Academic literature on the topic 'Area Projection Transform'
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Journal articles on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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Spectorsky, Igor. "Gradient projection: simplifying minimization area by affine transform." System research and information technologies, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/srit.2308-8893.2024.2.09.
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One of the classical problems of optimization theory in a finite-dimensional space is to find a minimum of a function on a nonempty set. Usually, finding the precise solution to this task analytically requires a lot of computational resources or is even impossible at all. So, approximate methods are used most often in practical cases. One of the simplest and the most well-known among such approximate methods for unconditional optimization is the method of gradient descent; its generalization for conditional optimization was found in 1964, the method of projected gradient. For some simple sets (line segment, parallelepiped, ball), the projection of the point on the set can be easily found by an explicit formula. However, for more complicated sets (e.g., an ellipse), projecting becomes a separate task. Nevertheless, sometimes computing projection can be simplified by affine transform; e.g., an ellipse can be transformed into a ball by affine (moreover, by linear) transformation. The paper aims to simplify the problem of minimizing function on the set by changing the condition set by affine transform F(x)= Ax+b, where A is a non-degenerated square matrix, and b is a fixed vector of proper dimension.
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YANG, JIANWEI, LIANG ZHANG, and ZHENGDA LU. "THE MELLIN CENTRAL PROJECTION TRANSFORM." ANZIAM Journal 58, no. 3-4 (2017): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181116000341.
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The central projection transform can be employed to extract invariant features by combining contour-based and region-based methods. However, the central projection transform only considers the accumulation of the pixels along the radial direction. Consequently, information along the radial direction is inevitably lost. In this paper, we propose the Mellin central projection transform to extract affine invariant features. The radial factor introduced by the Mellin transform, makes up for the loss of information along the radial direction by the central projection transform. The Mellin central projection transform can convert any object into a closed curve as a central projection transform, so the central projection transform is only a special case of the Mellin central projection transform. We prove that closed curves extracted from the original image and the affine transformed image by the Mellin central projection transform satisfy the same affine transform relationship. A method is provided for the extraction of affine invariants by employing the area of closed curves derived by the Mellin central projection transform. Experiments have been conducted on some printed Chinese characters and the results establish the invariance and robustness of the extracted features.
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Dorrek, Felix, and Franz E. Schuster. "Projection functions, area measures and the Alesker–Fourier transform." Journal of Functional Analysis 273, no. 6 (2017): 2026–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2017.06.003.
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Zhou, Xiaohui, and Baoqin Wang. "Wavelet analysis on some smooth surface with nonzero constant Gaussian curvature." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 16, no. 01 (2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318500078.
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According to the theory of wavelet analysis on [Formula: see text], the wavelet analysis on a smooth surface [Formula: see text] with nonzero constant Gaussian curvature will be discussed systematically in this paper. First, a general area-preserving projection from a smooth surface to the plane will be presented by the Gaussian projection and the area-preserving projection on the sphere. Then the continuous wavelet transform and its inverse transform on a smooth surface [Formula: see text] with nonzero constant Gaussian curvature will be discussed by a general area-preserving projection, relative dilation operator and translation operator. Further, according to the multi-resolution analysis on a smooth surface, the discrete wavelet transform and relative properties will be investigated systematically, including the two-scale equations of the wavelet function, orthogonality and so on. Finally, two numerical examples will be given.
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MA, Tong Yi, and Li Li Zhang. "Lp−Winterniz problem on firey projection of convex bodies." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 45, no. 2 (2014): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.45.2014.1017.
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For $p\geq 1$, Lutwak, Yang and Zhang introduced the concept of $p$-projection body, and Lutwak introduced the concept of $L_{p}-$ affine surface area of convex body. In this paper, we develop the Minkowski-Funk transform approach in the $L_{p}$-Brunn-Minkowski theory. We consider the question of whether $\Pi_{p}K\subseteq \Pi_{p}L$ implies $\Omega_{p}(K) \leq \Omega_{p}(L)$, where $\Pi_{p}K$ and $\Omega_{p}K$ denotes the $p-$projection body of convex body $K$ and the $L_{p}-$affine surface area of convex body $K$, respectively. We also formulate and solve a generalized $L_{p}-$Winterniz problem for Firey projections.
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Wang, Bao Qin, Gang Wang, Xiao Hui Zhou, and Yu Su. "Wavelet analysis on developable surface base on area preserving projection." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 13, no. 01 (2015): 1550007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691315500071.
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In this paper, a simple method is given in order to construct an area preserving mapping from a developable surface M to a plane. Based on the area preserving projection, we give some important formulas on M, and define a multi-resolution analysis on L2(M). We provide the conditions to further discuss the continuous wavelet transform and discrete wavelet transform on developable surface. At the same time, we derived two-scale equations that the scaling function and wavelet function on developable surface satisfied, we also define and discuss the orthogonality, and several important theorems are given. Finally, we construct the numerical examples. The focus of this paper is the area preserving mapping that from developable surface M to a plane, and the discrete wavelet transform on developable surface.
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Giachetti, A., and C. Lovato. "Radial Symmetry Detection and Shape Characterization with the Multiscale Area Projection Transform." Computer Graphics Forum 31, no. 5 (2012): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03172.x.
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Suzuki, Sodai, Yuichi Akatsuka, Wei Jiang, Motoharu Fujigaki, and Masaaki Otsu. "Development of Quick Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement Projection Mapping System Using a Whole-Space Tabulation Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204408.
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A grating projection method is often used as a highly accurate 3D shape measurement method. A real-time 3D shape measurement system can also be applied to measure a wide and smooth curved surface, such as in sheet metal processing. In this case, operators take much effort to recognize the positions of some problem areas on an object from a measured result displayed on a monitor. This study develops a projection mapping system projecting an evaluation image, such as height, displacement, gradient, curvature factor, and area of defect, onto an object. These evaluation results are obtained from the measured 3D shape. The evaluation image should be deformed according to the 3D shape of the object because the camera and projector positions are different. Therefore, this study proposes a method to quickly produce a deformed evaluation image using a whole-space tabulation method. A coordinate transform table allowed the conversion of a camera pixel coordinate into a projector pixel coordinate by using reference planes to apply deformation to the evaluation image according to the measured 3D shape. The quick coordinate transformation from a camera pixel coordinate into a projector pixel coordinate was realized using the coordinate transform table. This is a key idea of this study. It was confirmed that the coordinate transformation from the camera pixel coordinate to the projector coordinate could be performed in 4.5 ms using the coordinate transform table. In addition, 3D shape measurement projection mapping was applied to a curved sheet metal with small deformation, and the deformation part was clearly shown by projecting the height distribution. The architecture and the experimental results are shown herein.
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Tian, Xi Jie, Jing Yu, and Chang Chun Li. "Identification of the Hook on Investment Casting Shell Line Based on Machine Vision." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1356.
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In this paper, the idea identify the hook on investment casting shell line based on machine vision has been proposed. According to the characteristic of the hook, we do the image acquisition and preprocessing, we adopt Hough transform to narrow the target range, and find the target area based on the method combining the level projection and vertical projection, use feature matching method SIFT to do the image matching. Finally, we get the space information of the target area of the hook.
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Yan, Jin, Tiansheng Xu, Ni Li, and Guanghong Gong. "Regression and Evaluation on a Forward Interpolated Version of the Great Circle Arcs–Based Distortion Metric of Map Projections." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100649.
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We studied the numerical approximation problem of distortion in map projections. Most widely used differential methods calculate area distortion and maximum angular distortion using partial derivatives of forward equations of map projections. However, in certain map projections, partial derivatives are difficult to calculate because of the complicated forms of forward equations, e.g., equations with iterations, integrations, or multi-way branches. As an alternative, the spherical great circle arcs–based metric employs the inverse equations of map projections to transform sample points from the projection plane to the spherical surface, and then calculates a differential-independent distortion metric for the map projections. We introduce a novel forward interpolated version of the previous spherical great circle arcs–based metric, solely dependent on the forward equations of map projections. In our proposed numerical solution, a rational function–based regression is also devised and applied to our metric to obtain an approximate metric of angular distortion. The statistical and graphical results indicate that the errors of the proposed metric are fairly low, and a good numerical estimation with high correlation to the differential-based metric can be achieved.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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LOVATO, Christian. "Three-dimensional body scanning: methods and applications for anthropometry." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/540549.
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In questa tesi descriviamo i metodi informatici e gli esperimenti eseguiti per l’applicazione della tecnologia whole body 3D scanner in supporto dell’antropometria. I body scanner restituiscono in uscita una nuvola di punti, solitamente trasformata in mesh triangolare mediante l’uso di algoritmi specifici per supportare la visualizzazione 3D della superficie e l’estrazione di misure e landmarks antropometrici significativi. L’antropometria digitale è già stata utilizzata con successo in vari studi per valutare importanti parametri medici.
L’analisi antropometrica digitale è solitamente eseguita utilizzando soluzioni software fornite dai costruttori che sono chiuse e specifiche per il prodotto, che richiedono attenzione nell’acquisizione e dei forti limiti sulla posa assunta dal soggetto. Questo può portare a dei problemi nella comparazione di dati acquisiti in diversi luoghi, nella realizzazione di studi multicentrici su larga scala e nell’applicazione di metodi avanzati di shape analysis sui modelli acquisiti.
L’obiettivo del nostro lavoro è di superare questi problemi selezionando e personalizzando strumenti di processing geometrico capaci di creare un sistema aperto ed indipendente dallo strumento per l’analisi di dati da body scanner. Abbiamo inoltre sviluppato e validato dei metodi per estrarre automaticamente dei punti caratteristici, segmenti corporei e misure significative che possono essere utilizzate nella ricerca antropometrica e metabolica.
Nello specifico, presentiamo tre esperimenti. Nel primo, utilizzando uno specifico software per l’antropometria digitale, abbiamo valutato la performance dello scanner Breuckmann BodySCAN nelle misure antropometriche. I soggetti degli esperimenti sono 12 giovani adulti che sono stati sottoposti procedure di antropometria manuale e digitale tridimensionale (25 misurazioni) indossando abbigliamento intimo attillato. Le misure duplicate effettuate da un’antropometrista esperto mostrano una correlazione r=0.975-0.999; la loro media è significativamente (secondo il test t di Student) diversa su 4 delle 25 misure. Le misure digitali effettuate in duplicato da un antropometrista esperto e da due antropometristi non esperti, mostrano indici di correlazione individuali r che variano nel range 0.975-0.999 e medie che che erano significativamente diverse in una misurazione su 25. La maggior parte delle misure effettuate dall’antropometrista esperto, manuali e digitali, mostrano una correlazione significativa (coefficiente di correlazione intra-classe che variano nell’intervallo 0.855-0.995, p<0.0001). Concludiamo che lo scanner Breuckmann BodySCAN è uno strumento affidabile ed efficace per le misure antropometriche.
In un secondo esperimento, compariamo alcune caratteristiche geometriche facilmente misurabili ottenute dalle scansioni di femmine obese (BMI>30) con i parametri di composizione corporea (misurata con una DXA) dei soggetti stessi, per investigare quali misure dei descrittori di forma correlavano meglio con il grasso del torso e corporeo. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che alcuni dei parametri geometrici testati presentano una elevata correlazione, mentre altri non correlano fortemente con il grasso corporeo. Questi risultati supportano il ruolo dell’antropometria digitale nell’indagine sulle caratteristiche fisiche rilevanti per la salute, ed incoraggiano la realizzazione di ulteriori studi che analizzino la relazione tra descrittori di forma e composizione corporea.
Infine, presentiamo un nuovo metodo per caratterizzare le superfici tridimensionali mediante il calcolo di una funzione chiamata “Area projection transform”, la quale misura la possibilità dei punti dello spazio 3D di essere il centro di simmetria radiale della forma a predeterminati raggi. La trasformata può essere usata per rilevare e caratterizzare in maniera robusta i regioni salienti (approssimativamente parti sferiche e cilindriche) ed è, quindi, adatta ad applicazioni come la detection di caratteristiche anatomiche. In particolare, mostriamo che è possibile costruire grafi che uniscono questi punti seguendo i valori massimali della MAPT (Radial Simmetry Graphs) e che questi grafi possono essere usati per estrarre rilevanti proprietà della forma o definire corrispondenze puntuali robuste nei confronti di problematiche quali parti mancanti, rumore topologico e deformazioni articolate.
Concludiamo che le potenziali applicazioni della tecnologia della scansione tridimensionale applicata all’antropometria sono innumerevoli, limitate solo dall’abilità della conoscienza scientifica di connettere il fenomeno biologico con le appropriate descrizioni matematiche/geometriche.<br>In this thesis we describe the developed computer method and experiments performed in order to apply whole body 3D scanner technology in support to anthropometry. The output of whole body scanners is a cloud of points, usually transformed in a triangulated mesh through the use of specific algorithms in order to support the 3D visualization of the surface and the extraction of meaningful anthropometric landmarks and measurements. Digital anthropometry has been already used in various studies to assess important health-related parameters.
Digital anthropometric analysis is usually performed using device-specific and closed software solutions provided by scanner manufacturers, and requires often a careful acquisition, with strong constraints on subject pose. This may create problems in comparing data acquired in different places and performing large-scale multi-centric studies as well as in applying advanced shape analysis tools on the captured models.
The aim of our work is to overcome these problems by selecting and customizing geometrical processing tools able to create an open and device-independent method for the analysis of body scanner data. We also developed and validated methods to extract automatically feature points, body segments and relevant measurements that can be used in anthropometric and metabolic research.
In particular we present three experiments. In the first, using specific digital anthropometry software, we evaluated the Breuckmann BodySCAN for performance in anthropometric measurement. Subjects of the experiment were 12 young adults underwent both manual and 3D digital anthropometry (25 measurements) wearing close-fitting underwear. Duplicated manual measurement taken by one experienced anthropometrist showed correlation r 0.975-0.999; their means were significantly different in four out of 25 measurements by Student’s t test. Duplicate digital measurements taken by one experienced anthropometrist and two naïve anthropometrists showed individual correlation coefficients r ranging 0.975-0.999 and means were significantly different in one out of 25 measurements. Most measurements taken by the experienced anthropometrist in the manual and digital mode showed significant correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient ranging 0.855-0.995, p<0.0001). We conclude that the Breuckmann BodyScan is reliable and effective tool for digital anthropometry.
In a second experiment, we compare easily detectable geometrical features obtained from 3D scans of female obese (BMI > 30) subjects with body composition (measured with a DXA device) of the same subjects, in order to investigate which measurements on shape descriptors better correlate with torso and body fat. The results obtained show that some of the tested geometrical parameters have a relevant correlation, while other ones do not strongly correlate with body fat. These results support the role of digital anthropometry in investigating health-related physical characteristics and encourage the realization of further studies analyzing the relationships between shape descriptors and body composition.
Finally, we present a novel method to characterize 3D surfaces through the computation of a function called Area Projection Transform, measuring the likelihood of points in the 3D space to be center of radial symmetry at selected scales (radii). The transform can be used to detect and characterize robustly salient regions (approximately spherical and cylindrical parts) and it is, therefore, suitable for applications like anatomical features detection. In particular, we show that it is possible to build graphs joining these points following maximal values of the MAPT (Radial Symmetry Graphs) and that these graphs can be used to extract relevant shape properties or to establish point correspondences on models robustly against holes, topological noise and articulated deformations.
It is concluded that whole body scanning technology application to anthropometry are potentially countless, limited only by the ability of science to connect the biological phenomenon with the appropriate mathematical/geometrical descriptions.
Books on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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Huybrechts, D. Fourier–Mukai Transforms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296866.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the central notion of a Fourier-Mukai transform between derived categories. It is the derived version of the notion of a correspondence, which has been studied for all kinds of cohomology theories for many decades. In fact, Orlov's celebrated result, which is stated but not proved, says that any equivalence between derived categories of smooth projective varieties is of Fourier-Mukai type. Fourier-Mukai functors behave well in many respects: they are exact, admit left and right adjoints, can be composed, etc. The cohomological Fourier-Mukai transform behaves with respect to grading, Hodge structure, and Mukai pairing.
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Huybrechts, D. Fourier-Mukai Transforms in Algebraic Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296866.001.0001.
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This book provides a systematic exposition of the theory of Fourier-Mukai transforms from an algebro-geometric point of view. Assuming a basic knowledge of algebraic geometry, the key aspect of this book is the derived category of coherent sheaves on a smooth projective variety. The derived category is a subtle invariant of the isomorphism type of a variety, and its group of autoequivalences often shows a rich structure. As it turns out — and this feature is pursued throughout the book — the behaviour of the derived category is determined by the geometric properties of the canonical bundle of the variety. Including notions from other areas, e.g., singular cohomology, Hodge theory, abelian varieties, K3 surfaces; full proofs and exercises are provided. The final chapter summarizes recent research directions, such as connections to orbifolds and the representation theory of finite groups via the McKay correspondence, stability conditions on triangulated categories, and the notion of the derived category of sheaves twisted by a gerbe.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Rural Communes and the Culture of Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0012.
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The projection of city-state political culture on to the surrounding countryside did not only generate forms of resistance from and misunderstanding with local society. This chapter shows how certain social and political actors active in rural areas managed to exploit urban political and legal culture, bending it to their own interests. In other words, the advent of city domination created new possibilities, especially those linked to the activity of the communal courts, which could transform the claims of certain countryside figures into concrete rights. The chapter offers an analysis of several of these situations, in order to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between city and countryside.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Complex Surfaces and Coverings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with complex surfaces and their finite coverings branched along divisors, that is, subvarieties of codimension 1. In particular, it considers coverings branched over transversally intersecting divisors. Applying this to linear arrangements in the complex projective plane, the chapter first blows up the projective plane at non-transverse intersection points, that is, at those points of the arrangement where more than two lines intersect. These points are called singular points of the arrangement. This gives rise to a complex surface and transversely intersecting divisors that contain the proper transforms of the original lines. The chapter also introduces the divisor class group, their intersection numbers, and the canonical divisor class. Finally, it describes the Chern numbers of a complex surface in order to define the proportionality deviation of a complex surface and to study its behavior with respect to finite covers.
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Kondapalli, Srikanth. China’s Evolving Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479337.003.0007.
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In this chapter, the author examines the various elements of China’s security presence in the Indian Ocean. He argues that while a ‘flag-following-trade’ policy was visible earlier, China’s policy today is to influence the structure of maritime power in the Indian Ocean region through strengthening its offshore defence capabilities. This involves the development of semi-military alliances, dual-use port facilities, stationing of non-combat troops initially abroad, Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) missions and arms transfers to the region. He concludes that while China has succeeded in entering into the Indian Ocean region, it faces formidable challenges from the United States, India and others and the limitations on China’s power projection capabilities are becoming increasingly clear.
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Bullock, Barbara E., Lars Hinrichs, and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.009.
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In this chapter, it is argued that the study of World Englishes (WE) should assume a more central place in the analysis of variation and change in the context of language contact. Because they emerge from situations of bilingualism and contact, WE varieties are highly informative with regard to the structural issues of code-switching and convergence (also termed structural borrowing, transfer, interference, imposition). The inherently mixed nature of WE is shown here to mirror the diverse structural patterns that are commonly encountered in bilingual speech. It is argued that different mixing patterns arise in response to the social and medial embedding of WE vernaculars at the community, the individual, and the interactional levels. Social evaluations of relative prestige, individual projections of style, stance, and identity, and the complex nature of multilingual interaction conspire to bring about complex, new language structures.
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Marks II, Robert J. Handbook of Fourier Analysis & Its Applications. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335927.001.0001.
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Fourier analysis has many scientific applications - in physics, number theory, combinatorics, signal processing, probability theory, statistics, option pricing, cryptography, acoustics, oceanography, optics and diffraction, geometry, and other areas. In signal processing and related fields, Fourier analysis is typically thought of as decomposing a signal into its component frequencies and their amplitudes. This practical, applications-based professional handbook comprehensively covers the theory and applications of Fourier Analysis, spanning topics from engineering mathematics, signal processing and related multidimensional transform theory, and quantum physics to elementary deterministic finance and even the foundations of western music theory. As a definitive text on Fourier Analysis, Handbook of Fourier Analysis and Its Applications is meant to replace several less comprehensive volumes on the subject, such as Processing of Multifimensional Signals by Alexandre Smirnov, Modern Sampling Theory by John J. Benedetto and Paulo J.S.G. Ferreira, Vector Space Projections by Henry Stark and Yongyi Yang and Fourier Analysis and Imaging by Ronald N. Bracewell. In addition to being primarily used as a professional handbook, it includes sample problems and their solutions at the end of each section and thus serves as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students in courses such as: Multidimensional Signals and Systems, Signal Analysis, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, and Signals and Linear Systems.
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Tércio, Daniel, ed. TEPe 2022 - Encontro Internacional sobre a Cidade, o Corpo e o Som. INET-md, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53072/ilic8040.
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Os contextos pandémico e pós-pandémico vêm impondo às cidades outras dinâmicas, outros sons, outros ecos, outros percursos, outros visitantes humanos e não humanos. Durante o confinamento, o encerramento de espaços teatrais e expositivos – bem como, durante o desconfinamento, as limitações para a sua utilização - têm tido consequências penosas nas programações artísticas e efeitos dramáticos nos quotidianos dos seus agentes (artistas, técnicos, programadores, curadores, etc.). Ao mesmo tempo, a desaceleração da vida da cidade (do trânsito, do ritmo nas ruas, do frenesim produtivo e de consumo, etc.) veio contribuir beneficamente para uma diminuição das emissões de CO2. Neste quadro, a cidade - mais concretamente as suas zonas públicas a céu aberto – surgem mais nitidamente como espaços de circulação e de interferência (ou de suspensão de interferência) entre pessoas. O que aprendemos com a experiência de confinamento e desconfinamento? Em primeiro lugar, que a cidade tem uma densidade flutuante, na medida em que as concentrações populacionais se esvaem quando nos encerramos em casa. Em segundo lugar, que o encontro com o outro (uma das prerrogativas da cidade) pode acontecer em outras escalas que não apenas a dimensão cultural. Em terceiro lugar, que o medo pode ser um sentimento público capaz de fazer implodir as próprias cidades, se não for transformado numa força para a vida. Como é que, neste processo, os artistas se organizam e se constituem como agentes na cidade? Como é que a cidade passou a ser representada? Que cidade é aquela que desejamos? Este congresso surge assim da necessidade de intensificar o diálogo entre a cidade e a arte, em particular as artes performativas. Este encontro efoi o culminar de dois anos de investigação consistente e consolidada no âmbito do projecto TEPe (Technologically Expanded Performance). Ao longo destes dois anos, desenvolvemos atividades com a comunidade com o intuito de promover um diálogo intercultural e transdisciplinar, e proporcionar o encontro com vivências urbanas variadas. Através das diferentes propostas de percursos pela cidade, mapeámos acontecimentos, hoje invisíveis, mas ainda assim presentes: desde “memórias soterradas” a “caminhadas sensoriais”, passando por registos íntimos de confinamento. O encontro visou partilhar as experiências realizadas com a contribuição de duas equipas: a portuguesa, em Lisboa, e a brasileira, em Fortaleza. Para além de apresentarmos as conclusões das pesquisas realizadas, lançamos esta chamada para apresentações, especialmente destinada a artistas e estudiosos de performance art, historiadores das cidades, antropólogos, urbanistas, geógrafos, estudiosos da escuta e do som e a todxs aquelxs a quem interessa pensar (e projectar) a vida na cidade. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The pandemic and post-pandemic contexts have imposed on cities other dynamics, other sounds, other echoes, other routes, other human and non-human visitors. During the lockdown, the closure of theatrical and exhibition spaces - as well as, during lockdown unlocking, the limitations for their use - have had painful consequences in artistic programming and dramatic effects in the daily lives of its agents (artists, technicians, programmers, curators, etc.). At the same time, the slowing down of city life (traffic, the pace of the streets, the frenzy of production and consumption, etc.) has made a beneficial contribution to a reduction in CO2 emissions. In this context, the city - and more specifically its open-air public areas - emerge more clearly as spaces for circulation and interference (or suspension of interference) between people. What have we learned from the experience of national lockdown and unlocking? Firstly, that the city has a fluctuating density, insofar as population concentrations fade when we shut ourselves indoors. Secondly, the encounter with the other (one of the prerogatives of the city) can take place on other scales than the cultural dimension alone. Thirdly, fear can be a public sentiment capable of imploding cities themselves if it is not transformed into a force for life. How, in this process, are artists organised and constituted as agents in the city? How did the city come to be represented? What kind of city do we want? This congress thus arises from the need to intensify the dialogue between the city and art, particularly the performing arts. This international meeting is the culmination of two years of consistent and consolidated research within the TEPe (Technologically Expanded Performance) project. Throughout these two years, we have developed activities with the community to promote intercultural and transdisciplinary dialogue and provide an encounter with varied urban experiences. Through the different proposals of walks through the city, we have mapped events, today invisible, but still present: from "buried memories" to "sensorial walks", passing through intimate records of confinement. The meeting aims to share the experiences carried out with the contribution of two teams: the Portuguese, in Lisbon, and the Brazilian, in Fortaleza. Besides presenting the conclusions of the researches carried out, we launch this call for presentations, especially addressed to artists and scholars of performance art, historians of cities, anthropologists, urban planners, geographers, scholars of listening and sound and to all those who are interested in thinking (and projecting) life in the city.
Book chapters on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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Martin, E. B., and A. J. Morris. "Artificial Neural Networks and Multivariate Statistics." In Statistics and Neural Networks. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524229.003.0008.
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Abstract The mechanistic modelling of processes can present major challenges in practice and attention has turned to the sophisticated use of monitored plant data. As a result of this transfer of interest, two major areas of strategic research have emerged since the mid-1980s: multivariate statistics and artificial neural networks. This chapter introduces the key methodologies and describes a number of related issues prior to applying such techniques to complex engineering problems. A number of industrially based examples are presented which contrast multivariate statistical approaches with those of neural network techniques. An additional example is included which focuses upon a situation where linear statistical approaches are not applicable. The first case study compares the techniques of principal components regression, projection to latent structures, orthogonal least squares based regression, feedforward neural networks, radial basis function neural networks and locally weighted regression using, as an example, near-infra-red spectral data. For the second example, some aspects of neural networks are considered and different approaches assessed for the prediction of polymer properties. An industrial application is then presented which is analysed using dynamic artificial neural networks since multivariate statistical techniques are inappropriate for the study. The application of linear projection to latent structures and nonlinear projection to latent structures to the prediction of pH are presented and the results compared. The final case study focuses upon principal components analysis (PCA) and its nonlinear variants. A number of examples are discussed including its application to fault detection and diagnosis.
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Needham, Tristan. "Möbius Transformations and Inversion." In Visual Complex Analysis. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868916.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter investigates Möbius transformations and inversions. Despite their apparent simplicity, Möbius transformations lie at the heart of several exciting areas of modern mathematical research. This is due in large part to their intimate connection with non-Euclidean geometries. Moreover, these transformations are also intimately connected with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Any result one establishes concerning Möbius transformations will immediately yield a corresponding result in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The chapter then looks at complex inversions and the Riemann sphere. Stereographic projection enables one to transfer the action of any complex function to the Riemann sphere. Transferring a complex function to the Riemann sphere then enables one to examine its behaviour “at infinity” exactly as one would at any other point.
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McComas, Alan J. "Continuing the Synthesis." In Sherrington's Loom. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936549.003.0013.
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This chapter considers the brain as a whole. It first returns to the idea that consciousness has an existence that is at least partly independent of brain activity (dualism) and returns to the monism–dualism debate. It also provides some historical context, most notably the work done by experimental psychologists on reflex behavior. The chapter also examines the “hard problem” (the nature of the process whereby electrical activity in neurons is transformed into a sensation), especially in the light of back-projections to the primary sensory receiving areas in the cortex. Finally, this chapter provides some observations on patients with “split” brains—a topic that cannot be ignored in any scientific discussion of the whereabouts of consciousness.
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Yumurtaci Aydogmus, Hacer, and Yusuf Sait Turkan. "Application of Machine Learning Methods for Passenger Demand Prediction in Transfer Stations of Istanbul's Public Transportation System." In Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Civil, Mechanical, and Industrial Engineering. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0301-0.ch011.
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The rapid growth in the number of drivers and vehicles in the population and the need for easy transportation of people increases the importance of public transportation. Traffic becomes a growing problem in Istanbul which is Turkey's greatest urban settlement area. Decisions on investments and projections for the public transportation should be well planned by considering the total number of passengers and the variations in the demand on the different regions. The success of this planning is directly related to the accurate passenger demand forecasting. In this study, machine learning algorithms are tested in a real-world demand forecasting problem where hourly passenger demands collected from two transfer stations of a public transportation system. The machine learning techniques are run in the WEKA software and the performance of methods are compared by MAE and RMSE statistical measures. The results show that the bagging based decision tree methods and rules methods have the best performance.
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Choppradit, Pakcheera, Chaitat Utintu, Kasisdis Mahakijdechachai, Vasin Suttichaya, Teepakorn Teepakorn, and Ek Thamwiwatthana. "Hot Work Control Measures Using CNN-Based Object Detection and Projective Geometry for Industrial Surveillance Application." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230049.
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Industrial safety management has been a common challenge for many industries to implement since industrial hazards could cause fatal risks and unscheduled downtime. In this paper, we proposed an alternative approach for hot work control measures using CNN-based object detection and projective geometry, which could be integrated with the existing surveillance system. This method aims to monitor hot work activity and implement the risk assessment policy, which could control by the hazard area control. The dataset for our study consisted of 909 images of hot work activities captured by two closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras. There are two steps to our methodology, which are the object detection stage and the bird’s-eye perspective transform stage. In the first stage, Workers, Welders, and Hot works are localized using an object detection algorithm, which is YOLOv5. To maximize the F1-score performance of object detection, we ran the experiments to train YOLOv5 with three levels of augmentations: low, medium, and high. For the second stage, four points are required in the method of transforming the object’s Cartesian coordinates into the new coordination in a bird’s-eye perspective. The radius distance threshold has to be manually calibrated for each specific camera point of view. If there is a worker that moves into the hot work radius, the violation alarm is triggered. The results show that medium augmentations produce the best results, with an overall mAP and F1-score of 0.77 and 0.74, respectively. In addition, the predefined distance threshold is also required and can vary in the different scenarios in the bird’s-eye perspective transform stage.
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Kraus, Eric B., and Joost A. Businger. "Radiation." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066180.003.0007.
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The earth receives virtually all of its energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is absorbed, reflected, and scattered by the earth’s surface, the ocean, and the atmosphere. The absorbed radiation is transformed into heat and other forms of energy, and eventually it is returned to space as low-temperature terrestrial radiation. It is clear that radiation is of fundamental importance to atmosphere-ocean interaction. There exists an adequate body of literature on the subject from an introductory treatment by Fleagle and Businger (1980) to specialized monographs by Kondratjev (1969), Liou (1980), and Goody and Yung (1989). Here it will suffice to introduce the basic concepts and focus on the applications to the air-sea interface. Radiation in the atmosphere and ocean comes from all directions simultaneously. The radiation energy per unit time coming from a specific direction and passing through a unit area perpendicular to that direction is called the radiance, I. The irradiance, Fi, or radiant flux density, is the radiant energy that passes through a unit horizontal area per unit time coming from all directions above it. Therefore where θ is the zenith angle and dω is an infinitesimal solid angle. The cos θ reflects the projection of the horizontal unit area into the direction from where I comes. The limits 0 and 2π of the integral reflect the hemisphere of directions above the unit area. When the radiance is independent of direction it is called isotropic. Equation may then be integrated to yield The irradiance from below the unit area is also called exitance and is denoted by Fe. The net irradiance, Fn, is defined by For isotropic radiance, the net irradiance Fn = 0. The fluxes are positive when upward and negative when downward. The interactions between radiation and matter may take various forms. They include refraction, reflection, scattering, diffraction, absorption, and emission. All these interactions are described by the theory of electromagnetic waves (e.g., Panofsky and Phillips, 1962). The full theory will not be developed here, but a number of basic and useful relations will be introduced to describe the characteristics of the interactions mentioned previously.
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Glaeser, Robert M., Kenneth Downing, David DeRosier, Wah Chiu, and Joachim Frank. "Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques." In Electron Crystallography Of Biological Macromolecules. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195088717.003.0005.
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Abstract In this chapter we first present a general overview (section 5.2) of the instrumental design of an electron microscope. This is followed in section 5.3 by more specific and detailed descriptions of several key components such as the electron gun, the condenser lens system, the objective lens, and the projector lens system. Along with this we develop some of the practical aspects that are related to optical coherence and alignment of the illumination, as well as the effects that these factors have on the contrast transfer function. These are topics that we discussed previously from a more theoretical perspective in section 3.9. In section 5.4 we move on to describe options that are available in the design of specimen stages, emphasizing the need for low specimen temperatures and explaining the relative advantages of top-entry and side-entry stage designs. Section 5.5 deals with the main parameters that are important in the various types of detectors used for recording both images and electron diffraction patterns. Two further sections then discuss some of the experimental details of how high-resolution images are recorded for beam-sensitive specimens. The first section on experimental image collection, section 5.6, addresses the need to record images with very low electron exposures, thus ensuring that the specimen receives only a negligible exposure before the data collection begins. The second section on experimental image collection, section 5.7, discusses the “spot-scan” exposure method, in which only a small area of the whole field of view is illuminated by the electron beam at any one time. Section 5.8 then concludes this chapter with a description of precautions that must be taken in order to avoid image artifacts associated with specimen charging.
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"Figure 12.1 Community Portraits homepage. For Community Portraits, the walled and windowed space of conventional teaching, with its tables and chairs, black/white-board, overhead projector and ancillary equipment, is replaced by a structured learning environment (TELSIpro) that is mapped out on the participants’ computer screens. Once logged on to Community Portraits, participants see four buttons across the top of the screen allowing them to choose one of three activities (Document preparation, Sending mail or Chat) or to seek help. The selection of a button will lead to a list of options in the vertical column on the left of the screen. The main work area occupies the rest of the screen (Figure 12.1). Participants decide and allocate permissions for reading and revising any document." In Transfer of Learning in Professional and Vocational Education. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134511-31.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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Xiang-yang, Yang, Wu Min-shian, and Chin Kuo-fan. "Measuring Two Dimensional OTF Applying CT Principle." In Optical Data Storage. Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1985.thdd3.
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In optical disc system, the precise measurement and evaluation of focused micro-laser-spot (usually less than lum in diameter) is very important. To meet this requirement, a new method using the concept of CT scanner has been developed. A knife-edge scans the spot on the image plane. Differentiating the signal received by the detecter under the knife-edge, we get a one-dimension (1-D) projection of 2-D laser spot. Rotating the knife-edge slightly, we can get different projections at different angles. The projections measured are processed by taking the convolution and back-projecttion, just done as in the CT scanner. In this way, we get the 2-D profiles of the spot, i.e. the Point Spread Function (PSF) of the optical head. The shape and size of the spot can be got directly from the profile. The 2-D Fourier Transform of PSF results in the OTF of the optical head, which discribes the quality of the optical system quantitatively.
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Singh, Dhruv, Atul Srivastava, and K. Muralidhar. "Tomographic Reconstruction of Unsteady Fields Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56443.
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An algorithm for the reconstruction of unsteady three dimensional concentration field from path-integrated data has been discussed. We propose the use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (Karhunen Loe´ve Expansion) to completely decouple the spatial and temporal components of the image sequence (projections) obtained from a typical experiment enabling the analysis of an asynchoronous time-dependent data set. We apply the algorithm to experimental data from a Laser Interferometric study of convection in a cylindrical annulus to capture transients that are invariably faster than the camera speed. The strength of the technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of the flow field (related to concentration gradients) from model (simulated) Schlieren projections. Tomographic reconstruction based on Convolution Back Projection (CBP) has been coupled with Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to enable the reconstruction of unsteady concentration gradient field from asynchronous projections.
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Imaykin, I. D. "The role of architectural mapping as a means of creating a museum space." In Scientific achievements of the third millennium. НИЦ "LJournal", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/satm-11-2023-09.
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This article explores the role of architectural mapping in the creation of museum spaces. Architectural mapping is a powerful tool that allows you to combine architectural elements with projection technologies to create unique and interactive visual effects on the facade of a building. The article examines various aspects of the role of architectural mapping in museums, including its impact on attracting visitors, creating an atmosphere and transmitting information. This article examines how architectural mapping can be used to transform an ordinary building into an impressive and memorable museum object. Additionally, the author shows the importance of architectural mapping in the formation of museum spaces, emphasizing its ability to create emotional and visual impressions that can attract and retain the attention of visitors. They also address issues related to technological requirements and budget when using architectural mapping in museums. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that architectural mapping is a powerful tool for creating museum spaces that can attract and surprise visitors. He suggests further research in this area and focuses on the need for active use of architectural mapping in museum practice.
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Neureuther, A. R. "Application of Lithography Simulation to Projection X-Ray." In Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1993.ma.5.
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Simulators and materials modeling approaches from optical projection printing provide an advantageous starting point in addressing technology issues in the emerging field of projection x-ray lithography. A brief overview will be given of relevant imaging, resist characterization, resist exposure, resist dissolution, pattern transfer, and electromagnetic scattering programs available from Berkeley. The overview will also highlight important observations drawn from simulation and modeling which are helping optical projection printing at todays 0.35 um feature sizes. Key issues in projection x-ray lithography imaging, materials, and masks where these Technology CAD tools are making an impact will then be discussed.
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Chen, Shisheng, Xiaofang Wang, Aidi Qian, and Zhizhan Xu. "Soft-X-Ray Emission Characteristics of Line-Shaped, Laser-Produced Plasmas." In Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1991.wa12.
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Line-shaped plasmas produced by laser irradiating solid targets in line focus are of a large aspect ratio. Such plasmas are useful for x-ray laser demonstration and amplification and absorption spectroscopy as well. Soft x rays emitted from line-shaped plasmas can provide accurate information of such plasmas. Here, we report the studies of x-ray radiation transfer and spatial uniformity of line-shaped plasmas with a pinhole transmission grating spectrometer (PTGS), with a spectral resolution of 2-5 Å and a spatial resolution of 60 µm, and a soft-x-ray streak camera, with a time resolution of 30 ps.
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Carruthers, John R. "Future Lithographic Requirements." In Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1993.ma.1.
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The future manufacture of IC's beyond 2000 will require pattern transfer systems of considerable complexity and cost. Critical dimensions below 150 nm must be controlled in three dimensions without interference from proximity effects and with an overlay/alignment capability that approaches 50 nm (3 sigma) from layer to layer over larger field sizes of 25 to 30 mm on a side. The metrology to develop and control these systems also needs to be developed with precision approaching atomic dimensions. The implications of these requirements on continuing the scaling treadmill approach for ULSI development are discussed.
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Brophy, Chris P. "Phase-shifting fringe-projection profile accuracy." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tuu25.
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The performance of a commercial optical contouring system is presented. The AMMON 2000, an optical casting system that is used to contour the bottom of the human foot for the podiatry industry, incorporates a phase-shifting fringe-projection profiler. The height profile data, z(x, y), measured with the instrument, are used to automatically design and surface a correcting orthotic. Data reduction software accounts for geometric distortions that are intrinsic to fringe projection topography when generated with a nontelecentric optical system. Contributions to the distortion that are due to the finite distance of the camera and projector exit pupils are detailed. By knowing the various parameters associated with the optical setup, as well as the position of a single reference point on the object, found by some other means, it is theoretically possible to transform the raw OPD data to the desired height contour, z(x, y), with absolute accuracy. In the AMMON 2000 the reference point is obtained by viewing the object at an angle that is nearly orthogonal to the projection axis.
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Kunz, R. R., M. A. Hartney та M. Rothschild. "Resist Alternatives for Sub-0.35-μm Lithography Using Highly Attenuated Radiation". У Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1992.wc1.
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Traditional optical lithography uses semitransparent single-layer resists where the exposing radiation produces a latent image throughout the thickness of the resist, and an isotropic liquid-based development step is used to create the desired resist profile. However, resolution of 0.25-μm or better, which is required for 256 Mbit DRAM chips and beyond, cannot be obtained with conventional photolithographic technology (250-400 nm wavelength). Shorter wavelengths are required, such as 193-nm (DUV-193), soft-X- ray (10-50 nm) or hard-X-ray (1-2 nm) radiation. Unfortunately, between the wavelengths of 10 and 220 nm few materials are semitransparent For example, at 193 nm novolac resins commonly used at longer wavelengths have an absorption depth of only 40 nm, and at the 13-nm wavelength it is 400 nm. New resist processes capable of accommodating a latent image confined to the near-surface region must therefore be developed. The lithographic process must now include an additional processing step, namely pattern transfer into the bulk of the resist. This step must be highly anisotropic so that the pattern in the surface layer is faithfully reproduced at the resist-substrate interface. These general considerations were outlined already in 1984 by Taylor et al.[1]. They apply also to other forms of strongly absorbed radiation such as ion beams. (For instance, a 30 keV Ga+ beam has a projected range of only 34 nm in photoresist.) Today, surface imaging processes have been demonstrated not only for soft X-ray projection (SXP) [2] and deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithographies [3], but are being considered for manufacturing processes at optical wavelengths as well [4]. In this paper we review some of the recent developments in the areas of surface imaging and multilayer resists, with emphasis on application to 193-nm lithography. It should be noted, however, that some of the reviewed resist concepts may be applicable to SXP lithography as well.
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MacDowell, A. A., O. R. Wood, J. M. Calvert, and T. S. Koloski. "A New Surface Imaging Resist Technology for Soft-X-Ray Projection Lithography." In Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1993.tua.5.
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Sub-quarter-micron features have been produced in a number of organic resists using soft-x-ray projection lithography (SXPL) at 14 nm, including a demonstration of 0.05 um lines and spaces in poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA).1 Unfortunately, the opacity of conventional resists in the soft-x-ray region requires that the resist thickness be reduced to less than 200 nm;2 in practice, 70 nm thick layers are often used. Such thin layers lead to several problems. First, spincoating pinhole-free layers becomes increasingly difficult at thicknesses below 100 nm. Second, the etch resistance of thin organic layers may not be sufficient for subsequent pattern transfer operations. Third, they are too thin to function as planarizing layers over preexisting substrate topography. One solution has been to use a trilevel resist composed of a thin top PMMA imaging layer, an intermediate layer of germanium for etch resistance, and a thick hardbaked photoresist for planarization. While the trilevel approach has been successfully demonstrated for producing high resolution features with SXPL at 14 nm,3 the complexity of this process makes it problematic for rapid acceptance in a production environment. An alternative approach, which circumvents the resist opacity issue, involves the use of so-called surfaceimaging resists.4 In a surface imaging resist, radiation-induced changes in a thin imaging layer lead to conversion of the exposed region to an etch resistant material.
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Wu, Xiao, Ting-Zhu Huang, Liang-Jian Deng, and Tian-Jing Zhang. "A Decoder-free Transformer-like Architecture for High-efficiency Single Image Deraining." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/205.
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Despite the success of vision Transformers for the image deraining task, they are limited by computation-heavy and slow runtime. In this work, we investigate Transformer decoder is not necessary and has huge computational costs. Therefore, we revisit the standard vision Transformer as well as its successful variants and propose a novel Decoder-Free Transformer-Like (DFTL) architecture for fast and accurate single image deraining. Specifically, we adopt a cheap linear projection to represent visual information with lower computational costs than previous linear projections. Then we replace standard Transformer decoder block with designed Progressive Patch Merging (PPM), which attains comparable performance and efficiency. DFTL could significantly alleviate the computation and GPU memory requirements through proposed modules. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of DFTL compared with competitive Transformer architectures, e.g., ViT, DETR, IPT, Uformer, and Restormer. The code is available at https://github.com/XiaoXiao-Woo/derain.
Reports on the topic "Area Projection Transform"
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Donehower, Gretchen. Mapping the Unpaid Care Work Economy in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22617/wps250146-2.
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This paper examines current and projected patterns of unpaid care work in Bangladesh, India, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Thailand, Türkiye, and Viet Nam, highlighting the significant role of older women as unpaid caregivers. Using National Time Transfer Accounts, the author finds that older people are not the main source of unpaid care demand. Rather, older women provide much of the care for older people and make net time transfers to younger family and community members. Projections show no shortfall in potential childcare, some shortfall in adult and elder care, and a potential surplus of indirect care in the form of housework.
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Pradhan, Nawa Raj, Charles Wayne Downer, and Sergey Marchenko. User guidelines on catchment hydrological modeling with soil thermal dynamics in Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48331.
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Climate warming is expected to degrade permafrost in many regions of the world. Degradation of permafrost has the potential to affect soil thermal, hydrological, and vegetation regimes. Projections of long-term effects of climate warming on high-latitude ecosystems require a coupled representation of soil thermal state and hydrological dynamics. Such a coupled framework was developed to explicitly simulate the soil moisture effects of soil thermal conductivity and heat capacity and its effects on hydrological response. In the coupled framework, the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory (GIPL) model is coupled with the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model. The new permafrost heat transfer in GSSHA is computed with the GIPL scheme that simulates soil temperature dynamics and the depth of seasonal freezing and thawing by numerically solving a one-dimensional quasilinear heat equation with phase change. All the GIPL input and output parameters and the state variables are set up to be consistent with the GSSHA input-output format and grid distribution data input requirements. Test-case simulated results showed that freezing temperatures reduced soil storage capacity, thereby producing higher peak and lower base flow. The report details the functions and format of required input variables and cards, as a guideline, in GSSHA hydrothermal analysis of frozen soils in permafrost-active areas.
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Asian Development Outlook 2021 Update: Transforming Agriculture in Asia. Asian Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210352-3.
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This report forecasts growth in developing Asia of 7.1% in 2021 and 5.4% in 2022 in an uneven recovery caused by divergent growth paths. Its theme chapter explores sustainable agriculture. Growth forecasts are revised up for East Asia and Central Asia from the projections made in April, but down for South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. This reflects differences in vaccination progress and control of domestic COVID-19 outbreaks but also other factors, including rising commodity prices and depressed tourism. Inflation is expected to remain under control. The main risks to the economic outlook come from the COVID-19 pandemic, including the emergence of new variants, slower-than-expected vaccine rollouts, and waning vaccine effectiveness. Sustainable food production and agricultural systems that are resilient to climate change will be crucial for developing Asia. To transform agriculture in the region, its economies must tackle challenges from changing consumer demand, changing demographics, and a changing and more fragile environment.