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Journal articles on the topic 'Arctic Haze'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Shaw, Glenn E. "The Arctic Haze Phenomenon." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 76, no. 12 (December 1995): 2403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<2403:tahp>2.0.co;2.

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2

Heintzenberg, Jost, Thomas Tuch, Birgit Wehner, Alfred Wiedensohler, Heike Wex, Albert Ansmann, Ina Mattis, et al. "Arctic haze over Central Europe." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 55, no. 3 (December 30, 2011): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i3.16366.

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3

HEINTZENBERG, JOST, THOMAS TUCH, BIRGIT WEHNER, ALFRED WIEDENSOHLER, HEIKE WEX, ALBERT ANSMANN, INA MATTIS, et al. "Arctic haze over Central Europe." Tellus B 55, no. 3 (July 2003): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00057.x.

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4

Shaw, Glenn E. "Cloud condensation nuclei associated with arctic haze." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 20, no. 7 (January 1986): 1453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90017-x.

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5

Shaw, G. E., K. Stamnes, and Y. X. Hu. "Arctic haze: Perturbation to the radiation field." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 51, no. 3-4 (1993): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01030496.

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6

Quinn, P. K., G. Shaw, E. Andrews, E. G. Dutton, T. Ruoho-Airola, and S. L. Gong. "Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 59, no. 1 (January 2007): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00236.x.

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7

Stachlewska, Iwona S., Christoph Ritter, Christine Böckmann, and Ronny Engelmann. "Properties of arctic haze aerosol from lidar observations during iarea 2015 campaign on spitsbergen." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 05024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817605024.

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Arctic Haze event was observed on 5-8 April 2015 using simultaneously Near-range Aerosol Raman Lidar of IGFUW and Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar of AWI, both based at AWIPEV German-French station in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. The alterations in particle abundance and altitude of the aerosol load observed on following days of the event is analyzed. The daytime profiles of particle optical properties were obtained for both lidars, and then served as input for microphysical parameters inversion. The results indicate aerosol composition typical for the Arctic Haze. However, in some layers, a likely abundance of aqueous aerosol or black carbon originating in biomass burning over Siberia, changes measurably the Arctic Haze properties.
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8

Carey, John. "Scientific Sleuths Solve: The Mystery of Arctic Haze." Weatherwise 41, no. 2 (April 1988): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1988.9925253.

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9

Hoff, R. M. "Vertical Structure of Arctic Haze Observed by Lidar." Journal of Applied Meteorology 27, no. 2 (February 1988): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0125:vsoaho>2.0.co;2.

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10

Yamanouchi, T., R. Treffeisen, A. Herber, M. Shiobara, S. Yamagata, K. Hara, K. Sato, et al. "Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation (ASTAR) 2000: Arctic haze case study." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 57, no. 2 (January 2005): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v57i2.16784.

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11

YAMANOUCHI, T., R. TREFFEISEN, A. HERBER, M. SHIOBARA, S. YAMAGATA, K. HARA, K. SATO, et al. "Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation (ASTAR) 2000: Arctic haze case study." Tellus B 57, no. 2 (April 2005): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00140.x.

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12

Shen, Lu, Daniel J. Jacob, Loretta J. Mickley, Yuxuan Wang, and Qiang Zhang. "Insignificant effect of climate change on winter haze pollution in Beijing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (December 11, 2018): 17489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17489-2018.

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Abstract. Several recent studies have suggested that 21st century climate change will significantly worsen the meteorological conditions, leading to very high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Beijing in winter (Beijing haze). We find that 81 % of the variance in observed monthly PM2.5 during 2010–2017 winters can be explained by a single meteorological mode, the first principal component (PC1) of the 850 hPa meridional wind velocity (V850) and relative humidity (RH). V850 and RH drive stagnation and chemical production of PM2.5, respectively, and thus have a clear causal link to Beijing haze. PC1 explains more of the variance in PM2.5 than either V850 or RH alone. Using additional meteorological variables does not explain more of the variance in PM2.5. Therefore PC1 can serve as a proxy for Beijing haze in the interpretation of long-term climate records and in future climate projections. Previous studies suggested that shrinking Arctic sea ice would worsen winter haze conditions in eastern China, but we show with the PC1 proxy that Beijing haze is correlated with a dipole structure in the Arctic sea ice rather than with the total amount of sea ice. Beijing haze is also correlated with dipole patterns in Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We find that these dipole patterns of Arctic sea ice and Pacific SSTs shift and change sign on interdecadal scales, so that they cannot be used reliably as future predictors for the haze. Future 21st century trends of the PC1 haze proxy computed from the CMIP5 ensemble of climate models are statistically insignificant. We conclude that climate change is unlikely to significantly offset current efforts to decrease Beijing haze through emission controls.
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13

Dreiling, Volker, and Berthold Friederich. "Spatial distribution of the arctic haze aerosol size distribution in western and eastern Arctic." Atmospheric Research 44, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(96)00035-x.

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14

Zhao, Chuanfeng, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Effects of Arctic haze on surface cloud radiative forcing." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 2 (January 18, 2015): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062015.

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15

Parungo, Farn P., Clarence T. Nagamoto, Patrick J. Sheridan, and Russell C. Schnell. "Aerosol characteristics of Arctic haze sampled during AGASP-II." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 24, no. 4 (January 1990): 937–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90296-y.

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16

Raatz, Wolfgang E. "Meteorological conditions over Eurasia and the Arctic contributing to the March 1983 Arctic haze episode." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 12 (January 1985): 2121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90119-2.

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17

Müller, Kim Janka, Christoph Ritter, and Konstantina Nakoudi. "Aerosol Investigation During the Arctic Haze Season of 2018: Optical and Hygroscopic Properties." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023702001.

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In the beginning of March 2018, Lidar measurements were performed on Svalbard, Arctic Ocean, in order to analyse the optical and hygroscopic properties of Arctic aerosol. In this study, aerosol backscatter showed significant higher values in lower altitudes. The analysis of the Colour Ratio (CR) revealed smaller particles in lower altitudes, with larger particles appearing only above Investigation of the hygroscopic character was done by applying the growth parameter introduced by Gassó et al. (2000). It was found that the method of Zieger et.al. (2010) can be successfully extended to backscatter and CR data from Lidar measurements. Ice nucleation was examined in ice supersaturation conditions, with no ice cloud formation observed. This indicated that the role of Arctic aerosol as ice nuclei is still a poorly understood issue.
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18

Brinkmann, J., V. Dreiling, T. Engelhardt, B. Friederich, L. Schütz, and P. Wieser. "Arctic haze - characterization of aircraft collected supermicron particles of different haze layers over the Beaufort Sea." Journal of Aerosol Science 28 (September 1997): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(97)85049-5.

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19

Wilkening, Ken. "Science and International Environmental Nonregimes: The Case of Arctic Haze." Review of Policy Research 28, no. 2 (March 2011): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00486.x.

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20

Bodhaine, Barry A., and Ellsworth G. Dutton. "A long-term decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, Alaska." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 10 (May 21, 1993): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl01146.

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21

Nriagu, Jerome O., Robert D. Coker, and Len A. Barrie. "Origin of sulphur in Canadian Arctic haze from isotope measurements." Nature 349, no. 6305 (January 1991): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/349142a0.

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22

Soroos, Marvin S. "The Odyssey of Arctic Haze toward a Global Atmospheric Regime." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 34, no. 10 (December 1992): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1992.9930938.

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23

Wang, Hui-Jun, and Huo-Po Chen. "Understanding the recent trend of haze pollution in eastern China: roles of climate change." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 6 (April 1, 2016): 4205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4205-2016.

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Abstract. In this paper, the variation and trend of haze pollution in eastern China for winter of 1960–2012 were analyzed. With the overall increasing number of winter haze days in this period, the 5 decades were divided into three sub-periods based on the changes of winter haze days (WHD) in central North China (30–40° N) and eastern South China (south of 30° N) for east of 109° E mainland China. Results show that WHD kept gradually increasing during 1960–1979, remained stable overall during 1980–1999, and increased fast during 2000–2012. The author identified the major climate forcing factors besides total energy consumption. Among all the possible climate factors, variability of the autumn Arctic sea ice extent, local precipitation and surface wind during winter is most influential to the haze pollution change. The joint effect of fast increase of total energy consumption, rapid decline of Arctic sea ice extent and reduced precipitation and surface winds intensified the haze pollution in central North China after 2000. There is a similar conclusion for haze pollution in eastern South China after 2000, with the precipitation effect being smaller and spatially inconsistent.
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24

Stohl, A., Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, and K. Kupiainen. "Why models struggle to capture Arctic Haze: the underestimated role of gas flaring and domestic combustion emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 4 (April 11, 2013): 9567–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-9567-2013.

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Abstract. Arctic Haze is a seasonal phenomenon with high concentrations of accumulation-mode aerosols occurring in the Arctic in winter and early spring. Chemistry transport models and climate chemistry models struggle to reproduce this phenomenon, and this has recently prompted changes in aerosol removal schemes to remedy the modeling problems. In this paper, we show that shortcomings in current emission data sets are at least as important. We perform a 3 yr model simulation of black carbon (BC) with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model is driven with a new emission data set which includes emissions from gas flaring. While gas flaring is estimated to contribute less than 3% of global BC emissions in this data set, flaring dominates the estimated BC emissions in the Arctic (north of 66° N). Putting these emissions into our model, we find that flaring contributes 42% to the annual mean BC surface concentrations in the Arctic. In March, flaring even accounts for 52% of all Arctic BC near the surface. Most of the flaring BC remains close to the surface in the Arctic, so that the flaring contribution to BC in the middle and upper troposphere is small. Another important factor determining simulated BC concentrations is the seasonal variation of BC emissions from domestic combustion. We have calculated daily domestic combustion emissions using the heating degree day (HDD) concept based on ambient air temperature and compare results from model simulations using emissions with daily, monthly and annual time resolution. In January, the Arctic-mean surface concentrations of BC due to domestic combustion emissions are 150% higher when using daily emissions than when using annually constant emissions. While there are concentration reductions in summer, they are smaller than the winter increases, leading to a systematic increase of annual mean Arctic BC surface concentrations due to domestic combustion by 68% when using daily emissions. A large part (93%) of this systematic increase can be captured also when using monthly emissions; the increase is compensated by a decreased BC burden at lower latitudes. In a comparison with BC measurements at six Arctic stations, we find that using daily-varying domestic combustion emissions and introducing gas flaring emissions leads to large improvements of the simulated Arctic BC, both in terms of mean concentration levels and simulated seasonality. Case studies based on BC and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Zeppelin observatory appear to confirm flaring as an important BC source that can produce pollution plumes in the Arctic with a high BC/CO enhancement ratio, as expected for this source type. Our results suggest that it may not be "vertical transport that is too strong or scavenging rates that are too low" and "opposite biases in these processes" in the Arctic and elsewhere in current aerosol models, as suggested in a recent review article (Bond et al., 2013), but missing emission sources and lacking time resolution of the emission data that are causing opposite model biases in simulated BC concentrations in the Arctic and in the mid-latitudes.
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25

Nakoudi, Konstantina, Christine Böckmann, Christoph Ritter, Vasileios Pefanis, Marion Maturilli, Astrid Bracher, and Roland Neuber. "Aerosol Investigation During the Arctic Haze Season of 2018: Optical and Microphysical Properties." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023702002.

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In this work, optical and microphysical properties of Arctic aerosol as well as their radiative impact are investigated. Air-borne Lidar observations along with ground-based measurements are evaluated for the Arctic Haze season of 2018. Aerosol abundance as inferred from particle backscatter was typical for this period of the year, with nearly spherical and large particles. The inversion of microphysical properties yielded high Refractive Index (RI) together with low Single-Scattering Albedo (SSA), suggesting absorbing particles. A fitted lognormal volume distribution revealed a fine mode with effective radius (reff) of μm and a coarse mode with reff=0.75 μm. The total radiative balance on ground was positive (12 Wm-2).
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26

Shaw, Glenn E. "On the climatic relevancy of Arctic Haze: static energy balance considerations." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 37, no. 1 (January 1985): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v37i1.14994.

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27

Kahl, Jonathan D., Joyce M. Harris, Gary A. Herbert, and Marvin P. Olson. "Intercomparison of three long-range trajectory models applied to Arctic haze." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 41, no. 5 (September 1989): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v41i5.15109.

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28

Raatz, Wolfgang E., Russell C. Schnell, Barry A. Bodhaine, and Samuel J. Oltmans. "Observations of Arctic haze during polar flights from Alaska to Norway." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 12 (January 1985): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90122-2.

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29

Hansen, A. D. A., and H. Rosen. "Horizontal inhomogeneities in the particulate carbon component of the Arctic haze." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 12 (January 1985): 2175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90126-x.

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30

Khattatov, V. U., A. E. Tyabotov, A. P. Alekseyev, A. A. Postnov, and E. A. Stulov. "Aircraft lidar studies of the Arctic haze and their meteorological interpretation." Atmospheric Research 44, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(97)00011-2.

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31

Trivett, N. B. A., L. A. Barrie, J. W. Bottenheim, J. ‐P Blanchet, G. den Hartog, R. M. Hoff, and R. E. Mickle. "An experimental investigation of Arctic haze at Alert, N.W.T., March 1985." Atmosphere-Ocean 26, no. 3 (September 1988): 341–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1988.9649308.

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32

Li, Shao-Meng, and John W. Winchester. "Haze and other aerosol components in late winter Arctic Alaska, 1986." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. D2 (1990): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd095id02p01797.

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33

Zou, Yufei, Yuhang Wang, Yuzhong Zhang, and Ja-Ho Koo. "Arctic sea ice, Eurasia snow, and extreme winter haze in China." Science Advances 3, no. 3 (March 2017): e1602751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602751.

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34

Kahl, Jonathan D., Joyce M. Harris, Gary A. Herbert, and Marvin P. Olson. "Intercomparison of three long-range trajectory models applied to Arctic haze." Tellus B 41B, no. 5 (November 1989): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00139.x.

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35

SHAW, GLENN E. "On the climatic relevancy of Arctic Haze: static energy balance considerations." Tellus B 37B, no. 1 (February 1985): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00046.x.

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36

Hansen, A. D. A., and T. Novakov. "Aerosol black carbon measurements in the Arctic haze during AGASP-II." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 9, no. 1-3 (1989): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00052842.

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37

Sheridan, Patrick J., and William H. Zoller. "Elemental composition of particulate material sampled from the Arctic haze aerosol." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 9, no. 1-3 (1989): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00052843.

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38

Khalil, M. A. K., and R. A. Rasmussen. "Arctic haze: Patterns and relationships to regional signatures of trace gases." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92gb03003.

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39

Jaenicke, R., W. Jaeschke, V. Khattatov, U. Leiterer, and R. Maser. "The joint Russian-German airborne research project ‘Arctic Haze’ 1993 – 1995." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S457—S458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97136-3.

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40

Chuan, R. L. "AGASP II arctic haze aerosol characteristics—Influence of volcanic eruption emissions." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 27, no. 17-18 (December 1993): 2901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90321-o.

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41

Song, Congbo, Manuel Dall'Osto, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Stefania Gilardoni, et al. "Differentiation of coarse-mode anthropogenic, marine and dust particles in the High Arctic islands of Svalbard." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (July 28, 2021): 11317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021.

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Abstract. Understanding aerosol–cloud–climate interactions in the Arctic is key to predicting the climate in this rapidly changing region. Whilst many studies have focused on submicrometer aerosol (diameter less than 1 µm), relatively little is known about the supermicrometer aerosol (diameter above 1 µm). Here, we present a cluster analysis of multiyear (2015–2019) aerodynamic volume size distributions, with diameter ranging from 0.5 to 20 µm, measured continuously at the Gruvebadet Observatory in the Svalbard archipelago. Together with aerosol chemical composition data from several online and offline measurements, we apportioned the occurrence of the coarse-mode aerosols during the study period (mainly from March to October) to anthropogenic (two sources, 27 %) and natural (three sources, 73 %) origins. Specifically, two clusters are related to Arctic haze with high levels of black carbon, sulfate and accumulation mode (0.1–1 µm) aerosol. The first cluster (9 %) is attributed to ammonium sulfate-rich Arctic haze particles, whereas the second one (18 %) is attributed to larger-mode aerosol mixed with sea salt. The three natural aerosol clusters were open-ocean sea spray aerosol (34 %), mineral dust (7 %) and an unidentified source of sea spray-related aerosol (32 %). The results suggest that sea-spray-related aerosol in polar regions may be more complex than previously thought due to short- and long-distance origins and mixtures with Arctic haze, biogenic and likely blowing snow aerosols. Studying supermicrometer natural aerosol in the Arctic is imperative for understanding the impacts of changing natural processes on Arctic aerosol.
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42

Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, K. Schulz, and G. E. Shaw. "Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, Alaska: 1976–2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 22 (November 23, 2009): 8883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8883-2009.

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Abstract. Aerosol measurements at Barrow, Alaska during the past 30 years have identified the long range transport of pollution associated with Arctic Haze as well as ocean-derived aerosols of more local origin. Here, we focus on measurements of aerosol chemical composition to assess (1) trends in Arctic Haze aerosol and implications for source regions, (2) the interaction between pollution-derived and ocean-derived aerosols and the resulting impacts on the chemistry of the Arctic boundary layer, and (3) the response of aerosols to a changing climate. Aerosol chemical composition measured at Barrow, AK during the Arctic haze season is compared for the years 1976–1977 and 1997–2008. Based on these two data sets, concentrations of non-sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO4=) and non-crustal (nc) vanadium (V) have decreased by about 60% over this 30 year period. Consistency in the ratios of nss SO4=/ncV and nc manganese (Mn)/ncV between the two data sets indicates that, although emissions have decreased in the source regions, the source regions have remained the same over this time period. The measurements from 1997–2008 indicate that, during the haze season, the nss SO4= aerosol at Barrow is becoming less neutralized by ammonium (NH4+) yielding an increasing sea salt aerosol chloride (Cl−) deficit. The expected consequence is an increase in the release of Cl atoms to the atmosphere and a change in the lifetime of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methane. In addition, summertime concentrations of biogenically-derived methanesulfonate (MSA−) and nss SO4= are increasing at a rate of 12 and 8% per year, respectively. Further research is required to assess the environmental factors behind the increasing concentrations of biogenic aerosol.
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43

Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, K. Schulz, and G. E. Shaw. "Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, AK: 1976–2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 10, 2009): 18727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-18727-2009.

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Abstract. Aerosol measurements at Barrow, AK during the past 30 years have identified the long range transport of pollution associated with Arctic Haze as well as ocean-derived aerosols of more local origin. Here, we focus on measurements of aerosol chemical composition to assess 1) trends in Arctic Haze aerosol and implications for source regions, 2) the interaction between pollution-derived and ocean-derived aerosols and the resulting impacts on the chemistry of the Arctic boundary layer, and 3) the response of aerosols to a changing climate. Aerosol chemical composition measured at Barrow, AK during the Arctic haze season is compared for the years 1976–1977 and 1997–2008. Based on these two data sets, concentrations of non-sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO4=) and non-crustal (nc) vanadium (V) have decreased by about 60% over this 30 year period. Consistency in the ratios of nss SO4=/ncV and nc manganese (Mn)/ncV between the two data sets indicates that, although emissions have decreased in the source regions, the source regions have remained the same over this time period. The measurements from 1997–2008 indicate that, during the haze season, the nss SO4= aerosol at Barrow is becoming less neutralized by ammonium (NH4+) yielding an increasing sea salt aerosol chloride (Cl−) deficit. The expected consequence is an increase in the release of Cl atoms to the atmosphere and a change in the lifetime of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methane. In addition, summertime concentrations of biogenically-derived methanesulfonate (MSA−) and nss SO4= are increasing at a rate of 12 and 8% per year, respectively. Further research is required to assess the environmental factors behind the increasing concentrations of biogenic aerosol.
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44

Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, and Roland List. "On radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosol components in Arctic haze and snow." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 39, no. 3 (March 1987): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v39i3.15349.

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45

BLANCHET, JEAN-PIERRE, and ROLAND LIST. "On radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosol components in Arctic haze and snow." Tellus B 39B, no. 3 (July 1987): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00101.x.

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46

Staebler, Ralf M., Gerry den Hartog, Bernd Georgi, and Thorsten Düsterdiek. "Aerosol size distributions in Arctic haze during the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1992." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, no. D12 (1994): 25429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd00520.

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47

Lu, Shuhua, Jianjun He, Sunling Gong, and Lei Zhang. "Influence of Arctic Oscillation abnormalities on spatio-temporal haze distributions in China." Atmospheric Environment 223 (February 2020): 117282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117282.

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48

Stock, M., C. Ritter, A. Herber, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, K. Baibakov, J. Gräser, T. Orgis, et al. "Springtime Arctic aerosol: Smoke versus haze, a case study for March 2008." Atmospheric Environment 52 (June 2012): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.051.

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49

Douglas, Thomas A., and Matthew Sturm. "Arctic haze, mercury and the chemical composition of snow across northwestern Alaska." Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 6 (February 2004): 805–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.042.

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50

Shen, Zhaoyi, Yi Ming, Larry W. Horowitz, V. Ramaswamy, and Meiyun Lin. "On the Seasonality of Arctic Black Carbon." Journal of Climate 30, no. 12 (June 2017): 4429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0580.1.

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Abstract:
Arctic haze has a distinct seasonal cycle with peak concentrations in winter but pristine conditions in summer. It is demonstrated that the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric general circulation model (AM3) can reproduce the observed seasonality of Arctic black carbon (BC), an important component of Arctic haze. The model is used to study how large-scale circulation and removal drive the seasonal cycle of Arctic BC. It is found that despite large seasonal shifts in the general circulation pattern, the transport of BC into the Arctic varies little throughout the year. The seasonal cycle of Arctic BC is attributed mostly to variations in the controlling factors of wet removal, namely the hydrophilic fraction of BC and wet deposition efficiency of hydrophilic BC. Specifically, a confluence of low hydrophilic fraction and weak wet deposition, owing to slower aging process and less efficient mixed-phase cloud scavenging, respectively, is responsible for the wintertime peak of BC. The transition to low BC in summer is the consequence of a gradual increase in the wet deposition efficiency, whereas the increase of BC in late fall can be explained by a sharp decrease in the hydrophilic fraction. The results presented here suggest that future changes in the aging and wet deposition processes can potentially alter the concentrations of Arctic aerosols and their climate effects.
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