Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arctium'
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Saço, Luana Carla. "Avaliação do potencial esquistossomicida da arctiina, extraída de Arctium lappa L." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3116.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A esquistossomíase é considerada uma das doenças tropicais negligenciada mais significativa no mundo. Sendo que a presença de apenas um medicamento para o tratamento da infecção leva a busca por novos compostos esquistossomicidas, utilizando os produtos naturais como uma das principais fontes destas novas moléculas. Neste sentido, a lignana Arctiina extraída da espécie Arctium lappa, cujas funções anti-inflamatórias e antiproliferativas já foram descritas na literatura, se tornou alvo do nosso estudo. O nosso propósito foi pesquisar a sua ação esquistossomicida através de testes in vitro e em modelo murino. A substância foi utilizada nas concentrações de 30, 60, 120 e 240 µg/mL nos ensaios in vitro. Após o período de incubação, em nenhuma das concentrações, a molécula foi capaz de promover modificação na viabilidade do parasito em cultura quando comparado ao grupo controle. Após a administração por via intraperitoneal, para verificar a presença da substância no plasma murino, foi realizada uma análise cromatográfica. A análise da amostra de arctiina pura, diluída em metanol, e diluída em plasma murino não tratado mostrou um pico no cromatograma medido a 254 nm, com retenção de 5 minutos. A amostra de plasma animal coletada após uma hora de tratamento com arctiina, sob as mesmas condições experimentais, revelou um pico semelhante ao da amostra pura, confirmando que a arctiina está disponível no plasma após administração. Os testes in vivo, foram realizados em camundongos fêmeas da linhagem Swiis que receberam por via intraperitoneal duas dosagens de arctiina (50 mg/kg), sendo a primeira administrada 20 dias após a infecção e a segunda após duas semanas. Nos parâmetros analisados: peso hepático, leucometria global, redução da carga parasitária e alteração no oograma, não foi verificado nenhuma alteração significativa em relação aos parâmetros encontrados no grupo controle infectado, tratado com praziquantel (200 mg/kg) e Dimetilsulfóxido (0,5%). O resultado mais promissor foi uma redução das médias das áreas dos granulomas, a administração da arctiina provocou uma redução em torno de 20% em comparação com o controle infectado. Mais estudos devem ser realizados a fim de verificar o possível mecanismo de atuação sobre os componentes inflamatórios presentes na formação do granuloma.
Schistosomiasis is one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases in the world. Only one drug is currently available for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis, therefore there is an urgent need for the development of new schistosomicide compounds, being natural products an important source of these molecules. Hence, in this work we studied the lignan arctiin extracted from Arctium lappa species, whose anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative functions have been previously described. Our aim was to investigate in vitro and in vivo its schistosomicidal activity. We tested the compound in vitro at the follow concentrations 30, 60, 120 and 240 ug/ml. There was no difference in all tested concentrations in the viability of the parasite in the culture after the incubation when compared to the control group. In addition we verified the plasmatic concentration of arctiin after intraperitoneal administration in mice by chromatographic analysis. The analysis of pure arctiin diluted in either methanol or mouse plasma showed a peak in the chromatogram at retention time of 5 minutes, absorbance was measured at 254 nm. Animal plasma sample collected one hour after treatment with arctiin was analyzed under same experimental conditions and revealed a similar peak, confirming the availability of arctiin in the plasma following administration. The in vivo tests were performed in Swiss female mice, those were intraperitoneally injected with two dosages of arctiin (50 mg/kg) - the first administered 20 days after infection and the second two weeks later. The follow parameters were analyzed: liver weight, white blood cell count, parasitic load and oogram. We did not find any significant change in those parameters comparing infected control groups treated either with praziquantel (200 mg / kg) or dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 %) to the group treated with arctiin. The most promising result was the reduction around 20% of the average area of the granuloma in the arctiin group compared with the infected control. More studies are needed to verify possible mechanisms of action of this molecule in inflammatory components that play a role in granuloma formation.
López, Viñallonga Sara. "Evolució, filogènia i sistemàtica del complex "Arctium-Cousinia"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/961.
Full textLa filogènia generada al present treball, confirma la monofilia del complex Arctium-Cousinia així com la seva subdivisió en dos llinatges també monofilètics anomenats Arctioide i Cousinioide. Al seu torn posa de manifest la manca de monofilia dels gèneres Arctium i Cousinia i de Cousinia subgèneres Cynaroides i Hypacanthodes. La solució que es proposa és la redefinició del gènere Arctium al qual s'han transferit totes les espècies del llinatge Arctioide i s'han proposat els canvis nomenclaturals pertinents. Paral·lelament, mitjançant la tècnica del rellotge molecular, s'ha datat el complex Arctium-Cousinia en 19.1 ma, la separació dels llinatges Arctioide i Cousinioide en 14.8 ma i la diversificació dels esmentats llinatges en 9.7 ma i 8,7 ma, respectivament.
L'estudi sobre la genètica poblacional d'Arctium minus, realitzat mitjançant l'ús de microsatèl·lits dissenyats a aquest treball, ha mostrat que els patrons de variabilitat genètica de l'esmentada espècie són consistents amb les seves característiques biològiques: la seva capacitat d'autofecundació i el seu curt cicle de vida expliquen la seva baixa diversitat genètica, alts valors d'endogàmia i excés d'homozigots. La major part de la variabilitat genètica es troba entre poblacions a causa d'un baix flux gènic entre elles juntament amb la seva capacitat facultativa d'autofecundació. S'han detectat indicis de què A. Minus s'hauria refugiat al sud de la seva actual àrea de distribució durant les glaciacions del Pleistocè i posteriorment hauria recolonitzat Europa. Aquests patrons s'haurien vist emmascarats per influència recent de l'activitat humana i per esdeveniments de dispersió de llavors a llarga distància.
English summary:
This thesis is focused on the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae), including Arctium L., Cousinia Cass. as one of the largest genera of the Compositae, Hypacanthium Juz. and Schmalhausenia C. Winkl. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia (Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaj). Arctium s.str. is Eurosiberian in distribution. Significant difficulties in generic delimitation in this complex arise from the incongruent distribution of several morphological, pollen, karyological and molecular characters.
The phylogeny obtained bears out the monophyly of the Arctium-Cousinia complex and its division in two monophyletic lineages named Arctioid and Cousinioid. Our analyses also show that Arctium and Cousinia as well as Cousinia subgenera Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes are not monophyletic. As a solution, a broadly monophyletic genus Arctium is proposed, including all the species belonging to the Arctioid lineage and we provide nomenclatural changes when necessary. In addition, using the molecular clock approach the Arctium-Cousinia complex is dated in 19.1 mya, the split of the Arctioid and Cousinioid lineages in 14.8 mya and the diversification of the lineages mentioned in 9.7 mya and 8,7 mya, respectively.
Regarding the population genetics of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., investigated using microsatellite markers developed for this study, the observed patterns of genetic variation are consistent with its life style. Low gene diversity, high inbreeding values and significant homozygote excess were recovered, factors linked with the self-pollination ability of A. minus and its short-life cycle. Most of the genetic variability is found among instead of within populations due to low gene flow altogether with its self-pollination ability. There are few signs which may suggest that A. minus adapted to the Pleistocene climatic changes in the European populations with putative refugia in the south of its present distribution from where the species might radiate northwards. It is also suggested that original biogeographic patterns in A. minus may have been blurred by human activity and by long distance seed dispersal.
This thesis is focused on the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae), including Arctium L., Cousinia Cass. as one of the largest genera of the Compositae, Hypacanthium Juz. and Schmalhausenia C. Winkl. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia (Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaj). Arctium s.str. is Eurosiberian in distribution. Significant difficulties in generic delimitation in this complex arise from the incongruent distribution of several morphological, pollen, karyological and molecular characters.
The phylogeny obtained bears out the monophyly of the Arctium-Cousinia complex and its division in two monophyletic lineages named Arctioid and Cousinioid. Our analyses also show that Arctium and Cousinia as well as Cousinia subgenera Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes are not monophyletic. As a solution, a broadly monophyletic genus Arctium is proposed, including all the species belonging to the Arctioid lineage and we provide nomenclatural changes when necessary. In addition, using the molecular clock approach the Arctium-Cousinia complex is dated in 19.1 mya, the split of the Arctioid and Cousinioid lineages in 14.8 mya and the diversification of the lineages mentioned in 9.7 mya and 8,7 mya, respectively.
Regarding the population genetics of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., investigated using microsatellite markers developed for this study, the observed patterns of genetic variation are consistent with its life style. Low gene diversity, high inbreeding values and significant homozygote excess were recovered, factors linked with the self-pollination ability of A. minus and its short-life cycle. Most of the genetic variability is found among instead of within populations due to low gene flow altogether with its self-pollination ability. There are few signs which may suggest that A. minus adapted to the Pleistocene climatic changes in the European populations with putative refugia in the south of its present distribution from where the species might radiate northwards. It is also suggested that original biogeographic patterns in A. minus may have been blurred by human activity and by long distance seed dispersal.
Almeida, Ana Beatriz Albino de. "Atividade antiulcerogenica e antiinflamatoria intestinal da Arctium lappa." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/318126.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Onodorpicrina, uma sesquiterpeno lactona, presente nas folhas de Arctium Lapa L. demonstrou através dos estudos de Barbosa et at (1993) erficaz atividade farmacológica. Com base nesses resultados e, devido ao fato, de nosso laboratório possuir estudos em relação à atividade antiulcerogênica de outras sesquiterpeno lactonas (desidrocrotonina e crotonina) obtidas das cascas de Croton cajucara Benth, decidimos estudar a atividade antiulcerogênica e antiinflamtória intestinal da fração semi-purificada (ONP), cujo composto majoritário é a onopordopicrina. Primeiramente estudamos o efeito da citotoxicidade da ONP avaliado através da viabilidade celular em fibroblastos (V79) de pulmão de Hamster chinês. A ONP apresentou IC50 aproximadamente de 15µM nos ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro e conteúdo de ácido nucléico. Por ser uma substância com uma toxicidade relativa resolvemos estudar o efeito antitumoral dessa substância em linhagem celular de leucemia promielocítica (HL60) usada como modelo para estudos antitumorais. Da mesma forma que nos ensaios de citotoxidade, a ONP apresentou IC50 aproximadamente de 15 µM em ensaios de MTT e PTP. Para avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica da ONP, foram utilizadas diferentes doses em modelos clássicos de indução de úlcera: etanol/HCl, estresse por imobilização e frio, indometacina e ligadura de piloro. Em todos os modelos a ONP apresentou atividade antiulcerogênica significativa. Nos procedimentos seguintes, avaliamos a atividade antisecretora da ONP através de ensaios de somatostatina e gastrina, nos quais a substância apresentou aumento da liberação e/ou produção de somatostatina e diminuição da produção e/ou liberação de gastrina. Em relação ao estudo da ONP em experimentos de muco e óxido nítrico, essa não apresentou diferença significativa. No entanto, promoveu diferença significativa no modelo de avaliação do envolvimento de radicais sulfidrila, indicando uma possível atividade antioxidante. Quando avaliada em modelo de colite ulcerativa induzida por TNBS, a ONP apresentou significativa proteção provavelmente pelo envolvimento da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa). Visto a atividade obtida com a ONP, resolvemos analisar a atividade do chá de Arctium lappa, o qual apresentou significativa envolvimento com óxido nítrico e grupamento sulfidrila para a obtenção da atividade antiulcerogência promovida pelo chá. Os resultados obtidos com a Arctium lappa são promissores, por causa de sua significativa proteção contra úlceras induzidas por diferentes agentes, sugerindo um efeito antisecretor mediado por sua ação na secreção de Somatostatina e Gastrina e um efeito protetor proporcionado pela propriedade antioxidante presente na ONP. Os dados também revelaram que o pré-tratamento com ONP é capaz de reduzir a inflamação intestinal produzida através do modelo de indução de colite ulcerativa por TNBS em ratos. O efeito agudo antiinflamatório provavelmente está relacionado com a diminuição de neutrófilos e diminuição da produção de TNF-a na mucosa intestinal. Nossos resultados sugerem um significativo potencial terapêutico da ONP na area gastrointestinal
Abstract: Onodorpicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, present in the leaves of Arctium lappa L., showed through the studies of Barbosa et al (1993) effective pharmacological activity. Based on those results and due to the fact that our laboratory has studies in relation to the antiulcerogenic activity of other sesquiterpene lactone (dehydrocrotonin and crotonin) obtained by barks of Croton cajucara Benth, we decided to study the antiulcerogenic activity and bowel antiinflamatory of the semi-purified fraction (ONP), which majority compound is the onopordopicrin. Firstly we studied the effect of the citotoxicity of appraised ONP through the cellular viability in fibroblast (V79) of lung of Chinese Hamster. ONP presented IC50 approximately of 15µM in the MTT, red neutral and content of nucleic acid experiments. For being a substance with a relative toxicity we decided to study the effect antitumoral of that substance in cellular lineage of promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) used as model for antitumoral studies. In the same way that in the citotoxicity experiments, ONP presented IC50 approximately of 15 µM in experiments of MTT and PTP. To evaluate the antiulcerogenic activity of ONP, different doses were used in classic models of ulcer induction: ethanol/HCl, stress for immobilization and cold, indometacin and pylorus ligature. In all of the models ONP presented significant antiulcerogenic activity. In the following procedures, we evaluated the activity antisecretory of ONP through somatostatin and gastrin experiments, in which the substance presented increase of the liberation and/or somatostatin production and decrease of the liberation and/or gastrin production. In relation to the study of ONP in mucus experiments and nitric oxide, that one didn't present significant difference. However, it showed significant difference in the model of evaluation of the involvement of radicals sulphydryl, indicating a possible antioxidant activity. When evaluated in model of colitis ulcerative induced by TNBS, ONP presented significant protection probably for the involvement of the mieloperoxidase (MPO) and factor of necrosis tumoral (TNF-alpha). Checked the activity obtained with ONP, we decided to analyze the activity of the tea of Arctium lappa, which presented significant involvement with nitric oxide and sulphydryl group for the obtaining of the antiulcerogenic activity promoted by the tea. The results obtained with Arctium lappa are promising, because the significant protection against ulcers induced by different agents suggesting a effect antisecretory mediated through somatostatin and gastrin secretion and protective effect by the antioxidant properties present in ONP. The data also reveals that pre-treatment with ONP is able to reduce intestinal inflammation in theTNBS model of colitis in rats.The acute antiinflamatory effects seem to be related to impairment of neutrophil function and absence of up-regulation of TNF-a production in intestinal mucosa. Our findings suggest that ONP shows an excellent potential for therapy in the gastrointestinal area
Doutorado
Fisiologia
Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
Duistermaat, Helena. "Monograph of Arctium L.(Asteraceae) : generic delimitation (uncluding Cousinia Cass. p. p.), revision of the species, pollen morphology, and hybrids /." Leiden : Rijksherbarium, Hortus botanicus, Leiden university, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37560427k.
Full textCarlotto, Juliane. "Estudo químico e biológico de folhas de Arctium lappa." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/30619.
Full textHu, Bizhen. "Metabolite Production in Callus Culture of Burdock (Arctium lappa L.)." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357141954.
Full textDias, Mirna Meana. "Avaliação da atividade esquistossomicida in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto e metabólitos secundários dos frutos da Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5455.
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
A esquistossomíase, causada por parasitos do gênero Schistosoma, é uma doença que afeta cerca de 240 milhões de pessoas no mundo. O Praziquantel é o fármaco de escolha para o tratamento desta parasitose e, devido principalmente aos casos de resistência do parasito a esta medicamento, se faz necessária a busca de novas moléculas e/ou protótipos com potencial atividade esquistossomicida. Neste contexto, a pesquisa com produtos naturais desponta como uma alternativa para o descobrimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento da esquistossomíase. Entre as espécies vegetais de interesse para a produção de substâncias esquistossomicidas, destaca-se a Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae), a qual é reconhecida por biossintetizar lignóides, classe de metabólitos que tem demonstrado grande potencial esquistossomicida. O presente trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico do extrato hidroalcoólico dos frutos de A. lappa, bem como a avaliação da atividade esquistossomicida in vitro, frente aos vermes adultos de S. mansoni, do extrato e de seus metabólitos majoritários. O estudo fitoquímico de A. lappa L. resultou no isolamento de duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas, a arctiina e arctigenina. A análise dos resultados de avaliação esquistossomicida obtidos demonstrou que o extrato hidroalcoólico bruto na concentração de 200 mg/mL apresentou expressiva atividade esquistossomicida in vitro, sendo capaz de provocar a morte de 100% dos parasitos em até 24 horas de incubação. A arctiina, metabólito majoritário purificado do extrato, foi capaz de matar e provocar lesões tegumentares em 100% dos vermes adultos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a atividade esquistossomicida in vitro demonstrada pelo extrato hidroalcoólico pode estar relacionada à presença da arctiina, corroborando com o potencial esquistossomicida in vitro das lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas, frente aos vermes adultos de S. mansoni.
Schistosomiasis caused by the Schistosoma parasite is a disease that affects about 240 million people around the world. Praziquantel is the chosen drug for the treatment of this parasitosis. It is imperative to search for new molecules and / or prototypes with potential schistosomicidal activity. This requirement is due to the tough performance of the parasite against this medicine. In this context, the research with natural products has been recognized as an alternative to discover new pharmacos for Schistosoma treatment. Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) stands out among vegetal plants of interest for the production of schistosomicidal substances. This is recognized for being able to biosynthesize lignoid, a kind of metabolite that has performed great schistosomicidal potential. This master thesis describes the phytochemical study of the hydroalcoholic extract from A. lappa L. fruit, as well the evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity evaluation in vitro, facing the adult worms of S. mansoni from the extract and from its majority metabolite. The phytochemical study of A. lappa L. resulted in the isolation of two dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan, a arctiin e arctigenin. The results obtained schistosomicidal evaluation showed that hydroalcoholic extract crude in concentration of 200 mg/mL showed significant antischistosomal activity in vitro and is capable of causing the death of the 100% of the parasites within 24 hours of incubation. The arctiin a major purified metabolite from the extract, was capable of killing by causing tegumentary lesions en 100% of the adult worms. The obtained results suggest that the schistosomicidal activity in vitro showed by the hydroalcoholic extract can be related to arctiin presence, supporting the potencial schistosomicidal in vitro of dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan, against the adult worms of S. mansoni.
Predes, Fabricia de Souza. "Efeito antioxidante da bardana (Arctium lappa) no testículo, epidídmo e fígado de ratos danificados pelo cádmio : bioquímica, morfometria e ultraestrutura." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317834.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado associado a graves danos em vários órgãos, incluindo órgãos reprodutivos e fígado. Estudos farmacológicos indicam que Arctium lappa possue atividade hepatoprotetora, sequestradora de radicais livres e antiproliferativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: (1) as modificações nos túbulos seminíferos causadas por pequenas doses de Cd, (2) as propriedades antioxidantes de diferentes extratos de A. lappa, (3) a capacidade de A. lappa em atenuar os danos induzidos por cádmio no testículo, epidídimo e fígado. A capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres e quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais foram analisados nos extratos da raiz de A. lappa para determinação da capacidade antioxidante. A propriedade antiproliferativa in vitro de cada extrato foi avaliada em células tumorais. O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou alto rendimento e capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres, e juntamente com os diclorometânicos, maior teor de compostos fenólicos. Somente os extratos diclorometânicos apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa contra células tumorais. espectroscopia de massa revelou a presença dos compostos arctigenina, quercetina, ácido clorogênico e ácido caféico no extrato hidroetanólico. O extrato hidroetanólico liofilizado foi escolhido para os estudos in vivo. Para estudar os efeitos de Cd e A. lappa, ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle (C), extrato de A. lappa (Al), cádmio (Cd) e cádmio e extrato de Al (CdAl). Os animais receberam água ou extrato de Al (300 mg/Kg BW) por gavagem e dose única i.p. de salina ou 1,2 mg/kg de cloreto de cádmio. Os animais foram sacrificados após 7 e 56 dias. O Cd causou redução do peso do testículo, epidídimo e vesícula seminal, na proporção dos túbulos seminíferos (TS), no comprimento total dos TS e no diâmetro dos TS. Células germinativas degeneradas e células gigantes multinucleadas foram observadas nos TS e os danos progressivos resultaram em túbulos preenchidos apenas com células de Sertoli. Nos grupos Cd e CdAl, houve diminuição da proporção tubular e aumento da altura do epitélio no epidídimo após 56 dias. Cd causou aumento no nível plasmático de TGO e TGP após 56 dias, mas o extrato de A. lappa amenizou estes efeitos. Nenhuma alteração relevante foi observada para as transaminases hepáticas. No grupo Cd 7 dias, a proporção de hepatócitos diminuiu, a de sinusóides aumentou e o número de núcleo de hepatócito reduziu, entretanto após 56 apenas o número de núcleos de hepatócitos diminuíram. Após 7 dias, nos grupos Al e CdAl, a proporção nuclear aumentou e a citoplasmática diminuiu, sem alteração dos capilares sinusóides. Após 56 dias, nos grupos Al e CdAl, a proporção nuclear aumentou e a proporção dos capilares sinusóides reduziu. Houve aumento na densidade de núcleos nos grupos Al e CdAl. Conclui-se que doses baixas de Cd causam alterações morfológicas e morfométricas no testículo e que o Cd tem sutil limiar tóxico. Os extratos diclorometânicos apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa contra as linhagens tumorais K562, MCF-7 e 786-0. O extrato hidroetanólico apresentou alto conteúdo fenólico e atividade antioxidante, portanto foi escolhido para os estudos in vivo. O extrato de A. lappa foi ineficaz na proteção do testículo e epidídimo contra danos induzidos pelo Cd, porém protegeu o tecido hepático.
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal associated with severe damage in various organs, including male reproductive organs and liver. Arctium lappa is widely used in popular medicine for treating hypertension, gout, hepatitis and other inflammatory disorders. Pharmacological studies indicated that A. lappa roots have hepatoprotective, free radical scavenging and antiproliferative activities. The objectives of this work were evaluate: (1) histomorphometrically the threshold modifications of seminiferous tubules caused by single acute low doses of Cd, (2) antioxidant properties of different A. lappa extracts to choose the best one for "in vivo" study, (3) the ability of A. lappa to attenuate cadmium-induced damage to the testis, epididymis and liver of male rats. Dichloromethanic, ethanolic, aqueous extracts, hydroethanolic and total aqueous extract of A. lappa roots were investigated regarding radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content. The extracts were tested for their antiproliferative activity in vitro using human cancer cell lines. The higher radical scavenging activity and yield were found in the hydroethanolic extract. Higher phenolic contents were found in the dichloromethanic and hydroethanolic extracts. Only the dichloromethanic extracts exhibited activity against cancer cell lines. Highresolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy for the hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the presence of: arctigenin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The hydroalcoholic lyophilized extract was chosen for the experiments in vivo. To study the association of Cd and A. lappa, adult Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: control (C), A.lappa extract (Al), cadmium (Cd) and cadmium plus A. lappa (CdAl). The animals received water or A. lappa hydroethanolic extract (300 mg/Kg BW) by gavage and i.p. injections of saline or 1.2 mg/Kg BW of cadmium chloride. The animals were sacrificed after 7 and 56 days of treatment. The Cd caused reduction in testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights, seminiferous tubule (ST) proportion, total length of ST and ST diameter. Degenerated germ cells and multinucleated aggregates were observed in ST and progressive damage resulted in tubules lined only with Sertoli cells. There was a decreased in tubular proportion and increased epithelial height in epididymis after 56 days. Cd caused an increase in plasma GOT and GPT levels after 56 days, but A. lappa extract improved these levels. No relevant alteration was observed in liver transaminase levels. After 7 days, the Cd group showed decrease in hepatocyte proportion and increase sinusoid capillary proportion, also the nuclear density decrease. However, after 56 days, only the hepatocyte nuclear density decreased. In Al and CdAl groups, after 7 days, the hepatocyte nuclear proportion increased and the cytoplasmic decreased, with no alteration in capillary sinusoid proportion. In Al and CdAl groups, after 56 days, hepatocyte nuclear proportion increased and the sinusoid capillary proportion decreased. Also, an increase of hepatocyte nuclear density was observed in Al and CdAl groups. This study revealed that low doses of Cd cause progressive morphological and morphometrical alterations on rat testis and that Cd has a subtle toxic threshold. The dichloromethanic extracts showed antiproliferative activity against K562, MCF-7 and 786-0 human cancer cell lines. The hydroethanolic extract showed higher free radical scavenger activity and higher phenolic content, and was chosen as the best extract for the "in vivo" studies. A. lappa hydroethanolic extract was ineffective in protecting the testis and epididymis against Cd-induced damage, however effectively protected liver tissue.
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Robbins, Lisa Renee. "Natural Variability in Phenolic and Sesquiterpene Constituents Among Burdock (Arctium lappa L. and Arctium minus L.) Leaves for Potential Medicinal Interests." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366117332.
Full textZhao, Jinlian. "Phytochemical and antibacterial studies on Arctium lappa, Tussilago farfara and Verbascum thapsus." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23623.
Full textGassi, Rosimeire Pereira. "BARDANA (Arctium lappa L.) CULTIVADA SOB DIFERENTES DOSES DE FÓSFORO E CAMA-DE-FRANGO." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2006. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/112.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The experiment was carried out at Medicinal Plant Garden of the Federal University of South Mato Grosso UFMS, in Dourados, from October, 2004 to April, 2005. The objective was to evaluate the effect of incorporating phosphorus (P) and chicken manure (CM) to the soil on growth and yield of bardana. Five doses of phosphorus (4.3; 25.8; 43.0; 60.2 and 81.7 kg ha-1) in triple super phosphate (TSP) form, and five doses of semi-decomposed chicken manure (1,000; 6,000; 10,000; 14,000 and 19,000 kg ha-1) were studied. Nine treatments were defined using III Plan Puebla experimental Matrix: 4.3 and 6,000; 25.8 and 1,000; 25.8 and 6,000; 25.8 and 14,000; 43.0 and 10,000; 60.2 and 6,000; 60.2 and 19,000 and 81.7 and 14,000 kg ha-1, P and CM respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block experimental design with four replications. Every plot had 4.5 m2 of area and twelve plants arranged in double rows with spaces of 0.50 m between plants and 0.54 m between rows. Sixty days after transplantation DAT, at each 10 days, the height of each plant was measured. On harvest, two competitive plants were taken from each plot. Maximum height of bardana (129.87 cm) was reached on 113 DAT with 60.2 and 14,000 t ha-1 of phosphorus and chicken manure, respectively, treatment. Leaf area, fresh and dried mass of total aerial part and fresh mass of leaves showed positive reaction isolately answer in relation to the studied factors. The highest values were registered for 81.7 and 1.000 kg ha-1 of P and CM treatment, respectively: 19,822.86 cm2; 48,999.73 kg ha- 1; 8,287.24 kg ha-1 and 22,869.64 kg ha-1. The highest yields of dried mass of leaves were related to the highest doses of chicken manure, while the highest yields of fresh mass of roots (2,435.57 and 2,000.98 kg ha-1) were related to the highest used doses of P and CM. Yield of dried mass of roots increased with P doses and intermediary doses of CM. Diameter and length of roots did not show significative differences between treatment and they were, in average, 9.07 mm and 18.64 cm. N contents in leaves were the highest under the highest doses of P and CM, but in roots they did not show significative differences as a function of treatments. P contents in leaves were independent on treatments, but in roots, the highest contents of phosphorus were obtained with the highest doses of chicken manure interacting with intermediary doses of P
O experimento foi desenvolvido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul UFMS, em Dourados, no período de outubro de 2004 a abril de 2005. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação ao solo de fósforo (P) e de cama-de-frango (CF) sobre o crescimento e a produção da bardana. Estudaram-se cinco doses de fósforo (4,3; 25,8; 43,0; 60,2; e 81,7 Kg ha-1), na forma de superfosfato triplo, e cinco doses de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta (1.000; 6.000; 10.000; 14.000 e 19.000 kg ha-1). Os nove tratamentos resultantes foram definidos usando a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III: 4,3 e 6.000; 25,8 e 1000; 25,8 e 6.000; 25,8 e 14.000; 43,0 e 10.000; 60,2 e 6.000; 60,2 e 14.000; 60,2 e 19.000 e 81,7 e 14.000 kg ha-1 de P e CF, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela teve área de 4,5 m2, com doze plantas arranjadas em fileiras duplas, com espaçamento de 0,50 m entre plantas e 0,54 m entre fileiras. A partir dos 60 dias após o transplante- DAT, a cada dez dias, foram medidas as alturas de todas as plantas. Por ocasião da colheita, foram arrancadas duas plantas competitivas de cada parcela. A altura máxima da bardana (129,87cm) foi alcançada aos 113 DAT, com o tratamento de 60,2 e 14.000 kg ha-1 de P e cama-de-frango, respectivamente. A área foliar, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea total e massa fresca das folhas apresentaram resposta positiva isoladamente em relação aos fatores estudados, sendo os maiores valores obtidos com o tratamento 81,7 e 1.000 kg ha-1 de P e CF, respectivamente, a saber: 19.822,86 cm 2; 48.999,73 kg ha-1; 8.287,24 kg ha-1 e 22.869,64 kg ha-1, respectivamente. As maiores produções de massa seca das folhas ocorreram sob as maiores doses de cama-de-frango, enquanto as maiores produções de massa fresca das raízes (2.435,57 e 2.000,98 kg ha-1) foram obtidas sob as maiores doses de P e CF utilizadas. A produção de massa seca das raízes aumentou com as doses de P e doses intermediárias de CF. O diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e foram, em média, de 9,07 mm e 18,64 cm. Os teores de N nas folhas, foram maiores sob as maiores doses de P e de CF, mas nas raízes não apresentaram diferenças significativas em função dos tratamentos. Os teores de P nas folhas, foram independentes dos tratamentos, mas nas raízes, os maiores teores de fósforo foram obtidos com as maiores doses de cama-de-frango interagindo com as doses intermediárias de P
Straw, N. A. "Resource limitation and competition in two tephritid flies attacking the flowerheads of lesser burdock (Arctium minus)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384516.
Full textMunarin, Elaine Eva de Oliveira. "Espaçamentos entre plantas e cobertura do solo com cama-de-frango na produção da bardana (Arctium lappa L)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2008. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/114.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The experiment was carried out in the medicinal garden of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados UFGD, in the period from February to October 2006. The survey aimed to study the growth, development and yield of Bardana responding to five different spacing rows between the plants (40,0; 47,5; 55,0; 62,5 and 70,0 cm) and to the use - CCF (10 t ha-1) or not - SCF - of semi-decomposed poultry litter. All ten experimental designs were arranged in a factorial scheme 5x2 in randomized blocks with four replications. Plants were initially propagated in sowing polystyrene plates and then they were placed in double rows 50 cm far of each other. Harvest was done 180 days after transplanting. Plants averages of height (172 cm) and foliar area (20.704 cm-2) and roots averages of length (23,6 cm) and diameter (16,2 mm) were neither significantly influenced by the spacing nor positively influenced by the use or not of the semi-decomposed poultry litter. Highest and lowest values of leaves fresh (25.676 kg ha-1 and 15.217 kg ha-1) and dry (1.941,02 kg ha-1 e 1.104,61 kg ha-1) masses, of root number (490.750 ha-1 and 272.120 ha-1) and roots fresh (5.080,35 kg ha-1 and 3.546,25 kg ha-1) and dry (1.448,91 kg ha-1 and 1.051,31 kg ha-1) masses were found in 40,0 and 70,0 cm spaces respectively, showing linear decrease as spacing was increased. Dry leaves (12,84 g kg-1 and 0,33 g kg-1) and roots (4,11 g kg-1 and 0,13 g kg-1) mass rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P), respectively, were not significantly influenced by spacing but they were by the covering or not with chicken manure respectively
O experimento foi desenvolvido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2006. O objetivo foi estudar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produção da bardana em resposta a cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (40,0; 47,5; 55,0; 62,5 e 70,0 cm) e ao uso - CCF (10 t ha-1) ou não - SCF de cobertura do solo com cama-de-frango semidecomposta. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 5x2, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram propagadas inicialmente em berços de isopor e, posteriormente, em canteiros, arranjadas em fileiras duplas, espaçadas de 50 cm entre elas. A colheita foi efetuada aos 180 dias após o transplante. As médias de altura (172 cm) e área foliar (20.704 cm-2) das plantas e as médias de comprimento (23,6 cm) e diâmetro das raízes (16,2 mm) não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos espaçamentos nem pela cobertura ou não do solo com cama-de-frango. Os maiores e menores valores para massas fresca (25.676 kg ha-1 e 15.217 kg ha-1) e seca (1.941,02 kg ha-1 e 1.104,61 kg ha-1) de folhas, para o número de raízes (490.750 ha-1 e 272.120 ha-1) e para as massas fresca (5.080,35 kg ha-1 e 3.546,25 kg ha-1) e seca (1.448,91 kg ha-1 e 1.051,31 kg ha-1) de raízes foram encontrados com os espaçamentos de 40,0 cm e de 70,0 cm entre plantas, respectivamente, mostrando decréscimo linear na medida em que aumentaram os espaçamentos. Os teores de nitrogênio (N) e de fósforo (P), respectivamente, nas massas secas de folhas (12,84 g kg-1 e 0,33 g kg-1) e de raízes (4,11 g kg-1 e 0,13 g kg-1) de bardana não foram influenciados significativamente pelos espaçamentos, mas sim pela cobertura ou não do solo com cama-de-frango respectivamente
Neves, Rosane de Figueiredo. "Estudo de efeitos de um extrato de Arctium lappa (Bardana) na marca??o dos constituintes sang??neos com Tecn?cio-99m, na biodisponibilidade do radiof?rmaco pertecnatato de s?dio e na morfologia de hem?cias de ratos Wistar." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13193.
Full textRadionuclides have been used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnostic and treatment. In basic research, cellular and molecular structures are labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and used as radiobiocomplexes. Some natural or synthetic drugs are capable to alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as in the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Arctium lappa (Bardana) has been used to treat inflammatory processes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an extract of Bardana on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of red blood cells, on the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells and on the biodistribution of radiophamaceutical sodium pertechnetate in Wistar rats. Extract of Bardana was capable to alter the labeling of cellular compartment with 99mTc. Plasma and cellular proteins did not present alteration on the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI). Extract of Bardana was also capable to alter the morphology and the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells. On the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in animals treated with the extract of Bardana, it was observed a small and significant uptake in liver, tooth and tongue, and a high and a significant uptake in stomach, lung and testis (p<0.05). In conclusion, these findings could be justified due to the effects of some chemical compounds in the Bardana extract. This study was a multidisciplinary experimental research. It was developed with the contribution of the different Departments and Services of the Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto of the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
Radionucl?deos t?m sido utilizados em Medicina Nuclear para diagn?stico e tratamento de doen?as. Estruturas moleculares e celulares marcadas com tecn?cio-99m (99mTc) s?o utilizados como radiobiocomplexos, como acontece com alguns constituintes sang??neos. Algumas drogas naturais ou sint?ticas s?o capazes de alterar a marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com 99mTc, bem como a disponibilidade de radiobiocomplexos. Arctium lappa (Bardana) tem sido empregada para tratar processos inflamat?rios. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar efeitos de um extrato de Bardana na marca??o dos constituintes sang??neos marcados com 99mTc, na morfologia e na rela??o per?metro/?rea das hem?cias e na biodistribui??o do radiof?rmaco pertecnetato de s?dio (Na99mTcO4). O extrato de Bardana foi capaz de alterar a distribui??o 99mTc no compartimento celular. As prote?nas plasm?ticas e celulares n?o apresentaram nenhuma altera??o na fixa??o de radioatividade (%ATI). O extrato de Bardana tamb?m foi capaz de alterar a morfologia e a rela??o per?metro/?rea das hem?cias. Na biodistribui??o do pertecnetato de s?dio em animais tratados com o extrato de Bardana, foi observada uma redu??o significante na capta??o do f?gado, dente e l?ngua, e uma alta capta??o no est?mago, pulm?o e test?culo (p<0,05). Em conclus?o, o extrato de Bardana parece possuir subst?ncias em sua composi??o que podem ser respons?veis pelos achados experimentais. Desenvolvido em diferentes Departamentos e Servi?os da ?rea biom?dica do Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto, UERJ, atestando o car?ter multidisciplinar da pesquisa
Lima, Neto Domingos Alves de. "Efeitos cicatrizantes e antimicrobianos das plantas medicinais especies Porophyllum ruderale (Arnica), Arctium lappa minor (Bardana) e Plantago major (Tanchagem ou Cinco Nervos)." [s.n.], 1991. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289325.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Foram estudadas as características fisico-químicas e teores de macro e micronutrientes das espécies das plantas medicinais Arctium lappa minor, Plantago major e Porophyllum ruderale. Através de aplicação de extratos aquosos das referidas plantas, efetuou-se testes de cicatrização em lesões nos dorsos de ratos Wistar, na dosagem de 1 gota ao dia, por quatorze dias. Usou-se os mesmos animais para controle com aplicação de água destilada em lesões-controle. Efetuou-se o sacrifício dos animais aos 3º, 7º, 11º e 14º dias e retirou-se os recidos tratados com os extratos e os tratados-controle para realizar-se os cortes histológicos, os quais foram histometrados em lentes Zeiss Kpl-W-10X, com 25 hits. Contou-se os fibroblastos, fibras colágenas e vasos sanguíneos para averiguação dos efeitos de cicatrização, confirmando que de fato as plantas em estudos atuam como cicatrizantes. Os dados levantados então, foram analisados estatisticamente, obtendo-se os resultados da eficácia do tratamento com os extratos comparados aos tratados-controle. Com respeito a atividade antimicrobiana, utilizamos os extratos hidroalcoólicos por maceração a frio, e constatamos a eficácia dos mesmos em relação a Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes tipo A e Streptococcus pyogenes tipo B, cedidos pelo Laboratório Prev Lab de Piracicaba. Tais testes foram efetuados de acordo com o método de difusão em discos (Método Kirbi-Bauer) pela técnica da diluição em tubos. Segundo, os dados obtidos nos testes de atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos deram prova de possuirem efeitos antimicrobiano
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Farmacologia
Mestre em Odontologia
Teixeira, Renan Salgado. "Isolamento e identificacao da arctigenina a partir dos frutos da Arctium lappa L. e avaliacao de atividade citotoxica in vitro e hepatoprotetora em ratos." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1527.
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Arctigenina é uma lignana isolada da Arctium lappa L., planta esta, pertencente a família Asteraceae que é amplamente utilizada na Medicina Tradicional Chinesa. Publicações citam inúmeras atividades farmacológicas do extrato bruto dessa planta e também da substância arctigenina, como a atividade anti-inflamatória, hepatoprotetora, hipoglicemiante, antitumoral, antimicrobiana, mas, estudos detalhados da atividade hepatoprotetora ainda não foram amplamente desenvolvidos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento, a obtenção e identificação da arctigenina a partir dos frutos da Arctium lappa L., para avaliar a atividade citotóxica in vitro frente à cultura de células de carcinoma hepático (HepG- 2) e tambén avaliar os efeitos dessa substância isolada em lesão hepática por Ligação do Ducto Biliar (BDL). O extrato clorofórmico bruto da Arctium lappa L. foi obtido por soxhlet. Para isolar as substâncias, foi realizada coluna a vácuo e observou grande quantidade de arctiina, uma precursora da arctigenina. Para obter a arctigenina, foi necessário realizar uma hidrólise para retirada da molécula de glicose presente na arctiina. A mesma foi identificada por RMN de 1H e 13C obtendo excelente grau de pureza e adicionalmente também foi realizado um perfil cromatográfico por CLAE. Nos experimentos in vitro, a arctigenina diminuiu a viabilidade celular no teste por MTT e azul de Tripan sobre células HepG-2 e não causou citotoxicidade sobre células NIH/3T3. O teste de adesão por fornecimento de colágeno tipo I sobre HepG-2 também foi realizado para observar os mecanismos que envolvem a atividade antitumoral da arctigenina. Nos experimentos in vivo foram realizadas cirurgias de BDL em ratos Wistar, com n= 6 e grupos divididos em: sham controle, sham arctigenina, BDL controle, BDL arctigenina e BDL silimarina. O tratamento dos animais foi feitos por 48 horas e após esse período, eutanasiados e o sangue e fígado foram coletados para realizar avaliações bioquímicas séricas (AST, ALT, FA e TNF-α) e também avaliação tissular (MPO). A metodologia de extração, isolamento e obtenção da arctigenina desenvolvida foi eficaz, diminuiu gastos com solventes e com o tempo para se obter as susbstâncias. Os parâmetros de confiança analisados por CLAE demonstraram que o método analítico desenvolvido foi específico e reprodutível, o que contribui para estudos em controle de qualidade e ensaios bioanalíticos. A arctigenina demonstrou atividade citotóxica e antiadesão, sendo a atividade dose dependente para células HepG-2, com IC 50 de 90,8 μM. Nenhuma atividade sobre células NIH/3T3, o que demonstrou ação específica sobre a células HepG-2. Resultados do estudo in vivo de 48 horas não apresentaram resultados significantes quando comprados aos grupos controle e controle positivo, entretanto, levantamentos bibliográficos mostram que a arctigenina é uma substância promissora e estudos de hepatoproteção por períodos maiores complementariam a elucidação de sua atividade.
Arctigenin is a lignan isolated from Arctium lappa L., this plant, belonging to family Asteraceae is widely used in traditional chinese medicine. Publications suggest numerous pharmacological activities of crude extracts of this plant and arctigenin as anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anticancer and antimicrobial, however detailed studies of hepatoprotective activity have not yet been widely developed. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of arctigenin obtained from the fruits of Arctium lappa L., to evaluate the cytotoxic in vitro of arctigenin in cell culture of liver carcinoma (HepG-2) and assess the effects of this isolated compound on liver injury by ligation bile duct (BDL). The crude chloroform extract of Arctium lappa L. was obtained by soxhlet. To isolate the compounds was held vacuum column and observed high concentration of arctiin, a precursor of arctigenin. To obtain arctigenin, it was necessary to carry out a hydrolysis to remove the glucose molecule present in arctiin. After, the molecule was identified by 1H NMR and 13C, attaining excellent purity, and additionally, was carried out his chromatographic profile by HPLC.. In vitro experiments show that the arctigenin decreased cell viability by MTT assay and the Trypan blue on HepG-2 cells and did not cause cytotoxicity on NIH/3T3 cells. Adhesion testing by providing collagen type I on HepG-2 was also carried out to observe the mechanisms involving the antitumor activity of arctigenin. In vivo experiments were performed by surgery in BDL rats, with n = 6 and divided into groups: sham control, sham arctigenin, control BDL, arctigenin BDL and silymarin BDL. The treatment of animals was made for 48 hours and after this period, euthanized and blood and liver were collected for serum biochemical assessments (AST, ALT, FA and TNF-α) and also tissue rating (MPO). The methodology of extraction, isolation and obtaining arctigenin developed was effective, decreased spending solvents and the time to get compounds. The trust parameters analyzed by HPLC showed that the analytical method was specific and reproducible, which contributes to quality control studies and bioanalytical assays. The arctigenin demonstrated cytotoxic activity and anti-adhesion, and dependent dose activity in HepG-2 cells, with IC 50 of 90.8 μM. No activity on NIH/3T3 cells, demonstrating the specific action on HepG-2 cells. Results of BDL done in 48 hours showed no significant results when comparing with control groups and positive control, however, literature reports show that the arctigenin is a promising compound and hepatoprotection studies for longer periods would complement the elucidation of its activity.
Garros, Laurine. "Impact de conduites culturales innovantes sur la production de métabolites actifs pour la Cosmétique." Thesis, Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE3155.
Full textThe valuing of regional biodiversity richness and the implementation of a sustainable approach in the production of bioactives meets the needs of the cosmetic industry in a restrictive regulatory context. This project is part of an approach to promote the plant heritage and local industry of the Centre-Val de Loire region. As part of this project, 13 plants or their co-products from local biodiversity or of interest for the horticultural industry were selected and studied. In tubo tests were carried out on the extracts of these 13 plants in order to highlight potential anti-aging activities against enzymes such as tyrosinase, elastase and collagenase and/or antioxidants of interest for the cosmetic industry. The results of these tests allowed the selection of a model plant with different activities in order to assess the contribution to an elicitation on the increase of its activities. In this context, the realization of classic cultures in passive hydroponics or innovative in active hydroponics as well as in vitro callus with light elicitations thanks to LED lamp systems of blue, red or white color was carried out onburdock (Arctium lappa L.). Each organ of the elicited plant was separated and extracted with ultrasound. The characterization of the molecular fingerprint of each extract was achieved by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS/MS) in order to identify their content and molecular variability according to the organ and/or elicitation studied. At the same time, the influence of the elicitation on the activities of cosmetic interest, particularly anti-tyrosinase and anti-ROS activities, was evaluated
Silva, Luísa Mota da. "Atividade gastroprotetora e efeito sobre a função motora gástrica de ratas das folhas de Arctium lappa L. (Bardana) : um estudo sob condições normais e aumentadas de glicemia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/37031.
Full textCo-orientadora : Profª Drª Maria Consuelo de A. Marques
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/07/2014
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Resumo: Este trabalho investigou o potencial terapeutico das folhas da Arctium lappa na prevencao e cicatrizacao de ulceras gastricas em condicoes normais e aumentadas de glicemia, bem como nas alteracoes da motilidade gastrica em ratas diabeticas. Tanto a administracao oral (v.o) como a intraperitoneal (i.p) do extrato soluvel em etanol (SE, DE50: 3,6 mg/kg) das folhas da bardana e de sua fracao soluvel em acetato de etila (SE-AE, 0,15 mg/kg) protegeu a mucosa gastrica contra ulceras induzidas por etanol P.A e a administracao previa de indometacina (10 mg/kg, i.p), visando a deplecao de prostaglandinas endogenas, aboliu a atividade gastroprotetora da fracao. No mesmo modelo, o acido 1,3-O-dicafeoilquinico (57 ƒÊg/kg), composto majoritario encontrado na fracao, tambem promoveu gastroprotecao contra o etanol. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (0,15 e 1,5 mg/kg, v.o) tambem protegeu a mucosa gastrica exposta a indometacina. A quantificacao dos niveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e muco aderido evidenciaram que a manutencao desses fatores protetores esta envolvida no efeito gastroprotetor promovido pela fracao SE-AE contra etanol ou indometacina. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg, v.o) acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico 80% em ratas. A investigacao dos mecanismos envolvidos nesse efeito demonstrou a participacao do aumento do conteudo de mucina gastrica, GSH e gastrina serica e da reducao da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) e do conteudo de especies reativas de oxigenio (EROs). Em continuidade, em ratas diabeticas a fracao SE-AE (10 mg/kg) tambem acelerou a cicatrizacao da ulcera gastrica cronica induzida por acido acetico, atraves do aumento do conteudo de mucina e de GSH, da reducao da atividade MPO e do conteudo de EROs e da restauracao da atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e glutationaperoxidase (GPx). Todavia, nesses animais, a fracao SE-AE nao reduziu a hiperglicemia e nem os niveis de hemoglobina glicada. Ademais, a fracao SE-AE promoveu o sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e tambem inibiu a glicacao proteica in vitro, atestanto o efeito antioxidante e anti-glicacao da fracao SE-AE. Ratas diabeticas tratadas durante seis semanas com a fracao SE-AE (1 mg/kg) tiveram os niveis de hemoglobina glicada reduzidos, o esvaziamento gastrico, a contracao colinergica e o relaxamento nitrergico do fundo e do piloro normalizados, bem como a expressao da enzima NOS-1 e a densidade dos neuronios entericos NADPH-diaforase positivos no corpo gastrico preservados. Coletivamente, esses resultados mostram que a fração SE-AE das folhas da bardana possui atividade gastroprotetora e cicatrizante gástrica mediada pelo favorecimento de fatores protetores da mucosa gástrica como as defesas antioxidantes, o muco e as PGs. Adicionalmente, sob condições hiperglicêmicas é possível que a modulação das defesas antioxidantes e o potencial anti-glicação da fração também colaborem para sua atividade cicatrizante gástrica e para o restabelecimento da função motora gástrica de ratas diabéticas. Ademais, além do restabelecimento da resposta contrátil, a restauração do relaxamento nitrérgico de tecidos gástricos e a preservação da síntese e/ou viabilidade do óxido nítrico também estão relacionados com a atividade procinética da fração em ratas diabéticas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para elucidar mais profundamente estes mecanismos e ainda outros envolvidos tanto na proteção gástrica promovida pela fração SE-AE em ratas normais e diabéticas, como no restabelecimento do esvaziamento gástrico sob condições hiperglicêmicas. Palavras-chave: Arctiumlappa L., gastroproteção, cicatrização gástrica, esvaziamento gástrico, diabetes.
Abstract: The therapeutic potential of the leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is still unexplored. Thus, this study investigated the therapeutic potencial of the leaves of this plant in prevention and healing of gastric ulcer under normal and altered glicemic condictions. In addition, the effects of burdock leaves on gastric motility of diabetic rats also were acessed. Oral (p.o) and intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of ethanol-soluble extract (SE ED50: 3.6 mg/kg) from leaves of burdock and its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (SE-AE, 0.15 mg/kg) protected the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced ulcers. However, prior administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o), to the depletion of endogenous prostaglandins, abolished the SE-AE gastroprotective activity. Moreover, the 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (57 ìg/kg), major compound found in SE-AE fraction, also promoted gastroprotection against ethanol. Furthermore, the fraction SE-AE (1.5 mg/kg, p.o) also protected the gastric mucosa exposed to indomethacin (80 mg/kg, po). Maintaining the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and mucus adhered content are involved in gastroprotection promoted by the fraction against ethanol or indomethacin. In the chronic ulcer induced by acetic acid model 80%, the fraction SE-AE (1 mg/kg, po) accelerated the healing of ulcer by increasing the content of gastric mucin, GSH and serum gastrin and reduction in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In diabetic rats, the fraction SE-AE (10 mg/kg, p.o) also accelerated the healing of chronic ulcers induced by acetic acid, by increasing mucin and GSH content, reduced MPO activity and content of ROS and the restoration of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutationaperoxidase (GPx), but not reduce hyperglycemia or glycated hemoglobin in these animals. Furthermore, the SE-AE fraction promoted scanvenger of radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and also inhibited in vitro protein glycation. Additionally, diabetic rats treated by six weeks with the SE-AE fraction (1 mg/kg, p.o) had levels of glycated hemoglobin reduced and gastric emptying normalized. Cholinergic contraction and the nitrergic relaxation of the gastric fundus and pylorus of diabetic female rats treated with SE-AE fraction also was preserved, as well as the expression of NOS enzyme -1 and the density of NADPH-diaphorase positive enteric neurons in the gastric body. Collectively, these results show that the fraction SE-AE from leaves of burdock has gastroprotective and gastric healing activity mediated by gastric mucosal protective factors such as antioxidant defenses, mucus and PGs. Additionally, under hyperglycemic conditions is possible that modulation of antioxidant and anti-glycation effect of the fraction also collaborate for gastric healing activity and the restoration of gastric motor function in diabetic rats. Moreover, besides the restoration of contractile response, restoring nitrergic relaxation of gastric tissues and the preservation of the synthesis and/or viability of nitric oxide are also related with prokinetic activity of SE-AE fraction in diabetic rats. However, further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms more deeply involved and still others both in gastric protection by fraction SE-AE in normal and diabetic rats, as in the restoration of gastric emptying under hyperglycemic conditions. Key-words:Arctiumlappa L., gastroprotection, gastrichealing, gastricemptying, diabetes.
Steed, Amber Christine. "Population Viability of Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/steed/SteedA1207.pdf.
Full textRicard, Vincent. "Aérosols dans l'Arctique européen : sources, transformations et propriétés optiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701298.
Full textJacquot, Mathilde. "L'action multidimensionnelle de l'Union Européenne en Arctique : une contribution à l'action extérieure de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0106.
Full textThe Arctic is one of the regions most affected by climate change. These impacts include socio-economic changes in addition to the obvious environmental changes. Because of these multifaceted changes, the Arctic has simultaneously become an area in need of protection and an area full of promise. These challenges and opportunities have attracted outside intervention and the European Union and its Member States are no exception.Driven by the desire to play a central role in the region, the European Union has undertaken the task of developing policy specifically tailored for the unique situation in Arctic.This policy must serve as a framework for any of the European Union’s actions that impact the region.This dissertation seeks to both determine the role of the Union in the Arctic and determine the benefits that that this role is likely to bring. To this end, this study explores the way in which the Union attempts to reconcile the various dimensions of its action in the Arctic and defines the legal means through which the Union can achieve this goal
Marelle, Louis. "Modélisation régionale des polluants à courte durée de vie (aérosols, ozone) en Arctique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066190/document.
Full textThe Arctic is increasingly open to human activity due to rapid warming, associated with decreased sea ice extent. This warming is due, in part, to the effect of short-lived atmospheric pollutants (aerosols, ozone). As a result, Arctic pollutant emissions should increase in the future, and their impacts might become significant compared to the now predominant source due to pollution transport from the mid-latitudes. In this thesis, regional simulations of the Arctic troposphere are performed with the WRF-Chem model, combined with new emission estimates for oil and gas extraction and shipping in the Arctic. The model is used to analyze two case studies from recent airborne measurement datasets: POLARCAT-France in 2008, ACCESS in 2012. First, I investigate an aerosol transport event from Europe to the Arctic in spring 2008, in order to improve our understanding of this major source of Arctic pollution. Second, I determine the air quality and radiative impacts of shipping emissions in Northern Norway in summer 2012, where most current Arctic shipping occurs. I use these results to validate modeled pollution, and to improve WRF-Chem for Arctic studies. The updated model is used to investigate the current (2012) and future (2050) impacts of Arctic shipping and Arctic gas flaring in terms of air quality and radiative effects. Results show that Arctic flaring emissions are and should remain a strong source of local black carbon aerosols, causing warming, and that Arctic shipping is already a strong source of aerosols and ozone during summer. In 2050, diversion shipping through the Arctic Ocean could become a major source of local surface aerosol and ozone pollution
Stanislawski, Slawomir S. "Fall and winter movements of Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus, Pallas, in the Little Smoky River, Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22676.pdf.
Full textMaccali, Jenny. "Propriétés géochimiques et isotopiqes des sédiments du détroit de Fram, Océan Arctique. Implications paléocéanographiques et paléoclimatiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0347/document.
Full textFreshwater exports (sea-ice and oceanic currents) from the Arctic Ocean to the nordic seas is a critical component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and hence of the climatic system. Factors controling those exports are still partially unknown. An indirect way of tracing the intensity and patterns of sea-ice circulation is to trace the origin of the sediments it carries and that settle along the main drift routes towards the North Atlantic. We hence document a direct sedimentary flux that is linked to the detrital particle matrices. Another flux, this one being indirect, comes from the dissolved elements that adsorb onto particles along continental margins where sedimentary fluxes are the highest. We have extracted the authigenic (dissolved) phase from the sediment in order document the evolution of water-masses in Fram Strait since the last glacial maximum. Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic data allowed us to identify two sedimentary sources from the late glacial to the onset of the younger Dryas : canadian and western russian margins, then covered by large ice sheets. After the Younger Dryas however, sedimentary supplies originate from several sources including Greeland, Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea margins. The authigenic phase displays a change from 19.8 to 16.4 ka likely linked to the early deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet. More recently, [Epsilon]Nd values reflect a more important contribution from the Pacific on water masses exiting through Fram Strait
Maccario, Lorrie. "L'écosystème neige, structure et fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du manteau neigeux en Arctique." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0021/document.
Full textThe Arctic seasonal snowpack can extend at times over a third of the Earth’s land surface. This chemically dynamic environment interacts with different environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, soil and meltwater, and thus, strongly influences the entire biosphere. During the last decades, snow has been recognized as a microbial reservoir. The ecology of snow microorganisms however remains poorly understood. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the snow as a functional ecosystem; i.e. a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non--‐living component of their environment and interacting as a system. In order to do so, microbial community taxonomic and functional composition of snow samples from two arctic snowpack models: seasonal snow from terrestrial fresh water snowpack (Ny--‐Alesund, Svalbard) and sea ice snow cover (Nuuk, Greenland) was analyzed using high throughput sequencing technologies. The first objective addressed microbial community heterogeneity in relation with fluctuating environmental conditions. Snow microbial community composition was highly variable during spring season and depth. The relationship between microbial functions and environmental conditions supports the hypothesis that the snow microbial community interacts with the abiotic variability characteristic of their habitat. The second objective addressed snow community specificity; if the snowpack is a functional ecosystem, then the microbial communities inhabiting it should have specific features related to their adaptation to the conditions of this environment, despite variability. The comparison of functional distribution between snow and both remote (polar and non polar) and closely interacting environments provided evidence of snowpack microbial community specificity. The third objective focused on environmental selection, given that the existence of a specific snow microbial community implies that one or more selective processes occur in the snowpack. Comparing the distribution of microbial community structure and function as related to the source of the microorganisms in a sea ice snow cover revealed that snow microbial communities were largely influenced by, yet differed from their seeding sources in response to specific environmental conditions. Mechanistic approaches with model microorganisms in snow microcosms were developed during this thesis and, based on preliminary results, will help to determine colonization processes within snowpack. Finally, preliminary results in the first section of Chapter 4 also showed that a high variability exists between the microorganisms present within the snowpack, and those that are active. Although technical and conceptual issues remain, RNA based high throughput sequencing was evaluated as an encouraging tool to evaluate short--‐term responses of microbial communities to environmental fluctuations. While numerous questions remain about microbial activity and complex community interactions, the results from this thesis support the hypothesis that snow is a functional ecosystem
Mariage, Vincent. "Développement et mise en oeuvre de LiDAR embarqués sur bouées dérivantes pour l'étude des propriétés des aérosols et des nuages en Arctique et des forçages radiatifs induits." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066580/document.
Full textTo improve our knowledge of the processes and interactions which occur in Arctic between atmosphere, sea ice and ocean, an EQUIPEX funding was granted to the IAOOS project. This improvement will be reached by deploying a network of multi-instrumented buoys. For the atmospheric analyses an innovative backscattering LiDAR meeting with constraints of the project and arctic environment has been developed. An analytical model of signal to noise ratio in clear sky led to the instrumental key parameters, and numerical simulations helped in improving the system performances. An evolutive prototype has been realized within the tight planning of this EQUIPEX. The first whole equiped buoy was deployed close to the north pole in April 2014 and worked until the beginning of December 2014. A second deployment of two buoys, including a polarized version, was then realized within the N-ICE campaign from January to June 2015. These first campaigns gave first statistics of aerosols and clouds distribution in the central arctic region with an autonomous LiDAR. First results show frequent aerosols layers in mid-troposphere during spring, as well as a high occurence of very low clouds. LiDAR measurements were also used to estimate downwelling longwave and shortwave at surface. Results obtained from these first deployments and comparisons with analysis and outputs from the WRF model show a first overview of what can be expected from this network of multi-instrumented buoys in the central arctic region
Symonides, Michał. "L'Arctique comme enjeu de coopération internationale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH023/document.
Full textThe interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a region so deeply exposed to fast changes. It is based on a unique structure emphasizing multi-level and multi-stakeholder actions, keeping a balance between hard and soft law. If the Arctic cooperation builds a real Arctic region with a growing importance in the international arena, the ties between the world and the region remains uncertain. The inclusion of extra-Arctic actors is necessary but it is facing resistance from a part of the Arctic actors. Arctic arises as a new object of international relations and may even become a new actor, but it must respond to the dangers that may exist for cooperation in this region, dangers that seem to come especially from exogenous causes. Therefore, Arctic cooperation requires a thorough analysis of the issues it is faced with as well as its contradictions and paradoxes. This thesis aims to study the Arctic cooperation highlighting its mechanisms and particularities as well as to analyze relationships that it can develop with extra-Arctic actors and how it incorporates into international relations
Barrere, Mathieu. "Evolution couplée de la neige, du pergélisol et de la végétation arctique et subarctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU008/document.
Full textPermafrost is a major component of the Earth climatic system. Global warming provokes the degradation of permafrost which favors biogeochemical activity in Arctic soils. The decomposition of organic matter increases and results in the release of high amounts of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere. By amplifying the greenhouse effect induced by human activities, this phenomenon may constitute one of the strongest positive feedbacks on global warming. Predicting these effects requires to study the evolution of the permafrost thermal regime and the factors governing it. The snowpack, because of its insulating effect, modulates the heat fluxes between permafrost and atmosphere most of the year. The snow insulating capacity depends on snow height and thermal conductivity. These two variables are highly dependent on climatic conditions and on the presence of vegetation. Here we monitor the snow and soil physical properties at a high Arctic site typical of herbaceous tundra (Bylot Island, 73°N), and at a low Arctic site situated at the limit between shrub and forest tundra (Umiujaq, 56°N). We use data from automatic measurement stations and manual measurements. A special attention is given to the snow thermal conductivity because very few data are available for Arctic regions. Results are interpreted in relation to vegetation type and atmospheric conditions. The numerical coupled model ISBA-Crocus is then used to simulate snow and soil properties at our sites. Results are compared to field data in order to evaluate the model capacity to accurately simulate the permafrost thermal regime.We managed to describe atmosphere-snow-vegetation interactions that shape the structure of Arctic snowpacks. Wind and the snow redistribution it induces are fundamental parameters governing snow height and thermal conductivity. A high vegetation cover (i.e. shrubs and forest) traps blowing snow and shields it from wind compaction. Vegetation growth thus favors the formation of an insulating snowpack which slows down or even prevents soil freezing. Furthermore, the shrubs woody structure supports the snow mass and prevents the resulting compaction of bottom snow layers. Thus sheltered, snow in shrubs develops a high insulating capacity which delays soil freezing. Continued atmospheric cooling increases the thermal gradient in the snow, maintaining large water vapor transfers from the soil and the snow basal layers to upper layers and atmosphere. The growth of depth hoar, enhanced by the large thermal gradient and the low snow density, results in the formation of highly insulating snow layers thus constituting a positive feedback loop between soil temperature and snow insulation. As long as the soil stays relatively warm, depth hoar growth persists. Finally, if warm spells occur in autumn, they can trigger the partial melting of the early snowpack which can cancel or temporarily reverse the insulating effect of snow-vegetation interactions. A frozen snow surface prevents snow drifting and its redistribution. The presence of highly conductive refrozen layers facilitates soil cooling and reduces the thermal gradient. An early snowpack affected by melting is thus less insulative which could hamper Arctic soil warming. Simulation results show that these different effects are not correctly represented in snow models. Errors in the estimated snow thermal conductivities are particularly problematic as they highly affect the simulation of soil freezing. Given the area of permafrost-affected regions, these errors on Arctic snow modelling could significantly impact climate simulations and the global warming projections
Quennehen, Boris. "Etude des aérosols transportés en Arctique à partir des mesures aéroportées (ATR-42) du LaMP durant le projet POLARCART." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22198/document.
Full textThe aims of this thesis were, in a first step, to build a climatology of pollution plumes transported from source continents to the Arctic as measured during the POLARCAT-France campaigns performed in spring and summer 2008, in the frame of the 4th International Polar Year. The climatology is including informations on aerosol particle physical, chemical and optical properties and is organized as a function of pollution plume origins (determined with the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART). In a second step, aerosol processes which influenced aerosol properties during transport to the Arctic were studied. During the summer campaign, the whole plumes encounter experienced wet scavenging processes on their pathway to Groenland. In spring, a plume was sampled during three consecutive days and thus, its ageing was characterised. Finally, two Asian plumes allowed us to highlight the external mixing between anthropogenic and biomass burning contributions transported to northern scandinavia
Le, Gouche Chloé. "Sédimentation de la matière organique dans les bassins profonds : cas du Bassin Arctique à l'Eocène." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S025/document.
Full textThe continental organic matter deposited in the deep basins is little described and represents a definite interest for the petroleum industry. Understanding the sedimentary processes that allow the deposit and preservation of this organic material of terrestrial origin in the deep basins is fundamental. During the Palaeogene, a period of glacial transition to icehouse, the Mackenzie Delta, located in the Arctic Basin, receives and maintains continental organic matter from the continent. What is the stratigraphic and climatic context that made possible the export of continental organic matter? Initially, the sedimentary study of the basin showed a mixed mixture dominated by the fluviatile process, with less influence of the process of storms and tides. This model of facies associated with the study of the logs of wells available in the zone made it possible to propose a model of electrical appliances of the wells of the basin and to characterize the sedimentary sequences of the delta to evolve over time and to demonstrate its migration to Beginning of the Paleogene in response to the establishment of the Brooks and Rocky Ranges. Despite the contradictory biostratigraphic constraints that had to be re-evaluated and poor quality seismic data and strongly impacted by the contemporary deformation of the Brooks chain, it is possible to propose a stratigraphic and sedimentological division along two land-sea transects. Paleogeographic series of the Mackenzie Delta. The sedimentary study of the basin showed the presence of influence of the tidal process in the internal zone of the Arctic Basin. The common presence of pollen from Avicenna and Nypa showed the existence of a mangrove well established in the Arctic domain during the Palaeogene with associated temperatures of at least 18-20 ° C. The deposits of organic matter are in the Almost all of continental origin of the Mackenzie Delta. This organic matter is of two types: (1) deposits of coal deposited during the period when the mangrove develops and (2) deposits formed by association of plant debris and amorphous organic matter and deposited under reducing conditions under the water interface -sediment. These deposits of organic matter are the most important at the end of the prograding sequences in the facies of the deltaic plain. A positive correlation was found between the increase in OCD and the increase in detrital inputs in the delta, as well as between deposits of coal and illite. On the other hand, no correlation between the second type (organic debris + MO amoprhe) of organic matter and the clayey cortege could not be demonstrated. From the comparison of organic matter deposits in the Mackenzie Delta and Lomonosov Ridge, the sedimentation rate and anteriority appear to be key parameters in sedimentation conditions and especially in the preservation of organic matter according to l Oxygenation of the medium. Moreover, Lomonosov's Ride presents itself as a guest in a home where it is permitted to remain in semi-emerged position during the Paleogene
Houmard, Claire. "Caractérisation chrono-culturelle et évolution du Paléoesquimau dans le Golfe de Foxe (Canada) : Étude typologique et technologique des industries en matières dures d’origine animale." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100074.
Full textThe studied ivory, bone and antler artifacts from the Canadian Arctic, only correspond to harpoon heads that served to build the Palaeo-Eskimo chronology (~ 4000-500 B.P.). To ascertain the chronological subdivision between the Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures a typological study associated with a technological approach was performed. Palaeo-Eskimo technological and economical practices have been derived from the study of six sites located around the Foxe Basin: Igloolik region (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen and Kaersut sites) and northern Nunavik (Tayara site). The assumption of a Pre-Dorset/Dorset continuum could be confirmed. The observed evolution of osseous industries during Palaeo-Eskimo period (and more precisely the Pre-Dorset/Dorset transition) has been interpreted in terms of socio-cultural changes. The observed technological changes (i.e. harpoon head hafting) could be associated with new patterns of raw material exploitation (diversification in the selection of materials and anatomical elements, as well as functional categories). They testify to the important socio-cultural changes (collective rather than individual hunting) already observed in the settlement patterns (aggregation of the humans in larger houses for longer time periods)
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Full textThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Jankowiak, Aleksy. "La détermination du statut juridique de l'océan Glacial arctique par le droit international public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0170.
Full textThe Arctic Ocean is facing environmental and territorial challenges. On one hand, the coastal states are claiming vast marine territories. On the other hand, the Arctic Ocean environment suffers from many damages. In particular, the region is affected by a lot of pollutants. Then, the region also bears the brunt of the harmful effects of climate change. This study aims to determinate the legal status of the Arctic Ocean through these different issues. More precisely, this study aims to identify, to analyse and to interpret the regional and international legal regimes which apply to the Arctic Ocean, and their legal issues, in order to consider the legal status of the Arctic Ocean as a whole and to determinate its capacity to deal with environmental and territorial challenges, and to progress in the context of an intergovernmental governance and cooperation in constant development
Kinda, Gnouregma Bazile. "Acoustic remote sensing of Arctic sea ice from long term soundscape measurements." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU032/document.
Full textThe Arctic sea ice melting, in the global warming context, has become a major scientific topic during the last 30 years. The Arctic Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global climate balance and requires a particular attention. The Arctic Regions are then monitored by satellite observations and in-situ measurements. The climatic impact of the total melting of the Arctic sea ice is not yet understood and researches are still needed for long term monitoring of Arctic Ocean, particularly the dynamics of the ice cover and its consequences on the ecosystems. Our work focused on the natural soundscapes of these Polar Regions prior to their possible industrialization. So, we first examined the impact of climate warming alone on polar soundscapes by studying the seasonal variability of ambient noise and its environmental drivers. We then developed an ambient noise estimation algorithm for automatic extraction of this noise component from long term measurements. In second, we examined the acoustic transients generated by the mechanical behavior of the ice cover at its maximum extent. This aims to better understanding of the physical processes involved in under-ice noise production and their potential use for sea ice monitoring
Chevallier, Matthieu. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1117/document.
Full textSea ice experiences some major changes in the early 21st century. The recent decline of the summer Arctic sea ice extent, reaching an all-time record low in September 2012, has woken renewed interest in this remote marine area. Sea ice seasonal forecasting is a challenge of operational oceanography that could benefit to several stakeholders : fishing, energy, research, tourism. Moreover, sea ice is a boundary condition of the atmosphere. As such, as tropical sea surface temperature, it may drive some atmosphere seasonal predictability. The goal of this PhD work was to set up a dedicated Arctic sea ice seasonal forecasting system, using CNRM-CM5.1 coupled climate model. We address the initialization strategy, the creation and the evaluation of the hindcasts (or re-forecasts). In contrast to sea ice concentration, very few thickness data are available over the whole Arctic ocean. In order to initialize sea ice and the ocean dynamically and thermodynamically, we used the ocean-sea ice component of CNRM-CM5.1, named NEMO-GELATO, in forced mode. The initialization run is a forced simulation driven by ERA-Interim forcing over the period 1990-2010. Corrections based on satellite data and in-situ measurements leads to skilful simulation of the ocean and sea ice mean state and interannual variability. Sea ice thickness seems overall underestimated, based on the most recent estimates. Some characteristics of sea ice inherent predictability are then addressed. A diagnostic potential predictability study allowed us to identify two regimes of predictability using sea ice volume and the ice thickness distribution. The first one is the 'persistence regime', for winter sea ice area. March sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 3 months in advance using simple persistence, and surface covered by thin ice to a lesser extent. The second one is the 'memory regime', for summer sea ice area. September sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 6 months in advance using volume and to a greater extent the area covered by relatively thick ice. These results suggest that a comprehensive winter volume and thickness initialization could improve the summer forecasts. Summer and winter seasonal hindcasts shows very encouraging skills, in terms of raw and detrended anomalies. These skills suggest a predicatibility from initial conditions besides predictability due to the trend. Summer forecasts analysis shows that the volume and the ice thickess distribution explains a high fraction of the variance of predicted sea ice extent, which confirms the existence of the 'memory regime'. Winter forecasts also suggest the 'persistence regime'. A regional investigation of the winter hindcast helps precising the role of the ocean in the forecasts, and shows to what extent our system predictions could be used operationally, especially in the Barents Sea
Vidal, Florian. "Les relations entre la Norvège et la Russie en Arctique : regard et analyse sur une dynamique régionale à l'ère de l'Anthropocène." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB082.
Full textThis dissertation aims to study and analyze key dynamics between Norway and Russia in the Arctic region. Under the Anthropocene paradigm, this research keeps an interdisciplinary approach. The Barents region is a relevant case regarding structural issues that our thermo-industrial civilization drove such as climate change, energy policy, militarization and resources depletion. Besides, it highlights increasing interests from world powers concerning the Polar region. In the first instance, China has established key partnerships in the region including Norway and Russia. Furthermore, this dissertation pays attention on core issues between these two countries such as fisheries, nuclear safety, relations over the Svalbard Archipelago or even the cross-border cooperation. It will introduce and discuss how both countries have managed their cooperation in a safety area far from global geopolitics dynamics. This bilateral dynamic started in 1993, after the Cold War, through the establishment of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC). This intergovernmental organization shaped the regional development in the Northern part of Europe. For 25 years, local stakeholders in the Barents region demonstrated their abilities to mitigate and maintain this original governance. Indeed, the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 and the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation opened up a major rift between the Western countries and Russia. In the light of this geopolitical shift, we discuss the resiliency of this bilateral relations as the international system gets volatile and disturbed. Finally, our purpose is to rise new methodical approach in International Relations as Earth System Dynamics (ESD) and Human System Dynamics (HSD) appear to be on a collision course through the XXIst century. In that respect, the relations between Norway and Russia, as energy powerhouses, hold a very specific position. On the one hand, both are a strong energy supplier to the rest of the European continent. On the other hand, as the international system is under an increasing pressure following the Earth System disruption, both countries are trying to set up a sustainable and relevant strategy from that context which may lastly affect their relations
Racine, Calypso. "Écologie des foraminifères benthiques en domaine arctique dans un contexte de changements climatiques : cas des mers de Chukchi, Barents et Baffin." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0008/document.
Full textBenthic foraminifera are widely used in oceanography as paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental bio-indicators due to their presence in all marine environments, their sensitivity to environmental changes and their great capacity to fossilize. However, the use of benthic foraminifera as paleoenvironmental proxies requires a good knowledge of the ecological conditions and the parameters controlling species distribution. Although knowledges about the ecology of benthic foraminifera are improving, they remain sporadic in Arctic area, a complex ecosystem characterized by multiple interactions between the atmosphere, the ocean and the cryosphere and particularly sensitive to change and vulnerable to global warming. Temperatures in the Arctic have risen twice as fast as the global average over the past decades, a phenomenon that has been dubbed the “polar amplification of global warming”. In this context, this thesis aims at better understanding the ecology of living benthic foraminifera in Arctic regions and at defining the importance of environmental controls on fauna such as water mass properties, primary productivity, organic matter flux as well as sea-ice dynamics. Living benthic foraminifera were identified in the first centimetres of 21 surface sediment cores collected in three Arctic areas during summer in 2014 and 2015: Baffin Bay and the Barents and Chukchi Seas. These three regions present specific characteristics in terms of sea-ice cover, water mass circulation or primary productivity. Our results suggest that these factors influence the distribution of benthic foraminifera. The flux of organic matter resulting from primary productivity intensified during spring and summer periods near hydrographic polar fronts, sea-ice edges (marginal ice zones) and in the north water polynya (Baffin Bay) increases the fauna’s densities and diversity and favours the development of specific species. Nonionellina labradorica in cold Arctic waters and Cassidulina neoteretis associated with Atlantic waters respond to fresh supply of organic matter while Melonis barleeanus is found in environment rich in degraded organic matter. In deeper oligotrophic environments, Oridorsalis tenerus is a ubiquitous species associated with Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on the west continental margin of Barents Sea and Ioanella tumidula in the deeper basin in the north of the Chukchi Sea. Physical and chemical water mass properties also affect the distribution of living benthic foraminifera. In the Baffin Bay and the continental shelf of the Chukchi Sea, corrosive waters lead to carbonate dissolution, favouring the dominance of agglutinated species. This thesis hence contributes to calibrate the benthic foraminifera to their environment and to improve their application as paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental proxies in the Arctic. Finally, a preliminary study about fossil benthic foraminifera in three cores of Barents Sea allowed to show variations of environmental conditions during the last two centuries
Nicolle, Marie. "Variabilités hydro-climatiques multi-décennales à pluri-séculaires en Arctique-subarctique depuis 2000 ans." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR129/document.
Full textThe temperature increase during the 1850-2012 period is not uniform globally and the Arctic is warming twice as much as the average. However, the short time coverage of instrumental data makes it difficult to distinguish natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. The study of climatic variability "free" of human influence requires the use of proxies data measured in continental and marine palaeoclimatic archives. In the Arctic-subarctic region, high resolution records have been centralized in the Arctic 2k PAGES database. The objectives of this work are to improve the characterization and interpretation of climatic variability over the last 2000 years, going beyond the millennial trend and the major climatic periods, but also by focusing on the role and spatial expression of the internal variability of the climate system. This thesis is based on the Arctic 2k PAGES database, which allows the study of temperature variations in the Arctic-subarctic region, as well as a new database to reconstruct hydroclimatic variations (precipitation and humidity) in the region and created during this study. The use of climate signal analysis methods on regional records calculated from these two databases has highlighted climate variability in the Arctic-subarctic region from the multi-decadal to millennial scales.In particular, multi-decadal variability is related to the internal variability of the climate system. The hydroclimatic and temperature variations expressed at multi-decadal scales in the region are characterized by frequencies specific to regional climate oscillations (North Atlantic oscillation and decadal Pacific oscillation), particularly over the last 200 years. The work done on the temperature database and the reflection on the creation and exploitation of the hydroclimatic database have also led to the definition of a working methodology with a palaeoclimatic database, from its construction to the definition of its limits, in particular in terms of the spatial representability of the series contained in the database and the assimilation of data with different seasonings
Dufour, Ambroise. "Transport de vapeur d’eau vers les hautes latitudes : mécanismes et variabilité d’après réanalyses et radiosondages." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU042/document.
Full textThe water vapour converging to the polar regions condenses into heat-trappingclouds and eventually precipitates, freshening the polar oceans and thickening the ice-sheets. Modulo circulation changes, the moisture transport is expected to increase in a warmer climate. While the extra precipitation could dampen the ice sheets’ contribution to sea level rise, the surplus of moisture could also feed back on the surface warming. However, the present variability of the polar moisture budgets must be known precisely before they can be projected with confidence into the future.This study examines the atmospheric water cycle of both the Arctic and the Antarctic in seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979-2013 period. The impacts of known model and assimilation flaws and of the various numerical approximations were evaluated and proven to be limited, at least for the moisture flux variable and the more recent reanalyses.In the Arctic, aside from a slight overestimation, the northward fluxes in reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosoundings in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. In all reanalyses, transient eddies provide the bulk of the mid-latitude moisture imports – 89-94% at 70◦ N. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. However fluxes do not scale with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlatedwith the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.The representations of the Antarctic atmospheric water cycle in reanalyses suffer from the scarcity of observations : the moisture convergence estimations vary from 117 to 156 mm per year. On the coast, the mean moisture flux results from the interplay between transient eddies and katabatic winds, which are particularly sensitive to the orography. The coastalradiosonde sites report significant increases of the southward moisture fluxes but otherwise there are practically no trends in reanalyses on a continental scale.Finally, the share of transient eddies in moisture advection is qualified using alternate methods. In particular, extratropical cyclones leave a characteristic imprint on the transport field, which can be detected and quantified
Guyot, Gwennolé. "Caractérisation des propriétés microphysiques des nuages et de l'interaction aérosol-nuage en Arctique à partir de mesures in-situ au sol pendant la campagne CLIMSLIP-NyA, Svalbard." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22699/document.
Full textThe arctic region is especially sensitive to climate change. At high latitudes, arctic clouds have an important effect on the surface radiative budget. The first part of this work consists in a ground based cloud instrumentation intercomparison in the PUY station in May 2013. The measurements showed a good correlation between the effective diameters and the droplet size distributions obtained by the instruments, but with a systematical bias on the concentrations. These biases have been relied to the assessment of the sampling volume and we thus proposed a methodology to standardize the data according to an ensemble of particles probe. Moreover, the FSSP and the FM have been the subject of experiments to assess the influence of the deflection angle according to exterior wind and the wind speed. The second part of this work is about the measurement campaign at the Mount-Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, from March to May 2012 in the frame of the CLIMSLIP project. A comparison has been performed between a « polluted » case, with air masses coming from East Asia and Europe, and a « clean » case, where the aerosol sources are predominantly local and do not exceed the northern Europe. The results showed that the polluted case possessed higher concentrations in BC, aerosols and drops, an accumulation mode more important, weaker droplet diameters and higher activation fraction. Finally, the first and second aerosol indirect effects have been quantified
Rojo, Maxence. "Impacts des événements météorologiques extrêmes et du changement climatique sur les régions arctiques et subarctiques : Perspectives croisées en climatologie et en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV075.
Full textThe perception of the climate is culturally and socially constructed. For this reason, we have studied some weather events integrating the cultural, political and historical contexts in which they occur.In a first part, we analyzed the impact of Polar Lows, intense mesocyclones that develop over ice-free Arctic seas during winter time, on coastal regions of Norway. The passage of PL can provoke dangerous sea conditions with strong waves, sudden snowfall and blizzard. This phenomenon may represent a risk to maritime and coastal activities in the region, particularly for shipping, fishing and oil and gas offshore platforms.In a second part we studied the impacts of climate change and severe weather events in the Republic of Tuva. Tuva is a very southern subarctic region. Its climate is extremely continental and precipitation tend to be low due to the low moisture content in the cold air. During the twentieth century, the region has experienced major socio-economic changes, sometimes brutal, including the transition from a communist and planned economy to a market economy in the early 1990. Despite these recent changes, pastoralists in western Tuva (horses, cows, yaks, sheep, camels) and reindeer herders in eastern Tuva, still live in close contact with the natural environment. Indigenous peoples of Tuva are facing global changes caused by certain contemporary regional and national policies, including the expansion of the mining industry and the development of mega projects. They offer different points of view, describing environmental changes and their impact on their daily activities
Santolaria, Otín María. "Le rôle de la couverture de neige de l'Arctique dans le cycle hydrologique de hautes latitudes révélé par les simulations des modèles climatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU027/document.
Full textSnow is a critical component of the Arctic climate system. Over Northern Eurasia and North America the duration of snow cover is 7 to 10 months per year and a maximum snow extension is over 40% of the Northern Hemisphere land each year. Snow affects a variety of high latitude climate processes and feedbacks. High reflectivity of snow and low thermal conductivity have a cooling effect and modulates the snow-albedo feedback. A contribution from terrestrial snow to the Earth’s radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere is close to that from the sea ice. Snow also prevents large energy losses from the underlying soil and notably the ice growth and the development of seasonal permafrost. Being a natural water storage, snow plays a critical role in high latitude hydrological cycle, including evaporation and run-off. Snow is also one of the most variable components of climate system. With the Arctic warming twice as fast as the globe, the present and future variability of snow characteristics are crucially important for better understanding of the processes and changes undergoing with climate. However, our capacity to observe the terrestrial Arctic is limited compared to the mid-latitudes and climate models play very important role in our ability to understand the snow-related processes especially in the context of a warming cryosphere. In this respect representation of snow-associated feedbacks in climate models, especially during the shoulder seasons (when Arctic snow cover exhibits the strongest variability) is of a special interest.The focus of this study is on the representation of the Arctic terrestrial snow in global circulation models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble during the melting (March-April) and the onset (October-November) season for the period from 1979 to 2005. Snow characteristics from the general circulation models have been validated against in situ snow measurements, different satellite-based products and reanalyses.We found that snow characteristics in models have stronger bias in spring than in autumn. The annual cycle of snow cover is well captured by models in comparison with observations, however, the annual cycles of snow water equivalent and snow depth are largely overestimated by models, especially in North America. There is better agreement between models and observations in the snow margin position in spring rather than in autumn. Magnitudes of interannual variability for all snow characteristics are significantly underestimated in most CMIP5 models compared to observations. For both seasons, trends of snow characteristics in models are primarily negative but weaker and less significant than those from observations. The patterns of snow cover trends are relatively well reproduced in models, however, the spatial distribution of trends for snow water equivalent and snow depth display strong regional heterogeneities.Finally, we have concluded CMIP5 general circulation models provides valuable information about the snow characteristics in the terrestrial Arctic, however, they have still limitations. There is a lack of agreement among the ensemble of models in the spatial distribution of snow compared to the observations and reanalysis. And these discrepancies are accentuated in regions where variability of snow is higher in areas with complex terrain such as Canada and Alaska and during the melting and the onset season. Our goal in this study was to identify where and when these models are or are not reproducing the real snow characteristics in the Arctic, thus we hope that our results should be considered when using these snow-related variables from CMIP5 historical output in future climate studies
Turkel, Joel A. (Joel Abram) 1969. "Arctic house." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70314.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 67-[69]).
Currently available housing in the Arctic is limited to solutions that have been adapted from designs for less severe climates. This thesis has developed a new manner of residential construction designed specifically for the Arctic climate and culture. The system invented ensures a variety of building options for traditional cultural requirements, while also improving on the level of amenity expected of contemporary dwellings. It has developed a sustainable and responsible building system that represents definite and quantifiable improvements through the use of appropriate technologies.
by Joel A. Turkel.
M.Arch.
Dupont, Florent. "Télédétection micro-onde de surfaces enneigées en milieu arctique : étude des processus de surface de la calotte glaciaire Barnes, Nunavut, Canada." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070037.
Full textEdel, Léo. "Vers une meilleure connaissance des précipitations en Arctique : utilisation de la télédétection spatiale micro-ondes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX108.
Full textBecause solid precipitation measurements at the surface are complex in Arctic, snowfall rates present significant differences between recent datasets. To further characterize arctic precipitation, microwave remote sensing is an appropriate tool. The radar observations onboard CloudSat provides rates of snowfall at the surface for a 4-years period. These retrievals are validated with in situ data, and compared to various datasets. Despite a good qualitative agreement, significant differences are observed, especially over Greenland. The regional reanalysis shows a better agreement with CloudSat retrievals than the global reanalysis, especially regarding the seasonnal distribution of snowfall rates. Then, CloudSat observations are used as a reference to evaluate the ability of passive microwave sounders to detect arctic snowfall for frequencies around 183 GHz. Detection is possible and relies mainly on brightness temperatures at 190 and 183 ± 3 GHz as well as the temperature near the surface and the integrated water vapor. A poor detection capability is observed in cold conditions and for light snowfall. Despite these limitations, the algorithm provides significant information for intense snowfalls, with good sampling due to its wide swath and long time series. Available for the last 20 years, passive microwave observations show a notable ability for a better characterization of arctic snowfall
Dwyer, William G. "The evolving Arctic: current state of U.S. Arctic policy." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37620.
Full textApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The Arctic environment is in a state of flux and the U.S. government must be prepared to handle the evolution and capitalize on the opportunities. Once barren and desolate, the Arctic is slowly coming to life with industry and commerce brought about by receding ice conditions. Along with that comes the need for a comprehensive and actionable Arctic policy. The other Arctic nations that ring the North Pole are quickly adapting to the shifting Arctic. Unlike the U.S., they have established Arctic policies, are implementing plans to operate in the region, and taking advantage of the opportunities that this new frontier has to offer. The U.S. framework is the National Strategy for the Arctic Region. The plan is short on detail and aspirational in nature. It lacks clear direction and authority. The U.S. has yet to commit to its role as an Arctic nation. The U.S. Arctic lacks infrastructure such as a deep-water port, a joint military base, and additional heavy icebreaker assets. Additionally, there is no lead agency that has authority and funding to carry out U.S. Arctic objectives. Under the current state of affairs, the U.S. is vulnerable to security, economic, and sovereignty issues in the Arctic.
Koenig, Zoé. "Atlantic Water properties and circulation north of Svalbard in a changing Arctic." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066306/document.
Full textThe Atlantic Water (AW) inflow is crucial for the heat and salt budget of the Arctic. This PhD thesis brings new insights to the inflow of AW in the area north of Svalbard. The IAOOS (Ice Atmosphere Ocean Observing System) platforms were deployed during the N-ICE2015 expedition which gathered the first winter hydrographic data in the area. They document shallow warm water over the Svalbard continental slope that melts sea ice with ice-ocean heat fluxes reaching up to 400W.m-2. Heat is brought from the AW layer up to the surface through near-inertial waves generated by winter storms, large barotropic tides over steep topography and/or geostrophic adjustments. Sea ice extent largely differs between winters 2015 and 2016. 1/12° operational model outputs from Mercator-Ocean suggest that convection-induced upward heat fluxes explain the differences. Model outputs are also used to examine the AW inflow pathways : besides the Svalbard Branch and the Yermak Branch, the model shows an AW winter pathway not much documented before : the Yermak Pass Branch across the Yermak Plateau. Finally, the model suggests an important mesoscale activity throughout the AW flow. The Yermak Pass Branch properties are examined using one-year (2007-2008) of moored ADCP data in the Yermak Pass. The flow is largely dominated by tides. In winter, baroclinic eddies of AW with a periodicity of 5 to 10 days and pulses of AW monthly/bimonthly are found, carrying AW eastward through the Pass. Model outputs suggest that the Yermak Pass Branch is a robust winter pattern over the last 10 years, carrying on average 31% of the volume transport of the West Spitsbergen Current
Montpetit, Benoît. "Analyse de la modélisation de l'émission multi-fréquences micro-onde des sols et de la neige, incluant les croutes de glace à l'aide du modèle Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6844.
Full textAbstract : Snow cover studies are essential to better understand climatic and hydrologic processes. With recent climate change observed in the northern hemisphere, more frequent rain-on-snow and meltrefreeze events have been reported, which affect the habits of the northern comunities and the survival of arctique wildlife. Passive microwave remote sensing has proven to be a great tool to characterize the state of snow cover. Nonetheless, proper modeling of the microwave signal is needed in order to understand how the parameters of the snowpack affect the measured signal. The main objective of this study is to analyze the soil, snow and ice radiative transfer in order to better characterize snow cover properties and develop an ice lens detection index with satellite passive microwave brightness temperatures. To do so, the passive microwave radiative transfer modeling of the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) was improved in order to minimize the errors on the brightness temperature simulations in the presence of ice lenses. The first improvement to passive microwave radiative transfer modeling of snow made was the snow grain size parameterization. Two new instruments, based on short wave infrared reflectance to measure the snow specific surface area (SSA) were developed. This parameter was shown to be a more accurate and objective to characterize snow grain size. The instruments showed an uncertainty of 10% to measure the SSA of snow. Also, the SSA of snow was calibrated for passive microwave modeling in order to reduce the errors on the simulated brightness temperatures. It was showed that a correction factor of φ = 1.3 needed to be applied to the grain size parameter of MEMLS, obtain through the SSA measurements, to minimize the simulation error. The second improvement to passive microwave radiative transfer modeling was the estimation of passive microwave soil emission. In-situ microwave measurements and physical temperature profiles of frozen organic arctic soils were acquired and characterized to improve the modeling of the soil emission. Effective permittivities at 10.7, 19 and 37 GHz and effective surface roughness were determined for this type of soil and the soil brightness temperature simulations were obtain with a minimal root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.65K. With the snow grain size and soil contributions to the emitted brightness temperature optimized, it was then possible to implement a passive microwave radiative transfer module of ice into MEMLS. With this module, it was possible to demonstrate that the improved Born approximation already implemented in MEMLS was equivalent to simulating a pure ice lens when the density of the layer was set to 917 kg m−3 and the grain size to 0 mm. This study also showed that by simulating ice lenses within the snow with there measured properties, the RMSE of the simulations (RMSE= 11.3 K) was similar to the RMSE for simulations of snowpacks where no ice lenses were measured (only snow, RMSE= 11.5 K). With the validated MEMLS model for snowpacks with ice lenses, an ice index was created. It is shown here that the polarization ratio (PR) was strongly affected by the presence of ice lenses within the snowpack. With simulations of the PR at 10.7, 19 and 37 GHz from measured snowpack properties in Chucrhill (Manitoba, Canada), thresholds between the measured PR and the mean winter PR were determined to detect the presence of ice within the snowpack. These thresholds were applied to a timeseries of nearly 34 years for a pixel in Nunavik (Quebec, Canada) where the soil surface is similar to that of the Churchill site. Many ice lenses are detected since 1995 with these thresholds and the same events as Roy (2014) were detected. With in-situ validation, it would be possible to confirm the precision of these thresholds but Roy (2014) showed that these events can not be explained by anything else than the presence of an ice layer within the snowpack. The same thresholds were applied to a pixel on Banks island (North-West Territories, Canada). The 2003 event that was reported by Grenfell et Putkonen (2008) was detected by the thresholds. Other events in the years 1990 and 2000’s were detected with these thresholds. These events all follow periods where the air temperature were warm and were followed by a quick drop in air temperature which could be used to validate the presence of ice layer within the snowpack. Nonetheless, without in-situ validation, these events can not be confirmed.
Dufour, Karolane. "Prédation intraguilde dans les communautés de copépodes arctiques et subarctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27369.
Full textRenard, Alexandre. "Identification des sources printanières de méthylmercure dans le manteau neigeux arctique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065074.
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