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Books on the topic 'Area constraint'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Barger, Raymond L. Automatic computation of wing-fuselage intersection lines and fillet inserts with fixed-area constraint. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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Barger, Raymond L. Automatic computation of wing-fuselage intersection lines and fillet inserts with fixed-area constraint. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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3

Saks, Raven E. Job creation and housing construction: Constraints on metropolitan area employment growth. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2005.

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4

Frenkel, Orit. Constraints and compromises: Trade policy in a democracy : the case of the U.S.-Israel Free Trade Area. New York: Garland, 1990.

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5

Nachatilo, S. A. Structural analysis of Archean rocks in the Negaunee area, Michigan: Constraints on Archean versus early Proterozoic deformation. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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6

Gordon, A. Another mealie in the bag: Opportunities and constraints facing the farm schools in a peri-urban area of South Africa. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1987.

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7

Weigel, Gerolf. The soils of the Maybar/Wello area: Their potential and constraints for agricultural development : a case study in the Ethiopian highlands. Berne, Switzerland: University of Berne, Institute of Geography, 1986.

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8

Weigel, Gerolf. The soils of the Maybar/Wello area: Their potential and constraints for agricultural development : a case study in the Ethiopian highlands. Berne, Switzerland: Geographica Bernensia ; Georgaphical Society of Berne, 1986.

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9

Bachou, Hanifa. Adolescent mothers and their children: A case of needs, resource availability, and constraints to care in a rural area of eastern Uganda. [Kampala]: Child Health and Development Centre, 1992.

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10

IABSE Symposium (2010 Venice, Italy). IABSE Symposium Venice 2010: Large structures and infrastructures for environmentally constrained and urbanised areas : report = rapport = Bericht. Zürich: IABSE, 2010.

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11

Hilber, Christian A. L. Owners of developed land versus owners of undeveloped land: Why land use is more constrained in the Bay Area than in Pittsburgh. London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2006.

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12

Papua New Guinea's Last Place: Experiences of Constraint in a Postcolonial Prison. Berghahn Books, 2003.

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13

Mann, Peter. Liouville’s Theorem & Classical Statistical Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0020.

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This chapter returns to the discussion of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics, now in the canonical setting, including topics such as regular Lagrangians, constraint surfaces, Hessian conditions and the constrained action principle. The standard approach to Hamiltonian mechanics is to treat all the variables as being independent; in the constrained case, a constraint function links the variables so they are no longer independent. In this chapter, the Dirac–Bergmann theory for singular Lagrangians is developed, using an action-based approach. The chapter then investigates consistency conditions and Dirac’s different types of constraints (i.e. first-class constraints, second-class constraints, primary constraints and secondary constraints) before deriving the Dirac bracket from simple arguments. The Jackiw–Fadeev constraint formulation is then discussed before the chapter closes with the Güler formulation for a constrained Hamilton–Jacobi theory.

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14

Potter, Christopher J. Structure of the Reelfoot-Rough Creek Rift System, Fluorspar Area Fault Complex and Hicks Dome, Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky; New constraint: S from Regional Seismic Reflection Data. United States Geological, 1996.

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15

Mann, Peter. Constrained Lagrangian Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0008.

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This chapter builds on the previous two chapters to tackle constrained systems, using Lagrangian mechanics and constrained variations. The first section deals with holonomic constraint equations using Lagrange multipliers; these can be used to reduce the number of coordinates until a linearly independent minimal set is obtained that describes a constraint surface within configuration space, so that Lagrange equations can be set up and solved. Motion is understood to be confined to a constraint submanifold. The variational formulation of non-holonomic constraints is then discussed to derive the vakonomic formulation. These erroneous equations are then compared to the central Lagrange equation, and the precise nature of the variations used in each formulation is investigated. The vakonomic equations are then presented in their Suslov form (Suslov–vakonomic form) in an attempt to reconcile the two approaches. In addition, the structure of biological membranes is framed as a constrained optimisation problem.

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16

W, Blank Paul, and Spier Fred 1952-, eds. Defining the Pacific: Opportunities and constraints. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2002.

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17

Stegenga, Jacob. Down with the Hierarchies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0005.

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An evidence hierarchy is a rank ordering of kinds of research methods according to the potential for those methods to suffer from systematic bias. Evidence hierarchies are widely used to assess evidence in systematic reviews of medical studies. Chapter 5 gives several arguments against the use of evidence hierarchies. The problems with evidence hierarchies are numerous, and include methodological shortcomings, philosophical problems, and formal constraints. Medical science should not employ evidence hierarchies, including even the latest and most sophisticated of such hierarchies. There is an advantage to evidence hierarchies, namely, their apparent rigidity, which could constrain researcher degree of freedom when performing a review of available evidence. But this constraint comes at the cost of an overly simple conception of evidence, and does not in fact constrain researcher degree of freedom in a substantive way.

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18

Uffmann, Christian. World Englishes and Phonological Theory. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.32.

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The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).

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19

Lange, Marc. Because Without Cause. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0002.

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This chapter investigates non-causal scientific explanations that work by describing how the explanandum involves stronger-than-physical necessity by virtue of certain facts (“constraints”) that possess some variety of necessity stronger than ordinary causal laws possess. In particular, the chapter offers an account of the order of explanatory priority in explanations by constraint. It examines several important examples of explanations by constraint, distinguishing their natural kinds. It gives an account of the sense in which constraints are modally stronger than ordinary causal laws and an account of why certain deductions of constraints exclusively from other constraints possess explanatory power whereas others lack explanatory power.

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20

Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. Constraint Management under a Market Constraint (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0006.

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Having a market constraint means that the system has excess capacity. For such cases, this chapter shows how the seven steps of the theory of constraints (TOC) can help in increasing demand for healthcare organizations’ services. The chapter adds two other important issues: peak management and the three strategic questions for constraint management. Peak management provides tools for managing systems that are characterized by peaks and dips in demand. The three strategic questions determine whether we should design the healthcare organization with excess capacity or with a bottleneck. In the latter case, the chapter analyzes where the constraint should be located in the long run.

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21

L, Shah S., and Indian Society of Agricultural Economics., eds. Agricultural development in hilly areas: Constraints and potential. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, 1996.

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22

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. Liquidity Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0005.

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The theory of intertemporal choice that we have developed so far assumes that there are no imperfections in the credit market. The ability to borrow and save as much as needed—imposing only the intertemporal budget constraint—allows the transfer of resources over time and thus maintenance of a stable consumption profile through the life cycle. The chapter studies how the consumer’s problem changes in the presence of credit market frictions. The latter may explain why consumption growth is sensitive to expected changes in income (excess sensitivity of consumption) and why it is greater than predicted by the certainty equivalence model (excess growth of consumption).

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23

Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. Constraint Management in a Bottleneck Environment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0005.

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This chapter introduces steps 4 through 7 of the theory of constraints—that, respectively, decide how to exploit and utilize the constraint, subordinate the system to the constraint, elevate and break the constraint, and do not let inertia become the system constraint. The chapter shows how to achieve more using the existing resources by focusing on the bottleneck. For example, reducing waste (“garbage time”) of the bottleneck can quite quickly increase the system’s throughput. The subordination of the rest of the system to the bottleneck is then discussed. For this purpose, the scheduling mechanism of drum–buffer–rope can be implemented in some areas of healthcare systems, like operating rooms, leading to increased throughput and reduction of waiting times as well as improved clinical quality.

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24

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Buffer Stock Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0007.

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We analyze models that combine precautionary saving and liquidity constraints to provide a unified, more realistic treatment of intertemporal decisions. We start off with a simple three-period model to illustrate how the expectation of future borrowing constraints can induce precautionary saving even in scenarios in which marginal utility is linear. A more general model that allows liquidity constraints and precautionary saving to interact fully is the buffer stock model, of which there are two versions. One, developed by Deaton (1991), emphasizes the possibility that a prudent and impatient consumer may face credit constraints. The other, by Carroll (1997), features the same type of consumer but allows for the possibility of income falling to zero and so generating a natural borrowing constraint.

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25

Variego, Jorge. Composing with Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190057237.001.0001.

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Designed for undergraduate and graduate music students, Composing with Constraints provides 100 self-contained exercises to help develop the craft of music composition through rigorous guidelines that help students develop their creativity. Structured in five chapters, the book offers an extended palette of compositional exercises in melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, and pre-compositional strategies. Exercises can be addressed in any order. With the help of the instructor, both graduate and undergraduate students can choose their own paths. An appendix includes a select list of possible solutions for the exercises and a suggested grading rubric is included for the instructor, based on consistent criteria that balance the strictness of the constraints with the incentive of the students’ imagination. All exercises embed simple orchestration problems and are illustrated with excerpts from the standard repertoire. Exercises that encourage the implementation of the computer as an aid to enhance the creative process are included.

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26

Mann, Peter. Virtual Work & d’Alembert’s Principle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses virtual work, returning to the Newtonian framework to derive the central Lagrange equation, using d’Alembert’s principle. It starts off with a discussion of generalised force, applied force and constraint force. Holonomic constraints and non-holonomic constraint equations are then investigated. The corresponding principles of Gauss (Gauss’s least constraint) and Jourdain are also documented and compared to d’Alembert’s approach before being generalised into the Mangeron–Deleanu principle. Kane’s equations are derived from Jourdain’s principle. The chapter closes with a detailed covering of the Gibbs–Appell equations as the most general equations in classical mechanics. Their reduction to Hamilton’s principle is examined and they are used to derive the Euler equations for rigid bodies. The chapter also discusses Hertz’s least curvature, the Gibbs function and Euler equations.

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27

Samek-Lodovici, Vieri. Constraint Conflict and Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.27.

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This article examines the insights brought about by a conflict-based approach to the study of information structure. It does so mainly, but not exclusively, through a chronological survey of particularly significant analyses that modelled the syntactic displacements induced by focalization as the effect of prosodic constraints governing the position of prosodic prominence. The historic and conceptual relations between these analyses are highlighted, together with the main theoretical issues they raise and address. While most analyses are based on optimality theory, the article does not assume any prior knowledge of this framework and is accessible to all scholars.

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28

Mann, Peter. Coordinates & Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0006.

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This short chapter introduces constraints, generalised coordinates and the various spaces of Lagrangian mechanics. Analytical mechanics concerns itself with scalar quantities of a dynamic system, namely the potential and kinetic energies of the particle; this approach is in opposition to Newton’s method of vectorial mechanics, which relies upon defining the position of the particle in three-dimensional space, and the forces acting upon it. The chapter serves as an informal, non-mathematical introduction to differential geometry concepts that describe the configuration space and velocity phase space as a manifold and a tangent, respectively. The distinction between holonomic and non-holonomic constraints is discussed, as are isoperimetric constraints, configuration manifolds, generalised velocity and tangent bundles. The chapter also introduces constraint submanifolds, in an intuitive, graphic format.

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29

Anders, Torsten. Compositions Created with Constraint Programming. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.5.

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This chapter surveys music constraint programming systems, and how composers have used them. The chapter motivates why and explains how users of such systems describe intended musical results with constraints. This approach to algorithmic composition is similar to the way declarative and modular compositional rules have successfully been used in music theory for centuries as a device to describe composition techniques. This systematic overview highlights the respective strengths of different approaches and systems from a composer’s point of view, complementing other more technical surveys of this field. This text describes the music constraint systems PMC, Score-PMC, PWMC (and its successor Cluster Engine), Strasheela, and Orchidée—most are libraries of the composition systems PWGL or OpenMusic. These systems are shown in action by discussions of the composition processes of specific works by Jacopo Baboni Schilingi, Magnus Lindberg, Örjan Sandred, Torsten Anders, Johannes Kretz, and Jonathan Harvey.

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30

J, McLaughlin Richard, Love Donald, and Environmental Laboratory (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station), eds. Legal and institutional constraints on aquaculture in dredged material containment areas. Vicksburg, MS: Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1993.

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31

J, McLaughlin Richard, Love Donald, and Environmental Laboratory (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station), eds. Legal and institutional constraints on aquaculture in dredged material containment areas. Vicksburg, MS: Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1993.

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32

Golan, Amos. Causal Inference via Constraint Satisfaction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0011.

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In this chapter I introduce a number of ideas connected to causal inference that are inherently connected to info-metrics. In the context of this chapter, causal inference means the causality inferred from the available information. I begin by introducing and examining nonmonotonic and default logics, which were developed to deal with extremely high conditional probabilities. Other facets of info-metrics and causal inference are then discussed. I also show the direct effect of the complete set of input information on the inferred solution. I conclude the chapter with a detailed Markov example providing a more traditional approach to causal inference, developed within the info-metrics framework. The example builds on the notion of exogeneity and demonstrates that the info-metrics framework provides a simple way of incorporating additional exogenous information, thereby opening the way for empirical testing of causal inference. A short summary of the notion of “pure” causality is also provided.

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33

Lindsay, Brandle, Taylor Dan, and Huxley College of the Environment., eds. Silver Creek project area development plan: An assessment of site constraints and development alternatives. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2003.

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34

Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. The Seven Focusing Steps of the Theory of Constraints (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0004.

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The theory of constraints has the potential to increase throughput significantly, using existing resources. It consists of seven focusing steps that, when applied, can create extra capacity in operating rooms, emergency departments, imaging services, labs, and so on. The seven steps are simple, intuitive, and easy to implement. This chapter discusses the first three steps of the theory of constraints: determining the system’s goal, establishing global performance measures, and identifying the system constraint. Tools are provided for identifying bottlenecks and determining measures of performance for the system. It also introduces the cost-utilization diagram that provides managers with a full-system view.

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35

Image, Isabella. Constraint (2): Thoughts and Passions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806646.003.0007.

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In common with others, Hilary sees passions or emotions as causing instability (mutabilitas), which prevents human action from being purely rational. In the Psalms commentaries (but not elsewhere) he suggests we cannot control our thoughts (cogitationes) which then might lead to destructive passions. This seems to be a translation of Origen’s (dia)logismoi, which in turn is related to a Stoic concept. The literature is assessed, concluding that the cogitationes should not be considered as Stoic pre-passions (propatheiai) but as impressions, an earlier step in the mental processes leading to action. Hilary is ambiguous on whether we are morally responsible for our thoughts, but certainly disagrees with the idea that a Christian should strive for apatheia or impassibility.

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36

Vail, Mark I. Degrees of Freedom and Constraint. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683986.003.0003.

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This chapter analyzes how the French tradition of statist liberalism has shaped policy outcomes in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial regulation since the early 1990s. After the demise of dirigisme, French authorities expanded the scope of market forces, privatizing and liberalizing the French political economy. They did so, however, in ways that rejected standard neoliberal prescriptions, using state power to foster economic growth and expanding social protection to support the turn to the market. At the same time, the policy and institutional limitations of the post-dirigiste era, coupled with constraints associated with the Maastricht Treaty and EMU, forced French authorities to seek new means to accomplish these traditional ends. In all three areas, policy outcomes reflected a macroeconomic policy orientation, the continued primacy of an interventionist state, and an emphasis on individual citizens as the principal components of the national economic community and constituents and beneficiaries of state action.

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37

Brennan, Samantha. The Structure of Thresholds for Options. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.003.0010.

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Most of us accept that, even if morality requires us to promote the good, we do not have to live up to its demands all the time. Sometimes we can favor our own interests, or provide special benefit to our friends and family. This paper assumes that these options can be overridden if we pass a certain threshold and asks if there is a common structure between these thresholds for options and the thresholds for rights. This moderate deontological account allows for aggregation in considering the total amount at stake, but also requires that the good be structured in a certain way. In the case of rights, there are two relevant structural constraints: an existential constraint (some individual must have as much at stake as the right bearer), and a universal constraint (everyone being considered must have some minimum amount at stake). Both of these constraints also apply to thresholds for options.

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38

Zimmermann, Eva. Morpheme contiguity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0005.

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One new constraint family argued for in this book are constraints ensuring a ‘morph-contiguous’ projection of prosodic nodes. It is argued that the phonological representation of a morpheme strives to be contiguous across different tiers, i.e. phonological elements affiliated with one morpheme avoid being dominated by a phonological element that is affiliated with another morpheme. It is shown how different patterns of phonologically predictable allomorphy involving MLM follow from such a preference. This constraint type also allows the solution of a general opacity problem that OT-accounts assuming floating prosodic nodes face. The relevant constraint demanding morph-contiguous mora licensing ensures that an epenthetic mora is inserted in contexts where a vowel would otherwise only be dominated by a mora with a different morphological affiliation. This constraint predicts an interesting typology of languages where all or only some vowels undergo morphological lengthening. As is shown with several examples, this typology is indeed borne out.

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39

Zelinsky, Edward A. Other Issues for the Future. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853952.003.0007.

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This chapter addresses another continuing controversy, the Internal Revenue Code’s restrictions on the political activity of churches. In this context also, there are contestable trade-offs among legitimate and competing values. Among the most important of these is minimizing church-state entanglement. To advance this value, this chapter proposes a statutory safe harbor protecting churches’ internal communications. While the first part of this chapter proposes to loosen an existing tax-related constraint on churches, the second part identifies an area where additional taxation of churches is sensible: Sales taxes should apply more broadly to churches’ purchases and sales since cash transactions carry less danger of church-state entanglement.

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40

Speyer, Augustin, and Helmut Weiß. The prefield after the Old High German period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0005.

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The filling of the prefield in Modern German is determined by information-structural constraints such as scene-setting, contrastiveness, and topichood. While OHG does not yet show competition between these constraints, competition arises from MHG onward. This has to do with the generalization of the V2 constraint (i.e. the one-constituent property of the prefield) for declarative clauses, in which context the information-structural constraints are loosened. The syntactic change whose result eventually was the loss of multiple XP fronting comprised a change of the feature endowment of C because the fronting of expletive thô (roughly in the OHG of the ninth century) led to the reanalysis of XP fronting as a semantically vacuous movement whose only function is to check the EPP feature of C. Data from doubly filled prefields in ENHG and post-initial connectives indicate that an articulated split CP-structure, as proposed within the cartographic approach, is also at play in German.

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41

Kagan, Jerome. Five Constraints on Predicting Behavior. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036528.001.0001.

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Scientists were unable to study the relation of brain to mind until the invention of technologies that measured the brain activity accompanying psychological processes. Yet even with these new tools, conclusions are tentative or simply wrong. This book describes five conditions that place serious constraints on the ability to predict mental or behavioral outcomes based on brain data: the setting in which evidence is gathered, the expectations of the subject, the source of the evidence that supports the conclusion, the absence of studies that examine patterns of causes with patterns of measures, and the habit of borrowing terms from psychology. The book describes the importance of context, and how the experimental setting—including the room, the procedure, and the species, age, and sex of both subject and examiner—can influence the conclusions. It explains how subject expectations affect all brain measures; considers why brain and psychological data often yield different conclusions; argues for relations between patterns of causes and outcomes rather than correlating single variables; and criticizes the borrowing of psychological terms to describe brain evidence. Brain sites cannot be in a state of “fear.” A deeper understanding of the brain's contributions to behavior, the book argues, requires investigators to acknowledge these five constraints in the design or interpretation of an experiment.

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42

Maslen, Cei. Pragmatic Explanations of the Proportionality Constraint on Causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the case for a proportionality constraint on causation. A range of examples seem to show that we prefer causes to be proportional to their effects. To use Yablo and Williamson’s example, when investigating causes of an injury we tend to judge ‘being hit by a red bus’ to be too specific, ‘being hit’ to be too general, and ‘being hit by a bus’ to be about right. In this chapter, some pragmatic explanations of this preference are presented and compared to each other. It is then argued that a version of a contrastivist approach to causation gives the best explanation. Some consequences for mental causation and causal claims at different levels are also discussed.

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43

Back, Kerry E. Dynamic Securities Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0008.

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The dynamic model with time‐additive utility is defined. The intertemporal budget constraint is explained. SDF processes are defined in terms of a martingale property. There is a strictly positive SDF process if and only if there are no arbitrage opportunities. Dynamic complete markets are explained. The difference between the price of an asset and its value calculated from an SDF process is called a bubble. There is no bubble if a transversality condition is satisfied. Some constraints on trading strategies are needed to rule out Ponzi schemes. SDF processes are derived for nominal asset prices and for asset prices denominated in a foreign currency.

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44

Constraints and Compromises : Trade Policy in a Democracy: The Case of the U. S. -Israel Free Trade Area. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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45

Basuki, Nurcahyo I. Post-early Cretaceous MVT zinc-lead mineralisation, Bongara area, northern Peru: Fluid characteristics and constraints on deposition mechanisms. 2006.

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46

Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Soft constraints: exponential random graph models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0004.

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Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) provide conceptually elegant recipes for generating soft-constrained random graphs. This chapter begins by explaining the theory and describing how to properly specify an ERGM, including demonstrating Lagrange’s method to derive the values of the model parameters that correspond to the desired constraints. Three ERGMs, all with constraints depending linearly on the adjacency matrix, are solved exactly: the targeted total number of links, targeted individual node degrees and targeted number of two-way links in a directed graph. However, when the controlled features become more complicated, ERGMs have a tendency to produce graphs in extreme phases (very dense or very sparse). The two-star model and the Strauss model are worked through in detail using advanced techniques from statistical mechanics in order to analyze the phase transitions. The chapter closes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of ERGMs as null models.

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47

Mercati, Flavio. York’s Solution to the Initial-Value Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0008.

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In this chapter I briefly review York’s method (or the conformal method) for solving the initial value problem of (GR). This method, developed initially by Lichnerowicz and then generalized by Choquet-Bruhat and York, allows to find solutions of the constraints of (GR) (in particular the Hamiltonian, or refoliation constraint) by scanning the conformal equivalence class of spatial metrics for a solution of the Hamiltonian constraint, exploiting the fact that, in a particular foliation (CMC), the transverse nature of the momentum field is preserved under conformal transformations. This method allows to transform the initial value problem into an elliptic problem for the solution for which good existence and uniqueness theorems are available. Moreover this method allows to identify the reduced phase space of (GR) with the cotangent bundle to conformal superspace (the space of conformal 3-geometries), when the CMC foliation is valid. SD essentially amounts to taking this phase space as fundamental and renouncing the spacetime description when the CMC foliation is not available.

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Richemond-Barak, Daphné. Underground Warfare in Urban Areas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457242.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the application of the law of armed conflict to “urban” tunnels, that is, tunnels dug near, by, or against civilians. It examines the legal ramifications of urban tunnels for anti-tunnel operations and the protection of civilians in war. It suggests some answers, with a view to reconciling the rule of law with operational constraints. It also analyzes the status of civilians who help dig tunnels or find themselves inside a tunnel at the time of a strike. Finally, it considers the situation in which preexisting underground civilian infrastructure, such as subways or sewage systems, are used to launch attacks or carry out other types of hostile activity.

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Ellis, Elizabeth. Democracy as Constraint and Possibility for Environmental Action. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.12.

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This chapter argues that attention to environmental action forces us to revise conventional democratic theory. Democratic theory depends upon suppositions exploded by environmental issues: on a discrete identifiable citizenry making decisions for itself, for example, or on the revisability of policy decisions. Democracy constrains environmental action while environmental challenges constrain democracy. The answer, however, is not less democracy, as there is no alternative to democracy if we seek justice in a plural world. Simple democratic assumptions are the best candidates for general adjudication of differences. Rather than turn away from democratic theory, we must return to its majoritarian essence. Thus the chapter sketches a democratic approach that enables rather than constrains environmental possibilities by refocusing democratic theory on protecting majority interests and reframing environmental issues in terms of protecting majority interest in sustainability from minority interests in extraction.

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Back, Kerry E. Heterogeneous Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0021.

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There is a representative investor in a complete single‐period market if all investors have log utility or if all investors have CARA utility, even if investors have different beliefs. This extends to dynamic markets for log utility but not for CARA utility. With CARA and other LRT utility, the concept of a representative investor can be extended to include a random discounting factor that is either a supermartingale or a submartingale. If there are short sales constraints, then assets may be overpriced relative to average beliefs, because pessimistic investors are constrained from trading on their beliefs. The overpricing is an increasing function of the dispersion of beliefs. In a dynamic market with short sales constraints, prices can exceed even the values of optimistic investors (a speculative bubble).

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