of the globalization of the world economy at the national financial systems level. This study concludes that the complex solution of the international financial architecture challenges involves creating the foundations for implementing progressive structural changes in the economy and contributing to sustainable economic development.
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Oliveira, Karen Alvarenga. Brazilian Climate Change Law. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0032.
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This chapter examines the climate change policy of Brazil. In 2010 at the Sixteenth Conference of Parties in Cancún, Brazil announced its voluntary national target of significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between 36.1 per cent and 38.9 per cent of projected emissions by 2020. These targets were defined in the Brazilian National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). The PNMC establishes principles, guidelines, and economic instruments for reaching the national voluntary targets. It relies on sectoral plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in order to facilitate the move towards a low-carbon economy. The PNMC defined various aspects related to the measurement of goals, formulation of sectoral plans and of action plans for the prevention and control of deforestation in all Brazilian biomes, and governance structure.
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Galván, Javier A. Modern Brazil. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400686542.
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This book is a crucial reference source for high school and undergraduate college students interested in contemporary Brazil. While it provides a general historical and cultural background, it also focuses on issues affecting modern Brazil. In recent years, Brazil has come onto the world stage as an economic powerhouse, a leader in Latin America. This latest addition to the Understanding Modern Nations series focuses on Brazil's culture, history, and society. This volume provides readers with a wide understanding of Brazil's historical past, the foundation for its cultural traditions, and an understanding of its social structure. In addition, it provides a look into contemporary society by highlighting both national accomplishments and challenges Brazilians face in the twenty-first century. Specific chapters cover geography; history; government and politics; economy; religion; social classes and ethnicity; gender, marriage and sexuality; education; language; etiquette; literature and drama; arts and architecture; music and dance; food; leisure and sports; and media, cinema, and popular culture. Entries within each chapter look at topics such as cultural icons, economic inequalities, race and ethnicity, soccer, politics, environmental conservation, and women's rights. Ideal for high school and undergraduate students, this volume paints a panoramic overview of one of the most powerful countries in the Americas.
Book chapters on the topic "Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy"
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Romano, Simone. "The 2011 Crisis in Italy: A Story of Deep-Rooted (and Still Unresolved) Economic and Political Weaknesses." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_10.
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AbstractItaly went through an economic and political crisis in 2011. The trigger was the Sovereign debt crisis that shook the Eurozone due to its incomplete structure. The ingrained causes were the long-term structural problems that have plagued the Italian economy for a long time, leaving it vulnerable to external shocks. The reaction to the crisis took the form of austerity measures and reforms implemented by a technocratic Government. These policies, carried out with no external financial assistance, were meant to send a signal to markets and stop the spiral of distrust and negative self-fulfilling expectations, but they did not address the sources of the problems. Since then much has been done at both national and European levels, but it is still not enough to guarantee resilience. Italy needs to finally solve its structural problems, and the European Monetary Union (EMU) needs to complete its architecture, starting with the completion of the Banking Union. Considering the increasing social discontent and political intolerance, failing to act now might imply severe consequences when the next crisis hits.
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Walter, Ingo. "Mergers, Acquisitions, and the Financial Architecture." In Mergers And Acquisitions in Banking and Finance. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159004.003.0007.
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Abstract Merger and acquisitions activity in the financial sector has been one of the major vehicles in the transformation of a key set of economic activities that stand at the center of the national and global capital allocation and payments system. It can therefore be argued that the outcome of the M&A process in terms of the structure, conduct, and performance of the financial sector has a disproportionate impact on the economy as a whole.
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Tzouvelekas, Manolis. "Response of the Public Sector to COVID-19 With Organizational Design and Ad hoc Structure." In Handbook of Research on Socio-Economic Sustainability in the Post-Pandemic Era. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9760-6.ch011.
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The public sector, like other socio-economic sectors, has been impacted by the pandemic COVID-19. Furthermore, regardless of their national, supranational, and international contexts or capacities, public sectors in almost every country were tasked with more than just coordinating society and economy, mitigating population health risks, and keeping economies afloat. The complexity and interconnectedness of various types of policies necessitates the adoption of new organisational models. This chapter investigates the public sector's challenges in turbulent times. It also describes how organisational design and architecture, other than the dominant new public management model complementary to new public governance model can provide viable, sustainable solutions as well as more democratic leadership and decision making. Based on the theoretical analysis and the methodologies of contingency and complexity theories, the chapter emphasizes the multi-governance model in mitigating the COVID-19 effects through a loose and organic organisational system instead of a bureaucracy.
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Vandeplas, Anneleen. "Education, Income, and Inequality in the European Union." In Europe's Income, Wealth, Consumption, and Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545706.003.0009.
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Education and skills are increasingly important determinants of life outcomes in Europe. On the positive side, populations across Europe are upgrading their educational attainment, and educational attainment is less strongly linked to parental background than it was for previous generations. On the negative side, important gaps remain in educational attainment and foundation skills. Furthermore, while lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today’s fast changing economy, those individuals who need it most may not always have access to adequate opportunities to upskill or reskill. Finally, there is substantial variation across countries in Europe at the level of education and labour outcomes, reflecting factors such as the structure of national education systems, the institutional and sectoral setup of the economy, and so on.
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Andriychuk, Sergiy, and Ihor Rumyk. "Digital Transformation as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development: Theoretical Foundations and Global Frameworks." In Digital Transformation and IT Implementation: Driving Sustainable Development Across Nations. Scientific Center of Innovative Research, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36690/dtit-183-209.
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This chapter of the monograph presents a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of digital transformation as a key driver of sustainable development in the modern world. It provides a robust analytical framework for understanding how emerging technologies—such as blockchain, cryptocurrencies, Web 3.0, tokenization, artificial intelligence, mobile platforms, and cloud computing—are fundamentally reshaping global economic systems, institutional structures, and patterns of social engagement. The primary objective of the chapter is to conceptualize digital transformation not simply as a technological advancement but as a strategic, multifaceted process with profound implications for economic productivity, inclusive governance, and social equity. The research situates digital transformation within the broader context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), illustrating how digital innovation intersects with global efforts to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality, and promote sustainable economic growth. Through the integration of qualitative analysis, theoretical modeling, and international benchmarking, the chapter offers a methodological approach that captures the complexity of this transformation. It employs tools such as the Digital Transformation Index and adapted production functions to quantify digital progress, while drawing upon case studies and global indices to identify practical applications and structural disparities across regions and sectors. Importantly, the chapter frames digital transformation as a socio-economic revolution that redefines traditional paradigms of governance, financial architecture, enterprise operations, and public service delivery. It explores the potential of decentralized finance (DeFi), tokenized assets, smart contracts, and digital identities to enhance transparency, financial inclusion, and resource efficiency. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of digital public goods, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and Web 3.0 ecosystems in fostering open access, interoperability, and citizen empowerment. The chapter examines real-world implementations of digital technologies in various sectors—ranging from blockchain-enabled land registries and transparent food supply chains to cryptocurrency-facilitated remittances and tokenized carbon credits. These examples illustrate the practical utility of digital innovation in addressing developmental challenges while also highlighting critical risks such as scalability issues, cybersecurity threats, digital inequality, and regulatory uncertainty. To address these challenges, the study proposes strategic pathways including the promotion of digital literacy, ethical AI governance, green technology adoption, and international policy coordination. Ultimately, the chapter underscores the imperative for globally harmonized efforts to harness digital transformation as a catalyst for building resilient, inclusive, and sustainable societies. By linking technological advancement with long-term development goals, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of how digital ecosystems can serve as enablers of equitable global progress.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Research Design, Scoping Tools, and Preview." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0006.
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This chapter outlines the design of the current study. It discusses my underlying logic for scoping energy system change with theory-building in the form of (1) a framework on intervention that operationalizes insights from the previous chapter and (2) conceptual models of structural readiness. A brief review then follows of related, global developments to provide broader context for the cases. The chapter concludes with a preview of the transitions that will be discussed in depth in subsequent chapters. This book draws on my research of four national energy system transitions covering the period since 1970. I selected a timeframe that reflected a common context of international events which preceded as well as followed the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979. Such framing allowed me to trace policy and technology learning over multiple decades for different cases. I completed field work for this project primarily between 2010 and 2012, with updates continuing through to the time this book went to press. I selected cases from more than 100 countries in the International Energy Agency (IEA) databases. The ones that I chose represented countries which demonstrated an increase of 100% or more in domestic production of a specific, low carbon energy and the displacement of at least 15 percentage points in the energy mix by this same, low carbon energy relative to traditional fuels for the country and sector of relevance. I utilized adoption and displacement metrics to consider both absolute and relative changes. Final cases reflect a diversity of energy types and, to some extent, differences in the socio-economic and geographic attributes of the countries. The technologies represent some of the more economically-competitive substitutes for fossil fuels. It’s important to emphasize that the number of cases was neither exhaustive nor fully representative. Instead, the cases reflect an illustrative group of newer, low carbon energy technologies for in depth evaluation. Each of the cases shares certain, basic similarities. These include a national energy system comprised of actors, inputs, and outputs with systemic architecture connecting the constituent parts in a complex network of energy-centered flows over time—including extraction, production, sale, delivery, regulation, and consumption.
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Gakhovich, Natalia, Oksana Kushnirenko, and Liliia Venger. "OVERCOMING THE CONSEQUENCES OF UKRAINIAN MANUFACTURING DEINDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-30.
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In the paper, we investigate the main causes and consequences of de-industrialization manufacturing and identify important factors influencing the structural transformation of the industrial sector through the prism of global technological challenges. Important challenges identified include environmental challenges of the threatening impact of climate change, digitalization in all spheres of public life, the technological leadership of developed countries in context field of Industry 4.0, changes in the geopolitical landscape and trade conflicts between countries; migration and population aging; changes in competencies and retraining of employees to acquire digital skills; cybersecurity and volatility threats; quarantine amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The current structural imbalances of Ukrainian industrial development are considered and the current state and dynamics of structural changes in the Ukrainian economy in technological, reproduction, sectoral and foreign economic dimensions are analyzed. Crisis trends in the Ukrainian industry developed long before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: comparing the structure of Ukrainian industry by type of economic activity, a decrease in the share of the manufacturing industry, a loss of production potential for a number of high-tech industries (automotive industry, instrument making, shipbuilding) and a decrease in added value in manufacturing industry with Ukraine's establishment as an independent state in which profound political, social and economic reforms have begun to take place. The analysis made it possible to determine further opportunities for industrial development, taking into account harmonization with European trends in digital and green transformations in industry. Based on the research results, complex directions for solving structural imbalances in industry at interrelated levels are proposed: state, regional and local levels. Overcoming the consequences of Ukrainian manufacturing deindustrialization in the context of European integration is dependent on developing and implementing relevant policy of manufacturing modernization and principles of the "circular economy"; integration into strategic value chains; creating conditions for training personnel with digital competencies; development of an innovative infrastructure – scientific, industrial, technological parks, innovation clusters and business-incubators. This will lead to the development and introduction of domestic innovation in production, which in turn should inspire further progress in the innovation structural transformation in Ukrainian economy and help to enhance national competitiveness and achieve sustained economic growth.
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Petrukha, Serhii. "RURAL ECONOMY UNDER CONDITIONS OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND COVID-19 WORLD CORONAVIRUS INFECTION PANDEMIC: A CLUSTER PARADIGM." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-9.
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The study presents the evolution of the rural economy state regulation system based on the experience of economic relations, which covered a long historical path of development. Definitely that, in Ukraine, it is relatively developed, however, in accordance with the challenges caused by a corona crisis and fiscal decentralization, individual methods of the state regulation of the rural economy require not only further improving but also evaluating for real sources of revenues of territorial communities. This stipulated the goal of research (development of theoretical provisions, elaboration of methodical and practical recommendations on studying an impact of the corona crisis and decentralization on the rural economy), enabled to build up a respective methodology based on the combination of general scientific and special methods of research of interconnections between financial capacity of local budgets – rural economy (rural development) – regulation potential from rural territorial communities as well as formulate a chain of the following conclusions. A recession caused by COVID-19 and forced sequestration of the State Budget of Ukraine has made a start of financial uncertainty and low predictability of formation of the revenue side of local budgets, having posed not only a real threat to the implementation of the second stage of the decentralization reform in Ukraine but also having cancelled out a regulatory basis for sectoral modernization of the national and local economy, having essentially braked forming institutional capacity of territorial communities to regulate the rural economy, in particular, due to reduction in budgetary appropriations for the functioning of the State Fund for Regional Development, having formed a steady trend towards delaying in establishing the Fund for Development of Rural Areas. It is found that within the framework of the dual model of regulation of the rural economy at the local level, it is takes place by forming respective, as a rule, three-year programs of development of the agrarian sector of the economy, however, at the level, which still does not allow not only to ensure an expected level of local value-added of agro-products but also shape the regulation architecture ideology, from territorial communities, of the institutional composition of the rural economy, bringing, to the forefront, their potential to support the said process, which closely correlates with financial capacity. A conducted corona test for financial capacity against the background of reduction in the fiscal base of local budgets has established that the existing situation with receipts of financial resources does not allow to gain value-added from the functioning of the rural economy at the local level, having left a traditional level of regional dependence from the effectiveness of the performance of the agricultural production, which does not correlate, to a sufficient extent, with program values of stimulation of rural development, cutting them, on a priority basis, against the background of the need to improve transport connection to timely deliver medical aid to the population, be in a position to test it for the presence of a coronavirus and do future vaccination. The scientific novelty of the results of research consists in developing the theoretical provisions as well as elaborating methodical and practical recommendations on providing enhancement of the efficiency of the state regulation of the rural economy on the basis of the developed multi-stage methods of the assessment of the state of the rural economy and regulatory potential of territorial communities including forming a specialized system of assessment indicators reflecting an impact of the corona crisis on the status of local budgets (with a focus on rural territorial communities) with a projection of the degree of importance of each its component in the system of management of changes in the rural economy.
Conference papers on the topic "Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy"
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Ken, Panha. "The Interaction Between Culture and Nature In The Architecture of Eco-Cultural Tourism Development At Koh Kong Province, Cambodia." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002342.
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Along with the tremendous rise of Cambodia's construction sector, Cambodians, particularly those living in cities and rural tourism destinations today, embrace the rising influx of new architectural styles. This aspect has an impact on the value of Khmer architectural and urban aesthetics. Furthermore, the construction of buildings in rural tourist destinations in Cambodia has been considerably influenced by modern architectural features, such as the development of hotels, guesthouses, and resorts. This article's research on the construction of buildings in rural tourism resorts in the Kingdom of Cambodia reveals that the majority of these architectural structures are not motivated to incorporate or showcase Khmer architectural styles. Instead, it emphasizes modern and blended foreign styles that lead to a loss of national identity. Those resorts, on the other hand, do not follow the ideals of sustainable development, causing environmental damage and building structures that are unsuitable for Cambodia's tropical environment.Recognizing that tourism and architecture are inextricably linked and play a significant role in fostering Khmer identity through architectural inspiration in rural tourism as well as tourism promotion. Through field research and literature review, the tourism market in Cambodia will be strengthened as a result of the quick development and continual improvement of the country's tourism industry, while also promoting the effective growth and development of the national economy and allowing other aspects of the country to advance and develop. According to the Ministry of Tourism of the Kingdom of Cambodia's study, "The Planning of Tourism Development 2012 to 2020," which focused particularly on Cambodia's cultural and natural tourism resources. Furthermore, in terms of the Cambodian people's living choices, in recent years, individuals have been engaged in many types of commercial operations, particularly tourism activities, with a good momentum of development. Simultaneously with the continued development and promotion of tourist resorts and hotels, such as those in the Kingdom's sea areas, mountains, and rural regions, other cultural regions will be developed as tourism attractions.Currently, the number of tourists in Cambodia is significantly decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, with an enthusiastic attitude, the Cambodian government aims to promote the development of local tour destinations for each district through creative tourism services in rural areas with the involvement of various partners including private sectors, foreign investors, and from all levels of the government institutions. Andung Tek commune in the Botum Sakor district is facing various problems such as deforestation and overdevelopment that have become more and more harmful to the environment and local people. The paper seeks to address these problems and come up with potential solutions to solve the problems. Additionally, to answer the problems, the project in this article also established long-term planning methods such as disaster prevention, human resource development, and promoting attractive advantage tourism. As a result, uses a housing model with a unique Khmer housing architectural style include interaction design objectives, and home structure and landscape design to promote sustainable development in the areas and to transform the area into an attractive tourist destination for both locals and foreigners.
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Buletova, N. E. "Statistical Study Of Inter-Sectoral Structure At Macro- And Meso-Levels Of National Economy." In II International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.02.3.
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Shestakova, N. N. "The ambiguity of the impact of digitalization on the composition and structure of employed in the economy." In REGIONAL ECONOMY AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-7310-5861-2-2022-16-1-217-224.
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The article explores some aspects of changes in the composition and structure of the employed under the influence of the digitalization of the national economy. Among the selected aspects of employment, territo-rial and sectoral, technological (differentiated into professional and qualification), labor aspects, as well as the aspect of training or the formation of human potential, preceding labor activity. Conclusions are drawn: a) regarding the presence of a close relationship and / or mutual interweaving of almost all of the mentioned aspects and the resulting need for their coordinated solution; b) regarding the upcoming return to the content of economic activity, the search for better business solutions as people employed in the economy are satu-rated with digital skills, which is expected as early as 2023
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Özdil, Tuncer, and Ainura Turdalieva. "An Analysis of Kyrgyz Manufacturing Industry by Using Input-Output Techniques." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00193.
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As is known, there are various economies on the Eurasian continent area, which differ from each other by structure, potential and growth performance. Region's development depends on those economies growth and relationship between them. Viewed from this perspective, it’s become actual for Kyrgyzstan to research and evaluate the importance of manufacturing industry contribution to the economy. Given article aimed to study the reached stage in the process of manufacturing industry development, the position in the economy and economic policy tools, recommendations that will bring solutions to the identified problems. Research based on input-output analysis and as basic data used input-output tables prepared for the year 2005 and 2008 by the National Statistics Committee of Kyrgyz Republic. In the paper calculated the linkages among the industrial sector, direct and indirect sectoral demands, defining key sector for Kyrgyzstan’s Economy and explained sectoral analysis of production structure. For a better assessment of manufacturing industry, in paper discussed its structure, properties, dynamic aspects of change. The results are as follows: manufacturing industry inadequate in the economy and externally dependent; economy-wide inter-sectoral interaction is weak; manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products; manufacture of chemical products; manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products; manufacture fabricated metal products; manufacture of machinery and equipment calculated as key sectors. Also they are Kyrgyzstan's economy locomotive for economic growth among the other sectors. Therefore, realization of investments will stimulate the production capacity increase of manufacturing industry, strengthening of intersectoral relationships and stable macro-economic planning are important for achieve economic growth.
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Turdalieva, Ainura. "Input-Output Analysis of the Kyrgyzstan Economy (2005-2010)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00984.
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Structural changes in economy become the important goal of economic development in the developing countries. During the ongoing globalization process, the successful execution of special analysis and approaches caused the growing interest in macroeconomic planning and development policies. In this context, input-output analysis is emerging as an alternative research method among the other economic planning methods. Given paper based on input-output analysis and used input-output tables prepared for the years 2005 and 2010 by The National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic. İntersectoral relations, forward and backward linkages, industrial structure dependency, production techniques, efficiency of input usage were calculated in this paper. The results are as follows: for five years economy has been functioning in poor conditions; together with the lack of interaction between sectors, economy is not integrated; there were external dependence in production structure. It is notable that for achieving economic growth, economy needed investments to stimulate the production capacity, which strengthening inter-sectoral relationship and stable macroeconomic planning.
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Vieira, Alana R. R., Rodrigo D. Seabra, and Lina Garcés. "Business Intelligence for Academic Management Systems: Results of a Study in a Brazilian Federal University." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2025.246434.
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Context: Brazilian public universities require managing vast and diverse academic and administrative information. The government requires periodic reports about finances, education, research, and social impact to obtain enough economic resources for universities’ continuous operations. Additionally, since the approval of the National Law nº 12.527 (LAI - Lei de Acesso à Informação) of 2012, all public organizations must provide information as requested by any civilian, public, or private organization. Problem: Answering diverse information requests by public universities demands a lot of time and effort from public officials since, to produce a report, they must consult different systems and documents. These tasks increase the workload of public employees, which is repetitive and manual work. Solution: This work investigates the information necessities of public universities in Brazil to manage their academic sectors strategically, using Business Intelligence (BI) techniques. IS Theory: This work was developed using organizational information processing theory, which helps to understand how information is processed and exchanged within organizations and among their members. Method: Observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts working in a public university’s academic sector. The interviews were transcripted, and topic analysis was conducted to identify necessary functional and non-functional requirements. Results: Requirements were specified using the Personas method, containing stakeholders’ needs, motivations, and goals for using a BI solution. Moreover, the required structured, semi-structured, and non-structured data to support operational, managerial, and strategic activities in the academic sector were identified. A preliminary conceptual model of the BI solution is also proposed. Additionally, important data integrations among university sectors were defined. Contributions: The results of this study are hoped to be used as an asset to define a BI solution to support academic management in Brazilian public universities. As a future work, it is intended to develop an initial BI tool and create a national reference architecture to guide the development of these solutions.
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Abuselidze, George, Irma Chkhaidze, and Nanuli Makharadze. "Empirical analysis of agricultural development financing and the ways to improve agribusiness management." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.026.
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Uncertain future under the conditions of COVID-19 has changed population`s behaviour, views, daily rhythm without coercion in real practice. Global world suddenly found himself in the midst of an economic recession. All branches of sectoral structure of economy have actually become a hostage of the healthcare. It`s begun not only the strengthen of population`s interests on the development of the domestic economy, but it`s begun the reverse migration of the village immigrated population from town to the village too. In such conditions, the introduction of integrated management practice of agribusiness plays a great role in the country, which should ensure the effectiveness of the natural resources management. In the article, it`s been reviewed one of the priority branch in the sectoral structure of Georgian economy - problems and perspectives of rural and agricultural development, the effectiveness of sector funding has been assessed. In particular, what kind of influence international and state projects, funded in agro-sphere, have on rural development, raising the level of welfare, growth the volume of products, produced in agriculture and at the development level of the national economy of the country. The goal of the research is to learn, analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the state programs, funded and implemented for the development of agribusiness, features of project management. According to economic and statistical analysis and synthesis methods of the research, it`s been determined how was able the projects, funded for the development of rural entrepreneurship to develop the sector, also how personal and public welfare was created by them. The results of the research have revealed the influence of COVID-19 on the development of family farming and new strategies for the development of agribusiness have been set. In the near future, this process can be used as a basis of maximum utilization and use the agricultural potential.
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Turdalieva, Ainura, and Tuncer Özdil. "An Analysis of Structural Changes in Kyrgyz Economy using Input-Output Technique (2005-2009)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00281.
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Structural changes in economy become the important goal of economic development in the developing countries. During the ongoing globalization process, the successful execution of special analysis and approaches caused the growing interest in macroeconomic planning and development policies. In this context, input-output analysis is emerging as an alternative research method among the other economic planning methods.
 The purpose of the present paper is to describe the structural changes in production, compare the structural parameteres of production for the years 2005-2009, investigate the sources of differences and give recommendations that will bring solutions to the problems.
 Research is based on input-output analysis and used input-output tables prepared for the years 2005 and 2009 by The National Statistical Committee Kyrgyz Republic. Industrial structure dependency, production techniques, efficiency of input usage, were calculated in this paper.
 The results are as follows: there were found some sub-sectors in agriculture, manufacturing and service sector, on which economy depends on; equal efficiency of production techniques and input usage. It is notable that for achieving economic growth, economy needed investments to stimulate the production capacity, which strengthening inter-sectoral relationship and stable macro-economic planning.
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Titenko, Zoia, and Alina Buriak. "Increasing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector of Ukraine." In 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.04.
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The agricultural sector occupies an important place in the economy of Ukraine. Effective functioning of the entire national economy as a whole depends on its development. Investments play a crucial role in ensuring the effective development of agriculture. The problem of attracting and financing investments, their rational use is especially important in the conditions of today's difficult economic situation. The current state of market transformations in Ukraine requires such conditions that would guarantee economic security for investors and ensure innovative development of the domestic economy. The purpose of the article is to study trends and the state of capital investments in agriculture and to justify proposals for their increase. The article analyzes the state of capital investments in the agriculture of Ukraine and the dynamics of the sectoral structure of the utilized funds in the agricultural sector. The impact of capital investments on the economic efficiency of enterprises is analyzed. The main factors restraining the development of investment activities in the regions have been determined In the conditions of the economic crisis, the investment activity in the agrarian sector of the economy deteriorates, as evidenced by the index of capital investments, which reflects the change in capital investments. Thus, despite the increase in the volume of capital investments, the heterogeneity of the index of capital investments is observed. It was established that stimulation of investment processes in agriculture is one of the priority tasks, which requires solving a number of problems at all levels of management. The investment strategy of Ukraine's development should be systematically aimed at agricultural production.
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M. Hilal, Maysoun, Rana I. Khaleel, and Ghassan F Al. Samarrai. "The Utility of Environmentally Friendly Architectural Design Techniques in Minimizing Adverse Effects on The Urban Scene." In 5th International Conference on Architectural and Civil Engineering Sciences (CIC-ICACE'25). Cihan University-Erbil, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24086/icace2025/paper.1619.
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Abstract-In recent years, environmental risks have increased worldwide, raising awareness to solve it. The construction and building sector consume many natural resources, including land, materials, water, and energy. Still, it also generates a lot of noise, pollution, and solid waste from its numerous and complicated processes. The issue of energy and water waste resulted in ecological problems and the structures' economic development due to its enduring nature during their operation. From this, new ideas and approaches to project design and execution that were unfamiliar before emerged in the developed industrialized nations., and the ideas of "sustainable design," "green architecture," and "sustainable building" all symbolize the growing interest in urban economic development issues related to environmental protection, energy conservation, making the best use of natural resources, and a greater reliance on renewable energy sources: Thus, among other goals, policies, and plans, the construction industry must act quickly to address environmental issues that have emerged in recent years. This industry has become increasingly important in the real world, demanding the adoption of "green architecture" and "environmentally friendly buildings" orientations more than ever in order to transform the country and promote development. and "environmentally friendly buildings" to turn the country's development around and fulfill its duties to save the environment, conserve natural resources, and advance economic growth. In order to derive indicators for the designer to limit negative impacts in the design and application of the perpetrator of the sample and extract results, this research intends to highlight the role of sustainable design in reducing impacts on the physical environment and afflicting the target. Keywords: Sustainable Building, environmentally friendly, urban environment, green buildings, Urban Scene
Reports on the topic "Architecture (sectoral structure) of the national economy"
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Lora, Eduardo, and Ugo Panizza. Structural Reforms in Latin America under Scrutiny. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012220.
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The future of structural reforms in Latin America is under discussion. The purpose of this document is to synthesize the facts and opinions that underlie this debate. The first section shows that although the reform process has not ground to a halt, it has been incomplete and uneven, both across countries and different areas of reform. The greatest progress has been made in reforming the trade and financial sectors. In terms of tax reform and privatization, the record has been mixed across countries. The most modest progress has been made in the area of labor code reform. The second section analyzes the status of public opinion of the reform process. Disillusionment with the reforms has been growing, particularly among the middle class. This disapproval, rather than reflecting concerns about the state of the economy or the degree of progress of the reforms, stems from the corruption that has tainted the privatization process in some countries. The third section reviews the effects of the reforms. Their impact on growth seems to have been positive, albeit temporary, but the effects on employment and income distribution have varied in different areas of reform and according to the particular context in each country. Specifically, the effectiveness of reforms has depended heavily on the quality of public institutions. The fourth section summarizes the main proposals to expand or reorient the reform agenda in the region. One set of proposals suggests broadening the Washington Consensus with more active policies aimed at addressing the need for greater economic stability, social integration and equitable income distribution. Another set of proposals, guided by a more encompassing view of the goals of development, emphasizes the interaction among civil society, the private sector, and the government. Finally, a more radical vision proposes a new national and international institutional architecture that would limit the role of markets and mitigate the effects of globalization.