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1
Fen gong, zhuan ye hua yu cheng shi qun jing ji: Division, specialization and cities agglomeration economies. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2011.
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Kogan, Efim. Ordinary differential equations and calculus of variations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058922.
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The textbook contains theoretical information in a volume of the lecture course are discussed in detail and examples of typical tasks and test tasks and tasks for independent work.
Designed for students enrolled in directions of preparation 15.03.03 "Applied mechanics" 01.03.02 "mathematics" (specialization "Mathematical modeling"), major 23.05.01 "Land transport and technological means" (specialization "Dynamics and strength of transport and technological systems"). Can be used by teachers for conducting practical classes.
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Krekotnev, Sergey. State policy in relation to cities and regions with mono-specialization: experience and priorities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1098273.
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The monograph analyzes the policy in relation to cities and regions with monospecialization as one of the priority directions of state policy. The article considers the specifics of single-industry cities and regions as socio-political phenomena and objects of state regulation. The main principles, directions, mechanisms and tools for the implementation of state policy in relation to single-profile spatial formations are studied. Special attention is paid to the political and comparative analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the formation and implementation of this direction of state policy, as well as to identifying the degree of applicability of its main models in modern conditions.
For specialists in the field of political science and related sciences, as well as anyone interested in this issue in its theoretical and applied dimensions.
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Karaseva, Tat'yana, Aleksandr Mahov, and Svetlana Tolstova. Therapeutic physical culture for diseases of the elderly. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1042608.
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The textbook presents questions that reflect the content of the courses "physical therapy and massage", "Physical rehabilitation", as well as the course of specialization of the AFC "physical therapy in geriatrics". It is intended for students studying in the specialties and areas of training "Physical culture" and " Physical culture for people with disabilities (adaptive physical culture)", physical therapy instructors.
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Lysova, Ekaterina, Oksana Paramonova, Natal'ya Samarskaya, and Natal'ya Yudina. Environmental monitoring. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1069167.
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Outlines General environmental monitoring. Special attention is paid to the monitoring of atmospheric air, water objects, soil-ecological monitoring and biodiversity monitoring.
Can be useful for students studying in areas of training 20.03.01 "Technospheric security", specialization "environmental Protection and resource saving", "Engineering protection of environment", as well as for professionals in the field of environmental protection.
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Komarov, Evgeniy. Geotechnology: underground mine workings and their fixing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064750.
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The textbook describes the basic concepts of underground mine workings, assessment of their stability, modern methods of fastening and protection during the entire life of mines and mines. Examples of calculating the rational cross-sectional area of mine workings and questions for self-testing aimed at consolidating the knowledge and competencies obtained by students are given.
It is intended for students of all specializations studying in the field of Mining and studying the disciplines " Underground Geotechnology "and" Construction Geotechnology", since it is a basic informative carrier of professional knowledge and competencies.
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Sherstnev, Nikolay. Maintenance and repair of ship pipelines, valves and filters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048799.
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The tutorial shows the design features of ship pipelines, valves and filters that affect the conditions of their operation and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations for external inspection and control of their elements are given. The features of disassembly and Assembly of various types of valves and filters are shown. With examples from ship practice typical defects of the specified elements, ways of their definition and elimination are considered.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions (specialization in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants") and University teachers. It can also be used in the system of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants".
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Garzaniti, Marcello, and Lorenzo Pubblici, eds. CeSecom. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-316-8.
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Cesecom was founded by bringing together a group of scholars who are experts in the study of the several regions that are between Central Europe and Caucasus, including Central Asia. Our attention is focused on the centuries before the fall of Constantinople and the discovery of America, a fundamental period in order to understand the roots of the problems and conflicts that are still tormenting this region of the world today. CeSecom was created to meet the exigencies of scholars in order to furnish a tool for research and also provide an open space for discussions, to exchange ideas and share the outcomes of one's studies. The website will be an open resource, whose aim is to improve diverse specializations, sharing and delving in them. We hope that this initiative will meet your liking and will favor communication of our scientific work.
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Bolarev, Boris. Standardization, Metrology, conformity assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1078037.
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The textbook reveals the problems of technical regulation, standardization and metrological support, and considers their use in practice. For the first time, the methodology of metrological support of a commercial enterprise is proposed, and the possibilities of organizing activities in a commercial object are determined. It meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and the approximate work programs of the disciplines "Standardization, Metrology, conformity assessment" and"Metrology, standardization, certification". For students of higher and secondary professional educational institutions studying in the direction of "trade" (bachelor) of the subject "commodity science", specialization "Commerce", "trade logistics", as well as for bachelors of food technology studying the discipline "Metrology, standardization, certification", for undergraduates, it can be used in the system of professional development of trade and public catering workers of the highest, middle level, as well as for a wide range of entrepreneurs and specialists.
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Biggins, Dean E., and David A. Eads. Evolution, natural history, and conservation of black-footed ferrets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0015.
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Black-footed ferrets were reduced to a remnant population of 10 in 1985 due to diseases (plague, canine distemper), but successful captive breeding and releases have improved the prospects for ferret recovery. Comparisons between black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats, close relatives that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, allow the following evolutionary speculation. Predation on ferrets and polecats tends to narrow their niches and promote specialization due to requirements for escape habitats. In Asia, that influence is countered by the larger and more diverse area of steppe and alpine meadow habitats for polecats, and by plague which causes large variation in prey abundance. In North America, the selective pressure favoring specialization in ferrets on prairie dog prey and burrows had no strong counter-force before plague invaded. Plague is an immense challenge to black-footed ferret recovery, and several management tools including vaccines and vector control may be necessary to conserve the species.
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Holland, John H. 5. Specialization and diversity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0005.
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A multi-celled organism consists of specialized cells organized into a variety of communities. ‘Specialization and diversity’ shows that community-based organization extends both downward and upward from the level of organisms, giving rise to the hierarchies that characterize complex adaptive systems. Diverse specialist agents attend to, and process, selected signals. The diversity is sustained by a combination of boundaries, signals, and signal-processing. A characteristic of this signal-processing is that relatively small parts of signals—tags—route the signals through the boundaries. This tag-based control allows cells to exist in a diverse range of conditions by activating only genes that are relevant to the current situation.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Specializations and ACV2F. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0009.
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This chapter introduces the theory ACV²F of iterated places and describes some algebraic criteria for v- and g-continuity. It considers the theory ACV²F of triples (K₂,K₁,K₀) of fields with surjective, non-injective places rᵢⱼ : Kᵢ → Kⱼ for i > j, r₂₀ = r₁₀ ° r₂₁, such that K₂ is algebraically closed. The chapter shows that the family of g-open sets is definable in definable families. It also presents some applications of the continuity criteria and concludes by proving that for each definable set of definable functions V → Wsuperscript Number Sign the subset of those that are g-continuous is definable.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C. In Search of the Mnemonic Traces of Concepts. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.20.
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This chapter focuses on the search for mnemonic traces of concepts that are thought to exist in the form of neuronal circuits in the brain. It begins with a review of the evidence derived from observations of the effects of focal brain lesions suggesting that there are several brain regions specialized for recognizing objects belonging to different categories. It then considers brain areas that have been identified through functional neuroimaging, including the fusiform face area, the parahippocampal place area, and the extra-striate body area. It also examines the specialization of the anterior part of the temporal lobes, especially the left, for naming, and whether these and other brain areas contain mnemonic traces of concepts or traces of cardinal concept features. Finally, it discusses the “top-down” activation of category-specific areas and the idea of distributed storage of concept features.
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Hanretty, Chris. A Court of Specialists. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509234.001.0001.
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This book explains how judges on the UK Supreme Court behave. It looks at different stages in the court's decision-making process—from the initial selection of cases, to the choice of judges to sit on panels, to the final outcome. The main argument of the book is that judges' behavior is strongly affected by their specialism in different areas of law. Cases in tax law (or family law, or public law) are more likely to be heard by specialists in that area, and those specialists are more likely to write the court's decision—or disagree with the decision when there is dissent. Legal factors like specialization in areas of law explains more of the court's work than do political differences between judges.
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Kappetein, Arie Pieter, and Stephan Windecker. The heart team in acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0012.
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The complexity of acute cardiac care today makes it necessary that patients are looked after by more than one health care professional. Complex tasks require complex systems. Teamwork is essential for minimizing adverse events caused by miscommunication and misunderstanding about roles and responsibilities, and it can have an immediate and positive impact on the patient. The increasing complexity and specialization of care of the cardiac patient in the acute setting make it necessary to coordinate teams of doctors for each specialty area. Multidisciplinary decision making optimizes care and is mandatory in light of evolving options and improvement of quality of care and will lead to more efficiency.
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Kappetein, Arie Pieter, Christiaan Antonides, and Stephan Windecker. The heart team in acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0012_update_001.
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The complexity of acute cardiac care today makes it necessary that patients are looked after by more than one health care professional. Complex tasks require complex systems. Teamwork is essential for minimizing adverse events caused by miscommunication and misunderstanding about roles and responsibilities, and it can have an immediate and positive impact on the patient. The increasing complexity and specialization of care of the cardiac patient in the acute setting, combined with an ever increasing number of therapeutic options, make it necessary to coordinate teams of doctors for each specialty area. Multidisciplinary decision making optimizes care and is mandatory in light of evolving options and improvement of quality of care and will lead to more efficiency.
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Morgan, Kimberly J. Comparative Politics and American Political Development. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.25.
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The subfields of comparative politics and American political development (APD) have many intellectual affinities, as APD brought many of the questions and methods of comparative politics to the study of the US. In recent years, however, the two subfields have gone down separate research pathways, owing to the decline of political development as an area of study in comparative politics, the growing prevalence of large-Nresearch, and the specialization, and isolation, of academic subfields. However, two areas in which comparative politics and APD have had extensive dialogue—qualitative methodology and the welfare state—show there is much to gain from greater linkages between the two subfields. Fruitful dialogue could take place in other areas, including the study of state-building, democratization, and ethnic politics.
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Linseele, Veerle. The exploitation of aquatic resources in Holocene West Africa. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.52.
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In sub-Saharan West Africa, substantial archaeological evidence only appears from about 2000 bc. From that time onwards, sites with large proportions of fish-bones and large numbers of fish taxa, including open-water fish, are known. Deep-water fishing requires a well-developed fishing technology. Links have been made between the sites and modern, specialized fishers. However, because of the high component of crops in the diets of modern fishers, the recent levels of specialization were probably only possible with the appearance of fully fledged farming around the beginning of the current era. The exploitation of aquatic resources in Holocene West Africa is discussed, mainly based on archaeozoological evidence from the Lake Chad area. The methodology used, especially regarding quantification, is also presented.
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Millgram, Elijah. Disciplinary Specialization and Thinking for Yourself. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.29.
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Specialization in all fields of human endeavor is far more highly articulated than ever before, and today specialists neither understand one another, nor share standards for controlling the quality of argumentation. Almost any enterprise that matters overtly or tacitly requires cross-disciplinary collaboration. Understanding what one is doing is a precondition for thinking for oneself. Thus the Enlightenment’s commitment to autonomy, as expressed in thinking for oneself, is being systematically undermined. The problems of managing the transmission of information and guidance across disciplinary boundaries are in the first place problems in philosophy of logic. Freedom is valuable in the first place because one can think for oneself; thus specialization threatens our commitment to freedom. Accordingly, the continuing importance of freedom depends on advances in the philosophy of logic.
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Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. From Science as a Vocation to Science as a Game: and the Resulting Loss of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.003.0002.
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Against a generalized loss of meaning in society, social scientists find it hard to undertake relevant research that addresses problems facing our world. Science has turned from a vocation aimed at improving the lot of humanity to a careerist game dominated by publishing hits in starred journals. Instrumental rewards replace the passion for discovery and the intrinsic quest for knowledge. Competition among academics and academic institutions, such as journals, universities, and professional bodies, is not intrinsically harmful. Competition in the social sciences, however, is currently resulting in large quantities of formulaic publications, increasing specialization, faddishness, opportunism, and a general ironing out of originality and relevance. Academic authorship and the voice of individual scholars is wiped out as most papers are co-authored by several researchers, each a specialist in his or her area. The result is a devaluation of scholarship and a privileging of technical expertise in narrow disciplinary areas.
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Cañas Serrano, Juan José, Juan Camilo Carvajal-Builes, Elías Devia Vega, José Raúl Jiménez-Molina, Ever José López Cantero, Carlos Alfonso Murillo, Carlos José Quintero-Cárdenas, Luis Alberto Quiroga-Baquero, and Luis Orlando Jiménez Ardila. Subcampos de aplicación de la psicología jurídica. Edited by Luis Orlando Jiménez Ardila. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133518.2020.
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This book presents the definition of legal psychology as an area of specialization within general psychology and some of the applied fields that constitute the work of the professional who is concentrating on this area of expertise. Its objective is to present, indirectly, a different approach to the forensic one, which seeks to clarify, both to the expert and to the layman, that judicial court is not the only scene in which legal psychologists can work. The chapters correspond to academic products that illustrate the lines of research that have been developing in parallel with the exercise of the law and the function of justice management, related to intervention or approaching victims, criminals, witnesses and people in judicial conciliation processes, as well as intervention with children and adolescents in vulnerable social and family conditions to contribute to the restoration of their rights.
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Della Pergola, Sergio. Demography. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0032.
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The scientific study of the Jewish population, also known as demography of the Jews or Jewish demography, does not actually claim the status of a distinct discipline. It is an area of specialization focusing on the changing size and composition of Jewish populations and on the determinants and consequences of such changes. This article outlines some of the main concepts, interpretative frameworks, and methodological issues in the field, followed by a short outline of substantive patterns and applied uses of available knowledge. The main scientific rationale for the study of Jewish populations rests with the growing interest in understanding the demography of religious, ethnic, and cultural groups and minorities. Demographic changes provide an important and occasionally indispensable background for an appraisal of Jewish history and cultural experience. Hence, the study of Jewish demography is organically tied to the development of Jewish studies.
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Buchak, Lara, Dean W. Zimmerman, and Philip Swenson, eds. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion Volume 9. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845492.001.0001.
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This is the ninth volume of Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion. As with earlier volumes, these essays follow the tradition of providing a non-sectarian and non-partisan snapshot of the subdiscipline of philosophy of religion. This subdiscipline has become an increasingly important one within philosophy over the last century, and especially over the past half century, having emerged as an identifiable subfield with this timeframe along with other emerging subfields such as the philosophy of science and the philosophy of language. This volume continues the initial intention behind the series of attracting the best work from the premier philosophers of religion, as well as including work by top philosophers outside this area when their work and interests intersect with issues in the philosophy of religion. This inclusive approach to the series provides an opportunity to mitigate some of the costs of greater specialization in our discipline, while at the same time inviting wider interest in the work being done in the philosophy of religion.
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Kvanvig, Jonathan L., ed. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion Volume 8. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806967.001.0001.
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This is the eighth volume of the Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion. As with earlier volumes, these essays follow the tradition of providing a non-sectarian and non-partisan snapshot of the subdiscipline of philosophy of religion. This subdiscipline has become an increasingly important one with philosophy over the last century, and especially over the past half century, having emerged as an identifiable subfield with this timeframe along with other emerging subfields such as the philosophy of science and the philosophy of language. This volume continues the initial intention behind the series of attracting the best work from the premier philosophers of religion, as well as including work by top philosophers outside this area when their work and interests intersect with issues in the philosophy of religion. This inclusive approach to the series provides an opportunity to mitigate some of the costs of greater specialization in our discipline, while at the same time inviting wider interest in the work being done in the philosophy of religion.
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Trappenberg, Thomas P. Fundamentals of Machine Learning. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828044.001.0001.
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Machine learning is exploding, both in research and for industrial applications. This book aims to be a brief introduction to this area given the importance of this topic in many disciplines, from sciences to engineering, and even for its broader impact on our society. This book tries to contribute with a style that keeps a balance between brevity of explanations, the rigor of mathematical arguments, and outlining principle ideas. At the same time, this book tries to give some comprehensive overview of a variety of methods to see their relation on specialization within this area. This includes some introduction to Bayesian approaches to modeling as well as deep learning. Writing small programs to apply machine learning techniques is made easy today by the availability of high-level programming systems. This book offers examples in Python with the machine learning libraries sklearn and Keras. The first four chapters concentrate largely on the practical side of applying machine learning techniques. The book then discusses more fundamental concepts and includes their formulation in a probabilistic context. This is followed by chapters on advanced models, that of recurrent neural networks and that of reinforcement learning. The book closes with a brief discussion on the impact of machine learning and AI on our society.
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Boyle, Katherine. The zooarchaeology of complexity and specialization during the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Europe. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.2.
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Over the last twenty years attempts have been made to determine the nature of Upper Palaeolithic hunting specialization. This chapter traces assemblage structural ‘specialization’, where faunal assemblages are dominated by a single species, vs ‘diversity’, in which all recorded species are well represented, between 45,000 and 10,000 bp (Châtelperronian to Azilian), and demonstrates regularity in the archaeozoological record. It moves away from the assumption that assemblages with at least 90% of bones attributable to a single species result from specialized hunting strategies, and seeks explanations for patterns of diversification. The study also deals with the Late Glacial Maximum with its narrowing resource base and the Magdalenian of southwest France, when specialized reindeer hunting is traditionally considered of paramount importance. The chapter uses measures of diversity and evenness to quantify variation observed through time, highlighting a peak in single-species exploitation during the Middle Upper Palaeolithic. Finally, interpretations are offered for future consideration.
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Plog, Stephen, Carrie C. Heitman, and Adam S. Watson. Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a full review of the significant interpretive models in the current literature. Instead, the chapter focuses thematically on the aforementioned issues and offers interpretations in the context of contemporary and historic research and the authors’ specific areas of specialization. The authors argue for the significant agricultural potential of the canyon, dispersed and non-coercive craft specialization driven by a ritual mode of production, a substantial residential population, distinct social differentiation based largely on religious authority, and a multi-nodal network of local and regional relationships consistent with house society models.
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Smith, Alison, Maria Kisiel, and Mark Radford, eds. Oxford Handbook of Surgical Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642663.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Surgical Nursing is aimed at nurses who care for patients before and after surgery on the main ward areas of a surgical facility. The care needs of surgical patients are core to the role of the nurse and have undergone significant specialization, with the increasing technological and clinical advances in surgery. In addition, the role of the nurse in these areas has changed markedly, undertaking more procedures as well as aspects of assessment, investigation, and treatment as part of the multidisciplinary team. The Oxford Handbook of Surgical Nursing provides a guide relating to all the core elements of surgical care.
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Nahm, Jonas. Collaborative Advantage. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555361.001.0001.
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In an era of rapid international economic integration, how do countries interact, innovate, and compete in industries, like energy, that are fundamental to national interests? Collaborative Advantage: Forging Green Industries in the New Global Economy examines the development of wind and solar industries, two sectors of historic importance that have long been the target of ambitious public policy. As wind and solar grew from cottage industries into $300 billion global sectors, China, Germany, and the United States each developed distinct constellations of firms with starkly different technical capabilities. The book shows that globalization itself has reinforced such distinct national patterns of industrial specialization. Economically, globalization has created opportunities for firms to specialize through collaboration with others. Politically, new possibilities for specialization have allowed firms to repurpose existing domestic institutions for application in new industries. Against the backdrop of policy efforts that have generally failed to grasp the cross-national nature of innovation, the book offers a novel explanation for both the causes of changes in the global organization of innovation and their impact on domestic politics. As interdependence in global supply chains has again come under fire in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, Collaborative Advantage challenges the notion that globalization is primarily about competition, highlighting instead the central role of collaboration in the global economy, particularly in clean energy industries critical to solving the climate crisis.
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Jacobs, Jerry A. The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.4.
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How does the concept of interdisciplinarity relate to the established liberal arts disciplines? “The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University” suggests that disciplines are an indispensable feature of a modern research university. Disciplines represent an institutionalized form of specialization that is inevitable in the context of the vast and rapidly growing domains of knowledge. They are forms of social organization that generate, evaluate, organize, and disseminate research and scholarship. A closer examination reveals that disciplines have many virtues: They are broad, not narrow; open, not siloed; dynamic, not ossified, and their contributions will be essential for addressing any of the world’s grand challenges. Specific policies intended to promote interdisciplinarity need to be designed in ways to strengthen the disciplinary strengths of the university.
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Anne, Peters. Part IV Debates, Ch.48 Fragmentation and Constitutionalization. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0049.
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This chapter discusses fragmentation and constitutionalization—which are understood to be two trends in the evolution of international law. ‘Fragmentation’ has a negative connotation, and is used as a pejorative term (rather than diversity, specialization, or pluralism). ‘Constitutionalization’, in contrast, feeds on the positive ring of the concept of constitution. Both constitutionalization and fragmentation are terms that describe not only legal processes in the real world of law but are also labels for the accompanying discourses (mostly among academics, less so among judges, and even less so among political law-making actors). The putative trends so far do not have a clearly definable end-result, such as a completely fragmented international legal order on the one hand, or a world constitution on the other.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Service planning. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0028.
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This chapter aims to guide practitioners and managers in setting up and reviewing community outreach services for people with severe mental illness from a non-technical service planning perspective. Examples of different service configurations within a comprehensive local system are given, with some observations on their relative merits and drawbacks from evaluations. Service models and structures are important for providing a framework for delivering quality care, yet from the perspective of the service user, many of these service details—integrated care, specialization, caseload size, staffing mix, ownership of beds, and degree of shared caseload—are invisible. For people with severe mental health problems, patients and carers value the principles of good community-based care, such as access, responsiveness, consistency, and continuity.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Political Steering and Bureaucratic Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0006.
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This chapter draws attention to the effects of vertical specialization of organizations and how it affects public governance. The chapter documents that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding also holds when controlling for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials’ rank. In addition, it is documented that the greater the organizational capacity available within the respective ministerial departments, the more agency personnel tend to assign weight to signals from the political leadership. Expert concerns are strongly emphasized at both levels; however, agency personnel are more sensitive to the influence of affected parties. The chapter applies large-N questionnaire data at four points in time (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) that spans three decades and shifting administrative doctrines: New Public Management as well as post-New Public Management.
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Denemark, Robert A., ed. The International Studies Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191842665.001.0001.
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Over 400 entriesThe International Studies Encyclopedia, published in association with the International Studies Association (ISA), is the most comprehensive reference work of its kind for the fields of international studies and international relations. It brings together specially commissioned, peer reviewed essays, written and edited by an international team of the world's best scholars and teachers.Key features:• Primarily organized around the different sections representing areas of specialization within the International Studies Association• Over 400 specially commissioned, peer reviewed essays of up to 10,000 words focusing on the most important topics and issues• Written and edited by an international team of the world’s best scholars and teachers and overseen by an editorial board comprising 28 past and present Presidents of ISA
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Fancourt, Daisy. Fact file 2: Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0015.
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Dentistry involves the study, diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, including the teeth, gums, and tissues. Dentistry is thought to be one of the first areas of specialization to emerge from medicine, with evidence of drilled teeth dating back 9,000 years. The most common conditions treated within dentistry involve tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (periodontal disease), with common dental procedures including x-rays, restorative treatments (such as fillings, crowns, and bridges), prosthetics (dentures), orthodontics (such as teeth braces), tooth extraction and endodontic (root canal) therapy. Dentistry also involves public health work such as the encouragement of oral disease prevention through dental hygiene and check-ups....
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Lenhard, Johannes. Computation and Simulation. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.36.
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Simulation modeling makes use of computational resources in fields that are not of a mathematical nature. The first part of this chapter introduces four phases of the historical development of computation and simulation (C&S) and discusses their relationship to interdisciplinarity. Starting with a pioneering phase, C&S went through disciplinary specialization, ubiquitous diffusion, and a recent infrastructural turn. The second part of the chapter explores aspects of the interdisciplinary dynamics of C&S, especially the interplay between complexity, experimentation, and visualization. Then, C&S is put in relationship to Shinn’s “research technology” and Galison’s “trading zones.” Finally, the chapter observes a recent turn toward network-like interdisciplinary integration.
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Duffy, Brooke Erin. Making the Magazine. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037962.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the history of women's magazines that spans 300 years. Drawing upon four decades of scholarship on women's magazines, it examines the defining properties of the genre, and particularly the consideration that these periodicals are created exclusively for and targeted to female audiences. It also discusses the ways in which editors-in-chief create and maintain the identity of their publications while establishing the magazine as an intimate imagined space, and how consumerism and citizenship became intertwined in women's magazines. The chapter shows that the history of women's magazines has been defined by the creation of imagined communities of interest, the increasing specialization of titles, and the symbiosis of the magazine and advertising industries.
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Sookman, Debbie. Ethical Practice of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.35.
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Contemporary cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) comprises complex interventions that have demonstrated efficacy and/or are currently the evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment of choice for many psychiatric disorders. This chapter discusses management of ethical issues that may arise during evidence-based CBT: initial assessment, informed consent, exposure-based therapy, out of office sessions, management of boundaries, homework, and risk management. The patient-therapist relationship and conceptualization of resistance during CBT are discussed. A crucial requirement of ethical mental health care is additional dissemination of CBT expertise. In this current era of specialization, interventions that target disorder specific symptoms and related difficulties (American Psychiatric Association,2013) show special promise. It is the ethical responsibility of clinicians regardless of orientation to be guided by current empirical research and their own specific areas of competence when making treatment recommendations. A priority for clinical research is further examination of the specific therapeutic ingredients that impact outcome and optimize recovery.
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Kay, Simon, David McCombe, and Daniel Wilks, eds. Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a comprehensive reference text detailing all aspects of plastic surgery pertinent to a surgeon in training for specialization and suitable to use in preparation for the Intercollegiate Examination as all aspects of the curriculum are covered. This volume is also the perfect resource for practising plastic surgeons, summarizing contemporary trial knowledge as well as discussing anatomy, examination, and techniques. Chapters are divided into those that detail basic principles and technique, and those that, on a regional basis, describe the conditions and their treatments that form the wide spectrum of reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery. Bringing together the expertise of almost 200 specialist contributors in the field, the Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a highly valuable source of information.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. How Organizational Structure Affects Actual Power Relationships between Territorial Levels of Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0002.
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This chapter opens by clarifying some main organizational structures within which multilevel public governance takes place. As argued, each organization structure tends to privilege certain interests and this seems to hold as regards ‘upstream’ (policy formulation) processes as well as ‘downstream’ (implementation) processes. Theoretically, the chapter builds on some classic insights from organizational research. Empirically, it draws on studies of international organizations, the European Union, and federal as well as unitary states. The chapter shows how the power of lower-level territories to shape these processes depends on the extent to which organizational structures are arranged according to a territorial principle. In the same vein, higher levels of government tend to strengthen their position when non-territorial principles of specialization prevail.
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Martin, Graham R. The Sensory Ecology of Birds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.001.0001.
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The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information. Limitations on, and specializations within, sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. In essence, information is filtered by sensory systems. Sensory ecology aims to understand the nature and functions of those filters for each species and sensory system. Fluxes of information, and the perceptual challenges posed by different natural environments, are so large that sensory and behavioural specializations have been inevitable. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of sensory capacities, and trade-offs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within species. Many behavioural tasks may have influenced the evolution of sensory capacities in birds, but the principal drivers have been associated with just two tasksforaging and predator detection. The key task is the control of the position and timing of the approach of the bill towards a target. Other tasks, such as locomotion and reproduction, are achieved within the requirements of foraging and predator detection. Information thatguides behaviours may often be sparse and partial and key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of partial information. Human modifications of natural environments present perceptual challenges that cannot always be met by the information available to particular birds. Mitigations of the negative effects of human intrusions into natural environments must take account of the sensory ecology of the affected species. Effects of environmental changes cannot be understood sufficiently by viewing them through the filters of human sensory systems.
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Ferraro, Kenneth F. The Power of a Gerontological Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0001.
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The gerontological imagination is an interdisciplinary articulation of how gerontologists think—a paradigm for the study of aging. Although there is considerable intellectual capital related to the study of aging, most of it is embedded within disciplinary specializations. Each discipline creates and maintains its own specialized body of knowledge; but the goal of the book is to identify core ideas, theories, and empirical generalizations held by scholars across a range of disciplines. Gerontology is a relatively recent field of study, but a growing number of scholars are interested in why aging occurs and how to optimize the process. The scientific and educational value of this paradigm is discussed.
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Birch, Jonathan. The Multicellular Organism as a Social Phenomenon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.003.0007.
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As Hamilton observed, the stability of cooperation within clonal groups of cells is no mystery, since the cells’ inclusive fitness interests are aligned. However, the process of social group transformation, by means of which a social group of cells is transformed into a multicellular individual with a division of labour among multiple cell types, remains mysterious. In both multicellular organisms and eusocial insects, group size and the number of specialized types are closely linked. As Bourke has argued, positive feedback is likely to be crucial in explaining the relationship between size and complexity, and a social perspective on the organism helps us understand this feedback loop. This chapter proposes an expanded feedback loop in which the relationship between group size and specialization is mediated by the degree of redundancy (which may be either passive or active) in task structures.
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Cowey, Alan. TMS and visual awareness. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0027.
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This article describes the ways in which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be a means of studying consciousness by interfering with the physical occurrences of the brain. The focus of this article is aspects of consciousness, i.e. being aware or unaware, and their cerebral basis. TMS has been used to demonstrate regional cortical functional specialization. The reasons for the effects caused by TMS are still not fully known. Further work must be done in order to address this problem. TMS can briefly impose (or disrupt) rhythmic discharge in the underlying cortex and some of these rhythms are thought to be important for selective attention and awareness. TMS can disrupt activity in underlying brain tissue with millisecond precision but thus far it is usually used in isolation. When combined with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging its usefulness will expand.
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Scarre, Chris. Neolithic Figurines of Western Europe. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.042.
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Western Europe has relatively few figurines of Neolithic or Chalcolithic date by comparison with the large numbers known from Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. Human figurines (mainly of fired clay) are, however, found in Bandkeramik contexts from Central Europe to the North Sea, with others in eastern France. The scarcity of human figurines from areas such as Britain illustrates the diversity of cultural and symbolic practice that privileged human representations in some areas but not others. In the Baltic region, a separate figurine tradition drawing probably on Late Palaeolithic or Mesolithic origins persisted into the Neolithic. It is, however, the Iberian peninsula that stands apart from other regions of western Europe for the abundance and diversity of its human figurines, most of them of Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic date (mid-fourth to late third millennium bc). They include carved schist plaques and ‘eye-idols’ of bone and other materials. The florescence of Iberian figurine production is associated with the emergence of societies on the verge of complexity, characterized by craft specialization and long-distance exchange.
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Puranam, Phanish. Division of labor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0003.
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Division of labor involves task division and task allocation. An extremely important consequence of task division and allocation is the creation of interdependence between agents. In fact, division of labor can be seen as a process that converts interdependence between tasks into interdependence between agents. While there are many ways in which the task structure can be chunked and divided among agents, two important heuristic approaches involve division of labor by activity vs. object. I show that a choice between these two forms of division of labor only arises when the task structure is non-decomposable, but the product itself is decomposable. When the choice arises, a key criterion for selection between activity vs. object-based division of labor is the gain from specialization relative to the gain from customization.
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Roberts, Peter. Sea Warfare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0033.
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Cold-war maritime strategies of European countries were threat driven and largely NATO-centric. Specialization in warfare disciplines by member states underpinned this approach; few nations retained capabilities across the spectrum of maritime warfare. Despite predictions of a maritime century after 1990, European states spent twenty-five years focusing dwindling resources on fighting inland, and spending on maritime equipment has delivered relatively few, albeit very capable, platforms. Those scarce ships are being stretched by burgeoning constabulary roles, while Europe has outsourced preparing for war-fighting at sea to the USA. In assessing the key trends in European sea warfare and doctrine since the end of the cold war, this chapter examines the maritime strategies and doctrines of, first, Western Europe’s major powers and, secondly, a selective sample of medium and lesser powers’ strategies and doctrines.
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Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. Location. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.003.0007.
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This chapter identifies the two groups of IOs among those we study—those that are centralized and those that are dispersed. It then explores the dilemmas raised by issues of location and centralization: the interplay required to balance geographical representation and subject specialization; the need to identify priorities between normative standard setting and service delivery to member states; the levels of discretion and lines of accountability, and the requirement to manage the careers of staff. It argues that distance and location challenge easy assumptions about control and agency in IOs. They are factors in creating the incoherence that is part of any international organization. The existence of regional and country offices provides a series of perspectives that divide both member states and staff. They fundamentally affect the traditional notions of control by member states interacting with one another and with the heads of IOs and staff at the IOs’ HQs.
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McAlister, Chryssa, Mona Gupta, Carrie Bernard, Neda Ghiam, and Philip C. Hébert. “Learning on the Job”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849900.003.0004.
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Medical ethics is both a pedagogical tool and an educational component of postgraduate medical education. Residency ethics is not about ensuring trainees have the right answers. It is about encouraging self-reflection and an awareness of alternatives. This is the best preparation for independent professional practice. We examine four areas of specialization—Family Medicine, Psychiatry, Surgery, and Pediatrics—to illustrate how current standards and future directions in postgraduate training reflect this understanding of ethics. While we believe that the most appropriate preparation of residents for medical professionalism is the development of residency specific graduate ethics teaching, there is little reliable empirical evidence for the best approach to designing an ideal ethics curriculum. There is no one right way to do so. We provide an ethics decision-making tool and suggest steps that programmers might wish to take planning their postgraduate ethics teaching.
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Hartley, Christie. Social Norms, Choice, and Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683023.003.0009.
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In modern liberal democracies, the gendered division of labor is partially the result of men and women making different choices about work and family life, even if such choices stem from social norms about gender. The choices that women make relative to men’s disadvantage them in various ways: such choices lead them to earn less, enjoy less power and prestige in the labor market, be less able to participate in the political sphere on an equal basis, make them to some degree financially dependent on others, and leave them at a bargaining disadvantage and vulnerable in certain personal relationships. This chapter considers if and when the state should intervene to address women’s disadvantage and inequalities that are the result of gender specialization. It is argued that political liberals can and sometimes must intervene in the gendered division of labor when persons’ interests as free and equal citizens are frustrated.