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Books on the topic 'Arctic Haze'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Arctic hares. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2006.

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2

Shea, Therese. Arctic hares. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2011.

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3

Shea, Therese. Arctic hares. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2011.

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4

ill, Howarth Daniel, ed. Santa's little helper. New York, N.Y: Orchard Books, 2008.

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5

White, Kathryn. Snowshoe the hare. London: Egmont, 2005.

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6

White, Kathryn. Snowshoe the hare. New York: Crabtree Pub., 2005.

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7

Spinelli, Eileen. Polar bear, arctic hare: Poems of the frozen North. Honesdale, Pa: Wordsong, 2007.

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8

ill, Bernhard Durga, ed. How Snowshoe Hare rescued the sun: A tale from the Arctic. New York: Holiday House, 1993.

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9

The trail of the Hare: Environment and stress in a sub-Arctic community. 2nd ed. Yverdon, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach, 1993.

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10

Trettin, Hans Peter. Pre-Carboniferous geology of the northern part of the Arctic Islands: Hazen Fold Belt and adjacent parts of Central Ellesmere Fold Belt, Ellesmere Island. Ottawa, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1994.

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11

Canada. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Pre-carboniferous geology of the northern part of the Arctic Islands: Hazen Fold Belt and adjacent parts of central Ellesmere Fold Belt, Ellesmere Island. Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1994.

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12

Hubbs, Anne Haviland. The effects of food and predation on population regulation of the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parrii plesius) during the peak and decline phases of a snowshoe hare cycle. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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13

Colonial American English, a glossary: Words and phrases found in colonial writing, now archaic, obscure, obsolete, or whose meanings have changed. Essex, Conn: Verbatim Book, 1985.

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14

Admiralty, Great Britain. Arctic expedition: Return to an order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 5 February 1850, for copies "of any reports or statements from the officers employed in the Arctic expeditions, or from any other persons, which have been laid before the lords commissioners of the Admiralty, in respect to the resumption of the search for Sir John Franklin's expedition" ... [London: HMSO, 2000.

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15

L, Albritton Daniel, ed. Arctic haze: Special issue on Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program II. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989.

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16

A, Herbert Gary, Air Resources Laboratory, and United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, eds. The analysis of meteorological conditions and haze distribution for the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II), March-April 1986. Silver Spring, Md: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 1987.

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17

Spinelli, Eileen, and Eugenie Fernandes. Polar Bear Arctic Hare. Wordsong, 2007.

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18

Solem, Erik. Should Canada have a long term strategy for the Arctic? 1986.

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19

Friesen, Max. Pan-Arctic Population Movements. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.40.

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This chapter provides description and interpretation of the two major, well-documented episodes of Arctic-wide migrations. The Paleo-Inuit (also called Paleoeskimo or Arctic Small Tool tradition) migration began around 3,200 B.C., with penetration of the central Arctic by highly mobile, small-scale hunter-gatherer groups. By around 2,500 B.C., the entire eastern Arctic had been peopled by cultures known as Pre-Dorset, Saqqaq, and Independence I. The Thule Inuit migration began around A.D. 1200, when complex maritime-oriented groups from the western Arctic initiated an extremely rapid population movement, spanning the North American Arctic within a generation. The chapter considers the timing and nature of each migration episode, as well as the motivating factors which have been proposed for them, including climate change, social or economic hardship, and acquisition of specific resources such as bowhead whales or metal.
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20

notebook, rabbit. Notebook: Arctic Hare Rabbit Face 100 Pages - 8 X 10 Inches. Independently Published, 2020.

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21

Grønnow, Bjarne. Independence I and Saqqaq. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.33.

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The first hunting societies migrated via High Arctic Canada into Greenland around 4,500 years ago. Known archaeologically as Independence I and Saqqaq, they settled the entire island within a remarkably short time span: Independence in the High Arctic (Thule area, Peary Land, and northeast Greenland) and Saqqaq in the other coastal areas of the island. Two permanently frozen Saqqaq sites in Disko Bugt, west Greenland, with excellent preservation conditions for organic artifacts, have yielded unique insight into the material culture, subsistence economy, daily life, and settlement patterns of these Paleoeskimo pioneers. After a few centuries, High Arctic Greenland was abandoned, and the Saqqaq seemingly became isolated from other societies in the Eastern Arctic. Nevertheless, Saqqaq thrived at least on the central west coast until 2,800 years ago, thus representing the hitherto longest-lasting continuous settlement period in Greenland.
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22

Finkelstein, Sarah. Reconstructing Middle and Late Holocene Paleoclimates of the Eastern Arctic and Greenland. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.6.

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The eastern Arctic and Greenland are characterized by diverse paleoclimatic histories. A range of biological, geochemical, and geophysical indicators preserved in ice cores, lake, and ocean sediments, landscape features, or boreholes can be applied to reconstructing Holocene climates over the period of human occupation. Soon after humans arrived in the eastern Arctic around 4800 cal B.P., regional temperatures began to decline. While the proxy records show a strong regional signal, this period of Neoglacial cooling has considerable local variability related to degree of continentality, sea ice conditions and elevation. Much later, the effect of the Medieval Warm Period (AD 850-1360) on the Thule migration appears to have been overstated. Because of the considerable spatiotemporal variability in available paleoclimate reconstructions from the eastern Arctic, data from multiple sites must be integrated, and for archaeological applications, regional syntheses need to be considered alongside highly local reconstructions.
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23

Anastasia, Telesetsky. Part V Regional Perspectives on Global Ocean Governance, 14 The North American and Arctic Perspective(s) on Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0014.

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This chapter examines issues of global ocean governance from North American and Arctic perspectives. It first considers the priority global ocean law and policy issues for federal agencies in Canada, Mexico, and the United States in the areas of marine environment protection and traditional maritime security (for example, trafficking and human migration). For each North American State, the chapter identifies any specific interactions between the State and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that have been highlighted by the State that involve ocean governance competencies. The focus is on a small subset of IGOs and United Nations entities including the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Maritime Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Customs Organization, and the UN Security Council. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the global ocean governance priorities of the Arctic Council and any interactions between the Arctic Council and UN IGOs on priority matters for the Council.
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24

Dawson, Peter. The Thule-Inuit Succession in the Central Arctic. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.45.

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The development of Inuit culture out of an ancestral Thule culture base has been a central research question in Arctic archaeology for over a century. Archaeologists were intrigued by the fact that the Inuit lifeways of the ethnographic present, while highly variable, had seemingly developed from a relatively uniform Thule cultural base. However, the past few decades have seen relatively little research directed toward this important issue. This chapter explores the history of research into the origins of Central Arctic Inuit cultures, as well as some of the explanations that have been advanced. It ends by suggesting that Resilience Theory may be a useful theoretical approach for framing the Thule-Inuit transformation in this region.
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25

Gardner, Allison E. Archie And Wee Toots Have A Very Merry Christmas. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.

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26

Savishinsky, Joe. Trail of the Hare: Environment and Stress in a Sub-Arctic Community (Library of Anthropology). 2nd ed. Routledge, 1994.

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27

Markowitz, Jonathan N. Perils of Plenty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078249.001.0001.

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Why do some states project military force to seek control of resources, while others do not? Conventional wisdom asserts that resource-scarce states have the strongest interest in securing control over resources. Counterintuitively, this book finds that, under certain conditions, the opposite is true. Perils of Plenty argues that what states make influences what they want to take. Specifically, the more economically dependent states are on extracting income from resource rents, the stronger their preferences to secure control over resources will be. This theory is tested with a set of case studies analyzing states’ reactions to the 2007 exogenous climate shock that exposed energy resources in the Arctic. This book finds that some states, such as Russia and Norway, responded to the shock by dramatically increasing their Arctic military presence, while others, such as the United States, Canada, and Denmark, did not. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, countries with plentiful natural resources, such as Norway and Russia, were more—not less—willing to back their claims by projecting military force. This book finds that plenty can actually lead to peril when states with plentiful resources become economically dependent on those resources and thus have stronger incentives to secure their control. These findings have implications for understanding both the political effects of climate change in the Arctic and the prospects for resource competition in other regions, such as the Middle East and the South China Sea
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28

Miano, Daniele. Archaic Rome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786566.003.0004.

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This chapter concentrates on Fortuna in archaic Rome. The first part of the chapter is focused on historiography, and studies the connection between Fortuna, King Servius Tullius, and the story of Queen Tanaquil. It is argued that the connection between Servius and Fortuna might have been a late development in the literary tradition on early Rome. In modern historiography Queen Tanaquil is frequently identified with Fortuna, but this connection is not supported by ancient sources, and was first theorized by Bachofen in the nineteenth century. The second part of the chapter focuses on sanctuaries such as the temple of Fors Fortuna, that of Fortuna Muliebris, and that of Fortuna at the Forum Boarium, attempting to determine the significance and the meanings attributed to Fortuna in early Rome.
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29

Fortescue, Michael, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.001.0001.

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This handbook offers an extensive cross-linguistic and cross-theoretical survey of polysynthetic languages, in which single multi-morpheme verb forms can express what would be whole sentences in English. These languages and the problems they raise for linguistic analyses have long featured prominently in language descriptions, and yet the essence of polysynthesis remains under discussion, right down to whether it delineates a distinct, coherent type, rather than an assortment of frequently co-occurring traits. Chapters in the first part of the handbook relate polysynthesis to other issues central to linguistics, such as complexity, the definition of the word, the nature of the lexicon, idiomaticity, and to typological features such as argument structure and head marking. Part II contains areal studies of those geographical regions of the world where polysynthesis is particularly common, such as the Arctic and Sub-Arctic and northern Australia. The third part examines diachronic topics such as language contact and language obsolence, while Part IV looks at acquisition issues in different polysynthetic languages. Finally, Part V contains detailed grammatical descriptions of over twenty languages which have been characterized as polysynthetic, with special attention given to the presence or absence of potentially criterial features.
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30

Duplouy, Alain. Pathways to Archaic Citizenship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0001.

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Referring to the main primary sources, this introductory chapter explores some of the pathways that have been taken by historians and archaeologists over the last century in investigating Greek citizenship. Through selected topics—the Aristotelian model, law and institutions, economy, terminology, and material culture—the chapter offers an overview of landmark studies. It acknowledges both the advances made in a century of scholarly research on archaic Greece and the many different schools of thought that are still debating the very nature of archaic citizenship. Arguing against the old trend of observing archaic Greece through the eyes and with the concepts of a classical scholar, it opens new pathways to archaic citizenship by advocating a more respectful approach to the peculiarities of archaic societies and the diversity of ancient documents, from texts to material culture.
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31

Lewis, David M. The Archaic Greek World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the role of slavery in the worlds of Homer and of Hesiod, and asks what historical conditions these portrayals might reflect. It provides a critique of the current orthodoxy, developed by M. I. Finley, which holds that the emergence of a ‘slave society’ in Greece occurred in the sixth century BC. Slavery is shown to have underpinned elite fortunes at least as early as 700 BC. A different model of the evolution of slavery in the Greek world is set out, in which different regions diverged from the ‘Homeric’ model to differing degrees and for different reasons.
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32

Arnold, Charles. Development of Mackenzie Inuit Culture. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.30.

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Prior to the appearance of Euroamericans and the cultural disruptions that followed in their wake, the western regions of the Canadian Arctic were occupied by Inuit groups who had strong affinities to specific home territories. Although each group had its own name, outside observers have applied the term “Mackenzie Inuit” to them collectively on the basis of shared cultural traits and their proximity to the Mackenzie River, whose resources first attracted them. Information from archaeology, historical records, and local oral histories is drawn upon to formulate an interpretive framework for the origins and development of Mackenzie Inuit over a period spanning 500 to 600 years.
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33

Kitchener, Andrew C., Carlo Meloro, and Terrie M. Williams. Form and function of the musteloids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0003.

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The musteloids are the most speciose of the carnivorans and have a global distribution. They display a wide diversity of morphological and physiological form and function, which have been shaped by their adaptation to a wide variety of ecological niches, ranging from the Arctic to the tropics and deserts to the seas. This chapter explores how several morphological and physiological adaptations are key to their successful diversification, including an elongated body, a highly insulating pelage, powerful teeth and jaws, anal sacs for olfactory communication or chemical defence, and reproductive physiologies that allow females to optimise their reproductive output. While many of these adaptations are shared by other carnivorans, it is their combination in musteloids that has allowed them to diversify so successfully globally.
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34

Lyons, Natasha. Archaeology and Native Northerners. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.11.

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Archaeology is undergoing a sustained shift in the North American Arctic, as factors both internal and external to the discipline work to expand and transform the structure, demographics, and objectives of professional practice. A major part of this shift hinges on the relationships between indigenous peoples and the archaeological establishment. Over the past 40 years, Inuit, Dene, Alaskan Native, and other local communities have increasingly demanded a stake in their archaeological heritage; archaeological practitioners have responded in varying ways, from resistance and naïveté to both tentative and concerted moves toward more inclusive practices. This chapter describes the historical and evolving relationship between Native Northern communities and archaeologists, characterizes elements of community-based practice, and examines some of the forms, approaches, and applications of this emergent paradigm.
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35

Fitzhugh, William. Archaeology of the Inuit of Southern Labrador and the Quebec Lower North Shore. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.47.

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Early European accounts document the presence of Labrador Inuit in northern Newfoundland, the Strait of Belle Isle, and the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Controversy over the interpretation of the historical record and the extent and nature of Southern Inuit presence has been clarified by recent archaeological research on the Quebec Lower North shore, which demonstrates a series of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century winter sod-house villages in every major region from Brador to Petit Mécatina. House types are similar to those found on the Central Labrador coast, and all contain much Basque and other European material culture, indicating extensive trade contacts rather than the spoils of sporadic raids. The Hare Harbor Inuit settlement at Petit Mécatina is found at a Basque/European whaling and fishing station and appears to have been a European-Inuit enterprise facilitated by the Little Ice Age expansion of Arctic marine mammals.
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36

Castellani, Claudia. Crustacea: Branchiopoda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0023.

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This chapter describes the taxonomy of Branchiopoda. Branchiopoda are small crustaceans commonly known as cladocerans or water-fleas. They are epiplanktonic zooplankton seasonally abundant mainly in coastal waters and over the continental shelf of warm temperate and tropical areas, with a few species found in oceanic areas and colder Arctic seas. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
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37

Kral, Michael J. The Return of the Sun. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190269333.001.0001.

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This book discusses suicide among Inuit in Arctic Canada and what their communities have done to attempt to prevent it. A thesis of this book is that suicide and other social problems among Inuit are caused by the imperialism/colonialism of the Canadian government, with the most negative effect being a dramatic change in Inuit relationships with each other, especially family relationships. When the family is changed in a family-based collectivist culture, many problems arise. Cases of suicidal youth are discussed. Then the book focuses on the positive aspect that when Inuit communities design and run their own activities for suicide prevention, suicides are prevented. Such stories need to be told in order to help indigenous communities with suicide prevention.
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38

Peres , Tanya M., and Aaron Deter-Wolf, eds. The Cumberland River Archaic of Middle Tennessee. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400837.001.0001.

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Prior to 2010, the only major literature on the manifestation of the Shell Mound Archaic in the Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee was an unpublished dissertation and technical or avocational reports. Recent research by the coeditors reveals that there are nearly forty Archaic shell-bearing sites in the region. This volume brings together multiple lines of evidence to more fully examine a major cultural phase that has been virtually overlooked in the professional literature. We approach this topic by incorporating data and discussions of recent research at Archaic shell-bearing sites in the western Middle Cumberland River Valley combined with contemporary examinations of prior investigations, which until now have been difficult for scholars to access. The data presented in this volume are a testament to the sustainability of riverine adaptions in antiquity.
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39

Giangiulio, Maurizio. Oligarchies of ‘Fixed Number’ or Citizen Bodies in the Making? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0011.

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This chapter rejects the idea that the history of the archaic polis was defined by the succession of different constitutions and highlights the impact of such an Aristotelian model on the scholarly tradition of ‘constitutional antiquities’. The notion of archaic oligarchies and of oligarchies of fixed number is part and parcel of this tradition, but it is no longer tenable. A thorough investigation of the evidence shows that the Thousand in Colophon, Cyme, Croton, Locri, Rhegium, and Opous, and the Six Hundred in Massalia were assemblies and not councils. They should be seen as political communities organized as numbered groups. Far from being oligarchic regimes, they must have thought of themselves as ‘the many’, and not ‘the few’. The archaic numbered political bodies were truly intrinsic to the processes by which a notion of citizenship took shape.
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40

Duplouy, Alain, and Roger W. Brock, eds. Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.001.0001.

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Citizenship is a major feature of contemporary national and international politics. It is also a legacy of ancient Greece. The concept of membership of a community appeared in Greece some three millennia ago as a participation in the social and political life of small-scale communities, but only towards the end of the fourth century BC did Aristotle offer the first explicit statement about it. Though long accepted, the Aristotelian definition remains deeply rooted in the philosophical and political thought of the classical period, but it probably fails to account accurately for the previous centuries or the dynamics of the emergent cities. Focusing on archaic Greece, this collective enquiry, bringing together renowned international scholars, aims at exploring new routes to archaic citizenship, exemplifying the living diversity of approaches to archaic Greece and to the Greek city. If the Aristotelian model has long been applied to all Greek cities regardless of chronological issues, historians are now challenging Aristotle’s theoretical definition and are looking for other ways of conceiving citizenship and community, setting the stage for a new image of archaic cities, which are no longer to be considered as primitive or incomplete classical poleis. Driven by this same objective, the essays collected here have not, however, been tailored to endorse any specific view. Each contributor brings his or her own national background and approaches to archaic citizenship through specific fields of enquiry (law, descent, cults, military obligations, associations, civic subdivisions, athletics, commensality, behaviours, etc.), often venturing off the beaten track.
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41

M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Galois Involutions. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0031.

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This chapter focuses on the fixed points of a strictly semi-linear automorphism of order 2 of a spherical building which satisfies the conditions laid out in Hypothesis 30.1. It begins with the fhe definition of a spherical building satisfying the Moufang condition and a Galois involution of Δ‎, described as an automorphism of Δ‎ of order 2 that is strictly semi-linear. It can be recalled that Δ‎ can have a non-type-preserving semi-linear automorphism only if its Coxeter diagram is simply laced. The chapter assumes that the building Δ‎ being discussed is as in 30.1 and that τ‎ is a Galois involution of Δ‎. It also considers the notation stating that the polar region of a root α‎ of Δ‎ is the unique residue of Δ‎ containing the arctic region of α‎.
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42

Franckx, Erik, and Marco Benatar. Non-Participation in Compulsory Procedures of Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816423.003.0010.

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Erik Franckx and Marco Benatar consider the peculiar backlash in the form of states rejecting the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals (ICs). They discuss how the People’s Republic of China (PRC) rejected jurisdiction in the Philippines v PRC arbitration. The authors draw comparisons with how the Russian Federation rejected the jurisdiction of an arbitration panel in the Arctic Sunrise case. But both states participated in the peculiar form of forwarding ‘position papers’. This allows states new modes of influencing the bench without formally participating in the proceedings, argues Franckx and Benatar. This may tempt other states to apply a similar approach. For example, Croatia has presented its views to an arbitration panel in a dispute with Slovenia, despite its non-participation after irregularities by one of the arbitrators. The PRC and the Russian Federation have also issued a joint declaration encouraging non-participation in international legal proceedings.
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43

Frid, Christopher L. J., and Bryony A. Caswell. The state of seven seas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726289.003.0006.

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Seven regions are described in terms of their pollution history, other synergistic human pressures, the current challenges and management approaches. Although the timing and detailed impacts vary, primarily for historical reasons, between regions all show similar patterns of change. Sea regions exposed to centuries of human activity (North Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Chesapeake Bay) are considered, as are those for which pollution is more recent (Canadian LOMAs and Coral Sea), and those expected to experience intense pressure in the near future (Arctic Ocean). Nutrients from agriculture and sewage from growing human populations are ubiquitous and not easily managed in marine systems. Controls on industrial discharges have succeeded in halting, sometimes reversing, degradation in some regions (Black Sea, Mediterranean, North Sea, Chesapeake Bay). However, shipping, coastal development and offshore infrastructure continue to apply pressure. While most regions are subject to international agreements and management regimes the effectiveness varies.
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44

Thulman, David K., and Ervan G. Garrison, eds. New Directions in the Search for the First Floridians. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400738.001.0001.

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New Directions in the Search for the First Floridians had its genesis in research and ideas focused on the state and future of Paleoindian studies in Florida but also reaching into the Early Archaic period and the greater Southeast as far as Texas. Although the focus is still on Paleoindians in Florida, several chapters place the Florida-specific works in larger spatial (the greater Southeast and the now-drowned Gulf and Atlantic shelfs from Virginia to Texas) and temporal (Early Archaic period) contexts. We have organized the book into three sections: The Past, Present, and Future of the Archaeology of Early Floridians; Early Floridian Studies in a Broader Context; and Technological Advances in the Study of Early Floridians.
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45

Hosking, Geoffrey. Power and the People in Russia. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.003.

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Whereas many European states sought to dominate corporate associations in order to exploit their resources, the Russian monarchy had to create them in the late eighteenth century in order to transmit its own authority. Both before and after that, however, the Tsars mediated authority downwards through persons rather than institutions. This chapter highlights the paradoxes of a system which compensated for under-institutionalization through the workings of competing elite patron-client networks and small-scale popular communities of joint responsibility which survived long beyond 1917. Communists may have transformed and modernized society in appearance, but in reality that modernization perpetuated or even restored some of the archaic practices of pre-revolutionary society. The Soviet state, like the Tsarist one, depended on archaic social arrangements which lubricated its everyday functioning, but frustrated its ultimate purposes. Even at the start of the twenty-first century Russian politics were still in thrall to personalized power factions.
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46

Clarke, Andrew. Torpor and hibernation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0011.

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A diurnal (circadian) rhythm in body temperature is a widespread, and possibly universal, feature of endotherms. Some mammals and birds down-regulate their metabolic rate significantly by night, allowing their body temperature to drop sufficiently that they become inactive and enter torpor. Both the minimum temperature achieved and the duration of torpor are highly variable. Daily torpor is principally a response to reduced energy intake, and a drop in ambient temperature. Hibernation is essentially an extreme form of torpor. Small mammals hibernating at high latitudes have regular arousals during which they urinate and may feed. Bears hibernate with relatively high body temperature, and do not undergo arousal. Only one bird, the poorwill, is known to hibernate. Rewarming during arousal may be fuelled exclusively by metabolism (for example in small mammals in the Arctic) or with significant energy input from basking (for example in subtropical arid areas). The capacity for torpor appears to be an ancestral character in both mammals and birds, possibly related to the origin of endothermy in small species subject to marked diurnal and/or seasonal variation in body temperature. Both deep hibernation and strict endothermy are probably derived characteristics.
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47

Parker, Robert, and Philippa M. Steele, eds. The Early Greek Alphabets. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859949.001.0001.

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Regional variation, a persistent feature of Greek alphabetic writing throughout the Archaic period, has been studied since at least the late nineteenth century. The subject was transformed by the publication in 1961 of Lilian H. (Anne) Jeffery's Local Scripts of Archaic Greece (reissued with a valuable supplement by A. Johnston in 1990), based on first-hand study of more than a thousand inscriptions. Much important new evidence has emerged since 1987 (Johnston's cut-off date), and debate has continued energetically about all the central issues raised by the book: the date at which the Phoenician script was taken over and filled out with vowels; the priority of Phrygia or Greece in that takeover; whether the takeover happened once, and the resulting alphabet then spread outwards, or whether takeover occurred independently in several paces; if the takeover was a single event, the region where it occurred; if so again, the explanation for the many divergences in local script. The hypothesis that the different scripts emerged not through misunderstandings but through conscious variation has been strongly supported, and contested, in the post-Jeffery era; also largely post-Jeffery is the flourishing debate about the development and functions of literacy in Archaic Greece. Dialectology, the understanding of vocalization, and the study of ancient writing systems more broadly have also moved forwards rapidly. In this volume a team of scholars combining the various relevant expertises (epigraphic, philological, historical, archaeological) provide the first comprehensive overview of the state of the question 70 years after Jeffery's masterpiece.
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48

Bodel, John. Inscriptions and Literacy. Edited by Christer Bruun and Jonathan Edmondson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.034.

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The study of ancient reading and writing practices must begin with inscriptions. This chapter charts the recent debates about the concept of literacy in the Roman world. Setting out from the archaic period, it shows how inscriptions have a key role to play in any assessment of the difficult question of levels of literacy, while at the same time highlighting some of the methodological problems involved in such enquiries. The chapter concludes with a brief exploration of topics ripe for further study .
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49

Willig, Michael R., and Lawrence R. Walker, eds. Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199380213.001.0001.

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The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program is, in a sense, an experiment to transform the nature of science, and represents one of the most effective mechanisms for catalyzing comprehensive site-based research that is collaborative, multidisciplinary, and long-term in nature. The scientific contributions of the Program are prodigious, but the broader impacts of participation have not been examined in a formal way. This book captures the consequences of participation in the Program on the perspectives, attitudes, and practices of environmental scientists. The edited volume comprises three sections. The first section includes two chapters that provide an overview of the history, goals, mission, and inner workings of the LTER network of sites. The second section comprises three dozen retrospective essays by scientists, data managers or educators who represent a broad spectrum of LTER sites from deserts to tropical forests and from arctic to marine ecosystems. Each essay addresses the same series of probing questions to uncover the extent to which participation has affected the ways that scientists conduct research, educate students, or provide outreach to the public. The final section encompasses 5 chapters, whose authors are biophysical scientists, historians, behavioral scientists, or social scientists. This section analyzes, integrates, or synthesizes the content of the previous chapters from multiple perspectives and uncovers emergent themes and future directions.
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50

Miano, Daniele. Fortuna. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786566.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the Latin goddess Fortuna, one of the better known deities in ancient Italy. The earliest forms of her worship can be traced back to archaic Latium, and she was still a widely recognized allegorical figure during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The main reason for her longevity is that she was a conceptual deity, and had strong associations with chance and good fortune. When they were interacting with the goddess, communities, individuals, and gender and age groups were inevitably also interacting with the concept. These relations were not neutral: they allowed people to renegotiate the concept, enriching it with new meanings and challenging established ones. The geographical and chronological scope of this book is Italy from the archaic age to the late Republic. In this period Italy was a fragmented, multicultural and multilinguistic environment, characterized by a wide circulation of people, customs, and ideas, in which Rome played an increasingly dominant role. All available sources on Fortuna have been used: literary, epigraphic, and archaeological. The study of the goddess based on conceptual analysis will serve to construct a radically new picture of the historical development of this deity in the context of the cultural interactions taking place in ancient Italy. The book also aims at experimenting with a new approach to polytheism, based on the connection between gods and goddesses and concepts.
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