Relevant bibliographies by topics / Area intended to business

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Area intended to business'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Sham, Rohana, Norhayati Omar, and Dia Widyawati Amat. "Women and Crime in Central Business District Area." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 3, no. 9 (January 5, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i9.74.

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Crime in the central business district has gain momentum over several years. With the increasing of a non index crime in Malaysia, it has also indirectly increase the chances of becoming a crime victim among women. Thus, this study intended to examine the exact crime incident area in the city centre that will affect the working women who depend on stage bus to commute. Result shows that most crime occur while walking and waiting at the bus stop. A high level of unsafe were spotted, when they rated a higher dissatisfaction against attributes like comfortable, security and information of the bus.Keywords: Woman travellers; Crime area ;Central Business District; Level of safety ,eISSN 2398-4295 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Fadillah, Rahmat. "ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS IN LAW ACTIONOLOGY." Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/mu.v11i1.2040.

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Islamic business is currently starting to explore various types of businesses and entering the farthest geographical area. In Islamic business, we guarantee the quality, and quantity of goods, as well as the services offered or those that are intended to be used, for the sake of creating a common hope that is a good pleasure. Not a little in the Islamic business there is no pleasure. One of the causes of the loss of pleasure is due to the lack of attainment of ethics in the Islamic business itself. Sometimes one of the parties implementing the Islamic business transaction does not understand correctly, or cannot present good ethics in conducting Islamic business. This paper is a form of analysis that explains what forms of ethics in legal axiology are used in Islamic Business. Because ethics is a very important thing.
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Arslan, Halil. "Extensible messaging and presence protocol’s adaptation to business applications." Global Journal of Computer Sciences: Theory and Research 6, no. 1 (November 20, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v6i1.1210.

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Communication protocols are used for data communication between different parties in computer networks. Research on improvement and generalization of the usage areas of these protocols keeps going. One of these protocols, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), draws the attention with the advantages of providing an open communication infrastructure for real-time transmission and usage of XML format along with packet definition, which is also available in other protocols. In this study, a new model was developed making the use of XMPP advantages. The developed model can interoperate with the software using other protocols and is intended for efficient, location-independent communication of people and business applications with each other. To verify the constructed model, a new enterprise application including an instant messaging service was developed that is able to interoperate with business applications. A new area was added to the usage areas of XMPP that contributes to the generalization of the protocol.Keywords: XMPP, business application, instant messaging, presence management
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Arslan, Hasan, Sinan Tuncel, and Osman Gun. "Extensible messaging and presence protocol’s adaptation to business applications." Global Journal of Computer Sciences: Theory and Research 6, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v6i1.1338.

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Communication protocols are used for data communication between different parties in computer networks. Research on improvement and generalization of the usage areas of these protocols keeps going. One of these protocols, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), draws the attention with the advantages of providing an open communication infrastructure for real-time transmission and usage of XML format along with packet definition, which is also available in other protocols. In this study, a new model was developed making the use of XMPP advantages. The developed model can interoperate with the software using other protocols and is intended for efficient, location-independent communication of people and business applications with each other. To verify the constructed model, a new enterprise application including an instant messaging service was developed that is able to interoperate with business applications. A new area was added to the usage areas of XMPP that contributes to the generalization of the protocol.Keywords: XMPP, business application, instant messaging, presence management
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Zulpahmi, Zulpahmi, Sumardi Sumardi, and Edi Setiawan. "Pembekalan Bisnis Digital bagi Angkatan Muda Muhammadiyah Kabupaten Bogor." SYUKUR (Jurnal Inovasi Sosial dan Pengabdian Masyarakat) 1, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/syukur_vol1/is1pp90-97.

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Building a business through the Internet or so-called digital business is one way to expand the market reach of business people. Through online marketing, product information can reach consumers far away from domicile, without having to go directly to the area to promote the product. Thus, the opportunity for Muhammadiyah citizens in establishing and managing an online business is huge. In order to be able to establish and manage an online business properly and properly, adequate knowledge and skills are required. Thus, it is necessary to have a briefing in building a digital business for the youth Muhammadiyah Youth Bogor Regency. This program is intended to improve the ability to develop online business.
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Pathmananathan, P. Ravindran, and Khairi Aseh. "Identifying Predictors of Perceived Claims of Insurance Fraudulance." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 6 (June 27, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.96.10343.

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Insurance fraud affects nearly every industry in the world, costing companies and others that pay insurance premiums billions of dollars per year. Insurance fraud can be found in almost any area of business where liability insurance is carried and intended to protect consumers; illegal activity can be detected in almost any field of business where liability insurance is carried and intended to protect consumers. The aim of this study is to study the predictor/s of anti-insurance fraud among non-insurer companies in Vietnam. This study was conducted using a questionnaire that was completed by 51employees who are currently working in the 11 non-life insurance company in Vietnam. It can be concluded that there exists a significant relationship between all the three independent variables which are namely claim procedure as well as business operation management and the dependent variable which is anti fraud procedure.
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Trifonov, Ivan V. "Project risk management in the field of venture business." Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Management, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46486/0234-4505-2020-9-139-155.

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Relevance. Project activity in the field of venture business is directly related to the uncertainty and risks that arise both at the planning stage and during the implementation of the project. In the field of venture business, the risk management process is very relevant, since the venture industry is directly related to high-risk investments. Today, project management in the field of venture business is relevant for both small businesses and large companies. Today, there is a well-developed practice of small businesses entering into alliances with large companies to achieve economies of scale, and large businesses, in turn, are restructuring to apply all the effects of small business. Thus, a synergistic effect is achieved from the activities of small and medium-sized businesses with large businesses. The objectives of the research are to improve the risk management mechanisms of projects in the field of venture business, which are aimed at improving the efficiency of enterprises and developing measures to minimize the effect of the onset of risk events. When conducting research in this area, methods of comparative analysis, expert assessments, scenario analysis, and risk-based approach are used. The scientific novelty consists in the development of theoretical foundations and methodological approaches to risk management of projects in the field of venture business. Results. The methods of managing venture projects are analyzed. Practical tools for risk management in a project for developing a car sharing network are presented. The results of the study can be used in projects of an innovative nature, which have a high degree of uncertainty. Conclusion. The article is intended for specialists in the field of project management, teachers and postgraduates of universities, entrepreneurs and managers of enterprises. It will allow you to get acquainted with the features of risk management of projects in the field of venture business.
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Mukhtar, Saparuddin, Mohammad Rizan, Resti Annisa, Rifelly Dewi Astuti, and Basri Bado. "Reformulation of Business Strategy PT XYZ." Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB) 6, no. 2 (October 13, 2018): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpeb.006.2.4.

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Currently, PT. XYZ requires the restructuring of its business strategy to restore and restore PT XYZ 's finances as well as to build a viable and profitable housing. In the reformulation of the business strategy of PT XYZ, the researcher will use SWOT analysis as the basis of the analysis, and Grand Strategy matrix to analyze company position in the industry. The results indicate that the position of PT XYZ is in the quadrant 1 is Strength—Opportunity which means the position of a perfect company strategy and competes vigorously. The alternative strategy formed refers to the related Diversification strategy and Horizontal Integration, the suggested strategy is (1) to build a Highland geopark tourism park; (2) redeveloping the extreme sports arena; (3) establish cooperative relationships with government or private companies concerned; (4) to provide land or field intended for residents of housing around PT XYZ area, also a form of CSR; (5) evaluate and improve HR performance by conducting performance appraisal through key performance indicator and balanced scorecard.
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KISELEVA, Tat'yana Yu, and Lola D. SANGINOVA. "The model of State financial aid to business during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia: A framework, tools, and practices." Financial Analytics: Science and Experience 14, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fa.14.2.124.

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Subject. The article discusses the financial aid the State provides to business during the COVID-19 crisis. Objectives. We analyze the financial aid the State provides to the Russian businesses as a single model, considering the national specifics. Methods. The study involves methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, generalization, etc. The study is based on factual and official data for H1 2020. Results. There is a national model of the financial aid the State provides to businesses in Russia, which is intended to temporarily provide businesses with funds in force majeure and ensure their uninterrupted operation, protect small and medium-sized business and market competition. We analyze key tools of the State support and substantiate our suggestions how it should be maintained for certain types and areas of business in the post-crisis period. Conclusions and Relevance. The current situation with COVID-19 made the State organize business support, provide businesses with financial resources on certain terms or use business protection tools.
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Salim, M. Noor. "Factors Affecting a Business Strategy and its Impact on Construction Services in a Special Area of Jakarta: Balanced Scorecard and Malcolm Baldrige Approach." Business Management and Strategy 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v9i1.13251.

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Research in the field of strategic management is intended to test and analyze the influence of the external and internal environment of the organization on the performance of construction service companies through the business strategy of construction service companies. This research uses balanced scorecard and Malcolm Baldrige integration approach. Innovation on performance merging as measured by Balanced Scorecard and Malcolm Baldrige performance. Variable research includes external environment variables, internal environment, business strategy and performance of construction company services. The method of analysis is done by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model. The external environment influences the performance of construction services through business strategy, it shows that the dynamic influence of the external environment explores the macro strength and competition analysis it is necessary to apply the right strategy through business quality and partnership strategy then the performance of construction services will be increasing. Internal environment affects the performance of construction services through business strategy, it shows that the dynamic influence of the internal environment through the culture, structure and sources of the organization it is necessary for the implementation of appropriate strategies through business quality and partnership strategy so that the performance of construction services will getting up.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Tuscher, Martin. "Zhodnocení ceny stavebního objektu při jeho rekonstrukci na nebytové prostory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232894.

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The thesis deals with valuation of real property before and after change the purpose of use. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the theoretical inputs are defined areas related to real estate assessment. Cases study is dealt in the practical part. Case study is focused on real estate assessment and deals with determination of the impact on price of real property when will be changed the purpose of use. Also construction works related with change the purpose of use from residential unit to area intended to business. Construction works were calculated by budgeting programme. In the end is analysed price of real property before the purpose of use and after the purpose of use and evaluation of this price.
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Spittal, Ryan. "The Impact of Geographic Expansion on Intended Identity of an Organization." NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/hsbe_etd/106.

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As organizations grow and expand past their operational headquarters, individual branches may reflect a different identity than that of the headquarters. The question then is, "Is senior management able to transcend geographical boundaries and communicate the identity that has shaped their strategy for the organization?" The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of geographical expansion on the reflected perceptions of internal stakeholders related to the organization's intended identity as defined by senior management. Through this study, four themes emerged from the data. The themes included a reliance on reputation, a sense of belonging, peer influence, and communication congruence. Based on this data, the study provides a marketing of identity process to assist organizations in communicating their identity throughout the organization and across geographic locations.
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Moore, Jan R. (Jan Roxy). "Determination of the Relationship Between Ethical Positions and Intended Behavior Among Managers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279005/.

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Bygdeman, Caroline. "Development and production of a film intended for education and PR in the area of Reactor Technology products." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-106988.

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Avdelningen för reaktorteknologi på Alfa Laval har identifierat svårigheter vid förmedlingen av kunskap till potentiella kunder. Examensarbetet innefattar utveckling och produktion av en film avsedd för utbildning och marknadsföring av Alfa Lavals flödesreaktorer, ART® Plate Reactors, för att förbättra Alfa Lavals sätt att förmedla kunskap till och fånga intresse hos potentiella kunder på mässor. Målet med examensarbetet är att filmen ska användas på kemiteknikmässor där reaktorerna ställs ut, och syftet med arbetet var att med mässbesökarnas förkunskaper som bas utveckla en film som väcker intresse och samtidigt fungerar som ett lärandemedel. Genom intervjuer har information om hur mässor går till, önskemål om filmens utformning, samt bedömning av besökarnas förkunskaper samlats in. Dessa intervjuer, samt litteraturstudier inom området för kemiska reaktorer och lärande med animation och kommunikation på mässor har legat till grund för arbetet med framtagandet av filmen. En storyboard utvecklades, och lade grunden för produktionen av filmen som gjordes i samarbete med filmbyrån Upper/First i Malmö. Produkten av examensarbetet, filmen, finns att se på http://youtu.be/PyoX3mVXuYc. Nyckelord: Storyboard, Multimodalt lärande, Kontinuerliga flödesreaktorer, Reaktorteknologi, ART® Plate Reactors
The Reactor Technology department at Alfa Laval has identified a difficulty in the mediating of knowledge to potential customers. The Master Thesis consists of the development and production of a film intended for education and marketing of the flow reactors at Alfa Laval, the ART® Plate Reactors, in order to improve Alfa Lavals way of mediate knowledge to potential customers and to catch their interest. The purpose of the Master Thesis was to show the film at chemical engineering fairs where the reactors are exhibited, and the aim of the work was to develop a film which catches interest and serves as a learning tool with the visitors’ prior knowledge as the basis. Information about what happens at fairs, requests for the presentation of technical content in the film and the assessment of the visitors’ prior knowledge was collected through interviews. These interviews, together with literature studies in the field of chemical reactors, learning with animations and communications at fairs formed the basis for the development of the film. A storyboard was developed, and was formed as the basis for the production of the film which was developed together with the film bureau Upper/First in Malmö, Sweden. The product of the Master Thesis, the film, can be found at http://youtu.be/PyoX3mVXuYc. Keywords: Storyboard, Multimodal learning, Continuous flow reactors, Reactor Technology, ART® Plate Reactors
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Dietrich, Katrina. "How to implant an intended Destination Image into the tourists mind : The case of Östersund, Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13147.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain the way destination marketing works and whatneeds to be done to implant a destination image into the tourists mind. The marketingclaims that the occurrence of recognition and recall makes an image become activelyrecognized in the mind of customers. To visualize this case, the Swedish city Östersund, isexamined to show how the responsible tourist information office succeeded with theimplementation of their image into the tourists mind. To clarify this, a comparison is madefrom questionnaires hold in the summer and winter 2010 as well as an qualitative interviewwith the managing director of the tourist office in Östersund Camilla Olsson.
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Hedin, Stenmark Olof. "Strategy Mapping : The Intended Effects of an Investment in Information Systems - A Case Study on Alpha AB." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15193.

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Problem Deciding where to spend the information system investment budget with respect to strategic priorities is important for companies, but it is far from every company that does it. There is no consesus in the literature on how information system investment decisions should be assessed. This case study is conducted on Alpha AB. The company consists of several departments that each require different kind of information to support, improve and facilitate their area of operation. They are in the process of deciding where to spend their investment budgets. Purpose The Purpose of this thesis is to identify the processes that will be improved by a new information system and display how it affects the overall goal of Alpha AB, using the strategy map and the balanced scorecard. This will enable decision makers to make better decisions regarding information system investments. Theoretical Framework In order to fulfill the purpose have a review of how information systems improve companies been done, furthermore have investment issues been discussed. In order to display the effects of the intended investment will the strategy map be used, the balanced scorecard will be introduced for performance measurement. Empirical Findings The empirical findings are collected from four high level employees at Alpha AB. Through unstructured and semi-structured interviews have information about the company, its goals, customers, the internal processes and their hopes for the new information system been collected. Analysis The empirical findings have been compiled on the strategy map with the intension to show the causal relationship that the intended investment will have on the company. In order to quantify the targets on which the investment is supposed to cause its effects, have the empirical findings also been compiled on to a balanced scorecard Conclusion The strategy map and the balanced scorecard display the intended effects that the investment causes. The decision makers at Alpha AB can with a holistic view follow the causal relationship from the expectations of the investment and see  which of them will be a priority to invest in.
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Joice, Joice. "Public Transport in JABODETABEK Area." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4569.

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Martin, Ethan A. "Will Attending a Career and Employability Readiness Program Impact High School Graduates’ Intended Citizenship Behaviors?" Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1457601688.

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Ejenstam, Jesper. "The lime industry, a potential business area for Kanthal." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122379.

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The subject of this M.Sc. thesis is to find out whether the lime industry is a possible business area for Kanthal AB. The lime industry is one of the biggest chemical industries in the world and it is very energy demanding. In the process of making quicklime, calcium oxide, a lot of energy is needed as the dissociation of limestone, which consists mainly of calcium carbonate, takes place in the temperature span between 900°C and 1300°C. The total production of quicklime was in 2009 about 280 million tonnes, and the selling price was about $100 per ton. Today, all limekilns are driven by fossil fuels, i.e. oil, coal and gas. The increasing demand on lowering the emissions of carbon dioxide strongly affects the industry, as it is responsible for about 2 % of the total emissions of carbon dioxide. The industry itself claims that the emissions may only be reduced about 10 %, although at very high costs. Kanthal AB produces electric heating solutions that may be suitable for lime production. However, the lime industry is conservative and the use of electricity for lime production is not economically feasible today. Most of the electricity comes from coal power plants and therefore the use of electricity would not be more environmentally friendly in most countries. New limekilns, which are more environmentally friendly, are on the way. These kilns do not necessarily have to use fossil fuels, provides a purer end product and the emission of carbon dioxide is minimized. The size of the production is also much lower, but the end products might be used in more demanding areas, e.g. the pharmaceutical industry, and be sold at a higher price. It is this area Kanthal has to focus on if going to enter the lime industry at this point.

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Chen, Xiaoshan. "Business and growth cycle analysis for the Euro area." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35617.

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This thesis revisits the issue of business cycle synchronisation in the Euro area by utilising time-series models that may overcome some of the drawbacks in the existing literature. Two major contributions are made to the existing literature of evaluating cycle synchronisation. First, instead of identifying turning points from individual macroeconomic timeseries, as carried out in most studies, this thesis obtains turning points from multivariate information. It is hoped that including more variables containing business cycle information in the dating process may produce more accurate turning points and, in turn, improve the accuracy of measuring cycle correlation. In doing so, both parametric and non-parametric business cycle dating procedures are used. These include the quarterly Bry-Boschan (BBQ) algorithm, a single dynamic factor model and the Markov switching dynamic factor model. Second, unlike the traditional approach that measures growth cycle synchronisation in the euro area by calculating pairwise cycle correlations, this thesis analyses the degree of growth cycle co-movement within a multivariate setting by using a VAR model with cointegration.
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Books on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Baryshnikov, Nikolay, and Denis Samygin. A strategic model for the sustainability of agrarian business: the options, risks, solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25264.

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The monograph substantiates the parameters of the formation of the concept of sustainability of the agricultural economy, summarizes the tools of financial management of the agricultural sector. The analysis of liquidity and diagnostics of efficiency of agricultural business is carried out on the example of commodity producers in the region.the models of agricultural policy for managing financial resources and sources of their formation are based on them. The investment attractiveness is assessed and the financial and economic risks of agricultural business are measured. Financial solutions have been developed to optimize sustainability in the context of recommendations for improving liquidity and stabilizing the efficiency of the agricultural business. The publication is intended for managers and specialists of agribusiness management, researchers and teachers of higher educational institutions.
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Ivanov, Gennadiy. Economics of a trade organization. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1016647.

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The materials presented in the textbook are devoted to such business areas as trade. The article considers the specific characteristics of trade organizations specializing in the purchase and sale of food and non-food consumer goods, and distinguishes them from all other economic entities. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying in the fields of "Economics", "Management", "trade". It may also be useful for practitioners.
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Jane, King, ed. Not by money alone: Economics as nature intended. Charlbury: Jon Carpenter Pub., 2002.

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Illinois. Department of Commerce and Community Affairs. Chicago Area Small Business Development Center Network. Springfield, Ill: Dept. of Commerce and Community Affairs, 1995.

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T, Rawles Phillip, ed. Local area networks: A business-oriented approach. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 2000.

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Kensington and Area Chamber of Commerce. Kensington and Area business directory 1992/93. Kensington, P.E.I: Kensington and Area Chamber of Commerce, 1992.

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Neubauer, Regina M. Business Models in the Area of Logistics. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6533-2.

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William, Stallings. The business guide to local area networks. Carmel, IN, USA: H.W. Sams, 1990.

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Pracko, Gennadiy. Legal support of professional activity. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02047-0.

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This course book is devoted to the issues of legal support of various types of professional activity. Each chapter allows you to master basic knowledge in various legal areas – the textbook examines the basics of the theory of law, constitutional, environmental, administrative, labor and civil law, as well as the basics of business activity, economic disputes and forms of their resolution. The course book is produced in accordance with state educational standards of higher education and is intended for students and everyone interested in relevant legal issues related to a multifaceted professional activity.
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Pracko, Gennadiy. LEGAL SUPPORT OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01869-9.

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This course book is devoted to the issues of legal support of various types of professional activity. Each chapter allows you to master basic knowledge in various legal areas — the textbook examines the basics of the theory of law, constitutional, environmental, administrative, labor and civil law, as well as the basics of business activity, economic disputes and forms of their resolution. The course book is produced in accordance with state educational standards of secondary vocational education and is intended for students and everyone interested in relevant legal issues related to a multifaceted professional activity.
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Book chapters on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Jonker, Jan, and Niels Faber. "Business Model Archetypes." In Organizing for Sustainability, 75–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_6.

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AbstractThe BMT provides the building blocks to develop a logic for a business model. In such a model the nature of value creation, how value creation is organized, and how transactions are taking shape are operationalized so that they meet the proposition. Practice shows that at present business models aimed at capturing multiple value creation can be divided into three major categories: (1) platform business models, (2) community-based (or collective) business models, and (3) circular business models. The three archetypes differ mainly in the way in which they create value, as well as the objective, the mechanism through which value creation takes place, and the infrastructural and technological requirements. When using the BMT, it is useful to consider at an early stage which business model archetype is dominant in the realization of the intended value proposition. Choosing a business model archetype might look straightforward, but it can be quite a tricky task.
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Emmett, Anne. "Third-Party Agreements." In Quality Management and Accreditation in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 61–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64492-5_8.

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AbstractThird-party agreements can take many forms and can be a difficult area in which to determine clear-cut definitions. It is intended that this chapter will clarify some of the differences and identify some of the similarities.Agreements can be between any two or more organisations. It would be unusual, though not inappropriate, for there to be agreements between two departments within the same organisation. Agreements may occur in this case when, for example, a new process is introduced on a trial basis and it has not yet become ‘business as usual’ and part of the normal internal interaction.There will always be local variations in the naming of contract types, so this should be considered in interpretation.Any organisation with which there is an agreement, of whatever structure, should be validated and audited.
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Azevedo, Ana. "Data Mining and Business Intelligence." In Business Intelligence, 1819–29. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9562-7.ch090.

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Data Mining (DM) is being applied with success in Business Intelligence (BI) environments, and several examples of applications can be found. BI and DM have different roots and, as a consequence, have significantly different characteristics. DM came up from scientific environments; thus, it is not business oriented. DM tools still demand heavy work in order to obtain the intended results. On the contrary, BI is rooted in industry and business. As a result, BI tools are user-friendly. This chapter reflects on this difference from a historical perspective. Starting with a separated historical perspective of each one, BI and DM, the author then discusses how they converged into the current situation, when DM is used, and integrated, in BI environments with success.
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Calderón, Barbara Coca, Josef Naef, and Kim Oliver Tokarski. "Multinational Corporations and Social Responsibility." In International Business, 1585–600. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch073.

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Non-governmental organisations often accuse multinational corporations of exploiting the various legal environments in different countries to their advantage in order to avoid the assumption of responsibility for human rights violations or environmental disasters. This empirical study shows that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can, by employing various instruments, increase the likelihood of multinational corporations accepting social and environmental responsibility for their actions. These instruments, ranging from dialogue to scandalisation, are intended to influence corporate behaviour and their use depends on the pressure the NGO wishes to exert on a particular company. All instruments need careful research and the gathering of evidence, including witness statements. To gain public attention the information must be well prepared for the media, resonate in the corporation's domestic market, stimulate concern and be up-to-date. The most promising activities are those that emphasise that economic success could be compromised to the key decision makers within the company.
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Chua, Alton Y. K. "A Formative Evaluation of Rendezvous." In Business Intelligence, 632–48. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9562-7.ch033.

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Web applications that offer entertainment rarely support knowledge sharing. Conversely, applications that are intended for knowledge sharing rarely offer entertainment. The intent of this paper is therefore to propose the coalescence of knowledge sharing and entertainment in a Web application. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (1) to introduce a prototype called Rendezvous, which serves as a platform for both knowledge sharing and entertainment and (2) to conduct a formative evaluation of Rendezvous by soliciting feedback and its appeal for users' intention to adopt. A two-stage data collection plan was used. First, qualitative feedback was obtained from a group of 38 participants through focus groups. Thereafter, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 124 participants to assess users' intention to adopt. On the whole, the behavioral intention to adopt Rendezvous seems promising. Factors that seemed to influence behavioral intention to adopt included perceived utility, perceived enjoyment, perceived ease of use and social influences.
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Afifi, Marianne. "Process Mapping for Electronic Resources." In Business Information Systems, 1760–72. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-969-9.ch107.

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The number of electronic resources is continually growing and the processes associated with managing them are ever more complex. Consequently, completely new ways of managing these resources efficiently and effectively must be invented or borrowed from industries that also must manage complex processes. This chapter describes how a method generally employed in business and industry can be applied in managing electronic resource-related processes in libraries. Specifically, a technique called process mapping and its potential application to electronic resource management in libraries is described. Existing electronic resource management guidelines are conceptually linked to actual management situations. A case study is presented which is intended to illustrate the process.
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Staudinger, Bettina, Herwig Ostermann, and Roland Staudinger. "Business, Information Technology, and Human Resource Strategy Alignment." In Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems, 117–23. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch017.

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Businesses are subject to a constant process of change irrespective of whether this change is intended or not. Along with incorporating basic strategic management ideas into overall business thinking in the 1980s, companies worldwide have tried to influence these change processes as well as determine their corresponding objectives and underlying decisions on a time-axis and have hence taken efforts to methodically anticipate organization evolution (Hamel & Prahalad, 1994; Porter, 1980). Depending on the size and industry of the company, this strategic approach to corporate management may be highly complex as the intended anticipation of the company’s future development demands considering periods of time instead of single dates and furthermore involves integrating variants, prospects and threats in order to increase the company’s capability of action (Chakravarthy, 1986; Kappler, 1995; Perrow, 1984; Steinmann & Schreyögg, 2000).
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Bonfatti, Flavio, Paola Daniela Monari, and Luca Martinelli. "Business Document Exchange between Small Companies." In Electronic Business Interoperability, 482–510. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-485-1.ch020.

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This chapter is aimed at presenting a practical approach, and its technological implementation, for enabling small companies to exchange business documents in different formats and languages with minimal impact on their legacy systems and working practices. The proposed solution differs from the general-purpose or theoretical approaches reported in other chapters of this book, as it is intended to focus on the basic interoperability requirements of small companies in their real life. Special attention is spent to show how to define a minimal reference ontology, use it for annotating the data fields in legacy systems, and map it onto existing standards in order to remove the cultural and technical obstacles for small companies to join the global electronic market. These techniques have been studied and prototyped, and are presently validated, by some EU-funded projects.
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Askarany, Davood. "Managerial Tools and Techniques for Decision Making." In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management, 708–21. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7362-3.ch053.

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The main aim of this chapter is to explain what are considered managerial tools and techniques for decision making in the area of management accounting and how they developed and evolved over the time. This chapter is intended to help us document the innovation, evolution, and the adoption of a variety of relatively new management accounting techniques and practices in organizations. The chapter also looks at primary tasks/services performed by managerial techniques and tools to capture a wider range of techniques/tools that contribute to the conduction of managerial tasks/services but may not be listed as managerial tools in the literature.
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Vaidya, Kishor, John Campbell, Jeffrey Soar, and Scott Gardner. "Assimilation of Inter-Organizational Information Systems." In Inter-Organizational Information Systems and Business Management, 18–32. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-768-5.ch002.

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Public electronic procurement is an Internet-based inter-organizational information system (IOIS) that is intended to facilitate government-to-business (G2B) or government-to-government (G2G) electronic communication, information exchange and transaction support through web access or value-added network. This chapter is primarily built upon theoretical work in the IOIS adoption and diffusion area, and in particular on theories of technology assimilation. Stages of the assimilation process and the aggregation strategy have been explained in the context of public electronic procurement. Resistance theory is also discussed. We have argued that understanding both resistance variables and relevant change management interventions or moderators can be very useful in determining the extent of public e-procurement assimilation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Hunten, Keith A., and Allison Barnard Feeney. "Business Object Models for Industrial Data Standards." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47965.

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Business object models, as proposed for inclusion in the ISO 10303 family of industrial data standards developed in ISO TC 184/SC4 (SC4), are a layer over the ISO 10303 architecture that is intended to simplify and make the complex standards more accessible to a wider audience, ease implementation, and improve implementation performance. This paper discusses the motivation for developing business object models in SC4, proposes a process for developing business objects, provides example business objects at different levels of complexity, and describes issues facing the two SC4 projects currently developing business object models.
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Branska, Lenka, Zuzana Pecinova, and Michal Patak. "Maintenance as a tool for increasing the efficiency of chemicaltechnological process." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.32.

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Reliability, flexibility and speed belong among particularly valued parameters of contractor. In manufacturing companies, the achievement thereof is significantly limited by the reliability of production equipment. The aim of the article is to analyze an applied production equipment maintenance system with heavily utilized production equipment, and to define guidelines for its improvement. A content analysis of information obtained in a primary qualitative research and a comparison with theoretical approaches made it possible to define an adequate combination of various types of maintenance, including methods and tools that are not primarily intended for the examined type of manufacturing processes.
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Zamiri, Majid, Andreia Artifice, Elsa Marcelino-Jesus, Joao Sarraipa, and Ricardo Jardim-Goncalves. "A Future Trend in Sensing Enterprise Systems." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88530.

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The widespread use of sensorial technologies has created new opportunities for enterprises, as these new sources of data assist in increasing the context-awareness in which enterprises operate and enable them to better anticipate and adapt to changes in the business environment. This leads to better decision-making and greater profitability, as well as to reduced operating risks. However, if enterprises are to get any benefit from these new data sources, there is a need for tools, which will enable them to deal with the complexity of the multitude of data sources, both from physical and virtual objects, as well as a means to extract relevant and correct information and knowledge from it. Having access to data is not enough. The real value to enterprises comes from being able to process it, interpret it and being able to make accurate forecasts upon which they can base their business decisions. This paper presents the blockchain technology which is intended to support the development of sensing enterprise systems for intelligent knowledge management. Since the creation of the internet, blockchain is the most important technology created that is in constant development and has still much more to develop. In a simple way, blockchain is a computational technology for register of operations, decentralized, free-access, transparent, global, continuous. It is a public database that is accessible for everyone and is much more secure and reliable than other forms currently known to perform similar operations. Thus, it is intended to demonstrate the importance of this recent technology in business processes and the future trends of its use in sensing enterprise business processes. The proposed framework intends to demonstrate and serve as the foundation for new business models supported by the new capabilities provided by sensorial technologies in the support of enterprise applications.
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Constantin, Mihai. "Management of the "Syrian Refugee Crisis" - Repercussions on European Security. Impact/Measures Analysis." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/17.

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The Syrian crisis is the most complex crisis (political, social, humanitarian, security) in the world, since World War II. In regards to the 1951 „Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees”, states have an obligation to provide refugees with a form of primary protection, which is not intended to replace asylum, but rather to provide an intermediate and immediate protection measure. At European level, for asylum seekers and refugees, there are several programs (developed by international institutions such as "UN for refugees" and "UNHCR") for integration into the host country during the temporary stay and return to the country of origin, when there are safety conditions. If this solution is not viable, they can opt for relocation to a third country. Effective management of the crisis created by the refugees flow requires the adoption of a common political agenda for European states to eliminate inequalities between states and focus on building viable economic strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies or strategies designed to provide refugees with a sense of security in the host country and their social assimilation, without being forced to give up their cultural identities. This article aims to analyse the strategies of the European states involved in this phenomenon, applied in the "Syrian refugee crisis". At the moment, the biggest part of the effort of counter-terrorism is focused on the criminal justice system. This means focusing almost exclusively on those who already intend to commit a crime and not on prevention. The legal repercussions can further encourage radicalization, which can degenerate later.
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Abesadze, Nino, Nino Paresashvili, and Rusudan Kinkladze. "Violence against women: stereotyped or new challenge of society." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.065.

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Purpose – the aim of the work is Statistical analysis of violence against women in Georgia, according to the causes, forms, revealed forms and results of violence. Research methodology – the methods of statistical observation, grouping, and analysis were used in the research process. The graphical expression method is widely used. Findings – violence against women is a taboo topic for Georgian society and rarely becomes disclosed. Violence against women and girls in Georgia includes sexual abuse, rape, sexual harassment, early marriages, or forced marriage. The cases of violence against women are much more common in residents of Tbilisi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti. It is relatively low in Adjara, Guria, Samegrelo and Imereti regions. Besides physical violence, there is frequent psychological violence, such as constant control of the wife, threatening, intimidation, etc. Violence indicators are different for age groups and nationalities Research limitations – the survey is intended for a wide segment. In the future, it is possible to further expand the area by considering sources of financing. Practical implications – the results of this research will help increase public awareness and the need for womenʼs rights. Originality/Value – since 2009, research about womenʼs violence in Georgia has not been conducted. Therefore, the statistical data presented here is completely the most recent.
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Freund, Anna. "The Signs of Digitalization on Food Safety Issues: A Literature Review Focusing on Traceability." In New Horizons in Business and Management Studies. Conference Proceedings. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-867-1_04.

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This study aims to examine the signs of digitalization’s/Industry 4.0’s impact on food safety in form of a literature review. It is intended to awake the interest of both the academic sphere and internal (e.g., managers) and external (e.g., costumers, state) stakeholders of food producers and also processing companies. The main research questions focus on the methodology of tracing and tracking, which both have significant importance in the area of quality assurance especially in the food industry. From an economic point of view, we are now in the age of Industry 4.0, which has a major impact on the whole economy. Industry 4.0 solutions significantly are realized in the automation of data transfer. Excellent food safety conditions can be supported by real-time transmission, analysis, and interpretation of data characterizing products and processes. This study is an introductory part of the literature review of my doctoral research. The research goals include the exploration of Industry 4.0 and practices given by digitalization within different sectors of the food industry. Furthermore, establishing relationships between the measurability of food safety criteria and the toolbox of digitization and regulatory requirements are expected to be the results of the research process. The current study aims to introduce and interpret the basics of the connection between food safety and the toolbox of Industry 4.0. In general, the research may contribute both to the scientific area and the arena of practice.
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Savych, Oleksandr, and Tetiana Shkoda. "The concept of marketing efforts consolidation at the global car market." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.542.

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The purpose of the study is to research the peculiarities of the marketing concept development and form the concept of marketing efforts consolidation on the global car market. There are achieved the following principal objectives: 1) to research the evolution of marketing concepts; 2) to define the elements of the concept of marketing efforts consolidation; 3) to form the peculiarities and build the model of the concept of marketing efforts consolidation on the global car market. The results of the research are the created concept of marketing efforts consolidation on the global car market that is intended to accelerate sales and profits of car manufacturers as well as to be used by companies from different commodities markets. The method of systematic, critical and comparative analysis as well as synthesis and modeling method is employed.
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Melnikas, Borisas. "Elitist Studies in Management and Economics: Contemporary Needs and Challenges under Conditions of Globalization." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.038.

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This theoretical article is intended to the needs and problems of the creation and further development of the so-called elitist studies in the field of management and economics. Main attention is focused on the essence and key principles and priorities of the creation, further development and modernization of elitist studies in general, as well as of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics. It is shown that the creation, further development and modernization of the elitist studies and their systems is an essential precondition for the purposeful development of the intellectual potential in all areas of social and economic life, in all spheres of social, economic and technological development, including in the field of management and economic activities. The role and importance of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics in the context of contemporary challenges of globalization, knowledge based society and knowledge economy creation, intensification of scientific and technological progress, as well as in accordance with the contemporary needs to radically improve managerial activities and to develop and modernize the intellectual potential of specialists in management and economics, is highlighted. Factors and priorities of the creation and further development of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics are described in details.
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Gurun, Nurkan Turkdogru, and Hemang N. Sheth. "Sound Quality of Aircraft Cabin for VIP and Business Jets." In ASME 2018 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Session presented at INTERNOISE 2018. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2018-6128.

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This paper aims to identify the attributes that describe aircraft interior noise, determine most important psychoacoustic models that characterize cabin sounds, and construct a prediction model that can be utilized for VIP and business jets to evaluate subjective perception. In the first part, paired comparison listening tests and free verbalization are conducted with expert subjects who experienced VIP and business aircraft flight. The study generated a list of adjective pairs that describe perception of cabin sounds to be used for semantic differential listening tests. Multi-dimensional scaling is performed on paired comparison data. Results showed that subjects’ decisions can be categorized in loudness and annoyance dimensions which are not necessarily linearly associated. The second part of the study is the development of a sound quality prediction model for aircraft cabin. Semantic differential tests are conducted with potential customers. Objective sound quality metrics are correlated to subjective test responses using principal components regression. This model is found to be most effective explaining pleasantness, comfort, and loudness perception. It is intended to be utilized to modify/redesign noise control treatments and sound signature of an aircraft. All listening tests were conducted inside an aircraft cabin simulator considering the influence of visual content.
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Robinson Beachboard, Martine. "Uniting Idaho: A Small Newspaper Serves Hispanic Populations in Distributed Rural Areas." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3111.

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Print-media needs of Hispanics in non-metropolitan areas of America are often overlooked. One newspaper editor in Idaho found Hispanics to be invisible in her small community and its newspaper, except in crime reports. So she began publishing the bilingual Idaho Unido. This study addresses the publisher’s business model and motivation for publication. It is based on two research streams: theories of the press from Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm in 1956 through McQuail in 2005 and cultural maintenance perspectives. The Idaho Unido story represents a revelatory case, demonstrating the power of a motivated individual to essentially subvert the dominant media paradigm by creating a successful, independent publication specifically intended to serve the information, entertainment and cultural-identity needs of a small, marginalized population living in widely distributed rural areas.
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Reports on the topic "Area intended to business"

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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.
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Wisnosky, Dennis E., Dimitry Feldshteyn, Wil Mancuso, Al E. Gough, Eric J. Riutort, and Paul Strassman. DoD Business Mission Area Service-Oriented Architecture to Support Business Transformation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486671.

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Giannone, Domenico, Michele Lenza, and Lucrezia Reichlin. Business Cycles in the Euro Area. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14529.

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Niebler, Rebecca. Abfallwirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle für Textilien in der Circular Economy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627833.

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This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.
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KPMG PEAT MARWICK. Business case study Los Alamos National Laboratory Technical Area 3: Revitalization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/760075.

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Morrison, Lillian. A Study of Local Union Business Agents in Portland, Oregon Area. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2419.

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Speer, Daniel S. Business Case Analysis: Restructuring of Coast Guard Pacific Area Mental Health Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada516545.

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Lagoa, Sérgio, and Stephen Hall. Inflation and business cycle convergence in the euro area: Empirical analysis using an unobserved component model. DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7749/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2011.05.

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Calfas, George, and Nicole Wayant. Proposal for funding the Vulnerability Assessment Software Toolkit (VAST) : under the ERDC Geospatial Research and Engineering business area. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/26529.

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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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