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1
AraÃjo, Isabel Cristina da Silva. "Potential for revegetation of degraded soil by iron mining using leguminous trees and waste shrimp." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8130.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Dentre as alternativas para recuperar Ãreas degradadas està a adiÃÃo de resÃduos orgÃnicos visando melhorar a estrutura e a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato degradado. No Estado do CearÃ, o resÃduo orgÃnico proveniente de tanques de criaÃÃo de camarÃes (carcinicultura) merece destaque por apresentar teores relevantes de nutrientes e matÃria orgÃnica. O objetivo deste estudo foi comprovar a hipÃtese de que o resÃduo de carcinicultura favorece o desenvolvimento de leguminosas arbÃreas e melhora o substrato degradado. Na etapa inicial do estudo foi feita a caracterizaÃÃo geoquÃmica e fÃsico-quÃmica do resÃduo para identificar a presenÃa de pirita e o risco potencial de acidificaÃÃo. Posteriormente, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial
5x3, com quatro repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de resÃduo de carcinicultura (0; 2; 4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) e trÃs espÃcies de leguminosas: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) e Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). TrÃs meses apÃs a adiÃÃo do resÃduo de carcinicultura foi avaliado o crescimento das leguminosas, bem como a fitomassa e o acÃmulo de nutrientes na parte
aÃrea e nas raÃzes. TambÃm foi avaliada a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato. Por meio dos resultados da anÃlise geoquÃmica do ferro foi observado baixo grau de piritizaÃÃo e, consequentemente baixo risco de acidificaÃÃo ao utilizar o resÃduo de carcinicultura. Ao final do perÃodo de trÃs meses de avaliaÃÃo do experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo, constatou-se que as leguminosas arbÃreas responderam positivamente Ãs
doses de resÃduo. As espÃcies que apresentaram maior crescimento em altura e maior fitomassa foram Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia e Mimosa hostilis, apresentando tambÃm
maior acÃmulo de nutrientes. Os efeitos do resÃduo de carcinicultura no solo foram: aumento na condutividade elÃtrica e no pH. Conclui-se que o resÃduo da carcinicultura
favorece o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das leguminosas arbÃreas avaliadas no presente estudo, sem prejudicar atributos quÃmicos e fÃsicos do substrato e permitindo
maior disponibilidade de nutrientes de modo a favorecer o processo de revegetaÃÃo da Ãrea degradada.<br>The addition of organic residues is among the alternatives to rehabilitate
degraded lands, aiming to improve the structure as well as the nutrients availability of
mining spoils. In the Cearà State, the organic residue from shrimp farms (carcinicultura)
deserves attention because it contains relevant amount of nutrients and organic matter.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that residue from shrimp farms
improves the development of leguminous trees as well as the degraded land. In the
initial phase of this study both geochemical and physical-chemical characterization of
the organic residue were done aiming to identify the presence of pirite, and the potential
risk of acidification. One experiment was set up under controled conditions, in the
experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 5x3, with four
replications. The treatments were five rates of organic residue from shrimp farms (0; 2;
4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) and three leguminous trees species: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia
Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). Three
months after addition of the organic residue were evaluated the growth of leguminous
trees, the fitomass, as well as the nutrients accumulation in the above ground, and
bellow ground parts of the plants. The availability of nutrients in the substrate also was
evaluated. The results of the geochemical analysis showed low amount of pirite, and
consequently the low risk of acidification by the use of organic residue from shrimp
farms. After a period of three months was observed that leguminous trees presented
positive answer to rates of organic residue. The species that presented higher growth
and fitomass production were Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia and Mimosa hostilis,
presenting also the higher nutrients accumulation. The effects of the organic residue in
the soil were: increase in soil eletric conductivity, and pH. The conclusion is that the
organic residue from shrimp farms improved the growth and development of
leguminous trees in the present study, and it did not damage soil chemical and physical
attributes, allowing higher availability of nutrients to favour plant growth in degraded
land.
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Sousa, Rodolfo Neiva de. "Planning and implementing solutions for artisanal gold mining sites, preventing environmental impacts and rehabilitating degraded areas : a Brazilian case study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27950.
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Artisanal small scale gold mining (ASGM) is a large source of environmental, health and safety problems in more than 70 developing countries, employing more than 15 million people, motivated by the current high price of gold and lack of better economic opportunities. Around 200,000 miners are located in Brazil with 40,000 concentrated in the Tapajos River Basin, in the Amazon. In this region, they extract gold by using rudimentary processes, causing mercury contamination, river siltation and deforestation. This thesis conducted research in the Tapajós region highlighting the strengths of some initiatives introduced by the GEF/UNDP/UNIDO Global Mercury Project from 2002 to 2008. Its training program was delivered to 4,200 artisanal miners in 141 mining sites, and it focused on disseminating 20 good mining practices. Performance indicators have shown that the conformance to standards before and after the program improved from 22 to 51%, with highest success on reduction of mercury (43%) and river siltation (37%), and improvement of sanitation (40%) in the participating sites. This study suggests the use of a heuristic approach to environmental impact assessment and ways to address those variables in intervention programs through training and education. The study also presents a successful rehabilitation initiative using simple local materials. In the participating sites 128 pits were backfilled after training and some of them revegetated. In another case study, a pilot plant to pre-concentrate gold with centrifuge followed by intensive cyanidation of the concentrate in a ball mill has demonstrated to be a fast and advantageous alternative to replace the current 20-day vat leaching or even amalgamation. This pilot study reduced cyanide consumption more than 20 times and may represent an economy of US$150,000/a in NaCN. Finally, this study analyzes 20 Brazilian regulations that affect ASGM, shows that many of them have not been effective, and suggests recommendations that would help to organize the miners and give them proper access to training, technical assistance and technology.
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Oliveira, Leandro de. "Soil recuperation in forest settlements in mining areas in the Tremembé municipality - SP." Universidade de Taubaté, 2006. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=77.
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The recuperation of degraded areas due to mining activity namely sand mining is carried out by the forest recomposition with native species. In the present work the availability of nutrients along with amount of living matter cover accumulated in a native ciliary wood and in five fragments of forest recomposition of areas previously used for sand mining in the municipality of Tremembe SP. Such areas are currently at different phases of vegetative development process, ranging from 1, 5 and 11 years. The content of nutrient, organic matter, soil acidity and total
production of living matter cover and coarse living matter leaves ,twigs and roots were analyzed .The living matter cover was sampled in 1 m2 fragments the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers at five different random points in the beds and between the beds in all areas. The soil samples were analyzed in terms of the attributes pH, organic matter, P, K, Ca , Mg , H , Al , base aggregation , cation exchange capacity and base saturation percentage. The comparison of the living matter cover production and the chemical attributes between the areas were analyzed by means of variance analysis complemented by the Tukey test. A smaller production of total living matter cover was observed in the fragments over 6, 5 reforestation years. As from that period
however, the relation between the content of the organic matter and the amount of living matter cover in the superficial layer of the soil tends to differ. There is an increase in the nature of organic matter and the reduction of the production of living matter cover possibly due to the
cumulative effect of the organic matter in the soil through the organic composts that are more resistant to decomposition and respond for the humus formation. By means of the analyses of the chemical attributes the soils of the forest fragments were classified as dystrophic and moderately fertile. The nature and level of nutrients presented average values for Ca and Mg, high for P and low for K. The higher values for Ca, Mg and P may be a result of the residual effect of the fertilization carried out during the planting process.<br>A recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à exploração mineraria, notadamente pela extração de areia, é realizada pela recomposição florestal com espécies nativas. No presente trabalho analisou-se a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a quantidade de serapilheira acumulada em um fragmento de mata ciliar nativa e em cinco fragmentos de recomposição florestal de áreas anteriormente utilizadas para exploração de areia no município de Tremembé, SP. Estas áreas apresentam-se em processo de desenvolvimento vegetativo com períodos diferentes, variando de 1,5 a 11 anos. Foi analisado o teor de nutrientes, matéria orgânica, acidez do solo e a produção da serapilheira total e fracionada em folhas, ramos e raízes. As serapilheira foi amostrada em parcelas de 1m2, nas camadas 0-20 e 20-40 cm em cinco pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente nas leiras e entre leiras, em todas as áreas. Nas amostras de solo analisaram-se os atributos pH, matéria orgânica, Fósforo, Potássio, Cálcio, Magnésio, Hidrogênio, Alumínio, soma de bases, capacidade de troca catiônica e porcentagem de saturação de base. A comparação da produção de serapilheira e dos atributos químicos entre as áreas foi analisada por meio de análise de variância complementada pelo teste de Tukey. Observou-se menor produção de serapilheira total nos fragmentos a partir de 6,5 anos de reflorestamento. Entretanto, a partir deste período, a relação entre o teor de matéria orgânica e a quantidade de serapilheira da camada superficial do solo tende a diferir, com aumento no teor de matéria orgânica e redução da produção de serapilheira, decorrente, possivelmente, do efeito acumulativo da matéria orgânica no solo através de compostos orgânicos mais resistentes à decomposição responsáveis pela formação do húmus. Por meio das análises dos atributos químicos, os solos dos fragmentos florestais foram classificados como distróficos e de fertilidade moderada. Os teores dos nutrientes apresentaram valores médios para cálcio e magnésio, alto para o fósforo e baixo para o potássio. Os valores mais elevados de
cálcio, magnésio e fósforo podem ser decorrentes do efeito residual da adubação realizada na época do plantio.
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Silva, Edmilson Alves da. "Avalia??o da recupera??o natural de ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de diamante no Vale do Rio S?o Jos? em Len??is/BA." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/198.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-27<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>The present work examined the floristic compositions and structures, and the similarities between seven areas degraded by mechanized diamond mining along the S?o Jos? River Valley (12o34? to 12?36? S - 41o22? to 41?35? W), in the municipality of Len??is, Bahia State, Brazil, after 23 years of abandonment and natural regeneration and compared them to an area of intact gallery forest along the same river. The collections were made between the months of April and December/2011 along 1 x 100 m transects established in each of the seven areas, applying the point method. A previously compiled species list was used to compare the seven recovering areas with an intact riverine forest site. A total of 62 species were encountered, distributed among 53 genera and 26 families. The families demonstrating the greatest species richness were Leguminosae (16), Poaceae (11), Cyperaceae (7), Melastomataceae (6), Malvaceae (4), and Lycopodiaceae (2). The sum of the richnesses of these families represented fully 74% of the total number of species recorded in the present study. In terms of the plant habits, 11 species (15%) were arboreal, 17 (26%) shrubs, 28 (42%) herbaceous, 07(11%) sub-shrubs, and 04 (6%) vines. The species demonstrating the greatest Relative Vigor and Cover were Sebastiania corniculata, Aristida setifolia, and Homolepis aturensis. The slow natural regeneration of these areas was apparently due to the modification of the soil structure by the mechanized mining, as judged by the greater similarity (although low) between the areas regenerating for the longest periods and the intact gallery forest site along the same river as performing solo one little more structured.c<br>Este trabalho verificou a composi??o flor?stica, estrutura e similaridade entre sete ?reas degradadas pelo garimpo de diamantes no vale do rio S?o Jos? (12o34? e 12?36? S - 41o22? e 41?35? W), munic?pio de Len??is, Bahia, ap?s decorridos 13 anos de registros sobre a regenera??o natural, e comparou com a floresta ciliar do mesmo rio. As coletas foram realizadas entre abril a dezembro de 2011 ao longo de um transecto de 1m x 100m em cada uma das ?reas onde foi aplicado o m?todo de pontos em cada uma das ?reas. Para comparar com o remanescente florestal do entorno, foi usada a lista de esp?cies da floresta ciliar elaborada previamente. Foram amostradas 62 esp?cies distribu?das em 53 g?neros e 26 fam?lias. As fam?lias com maior riqueza de esp?cies s?o Leguminosae (16), Poaceae (11), Cyperaceae (7), Melastomataceae (6), Malvaceae (4), Lycopodiaceae (2). O somat?rio da riqueza destas fam?lias representa 74% do total das esp?cies levantadas neste estudo. Em termos de h?bito foram encontradas 11 (15%) esp?cies arb?reas, 17 (26%) esp?cies arbustivas, 28 (42%) herb?ceas, 07(11%) subarbustivas e 04 (6%) trepadeiras. As esp?cies que mais se destacaram por Vigor Relativo e Cobertura foram Sebastiania corniculata, Aristida setifolia e Homolepis aturensis. A lenta regenera??o natural das ?reas se deve ?s m?s condi??o do solo que apresenta-se modificado pelas a??es do garimpo, tendo sido evidenciada uma maior similaridade, embora baixa, entre as ?reas de maior tempo de abandono que apresentam solo um pouca mais estruturado e o remanescente florestal ciliar do rio S?o Jos?.
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Bitar, Omar Yazbek. "Avaliação da recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração na região metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-25102001-165349/.
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Este estudo compreende uma avaliação de procedimentos e medidas de recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo- RMSP. Inicialmente, apresenta-se o problema investigado e a hipótese que orientou a pesquisa. Destaca-se o caráter incipiente dos trabalhos de recuperação efetuados na RMSP e o papel relevante que poderiam ter em face do contexto urbano(Capítulo 1). Descreve-se o método adotado na realização da pesquisa, ressaltando o levantamento de 42 minas ativas (17 de brita, 15 de areia, 4 de caulim, 3 de argila, 1 de calcário, 1 de quartizito e 1 de rocha ornamental), 11 minas desativadas e 54 antigas áreas de mineração atualmente ocupadas por outros usos, totalizando 107 áreas estudadas (Capítulo 2). Apresenta-se um breve panorama mundial e nacional sobre o tema da recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração. Inclui-se uma discussão sobre conceitos básicos, métodos e técnicas comumente empregados em minas ativas, usos pós-mineração freqüentes e instrumentos legais, institucionais e empresariais utilizados no planejamento e gerenciamento da questão (Capítulo 3). Avaliam-se os procedimentos relacionados ao planejamento da recuperação na RMSP, tendo como referência a análise de 91 Planos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas - Prads relativos a minerações ativas e desativadas na RMSP (Capítulo 4). As medidas de recuperação praticadas em minas ativas na RMSP são avaliadas quanto às finalidades desejadas, procedimentos adotados e desempenho obtido (Capítulo 5). Discutem-se aspectos relacionados à instalação de usos pós-mineração na RMSP, tendo como base o estudo em minas desativadas e a análise sobre a reabilitação de antigas áreas de mineração que se encontram atualmente ocupadas de forma desordenada ou planejada (Capítulo 6). Ao final, sintetizam-se as conclusões gerais obtidas, contemplando os aspectos principais sobre as medidas de recuperação e a instalação de usos pós-mineração na RMSP (Capítulo 7).<br>This work deals with the assessment of mine reclamation procedures in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). It begin with the presentation of the problem and of the hypothesis which orientated the research work. The very incipient character of the reclamation works is emphazised as well its potential role in urban areas (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 describes the research method. 42 ative mines (17 of aggregate, 15 of sand, 4 of kaolin, 3 of clay, 1 of limestone and 1 of dimension stone) are studied in the RMSP. Other 11 inactive mines and 54 ancient mine sites are also studied. An overview about mine reclamation is presented in the research. It includes some basic concepts, procedures about reclamation in urban areas and after-mining uses (Chapter 3). 91 plans for the reclamation mine (Prads) related to active and inactive mines in the RMSP are also studied (Chapter 4). Procedures for reclamation are evaluated with reference to the final results achieved (Chapter 5). Aspects related to after-mining uses in the RMSP are discussed in Chapter 6. Conclusions achieved are summarized in Chapter 7.
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Ribeiro, Admilson Irio. "Mecanização no preparo de solo em areas degradadas por mineração na Floresta Nacional do Jamari (Rondonia-BR)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257141.
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: A utilização dos recursos naturais de uma nação implica diretamente na manipulação de ambientes naturais da superfície terrestre. Nesse cenário, estimativas indicam que a mineração contribui em um por cento na degradação dos solos do planeta. Observa-se que, mesmo parecendo um valor pequeno esse percentual denota uma alta intensidade de degradação. Esta degradação ao meio provoca grandes modificações ao sistema, tendo um forte efeito perturbador na paisagem, porque requer a remoção da vegetação, do solo e das rochas que estejam acima dos depósitos minerais. De acordo com a legislação ambiental vigente no Brasil e o processo de globalização mercadológico, intensifica-se o compromisso das nações em relação à preservação do meio ambiente. Surge, então, em função das respostas negativas da natureza ao seu intensivo uso, uma conscientização, por parte de empresas e órgãos, de que a ação antrópica sobre o meio tem que ser minimizada, tornando-se um desafio: desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho utilizou-se da mecanização do preparo de solo, como uma técnica para aplicar em larga escala, as estratégias e métodos de recuperação de áreas mineradas, que foram pesquisadas e desenvolvidas experimentalmente por pesquisadores em um projeto temático de recuperação de áreas degradadas. Este trabalho foi realizado no ecossistema amazônico dentro da Floresta Nacional do Jamari Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari) em minas de cassiterita desativadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1. Desenvolver um programa computacional capaz de gerenciar um banco de dados e auxiliar na seleção de máquinas e métodos de preparo para executar as operações de recomposição topográfica e preparo de superfícies em áreas degradadas por exploração mineral de cassiterita. 2. Utilizar o programa desenvolvido no planejamento de custos e desempenho operacional, para as operações requeridas nas estratégias de recuperação das áreas. 3. Analisar a produtividade vegetal nas áreas mobilizadas e qualidade da mobilização superficial, utilizando-se de indicadores e métodos de preparo do solo. 4. Avaliar por meio de indicadores biológicos a eficiência das estratégias e técnicas de recuperação que foram mecanizadas e aplicadas no local. Os resultados mostraram que: o programa computacional (SGMAD) desenvolvido atendeu aos propósitos metodológicos estabelecidos (análise de custos e capacidade operacional) para o planejamento e a seleção de máquinas e métodos de preparo nas áreas de exploração mineral de cassiterita. Os métodos e a qualidade da mobilização superficial aplicados foram significativos para o desenvolvimento de leguminosas nas áreas. O uso de indicadores biológicos (biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática) na avaliação das técnicas e estratégias adotadas revelou que o plantio de leguminosas e sua posterior incorporação vêm promovendo alterações graduais positivas em alguns dos parâmetros de solo/substrato analisados<br>Abstract: The usage of a nation's natural resources directly implies the manipulation of natural environments on the terrestrial surface. In this scenario, estimates indicate that mining contributes to one percent of the degradation of the soils of the planet. It is observable that, although it seems to be a small number, this percentage denotes a high intensity of degradation. This degradation of the environment provokes large modifications of the system, having a strong disturbing effect on the landscape, for it requires the removal of the vegetation, the soil and the rocks that are above the mineral deposits. According to the environmental legislation enforced in Brazil and the process of marketing globalization, the commitment of the nations to the preservation of the environment is intensified. By reason of nature's negative responses to its intensive use, an awareness then appears from enterprises and agencies about how the anthropic action over the environment needs to be minimized, becoming a challenge: development and sustainability. In this context, the present work made use of the Mechanical tillage of the soil, as a technique to apply, in a large scale, the strategies and methods to recover mined areas that were researched and developed experimentally by researchers on a theme project about the recovering of degraded areas. This work was conducted in the Amazon ecosystem, inside the Jamari National Forest ¿ Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari), in deactivated cassiterite mines. The objectives of this work were to: 1. Develop a computational program capable of managing a database and assist in the selection of machines and preparation methods to execute the operations of topographical recomposition and tillage of surfaces in areas degraded by the mineral exploitation of cassiterite. 2. Use the program that was developed in the planning of costs and operationa development, for the operations required in the strategies for recovering the areas. 3. Analyze the vegetable productivity in the mobilized areas and the quality of the superficial mobilization, making use of indicators and tillage methods. 4. Evaluate, through biological indicators, the efficiency of the recovery strategies and techniques that were mechanized and applied on the location. The results showed that: the developed computational program (SGMAD) served the methodological purposes (the analysis of costs and operational capacity) established for the planning and the selection of the tillage machines and methods in the areas of mineral exploitation of cassiterite. The applied methods and quality of the superficial mobilization were significant to the development of leguminous plants in the areas. The use of biological indicators (microbial biomass and enzymatic activity) in the evaluation of the adopted techniques and strategies revealed that the planting of leguminous plants and their posterior incorporation have been promoting gradually positive alterations in some of the analyzed soil/substract parameters<br>Doutorado<br>Maquinas Agricolas<br>Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Neri, Ana Claudia. "Avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental em mineração de calcário para cimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-22012008-115814/.
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A gestão do processo de recuperação de uma área degradada pela mineração consiste em três etapas principais: planejamento; implementação das medidas de correção ou prevenção e implementação de gestão. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação que pode ser usado por órgãos públicos ou por empresas de mineração para auxiliar no controle e melhoria das práticas de recuperação ambiental. A avaliação é feita por meio da aplicação de um roteiro, fundamentado nas boas práticas internacionais e nacionais relacionadas à recuperação ambiental de minas. Para fins de teste e calibração, os roteiros foram aplicados em três minas de calcário, nas quais se verificou que as evidências - visuais, documentais e verbais (obtidas por meio de entrevistas) - coletadas devem ser interpretadas dentro de um contexto que envolva o entendimento das características ambientais e operacionais particulares de cada mina. As categorias de classificação da avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental foram definidas em: eficaz, parcialmente eficaz, não eficaz e não se aplica. Ante aos resultados, foi possível identificar um \"cenário atual\" das práticas de recuperação ambiental empregadas em cada mina inspecionada e consequentemente recomendar ações visando a melhoria das práticas atuais e a redução de um futuro passivo ambiental. Diante destes resultados, conclui-se que o procedimento de avaliação da eficácia de medidas de recuperação ambiental desenvolvido nesta pesquisa é adequado, mas sua aplicação somente pode ser feita por um profissional que detenha alguma experiência no assunto, fator primordial para o julgamento e contextualização das evidências coletadas. O roteiro proposto nesta pesquisa ainda pode ser aplicado em outras minas de diferentes minerais e pedreiras.<br>The reclamation process management of an area degraded by mining activity consists of three main steps: planning. application of correction or prevention measures and monitoring. In this work, an assessment tool to be used by public bodies or by mining companies in order to support the control and improvement of environmental reclamation practices was developed. The assessment has been carried out with a script based on the national and international good practices regarding environmental reclamation in mines. For testing and calibration purposes, the scripts were applied in three limestone mines. The conclusion is that the evidences - visual, documental and verbal (interview) - must be analyzed in a context which involves the understanding of the environmental and operational characteristics in each mine. The categories for classification of the efficacy assessment of environmental reclamation measures have been defined as: efficacious, partially efficacious, non-efficacious and not applicable. Considering the results, it was possible to identify a \"current scenario\" of the environmental reclamation practices used in each inspected mine and consequently recommend actions to improve the current practices and reduce a future environmental liability. It was concluded that the procedure of the efficacy assessment of the environmental reclamation practices developed in this research is appropriate, but its application can only be made by a professional that presents some experience in the subject. It is a decisive factor for the evaluation and contextualization of the collected evidences. The proposed script for this research can still be applied in other mines with different minerals and quarries.
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Rondino, Eltiza. "Áreas verdes como redestinação de áreas degradadas pela mineração: estudo de casos nos municípios de Riberião Preto, Itu e Campinas, estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-18112005-145549/.
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A finalidade das áreas verdes é oferecer, à população dos grandes centros urbanos, oportunidades de lazer, recreação, bem-estar, aumentando, assim, sua qualidade de vida e seu contato com a natureza. O aumento do índice de áreas verdes nas cidades, expresso pela metragem quadrada de espaços livres de uso público em relação à sua população absoluta, induz a diversas manifestações sociais e culturais e amplia a integração da comunidade, inibindo o uso de tempo e energia com atividades danosas à sociedade, inclusive a violência. A recuperação e reabilitação das áreas degradadas pela mineração tornaram-se obrigatoriedade legal, a partir de 1988, com o advento da atual Constituição Brasileira. A existência de diversos sítios degradados nas áreas urbanas dos municípios, resultantes da extração mineral, constituindo espaços livres abandonados e a necessidade de cumprimento da legislação, incentiva a ocupação de tais locais por áreas verdes. A redestinação destes locais degradados pela mineração, em áreas verdes públicas, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes em aumentar o índice de áreas verdes das grandes cidades e ampliar suas opções de lazer. Com o objetivo de aliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas, com as funções primordiais da criação de áreas verdes, foram analisados três casos de áreas verdes públicas paulistas, que outrora foram mineradas para a extração de materiais aproveitados na construção civil e utilizaram o mesmo método de lavra. Os locais escolhidos para estudo foram o Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, o Parque do Varvito e a Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, localizados, respectivamente, nos Municípios de Ribeirão Preto, Itu e Campinas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de estudo de caso. A parte teórica do trabalho consistiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos regionais e locais sobre as áreas de estudo. A parte prática consistiu no levantamento de dados em campo sobre a situação atual de cada uma das áreas verdes estudadas, através de visitas técnicas para coleta dos dados primários, por meio da comunicação e da observação direta sistemática. A manutenção do Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali foi considerada altamente positiva. O local cumpre as funções primordiais de uma área verde, além de contribuir para o aumento do índice de áreas verdes do Município de Ribeirão Preto. O Parque do Varvito apresenta algumas benfeitorias mal conservadas, porém cumpre suas funções culturais e paisagísticas, elevando, também, o índice de áreas verdes do Município. A Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães encontra-se abandonada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas e, embora eleve o índice de áreas verdes do Município, não atinge os objetivos básicos de uma área verde municipal. Os sítios urbanos degradados pela mineração são potenciais opções de aumento do índice de áreas verdes num determinado Município. Contudo, somente atingirão tais funções, contemplando bemestar, lazer e recreação à população, quando a conservação e a manutenção forem bem conduzidas pelas políticas governamentais de gestão e fiscalizadas pela comunidade.<br>The purpose of a green area or public park is to offer the population of large urban centers an area where they can enjoy leisure and recreation, thus increasing their quality of life and contact with nature. The ratio of green in a city, expressed by the area of public space such as parks divided by the population, is linked to numerous social and cultural manifestations and increases community integration, inhibiting the use of time and energy with activities that can be considered harmful to society, including violence. The recovery and rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining are required by law since 1988, after the promulgation of the Brazilian Constitution. The fact that there is a great number of sites in cities urban areas that have been degraded as a result of mineral extraction and later become public areas covered by vegetation, has led to making public parks a common alternative when recovering an area, especially because of legal requirements. It is one of the most efficient alternatives when it comes to increasing green areas and leisure spots. It was with the objective of joining compliance with the current legislation on rehabilitation of degraded areas with the basic functions of increasing the number of green areas, that three such areas were analyzed; all in the State of São Paulo and all formerly mined for construction material using the same extraction procedures. The areas chosen for the study were the Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, the Parque do Varvito and the Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, located respectively in the Municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Itu and Campinas. The survey method used was the case study. The theoretical aspect of the study consisted in finding local and regional bibliographical data on the areas. The practical aspect consisted in gathering field data on the current situation of each one studied, by means of conducting technical visits for primary data collection through direct and systematic observation. Maintenance of the Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali was considered very positive. The location achieves the primary purposes of a green area, and also makes a contribution to the ratio of green in the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The Parque do Varvito presents a few positive aspects as far as what it offers, but maintenance has been fairly poor. It does, nonetheless, carry out its cultural and landscaping functions, also helping the ratio of green. The Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães has been abandoned by the Municipal Authorities and contributes only to the green area in Campinas, not achieving the primary goals of a Municipal green area. The recovery of a degraded mining is an option for increasing the area of green in a given Municipality; it will, however, only fulfill the purposes of urban green areas, i.e. to increase overall well-being of the population by offering leisure and recreation, when it is duly preserved and maintained with help from government policies and the community.
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Longo, Mariana Hortelani Carneseca. "Serviços ecossistêmicos e a atividade minerária: um estudo de caso no Vale do Ribeira, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-28072014-111523/.
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As atividades antrópicas vêm continuamente influenciando as transformações no ordenamento do solo. A mineração, em suas fases de operação e desativação, é um dos maiores agentes de mudança do uso do solo e alteração da paisagem, o que, consequentemente, resulta em modificações na dinâmica das funções ecológicas, interferindo na oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos. Considerando a inclusão da abordagem dos serviços ecossistêmicos na avaliação ambiental de empreendimentos, a partir de um estudo de caso em uma mineração de rocha fosfática (apatita), localizada no município de Cajati - SP, o presente estudo teve como objetivo responder a seguinte questão: a atividade de mineração interfere na oferta local de serviços ecossistêmicos? Para isso, o método de análise utilizado foi fundamentado em um modelo de avaliação não monetária, com base nos padrões da atividade de mineração ao longo do tempo e do espaço, bem como na capacidade das diferentes classes de uso e ocupação do solo dessa atividade em fornecer serviços ecossistêmicos. O estudo concluiu que todos os serviços ecossistêmicos avaliados são afetados pelos impactos ambientais gerados pela atividade minerária, sendo que a alteração na extensão da área ocupada por floresta nativa - tanto redução quanto aumento - é o que mais influenciou no fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos potenciais. Além disso, a atividade minerária ao alterar o padrão de uso e ocupação do solo e, consequentemente, alterar as funções ecológicas locais, reduziu progressivamente a oferta de múltiplos serviços ecossistêmicos e, por outro lado, a recuperação das áreas degradadas pela atividade minerária, recobrindo o solo com espécies de gramíneas e promovendo o plantio de espécies arbóreas nativas, resultou no aumento da oferta local dos serviços ecossistêmicos potenciais. A partir destes resultados fica evidente a importância das ações de recuperação de áreas degradadas pela atividade minerária para o aumento da oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos. Dessa forma, recomendou-se inserir a análise de serviços ecossistêmicos na avaliação de impactos ambientais de empreendimentos minerários, visto que a ferramenta de avaliação baseada em serviços ecossistêmicos permite identificar conflitos e sinergias entre as atividades antrópicas e os ecossistemas, fornecendo subsídios para identificar medidas adicionais de mitigação de impactos e de compensação ambiental.<br>Human activities have continuously influenced changes in land management. Mining in its operational and decommissioning stages, is one of the biggest agents of change in the landscape and land use, which consequently results in changes in the dynamics of the ecological functions, interfering with the supply of ecosystem services. Taking into account the ecosystem services approach in environmental project assessments and based on a case study of a rock phosphate mining operation, located in the town of Cajati - SP, this study aimed to answer the following question: does the mining activity interfere in the local supply of ecosystem services? As such, the method of analysis was based on a framework of non-monetary assessment itself based on the established patterns of the mining activity over time and space, as well as the ability of different land uses to provide ecosystem services. The result of the study was that all the analyzed ecosystem services are affected by the environmental impacts of the mining activity, and that change in the extension of the native forest (as decrease as increase) is what most affects the potential supply of ecosystem services. Moreover, as the mining activity alters the pattern of land use and occupation and consequently alters the local ecological functions, it progressively reduces the provision of multiple ecosystem services. On the other hand, the recovery of degraded areas by mining activities, covering the soil with grass species and promoting the planting of native species, allowed for the growth of the local supply of potential ecosystem services. From these results, the importance of area recovery actions is evident in increasing the supply of ecosystem services. Thus, the inclusion of the analysis of ecosystem services in the environmental impact assessment of projects is recomended, as the assessment tool based on ecosystem services allows us to identify synergies and conflicts between human activities and ecosystems, providing input to identify additional actions for impact mitigation and environmental compensation.
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Vieira, Elisa Hardt Alves. "O licenciamento ambiental de portos de areia da bacia do rio Corumbataí como instrumento para a recuperação de áreas de preservação permanente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-09052006-153754/.
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Este trabalho avaliou se os instrumentos legais do licenciamento ambiental da extração de areia contribuem para a recuperação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), além disso, investigou as condições e os recursos dos órgãos envolvidos e o grau de informação dos proprietários. A área de estudo foi a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Corumbataí, localizada no Estado de São Paulo. A estratégia de estudo se baseou: a) na análise dos processos de licenciamento ambiental e mineral dos 36 empreendimentos existentes na bacia; b) na análise de campo dos plantios em APP de 21 portos de extração de areia de leito de rio; c) em entrevistas com 15 empreendedores e 15 funcionários dos cinco principais órgãos envolvidos. Foi verificado que a maioria dos órgãos envolvidos apresentam alguma dificuldade na atribuição de suas funções dentro do licenciamento, o que reside principalmente da carência de recurso humano, além da carência de recursos financeiros e materiais e de condições de preparo dos técnicos envolvidos. As irregularidades ambientais e legais dos portos de areia são função de uma soma de fatores, entre eles, a falta de informação e negligência dos empreendedores e a lentidão e os elevados custos do licenciamento ambiental e mineral. A avaliação final mostrou que 52% dos plantios podem ser classificados como ruins, 38% como regulares e somente 10% puderam ser considerados como bom e ótimo. Na maioria das vezes, as técnicas de reflorestamento utilizadas não atenderam aos critérios mínimos para o restabelecimento da estrutura e da função de uma floresta. Foi evidenciado ainda uma situação preocupante de perda de biodiversidade, uma vez que a maioria dos plantios e projetos de reflorestamento possui baixa diversidade em espécies e uma tendência à homogeneidade florística quando comparado com áreas naturais. Chama a atenção o insucesso dos plantios efetivados. Grande parte deles apresentou alta mortalidade, baixa densidade, baixa cobertura do solo por sombreamento da copa, fisionomia florestal sem estrutura vertical bem definida, serapilheira ausente ou escassa e regeneração ausente ou de baixas quantidade e qualidade. Os projetos de recuperação por reflorestamento não são satisfatoriamente cumpridos pelos empreendedores e a maioria mostrou uma listagem florística idêntica a de outros projetos. Além disso, se fossem implementados, na sua maioria, não garantiriam a manutenção da biodiversidade natural das matas ciliares. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se inferir que os atuais instrumentos legais do licenciamento ambiental dos portos de areia não estão contribuindo para a recuperação das APP da Bacia do Rio Corumbataí. Entretanto, o licenciamento ambiental da atividade parece estar contribuindo com a conservação das matas naturais ainda existentes na bacia, em função da atual política ambiental de não desmatamento de novas matas em APP.<br>The purposes of this work were to evaluate whether the environmental licensing legislation for sand mining contributes to the recovery of the riparian vegetation of the Permanent Preservation Areas (river buffer zones), as well as the conditions and resources availability of the involved agencies, and the land owners information level. The study area was the Corumbatai River basin, located in the State of São Paulo. The study strategy involved: a) the analysis of the environmental licensing procedures of the 36 existing mining sites in the river basin; b) field analysis of the seedlings growth in the revegetated areas in the 21 sand mining sites; c) interviews with 15 entrepreneurs and 15 officers of the five main agencies involved. It was observed that most agencies have problems with their own attributions in the licensing process, mainly owing to human resource deficiencies, lack of financial and material resources, and poor conditions for the adequate technical capacitating of the responsible officers. The environmental and legal irregularities of the sand mining sites are due to several factors, such as entrepreneurs misinformation and negligence, slowness and high costs involved in the environmental and mineral licensing. A final evaluation showed that 52% of the revegetation areas could be classified as bad, 38% as regular, and only 10% could be considered good or excellent. Generally, the revegetation techniques used did not meet the minimal criteria for reestablishing the riparian forest structure and function. A worrying situation regarding biodiversity loss was also evidenced, since most of the revegetation projects presented low species diversity and a tendency to floristic homogeneity, as compared to what is observed in natural areas. Most of the revegetated areas showed high mortality rate, low density, little soil cover due to canopy shading, poorly defined vertical structure, absense or inadequate litter and absence or low regeneration quantity and quality. Revegetation projects are not succesfully accomplished by the entrepreneurs and most of them showed an identical floristic list of species to those found in previous projects. Moreover, if such projects were implemented, they would probably not guarantee the maintenance of the natural biodiversity of riparian forests. According to the results, it can be inferred that the current environmental licensing legislation of sand mining sites are not contributing to the recovery of the riparian vegetation in the Corumbatai River basin. However, the environmental licensing of the sand mining activity may seem to be contributing to the conservation of the remaining natural forests in the basin, due to the current environmental policy that prohibities the cutting of riparian forests.
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Alves, Viviane Pereira. "Alternativas para requalificação de áreas de mineração e lagos de cava de mineração de areia : Estudo de caso - Lago Guaraciaba (Santo André, SP)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.
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Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra Roseli Frederigi Benassi<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2016.<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as condições biofísicas, físico-químicas e socioambientais do parque Ecológico Guaraciaba e lago Guaraciaba (Santo André - SP), formado em área de mineração abandonada. A metodologia utilizada contemplou: (1) revisão bibliográfica, onde foi feito o levantamento dos principais trabalhos sobre o tema e pesquisas que identificam áreas degradadas pela mineração; a formação de lagos nestas áreas; áreas reabilitadas para usos diversos; e a legislação vigente; (2) análise da qualidade da água do lago, através de dados secundários; (3) levantamento de variáveis climáticas - temperatura e umidade relativa, para posterior aplicação do método expedito que permitiu analisar a influência do Parque Ecológico Guaraciaba e o respectivo lago no microclima local; (4) análise de alternativas para áreas degradadas pela mineração; (5) análise da percepção dos moradores da região do parque, através de questionário semiestruturado e biomapa, o que tornou possível observar como os mesmos descrevem a paisagem do parque Guaraciaba, sobretudo do lago Guaraciaba; e (6) propostas de requalificação ao parque ecológico Guaraciaba. Constatou-se que a falta de planejamento, desde o início até o encerramento da atividade mineradora, suscitou diversos conflitos, sobretudo socioambientais. O parque atualmente apresenta situação de abandono e o lago apresenta risco aos frequentadores que o utilizam para banho de forma irregular. Abastecido pela contribuição de aquíferos, precipitação pluviométrica direta e o escoamento superficial, a água do lago não atende os padrões de qualidade estabelecidos na resolução Conama 357/05 para corpos hídricos de classe 1, embora, questione-se o método de coleta das amostras. O lago pode ser considerado um reservatório de água contribuindo com o volume total captado pelo município. O parque possui potencial para oferecer convivência social, prática de esportes e exercícios físicos, espaço para recreação, educação ambiental e cultura aliado a preservação ambiental, além de contribuir para a valorização imobiliária e estimulação do comércio na região circunvizinha, contribui ainda amenizando o desconforto térmico causado pela formação de ilhas de calor. Conclui-se que é necessário investir mais esforços e estratégias de gestão ambiental para otimizar a conservação da área do parque Guaraciaba para a manutenção das áreas verde, bem como do bem-estar da população.<br>This academic work aims to study the biophysical, physicochemical conditions and socio-environmental responsibility of Guaraciaba ecological park and Guaraciaba lake (Santo Andre - SP) formed in abandoned mining area. The methodology used included (1) literature review that entailed research to identify areas degraded by mining, the formation of lakes in these areas and rehabilitation of areas for various uses and also legislation; (2) analysis of the water quality of lake via secondary data (3); survey of climatic variables (temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) for later application of weather expeditious method to consider the influence of Guaraciaba lake in the local microclimate; (4) analysis of alternatives for use of areas degraded by mining; (5) application of semi-structured questionnaire to various groups of people involved or not with the Guaraciaba Park and biomap where we can observe how the locals describe the landscape of Guaraciaba Park, especially the Guaraciaba lake and (6) requalification proposals to the ecological park Guaraciaba. It was found that the lack of planning from the beginning to the closure of mining activity may raise many conflicts, especially social and environmental. It was found that deficiency of planning from the beginning to the closure of mining activity has raised several conflicts, especially environmental. The park currently has abandonment situation and the lake bring a risk to the users of bath erratically. Fueled by contribution of aquifers, rainfall precipitation direct and surface runoff, the lake water does not meet the quality standards set out in Resolution CONAMA 357/05 water bodies of class I, allthough ask yourself the Collection Method of Samples. The lake can be considered a water tank contributing to the total volume collected municipality. The park has the potential offer social life, the practice of sports and physical exercises, space recreation, environmental education and culture combined with environmental preservation, in addition to contributing to the real estate appreciation and stimulation of trade in the region of the surrounding region, contributes still easing the thermal discomfort caused by the formation of heat islands. The conclusion is that necessary to invest more efforts and environmental management strategies to optimize the conservation of Guaraciaba Park and maintenance of green areas, as well as the population welfare.
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Bitencourt, Dioni Glei Bonini. "Dinâmica de acidificação e de liberação de metais na solução do solo de perfis de solos construídos na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota, RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3050.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-09<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>O carvão mineral e rochas associadas podem conter pirita, que ao entrar em contato
com ar ou água sofre oxidação, produzindo ácido sulfúrico. Essa acidez acelera
dissolução dos minerais do solo e aumenta a concentração de metais pesados na
solução do solo, criando a drenagem ácida da mina que contamina as águas
superficiais e subsuperficiais. Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar o efeito da
drenagem ácida nas propriedades químicas e na retenção da solução do solo
construído numa área de mineração de carvão em Candiota, RS. Foram abertas
trincheiras e coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas, em quatro
profundidades (0-10; 40-50; 100-110; 190-200 cm), bem como instalados lisímetros
de sucção e sensores de umidade, em perfis de solos construídos de diferentes
idades e morfologia (sem terra vegetal: MII-T1 – 28 anos; com terra vegetal: MIV-T1
– 18 anos, MIV-T2 – 17 anos, MVII-T3 – 10 anos, MIV-T4 – 4 anos). Nas amostras
deformadas foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas básicas (granulometria, pH
(em água, em CaCl2), índice SMP, cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial e carbono
orgânico), metais extraídos pelo método US-EPA3050, o potencial de acidificação
(PA) e de neutralização (PN) pelo método do peróxido de hidrogênio, bem como a
mineralogia, analisada por difratometria de raios X na forma de pó na amostra total.
Para a coleta de solução do solo a campo foram instalados lisímetros de sucção
(ecoTech, Bonn, Germany) e o monitoramento da umidade do solo foi feito com
sensores de umidade (Watermark). A obtenção da solução do solo em laboratório foi
feita pelo método do extrato da pasta saturada. Os metais e os cátions básicos das
soluções do solo obtidas pelos dois métodos foram analisadas por ICP-OES e o Si e
o S determinados por espectroscopia UVvisível e os resultados comparados por
testes não paramétricos e em diagramas de estabilidade mineral. Foram obtidas
curvas de retenção de solução do solo por câmara de Richards e pelo WP-4 e
calculada a capacidade de água disponível em função do potencial osmótico.
Concluiu-se que (a) todas camadas de estéril dos solos construídos possuem
potencial de acidificação e que as camadas de terra vegetal e argila (malhas IV e
VII) apresentaram potencial líquido positivo (não geradoras de acidez), indicando
estarem livres de contaminação por sulfetos; (b) ambos os métodos de extração de
solução do solo se mostraram equivalentes em termos de concentração de íons
extraídos, conforme teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney; porém os diagramas
de estabilidade mineral mostraram comportamento discrepante em função da maior
atividade do Al na solução extraída com a pasta saturada em laboratório, mais
diluída; (c) a solução do solo, por ambos métodos, confirmam a formação de
drenagem ácida em profundidade, mesmo nas áreas com cobertura de terra vegetal
ou argila (malhas IV e VII), indicando que essas camadas não são suficientes para
conter ou minimizar o processo de geração de drenagem ácida; (d) na solução do
solo foram encontrados valores acima do permitido para consumo humano para
vários elementos (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se e As), como resultado do
processo ativo de sulfurização, contrastando com a extração pelo método USEPA
3050, que indica somente valores acima para As e Se; (e) os estéreis de mineração
dos solos construídos retém solução do solo com maior energia em relação às
camadas superficiais (terra vegetal e argila) em função do caráter da porosidade dos
estéreis, oriundo de processos litogênicos (diagênese), que aliada ao elevado
potencial osmótico, reduz a quantidade de água disponível as plantas e (f) o
monitoramento da variação da umidade do solo nos perfis dos solos construídos
mostrou que as camadas de terra vegetal e de argila, em função da menor
capacidade de retenção de água, mesmo quando saturadas, apresentaram menores
níveis de umidade do solo ao longo do tempo do que as camadas mais profundas,
compostas pelos estéreis de mineração.<br>The coal and associated rocks may contain pyrite, which undergoes oxidation, when
in contact with air or water producing sulfuric acid. This acidity accelerates the
dissolution of minerals from the soil and increase the concentration of heavy metals
in the soil solution, creating the acid mine drainage which contaminates surface and
subsurface waters. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acid mine drainage
on the chemical properties and retention of the soil solution in constructed soil in coal
mining area in Candiota, RS. Pits were opened and disturbed and undisturbed
samples were collected at four depths (0-10, 40-50, 100-110, 190-200 cm) and
suction lysimeters and humidity sensors were installed in soil constructed soil profiles
of different ages and morphology (without topsoil: MII-T1 - 28 years; with topsoil:
MIV-T1 - 18 years, MIV-T2 – 17 years, MVII-T3 - 10 years, MIV-T4 - 4 years). In the
disturbed samples basic physical and chemical analysis were performed (particle
size, pH (in water, CaCl2), SMP index, exchangeable cations, potential acidity and
organic carbon), as well as metals extracted by the US-EPA3050 method,
acidification (AP) and neutralization potential (PN) by the hydrogen peroxide method,
and mineralogy, analyzed by X-ray diffraction in powder (total sample). In the field,
suction lysimeters (Ecotech, Bonn, Germany), to collect soil solution, and moisture
sensors (Watermark), to monitor the moisture, were installed. Soil solution were also
extracted in the laboratory, by the saturated paste extract method. Metals and basic
cations in soil solutions obtained by the two methods were analyzed by ICP-OES and
Si and S determined by UV-visible spectroscopy and the results compared by
nonparametric tests and mineral stability diagrams. Soil solution retention curves
were determined with Richards chambers and by WP-4, and the available water
capacity taking into account the osmotic potential. It was concluded that (a) all layers
of mine overburden materials showed acidification potential while top soil and clay
layers (MIV and MVII) had a positive net potential (non-acid generation), indicating
the they were free from sulfides contamination; (b) both methods of extraction of soil
solution showed to be equivalent in terms of concentration of extracted ions as
analyzed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test; but the mineral stability diagrams
showed different behavior due to the higher activity of Al in solution extracted with
saturated paste in the laboratory, more diluted; (c) the soil solution, by both methods,
confirm the formation of acid drainage in depth, even areas covered by topsoil or clay
layers (MIV MVII), indicating that these layers are not sufficient to contain or
minimize the generation of acid mine drainage; (d) in soil solution values above the
allowed for human consumption for various elements (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni,
Pb, Se and As) as a result of the active process of desulfurization were found,
contrasting with the metals extracted by the USEPA 3050 method, that indicates that
values above the allowed only to As and Se; (e) the overburden materials retain soil
solution with higher energy than the topsoil and clay layers due to the character of
their porosity, originated by lithogenic processes (diagenesis), which allied to the
high osmotic potential, reduces the amount of plant available water and (f) the
monitoring of the soil moisture in the constructed soil profiles showed that the topsoil
and clay layers, due to the lower water holding capacity, even when saturated,
showed lower levels of soil moisture over time than the deeper layers, composed by
mine overburden.
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Artico, Maila. "Recuperação de áreas degradadas através do uso integrado de lodo de esgoto e rejeito de mineração de basalto como substituto ao solo de cobertura." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179440.
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A mineração altera as condições ambientais naturais. Uma alternativa estudada para a recuperação de áreas degradadas é o uso de lodo de esgoto (LE) gerado por estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE). Desse modo, o presente trabalho avaliou o uso integrado de rejeito de mineração de basalto (RM) e resíduo de saneamento (lodo de esgoto) como substituto ao uso de solo de cobertura (SC) durante a recuperação ambiental de pedreiras. Um experimento ex situ foi montado no Centro de Tecnologia/UFRGS, conferindo-se a adição de LE ou SC a RM e comparado à utilização de SC por meio de análises de fertilidade de solos e plantio de gramínea (Avena strigosa) como variáveis respostas. Amostras de RM e de SC foram obtidas em pedreira de basalto em Novo Hamburgo-RS e o LE, em uma ETE no mesmo município. Inicialmente RM, SC e LE foram caracterizados em termos de teor de matéria orgânica (MO) para definição dos tratamentos. O LE foi caracterizado conforme CONAMA 375/2006. O delineamento experimental consistiu em 5 tratamentos (misturas) e 5 blocos: (A) RM (0,1% MO), (B) RM + LE (1,8% MO), (C) RM + SC (1,8% MO), (D) SC (3,2% MO) e (E) RM + LE (3,2% MO) Os tratamentos foram submetidos à caracterização química (pH, macro e micronutrientes) e granulometria. Paralelamente, semeou-se aveia preta (Avena strigosa) a qual foi coletada, seca e pesada durante a conclusão do ciclo vegetativo; a massa seca e o teor de nutrientes em tecido foliar foram comparados. Resultados mostram baixo teor de MO em RM (0,1%), diferentemente do SC (3,2%) e do LE (15,1%). O LE cumpre os parâmetros impostos pela legislação. A granulometria dos tratamentos A, B e E, foi caracterizada como arenosa e dos tratamentos C e D como média. As misturas com RM + LE com 1,8 e 3,2% de MO apresentaram níveis adequados de pH, micro e macronutrientes, o que refletiu na maior produção de matéria seca e teores de nutrientes no tecido foliar dos tratamentos B e E. Verificou-se que a mistura de LE e RM possui vantagens em termos de produção de matéria seca quando comparado ao SC, mostrando que o uso integrado de LE e de RM, na forma proposta, pode ser usado como material substituto ao uso de SC para recuperação de áreas degradadas, contribuindo ainda, na disposição final destes materiais.<br>Mining impacts natural environmental conditions. A widely studied alternative to address environmental restoration in degraded areas is the use of sewage sludge (LE), which is a byproduct of urban sewage treatment plant (ETE). In this context, the present study evaluated the integrated use of basalt quarry waste (RM) and sewage sludge (LE) as a substitute for natural soils (SC) during quarry environmental restoration. An ex situ experiment was installed at the Technology Center of UFRGS in which LE or SC where mixed to RM and compared to the use of SC through soil fertility analysis and grass growth (Avena strigosa) as dependent variables. RM and SC samples were collected at a basalt quarry in the city of Novo Hamburgo-RS, and LE at an ETE in the same city. Initially, RM, SC and LE were characterized in terms of organic matter content (MO) which was used for the definition of treatments. The LE was characterized according to CONAMA 375/2006. A completely randomized design experiment was used, including five treatments (mixtures) and five blocks: (A) RM (0.1% MO), (B) RM + LE (1.8% MO), (C) RM + SC (1.8% MO), (D) SC (3.2% MO) e (E) RM + LE (3,2% MO) Chemical (pH, macro and micronutrients) and particle size distribution characterization analysis were performed in all soil mixture treatments. In parallel, black oat (Avena strigosa) was sown in all treatments which was cut, dried and weight near to its vegetative cycle conclusion; dry mass production and nutrients in plant tissue were compared. Results showed low MO in RM (0.1%) differently from SC (3.2%) and LE (15.1%). LE is in accordance with CONAMA legislation. Texture of treatments A, B and E was characterized as coarse and in treatments C and D as medium. Mixtures containing RM + LE with 1.8% and 3.2% MO had adequate pH and micro and macronutrient content, what is supported by the highest dry mass production in the B and E treatments. It was verified that the addition of LE to the RM leads to better outcomes in terms of dry mass production when compared to SC. Results show that as proposed, the integrated use of LE and RM can be used as an alternative for SC use in environmental restoration, also contributing to these materials’ disposal.
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Madalane, Thembi. "The obligation to rehabilitate mining areas : post mining activities." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/905.
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Thesis (LLM) -- University of Limpopo, 2012<br>The study focuses on rehabilitation, since absence of proper rehabilitation process result in indelible damage to the environment. South Africa, like many other countries, is faced with many environmental problems caused by mining. These problems are particularly caused by, inter alia, abandoned mining areas without rehabilitation, inadequate environmental impact assessment after closure, inadequate financial provision for rehabilitation, and lack of monitoring and aftercare system after post mine closure. The study found that many Companies ignore laws governing prospecting, extraction and rehabilitation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate and recommend guidelines in the rehabilitation process so as to instil respect for the environment. The study therefore recommended strict legislation relating to environmental protection against mining.
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Desai, Mansi Anilkumar. "Phytoremediation : a tool for restoring land degraded due to opencast coal mining." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/60f04088-06df-441a-98a5-c22c662c8dfa/1/.
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This research set on a former reclaimed opencast coal spoil in Varteg Hills, South Wales, UK explores the phytoremediation potential of Alnus glutinosa (Alder), Betula pendula (Roth) (Birch) and Larix decidua (Larch), which are commonly used in UK land reclamation, to sequester metals: Zn, Cd, Mn, Pb and Cu, from mine spoils. This study also compares the abilities of newly planted trees to sequester metals on a new experimental site, within the landscape and compares these with those from older plantations on adjoining land. This chronosequence is used to evaluate the overall impact of forestation on metals levels in soils over two decades. Metal concentrations in soil were measured over three years and those in tree leaves were measured over two years. The majority of the samples examined lie between the UK defined thresholds for contamination but below levels that trigger immediate action and treatment. Samples within this range are placed within a new 'critical soil' category. Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants across selected test plots shows the presence of micro-scale contamination hotspots on these sites. These show that while such sites may, on average, have sub-critcial levels for metal contamination, they may still contain sections where contaminants reach very severe levels. Planting trees in mixes is beneficial because different trees selectively remove different metal contaminants while some species benefit the soil in other ways. For example, while Alder leaves showed average concentrations of Cd, Zn and Mn, their roots also aid nitrogen fixation. Of the five metals selected for this study, two are known to be highly mobile (CD, Zn), two iii relatively immobile (Pb, Cu) and one is intermediate (Mn). Foliar analysis of Birch shows consistency in accumulation of Cd and Zn in leaves, while young Larch needles accumulated the highest concentrations of Mn and Pb. Correlation between movement of metals in soil and leaves over time, discovered that the uptake of Mn in Alder and Birch foliar on all plots and Larch on the new experimental plot is positively correlated to the presence of Zn in the soil. Studies of the general effects of forestation on metal concentrations in soil showed that metal levels declined significantly even on the most recently planted test sites. On four year old plots a 14-18% decrease in Mn concentrations and about 8% decrease in Cd and Zn concentrations were observed. Observations of the soils on the full 18 year chronosequence found that metal levels declined very significantly (p= 0.003 to 0.0002) through time. Based on the reduction of metal concentration in soil and uptake in leaves, it is possible to project 40 - 45 years for concentration of Mn to reach normal soil levels and about 20 - 25 years for Cd level to reach normal soil levels, provided the soil is not further disrupted by physical, chemical or biological activities which may recontaminate the spoil. This demonstrates, conclusively, that forestation is an effective means of metal remediation on the moderately contaminated lands produced by opencast coal-mining in Wales. Keywords: Opencast coal mining; Phytoremediation; contaminated land; Heavy metal uptake; Alder; Birch.
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Wang, Yuanyuan. "Analysis of soil samples from polluted mining areas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68856/.
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Simões, Cláudia Sofia Lola. "Modelação da erosão do solo numa região de forte impacte de actividades mineiras e estudo geoquímico das zonas mais vulneráveis, com vista à sua remediação e reabilitação. Estudo de uma área piloto da Bacia do rio Paraopeba (Bacia do Rio Paraopeba - MG, Brasil)." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16404.
Full textAbstract:
A erosão acelerada resulta em graves consequências para a qualidade do solo e da água, assim
como para a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrários.
Para caso de estudo seleccionou-se a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba, localizada na região
sudoeste do Brasil, na área denominada de Quadrilátero Ferrífero, onde a intensa actividade
mineira, se reflecte, não apenas no agravamento dos processos erosivos, mas também, na
qualidade da água e do solo.
No trabalho desenvolvido, identificaram-se as zonas mais vulneráveis aos processos erosivos,
tendo como base metodologias de modelagem matemática computacional e efectuou-se o
estudo geoquímico dos solos, tendo em vista a definição das tecnologias mais adequadas para a
remediação da bacia.
Os trabalhos desenvolvidos permitiram identificar situações de contaminação de solos e
apresentar soluções para a sua remediação. Desta forma, foi validada a metodologia de estudo
proposta, que se considera viável para ser adaptada ao estudo de outros locais; ABSTRACT:
MODELLING OF SOIL EROSION IN A STRONG IMPACT REGION OF MINING AND
GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE MOST VULNERABLE AREAS, WITH A VIEW TO
REMEDIATION AND REHABILITATION. STUDY OF AN AREA OF THE BASIN OF THE
PARAOPEBA RIVER (MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL)
The accelerated erosion results in serious consequences for the quality of soil and water, as
well as to the sustainability of agricultural systems.
For case study was selected to Paraopeba River Basin, located in the southwestern region of
Brazil, in the area known as the Iron Quadrangle, where intense mining activity, reflected not
only in the increase of erosion, but also in quality water and soil.
In the work, the most vulnerable areas to erosion were identified, based on methodologies of
computational mathematical modeling and worked up geochemical study of the soil, with a
view to defining the most appropriate technologies for the remediation of the basin.
The developed works have identified soil contamination, and provide solutions to their
remediation. Thus, it was validated the study proposed methodology, it is considered feasible
to be adapted to study other locations.
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Milakovic, Brian. "Invertebrate populations of intact and degraded areas of a supra-tidal marsh at La Perouse Bay, Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ45502.pdf.
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Md, Azmi Ahmad Zharif. "CFD ANALYSIS OF AIRFLOW PATTERNS IN HIGH MINING AREAS OF ROOM-AND-PILLAR COAL MINING." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1574.
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This thesis studies airflow patterns in the face area of a typical room-and-pillar mining area, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. This research is designed to develop a scientific understanding of airflow distribution in room-and-pillar mining areas that is fundamental to developing engineering controls. The overall goal of the study is to develop improved engineering controls to minimize dust exposure of mine workers in the face area. Dust exposure can be a health hazard in underground coal mining industry based on historical data of coal workers' pneumoconiosis among underground mine workers. Current regulatory dust exposure standards of 1.5 mg/m3, averaged over an 8-hour period, have been recently revised with approval of new MSHA standards in April of 2014. Mining companies are currently seeking new technologies in order to comply with the new dust standards. Since mining geometries are complex and do not lend themselves to closed-form analytical solutions, CFD numerical modeling approach was used to develop an understanding of airflow distribution in the face areas. Since previous studies had focused on some cuts in mining heights of less than 2.4 m (8-ft), this study was performed for high mining areas of 4.2 m (14-ft). Such mining heights are very common in longwall mine development areas, particularly in the State of Illinois. The primary goal was to identify major differences in airflow between the two mining heights and how they affect development of engineering controls for minimizing dust exposure. Simulations were done using ANSYS software such as DesignModeler for modeling and meshing and FLUENT for calculations. Recirculation (RC) and low air velocity (LAV) zones were located for straight deep cut, straight deepest cut, cross-cut right, cross-cut right mine through, left turn cross-cut, and left turn cross-cut mine through for low mining height (LMH) and high mining height (HMH) with varying air quantity at the end of the line curtain (ELC). Air at the ELC was adjusted to achieve a ratio of 0.85, 1.00 and 1.15 over the wet scrubber fan (WSF) discharge capacity. Results show that the air velocity in HMH case is much lower than for the LMH. In addition, the location of RC and LAV zones differ based on mining height and air quantity at the ELC. Furthermore, lower air quantity at the ELC causes the air exhausted by the WSF to recirculate back to the face area in order to satisfy the WSF requirement. Recommendations to deal with these differences are formulated.
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GaÌl, Judit M. "Biogeochemistry of arsenic and antimony : risk assessment in mining areas." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430897.
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Kolli, Shiva Prasad B. "Analyses of coal extraction and spoil handling techniques in mountainous areas." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1971.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
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Madouh, Tareq A. "Effect of drought on growth and development of perennial desert species for rehabilitation of degraded areas of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422779.
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Winqvist, Camilla. "Mining for Heritage : Heritagisation processes and management of former and current mining areas at the Skellefteå Field." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298271.
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This thesis examines the heritagisation processes that have taken place at the Skellefteå Field since the 1980s, that transformed former and current mining areas into mining heritage sites. The purpose of the thesis is to find out how and why the heritagisation processes started and how the heritagisation processes developed through the years. Another important aspect of the thesis is to examine the narratives used to motivate the heritagisation of the areas. The thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis’ (CDA) three dimensional analytical model as a methodological approach to examine the narratives used, by comparing the narratives used by the Swedish National Heritage Board, the County Administrative Board in Västerbotten and by the local actors who manage the sites. The CDA model is used in combination with field theory, adapted by Isacson and Orre from Broady’s understanding of Bourdieu’s original field theory, to frame the mining heritage discourse as a field. For the understanding of the heritagisation processes of the former and current mining areas, the thesis uses the theoretical framework of heritagisation by Harrison, and primarily the reconceptualization of heritagisation by Sjöholm who has redefined heritagisation by adding the terms re-heritagisation and de-heritagisation. The results of the essay show that local enthusiasm is the primary instigator of the heritagisation processes of the former and current mining areas. The narratives used by the mining heritage sites correspond well with the narratives used by the Swedish National Heritage Board and the County Administrative Board in Västerbotten. It is shown that the narratives used at each level, national, regional and local, are shaped by each other and that these narratives ultimately frame the field of mining heritage and the discourse of mining heritage sites at the Skellefteå Field. The local enthusiasts instigated the heritagisation processes and were supported during the 1980s by an increase in interest for industrial heritage from a national level. The heritagisation processes were in no way absolute, the heritage was constantly reaffirmed, and in some cases rejected. Heritagisation processes cannot be seen as fixed, they are fluid and the mining heritage sites are dependent on the continuous perception of them as heritage. The heritage sites become reaffirmed each time they are visited and perceived by the visitors as heritage. The thesis is connected to the larger projects Nordregio and REXSAC at the Royal Institute of Technology.
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Tristan-Montero, Emma Esther. "Human health risk assessment for contaminated land in historical mining areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7343.
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Pearce, Fiona Mary. "The geochemistry of river waters in former metalliferous mining areas of Wales." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242593.
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Freire, Rodrigo Bernardes [UNESP]. "Priorização de áreas para restauração ecológica na UGRHI 22, Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152450.
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Previous issue date: 2017-12-02<br>Este trabalho buscou identificar áreas para restauração ecológica dentro dos limites da UGRHI 22, localizada no Pontal do Paranapanema, na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Essa região possui baixos índices de cobertura vegetal nativa, e, diante desse cenário que pode ocasionar desequilíbrio ambiental com prejuízo às atividades humanas e também devido às obrigações previstas em leis, faz-se necessário a definição de áreas nas quais as ações de restauração ecológica devem acontecer com prioridade. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de Combinação Linear Ponderada, em que as variáveis escolhidas são combinadas, atribuindo-se pesos para cada uma delas de forma a se obter o resultado final. Foram utilizados como fontes de informação e análise os dados de Fragilidade Natural à Erosão, Vulnerabilidade Natural dos Aquíferos à Poluição, Áreas de Preservação Permanente, Inventário Florestal, Conectividade do Estado de São Paulo, Unidades de Conservação e Áreas declaradas como prioritárias por outros instrumentos e definição dos pesos para as variáveis utilizadas foi feita a partir de uma matriz AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Num primeiro momento, os dados foram combinados, gerando uma hierarquização em cinco classes, e partir dessa, foram destacadas as áreas com extensão superior a 5 hectares e que estivesse na classe de maior prioridade. Os resultados mostraram que há áreas prioritárias por toda extensão da UGRHI 22, com destaque para as APPs de forma geral e para as UPHs Baixo Paranapanema Margem Direita, Tributários do Rio Paraná e Santo Anastácio. Concluiu-se que os dados gerados representam adequadamente as áreas prioritárias na área da UGRHI e pela necessidade de implantação de projetos de restauração ecológica nos locais indicados.<br>This work aimed to identify areas for ecological restoration into the of UGRHI 22, located in Pontal do Paranapanema, in the western of the São Paulo State, Brazil. This region has low indices of native vegetation cover and, in face of this scenario that can cause environmental imbalance and affect human activities and also due to legal obligations, it is necessary to define areas in which ecological restorations actions must take place prioritarily. To achieve the results, the Weighted Linear Combination methodology was used, which means that the chosen variables are combined, and weights were assigned for each one of that. The definition of these weights was made by the application of and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) matrix and the data used as sources of information and to the analysis in this work were: Natural Fragility to Erosion, Natural Pollution Aquifer Vulnerability, Permanent Protection Area, Forest Inventory, Connectivity from the São Paulo State, Conservation Units and Areas that were declared as priority by other instruments. At first, the data were combined in order to generate a five classes hierarchy map, and then, the areas within the highest priority class and with extension larger than 5 hectares were selected. The final results showed that are priority areas throughout the extension of the UGRHI 22, with emphasis on the Permanent Protected Areas and the UPHs Right Margin of Lower Paranapanema, Tributaries of Parana River and Santo Anastacio. It was concluded that the results properly represent the priority areas in the UGRHI and the need to implement restoration projects in these places.
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Luud, Aarne. "Evaluation of moose habitats and forest reclamation in Estonian oil shale mining areas /." Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/684/5/luudaarne.pdf.
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Yu, Myong-Hwan. "Geohazards associated with rising groundwater in urban areas affected by former coal mining." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433423.
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Luís, Ana Teresa Lopes Ferreira. "Integration of geochemical and biological modifications in mining areas: waters, sediments and diatoms." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12332.
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Doutoramento em Geociências<br>The development of mining activities over thousands of years in the region of Aljustrel is nowadays visible as a vast area of ore tailings, slag and host rocks of sulphides mineralization. The generation of acidic waters by the alteration of pyritic minerals - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - causes a significant impact on the river system both in the south of the village (Rib ª. Água Forte) and in the north of it (Rib ª. Água Azeda and Barranco do Farrobo), which is reflected in extremely low pH values (< 3) and high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and sulphates. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts extent, integrating geochemical (surface waters and stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) parameters. Three groups of sites were defined, based on sediments and water analysis, which integration with diatom data showed the same association of groups: Group 1- impacted, with acidic pH (1.9-5.1), high metal contents (0.4-1975 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate waters, being metals more bioavailable in waters in cationic form (Me2+); mineralogically the sediments were characterized by phyllosilicates and sulphates/oxy-hydroxysulphate phases, easily solubilized, retaining a high amount of metals when precipitated; dominant taxon was Pinnularia aljustrelica (a new species); Group 2- slightly impacted, weak acid to neutral pH (5.0-6.8), metal contents not so high (0.2-25 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate to Mg-chloride waters; dominant taxa were Brachysira neglectissima and Achnanthidium minutissimum; Group 3- unimpacted, alkaline pH (7.0-8.4), low metal contents (0-7 mg L-1) with Mg-chloride waters. In this group, metals were associated to the primary phases (e.g. sulphides), not so easily available; the existence of high chloride contents explained the presence of typical taxa of brackish/marine (e.g. Entomoneis paludosa) waters. Taxonomical aspects of the diatoms were studied (discovery of a new species: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luis, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), as well as morphometric (size decrease of diatoms valves, as well as the appearance of deformed valves of Eunotia exigua in Group 1 and A. minutissimum in Group 2) and physiological (effective to assess the effects of metals/acidity in the photosynthetic efficiency through PAM Fluorometry) aspects. A study was carried out in an artificial river system (microcosm) that aimed to mimic Aljustrel’s extreme conditions in controlled laboratory conditions. The chronic effects of Fe, SO42- and acidity in field biofilms, inoculated in the artificial rivers, were evaluated as well as their contribution to the communities’ tolerance to metal toxicity, through acute tests with two metals (Cu and Zn). In general, the effects caused by low pH values and high concentrations of Fe and SO42- were reflected at the community level by the decrease in diversity, the predominance of acidophilic species, the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and the increase of enzymatic (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic activities (e.g. total glutathione and total phytochelatins). However, it was possible to verify that acidity performed a protective effect in the communities, upon Cu and Zn addition. A comparative study between Aljustrel mining area and New Brunswick mining area was carried out, both with similar mining and geological conditions, reflected in similar diatom communities in both mines, but in very different geographic and climatic areas.<br>O desenvolvimento de actividades mineiras ao longo de milhares de anos na região de Aljustrel, reflecte-se actualmente em vastas áreas ocupadas por escombreiras com minério, escórias e rochas encaixantes das mineralizações de sulfuretos. A geração de águas ácidas por oxidação dos sulfuretos - Drenagem Ácida de Mina (DAM) - provoca um impacte significativo na rede hidrográfica, quer na zona sul da vila de Aljustrel (Ribª. de Água Forte) quer na região norte da mesma (Ribª. da Água Azeda e Barranco do Farrobo), que se traduz em valores extremamente baixos de pH (<3) e elevadas concentrações de As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn e SO4. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a extensão destes impactos ambientais, integrando parâmetros geoquímicos (águas superficiais e sedimentos de corrente) e biológicos (diatomáceas). Três grupos de locais foram definidos com base na análise dos sedimentos de corrente e águas superficiais, cuja integração com as diatomáceas mostrou a mesma associação de grupos: Grupo 1- impactados, com pH ácido (1.9-5.1), conteúdo em metais alto (0.4-1975 mg L-1) e águas sulfatadas ferromagnesianas, estando os metais mais biodisponíveis nas águas sob a forma catiónica (Me2+); mineralogicamente os sedimentos caracterizaram-se por existência de fases filossilicatadas e sulfatadas/óxi-hidroxisulfatadas facilmente solubilizáveis que retêm grande quantidade de metais aquando da sua precipitação; o taxon dominante foi Pinnularia aljustrelica (espécie nova); Grupo 2- ligeiramente impactados, pH ácido fraco a neutro (5.0-6.8), conteúdo em metais pouco elevado (0.2-25 mg L-1) e com águas do tipo sulfatadas ferromagnesianas a cloretadas magnesianas; os taxa dominantes foram Brachysira neglectissima e Achnanthidium minutissimum); Grupo 3- não impactados, pH alcalino (7.0-8.4), conteúdo em metais baixo (0-7 mg L-1), águas essencialmente cloretadas magnesianas. Neste grupo, os metais estavam associados às fases primárias (por exemplo, sulfuretos), não se encontrando por isso tão disponíveis; verificam-se altos conteúdos em cloro o que justifica a presença de taxa típicos de águas salobras/marinhas (por exemplo, Entomoneis paludosa).
As amostras de diatomáceas foram estudadas do ponto de vista taxonómico (descoberta de uma nova espécie: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luís, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), morfométrico (diminuição do tamanho das valvas de diatomáceas, assim como o aparecimento de formas deformadas de Eunotia exigua no Grupo 1 e A. minutissimum no Grupo 2), fisiológico (uso da Fluorometria de Pulso Modulado foi eficaz na avaliação dos efeitos dos metais/acidez na eficiência fotossintética). Foi efectuado um estudo em sistema de rios artificiais (microcosmos) que teve como objectivo simular as condições extremas existentes em Aljustrel em condições controladas de laboratório. Avaliaram-se os efeitos crónicos do Fe, SO42- e acidez nas comunidades inoculados nos rios artificiais e a sua contribuição para a tolerência dessas comunidades à toxicidade a dois metais (Cu e Zn) através de testes agudos.
De um modo geral, os efeitos provocados pelos valores baixos de pH e pelos elevados teores em Fe e SO42- reflectiram-se a nível das comunidades de diatomáceas, na diminuição da diversidade, no predomínio de espécies acidofílicas, na diminuição da eficiência fotossintética e no aumento das actividades enzimáticas e não enzimáticas.
Contudo, aquando da adição do Cu e do Zn, a acidez teve um efeito protector nas comunidades. Foi também efectuado um estudo comparativo entre a zona mineira de Aljustrel e a zona mineira de New Brunswick (Canadá) que apresentavam condições geológicas e de mineração semelhantes, refletindo-se em comunidades de diatomáceas análogas, mas com uma localização geográfica e climática muito distinta.
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Betancur, Corredor Bibiana [Verfasser]. "Agroforestry as a post-mining land-use approach for waste deposits in alluvial gold mining areas of Colombia / Bibiana Betancur Corredor." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1188814184/34.
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Wallner, Marcus. "Making Room for Resource Liberalism : Mining, Neoliberalization and Areas of National Interest in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210973.
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Daemane, Mahlomola Ernest. "An ecological study of the plant communities and degraded areas of the Highveld National Park, North West Province, South Africa / Mahlomola Ernest Daemane." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/725.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the study were to identify, classify, describe and map the plant
communities in the proposed Highveld National Park, including the degraded
Spitskop areas. Vegetation sampling was done by means of the Braun-Blanquet
method and a total of 108 stratified random relevés were sampled. A numerical
classification technique (TWINSPAN) was used and the result was refined by
Braun-Blanquet procedures. The final results of the classification procedure were
presented in the form of phytosociological tables and twelve plant communities
were described. For indirect ordination, a Detrended Correspondence Analysis
(DCA) algorithm was applied to the data set to confirm the phytosociological
association and to assess floristic relations between communities. For direct
environmental gradient analysis the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
was applied to the data using the CANOCO software program. The plant
communities were combined into six management units based on similarities
regarding vegetation composition, habitat, topography and soil characteristics.
Characterization of land degradation was done by grouping erosion into different
classes and different degrees of severity. Degraded areas in need of
rehabilitation and restoration were identified and described. Recommendations
were made with regard to rehabilitation and monitoring of all degraded areas in
the HNP.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Alcantara, Marcelo Augusto Mendes. "Variabilidade genotípica e estrutura populacional de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae) em área degradada de Cerrado." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183457.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Celso Luis Marino<br>Resumo: O Brasil possui vasta diversidade biológica tanto em sua fauna quanto em sua flora. Muito dessa diversidade ainda se encontra pouco ou inexplorada pela ciência. Dentre tantas espécies ainda pouco estudadas, encontra-se Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, popularmente conhecido como Gonçalo-Alves, tipicamente de cerrado e com aparições em outros biomas circundantes. A partir de uma população natural de A. fraxinifolium localizada em área degradada de Cerrado, o presente trabalho objetivou estimar a variação genotípica com base em seus caracteres silviculturais, propor um índice de seleção individual com base no valor genotípico (BLUP), determinar a proporção sexual dentro da população, o tamanho efetivo populacional, a diversidade, a estrutura genética, os níveis de endogamia, a coancestria e o tamanho efetivo populacional a partir da amplificação e identificação de locos microssatélites. A medição da altura foi realizada com equipamento hipsômetro baseado em sistema ultrassom e a estimativa do caráter diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) a partir da conversão da circunferência à altura do peito. Para a extração do material genético e posterior genotipagem, coletou-se tecidos foliares de 384 árvores. As estimativas de componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos dos caracteres silviculturais foram obtidos com base no procedimento - REML/BLUP empregando-se o software SELEGEN-REML/BLUP. A proporção sexual entre os indivíduos masculinos e femininos dentro da população foi estimada seg... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Brazil has a vast biological diversity both in its fauna and flora. Much of this diversity is still little or unexplored by science. Among so many species still poorly studied, there is Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, popularly known as Gonçalo-Alves, typically a Cerrado specie with appearances in other surrounding biomes. From a natural population of A. fraxinifolium located in a degraded area of Cerrado, the present work aimed to estimate genotypic variation based on its silvicultural characters, propose an individual selection index based on genotypic value (BLUP), determine the sexual ratio in the population, effective population size, diversity, genetic structure, inbreeding levels, coancestry, and effective population size from the amplification and identification of microsatellite loci. Height measurement was performed using an ultrasound-based hypsometer device and the diameter-to-chest height (DBH) character estimate from the circumference to chest height conversion. For the extraction of genetic material and subsequent genotyping, we collected leaf tissues from 384 trees. Estimates of variance components and genetic parameters of silvicultural characters were obtained based on the procedure - REML / BLUP using the software SELEGEN-REML / BLUP. The sex ratio between male and female individuals in the population was estimated according to the chi-square statistical test. The genetic diversity was estimated using FSTAT software. The coancestry coefficients and standard... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Catanozi, Gerson. "Analise espacial da macrofauna edafica sob diferentes condições ambientais dos tropicos umidos." [s.n.], 2018. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287219.
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Orientador: Carlos Roberto Spindola<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Catanozi_Gerson_D.pdf: 11539513 bytes, checksum: ab8020b1e51d03c4b15a4b840fa0132c (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2018-08-15T16:11:29Z<br>Resumo: A biodiversidade no Brasil é considerada uma das maiores do planeta. Parte significativa desta permanece desconhecida. Nesse caso, encontra-se a fauna de solo. Além da importância ecológica, esses organismos têm se revelado fundamentais para o bom funcionamento do sistema edáfico. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e identificar grupos taxonômicos da macrofauna de solo e estabelecer os respectivos índices ecológicos em: áreas florestais conservadas e em recuperação da degradação por mineração; e áreas sob manejo agrícola - biodinâmico e tradicional. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas utilizando-se os métodos - Pitfall traps e TSBF. Os animais coletados foram identificados em grandes grupos taxonômicos e contabilizados para se obter densidades, riquezas e índices ecológicos. Os resultados indicam que a densidade de grupo, associada à riqueza e índices ecológicos, contribui de forma importante para um entendimento integrado. Os solos em processo de recuperação apresentaram valores que diferiram entre si, principalmente nas camadas mais superficiais. Pastos com braquiária podem ser diferentes entre si com relação à macrofauna de solo, principalmente em favor do manejo biodinâmico com maior diversidade de espécies vegetais. Finalmente, modelos matemáticos das densidades podem contribuir com a análise ou previsão das condições do solo. Porém, estudos complementares são necessários, reforçando a possibilidade de tornar viável o uso de organismos da macrofauna de solo como bioindicadores ambientais<br>Abstract: Biodiversity in Brazil is considered one of the greatest on the planet. Important part of it has kept unknown and many species have been extinguished quite before scientifically identified, mainly because of the small size of those organisms or the restricted access to them. That may be particularly the case of soil fauna. Besides their ecological importance, those organisms have played fundamental role for a good work of edaphic system. The objective of this work is to analyze and identify taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna, establishing the respective ecological indexes at: conserved rainforest and in recovery process from degradation by tin mining areas; and areas under biodynamic system and conventional management. In order to that, collects were taken by using two methods - Pitfall traps and TSBF. The collected animals were identified into broad taxonomic and counted to determine their densities, richness and ecological indexes. The general results suggest that the density of each animal taxonomic unit, associated to richness of groups and ecological indexes, supplies in an important way for a global understanding. Soils in different recovery process showed different results, mainly within the superficial layers. Biodinamyc managed pastures with Brachiaria sp may be different between each other about epigeic and edaphic macrofauna, mostly where greater diversity of consorted plant species are present, even in conventional management approach. Finally, mathematical models for density may contribute to analyze and forecast the soil conditions. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary in order to make possible the use of soil macrofauna as environmental bioindicators<br>Doutorado<br>Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial<br>Doutor em Ciências
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Agioutantis, Zacharias G. "An investigation into the modeling of ground deformations induced by underground mining." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82615.
Full textAbstract:
The mechanisms of strata deformation due to underground mining were analyzed in an effort to better understand immediate roof behavior and surface displacements. Strata deformation characteristics above longwall and room-and-pillar mines in the eastern U.S. coalfields were evaluated and a numerical procedure was developed for calculating surface displacements.
The model, based on the well-known finite element method, utilized empirical indices associated with subsidence engineering in order to incorporate the site-specific characteristics into the formulation. Different material behavior models and failure criteria were employed in an attempt to determine the areas highly deformed by underground excavation. Additionally, the method was sensitive to the ratios of the elastic moduli used to describe different rocks and/ or rock conditions, and not to the magnitude of the elastic properties. Thus, the use of arbitrary reduction factors to convert laboratory to in situ property values was completely avoided and scaling of the calculated surface displacements was based on, the empirically predicted, regional or local parameters. The use of fixed displacement nodes around an opening to induce failure overcame the roof-floor overlap problem encountered in other formulations.
The successful implementation of the proposed methodology for modeling surface deformations complements and enhances existing prediction techniques, which are primarily based on empirical approaches, by allowing parametric analysis for different excavation geometrics, roof convergence curves and overburden properties.<br>Ph. D.
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Kobayashi, Kenichiro. "Optimization methods for multiphase systems in the subsurface application to methane migration in coal mining areas." Stuttgart Inst. für Wasserbau, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975382160.
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Cruzado, Tafur Edith Maricela. "Assessment of accumulation of selected metals by native plants growing in polluted peruvian post-mining areas." Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/19152.
Full textAbstract:
Metal mining is one of the economic pillars of the Peruvian economy. Peru is the main producer of gold, zinc, lead, and tin in Latin America and the second largest producer of copper, silver, and zinc worldwide. Despite its economic importance, mining has also left a plethora of Mining Environmental Liabilities (MEL) whose inadequate waste management represents a risk for both the environment and human health and is a common trigger of social problems. The Cajamarca región is the second región in Peru in terms of the number of MEL sites with the majority of them located in the Hualgayoc district.
The goal of the PhD project is the assessment of the environmental impact of MEL in the Peruvian Andes using as an example two post-mining sites in the Hualgayoc district. This evaluation includes the study of soils and native plant species in terms of their metal accumulation potential and the species involved in the process, in order to generate information on a possible use of Andean native plants for phytoremediation. The mineralogical composition of soils is dominated by illite, kaolinite, quartz, and jarosite. Soil analyses also reveals a high acidity, very low content of essential nutrients, and potentially toxic concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag, and Zn out of the 34 analysed elements. Sequential fractionation soil analyses indicate that the highest content of the metals is in fractions with limitedmetal mobility. Soils are classified as extremely polluted according to several geochemical indexes, thus represent a serious risk to the local ecosystem.
The main part of the project concerns native Andean flora and contributes to their inventory with the identification of 22 plants belonging to 12 family species. The metal content in plant organs is correlated with that of the soil, in order to assess the phytoremediation potential of native plant species by establishing their metal bioaccumulation and translocation capabilities. Some plants are found to be potentially suitable for phytoremediation of Cd, Cu, and Zn but none of them for Pb, As, and Ag.
The speciation studies carried out by HPLC with parallel elemental (ICP) and molecular (ESI) mass spectrometricdetection allows the identification of the chemical species responsible for the translocation of Cu and Zn. Nicotianamine complexes are the major species of copper and zinc in organs of Arenaria digyna, Nicotiana thyrsiflora and Puya sp.; they are accompanied by deoxymutageneic acid complexes. In addition, a novel, never reported so far, dihydroxy-nicotianamine species was identified as the most abundant Cu and Zn ligand in Hypericum laricifolium.<br>L'exploitation minière des métaux est l'un des piliers économiques de l'économie péruvienne. Le Pérou est
le principal producteur d'or, de zinc, de plomb et d'étain d.Amérique latine et le deuxième producteur
mondial de cuivre, d'argent et de zinc. Malgré son importance économique, l'exploitation minière a
également laissé une pléthore de Responsabilités Environnementales Minières (REM) dont la gestion
inadéquate des déchets représente un risque pour l'environnement et la santé humaine et est un
déclencheur courant de problèmes sociaux. La région de Cajamarca est la deuxième région du Pérou en
termes de nombre de sites REM, la majorité d'entre eux étant situés dans le district de Hualgayoc.
L'objectif du projet de doctorat est l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental des REM dans les Andes
péruviennes en utilisant comme exemple deux sites post-miniers dans le district de Hualgayoc. Cette
évaluation comprend l'étude des sols et des espèces végétales indigènes en termes de potentiel
d'accumulation des métaux et des espèces impliquées dans le processus, afin de générer des informations
sur une éventuelle utilisation des plantes indigènes andines pour la phytoremédiation. La composition
minéralogique des sols est dominée par l'illite, la kaolinite, le quartz et la jarosite. Les analyses de sol
révèlent également une acidité élevée, une très faible teneur en nutriments essentiels et des concentrations
potentiellement toxiques en Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag et Zn sur les 34 éléments analysés. Les analyses de sol par
fractionnement séquentiel indiquent que la teneur la plus élevée en métaux se situe dans les fractions pour
lesquelles la mobilité métallique est limitée. Selon plusieurs indices géochimiques, les sols sont classés
comme extrêmement pollués et représentent ainsi un sérieux risque pour l'écosystème local.
L'essentiel du projet concerne la flore andine indigène et contribue à leur inventaire avec l'identification
de 22 plantes appartenant à 12 familles. La teneur en métaux des organes végétaux est corrélée à celle du
sol, afin d'évaluer le potentiel de phytoremédiation des espèces végétales indigènes en établissant leurs
capacités de bioaccumulation et de translocation des métaux. Certaines plantes se révélent être
potentiellement appropriées pour la phytoremédiation du Cd, du Cu et du Zn, mais aucune d'entre elles
pour le Pb, l'As et l'Ag.
Les études de spéciation réalisées par HPLC avec détection par spectrométrie de masse parallèle
élémentaire (ICP) et moléculaire (ESI) permettent d'identifier les espèces chimiques responsables de la
translocation de Cu et Zn. Les complexes de nicotianamine sont les principales espèces de cuivre et de zinc
dans les organes d'Arenaria digyna, de Nicotiana thyrsiflora et de Puya sp.; ils sont accompagnés de
complexes d'acide désoxymutagénique. En outre, une nouvelle espèce de dihydroxy-nicotianamine, jamais
signalée à ce jour, est identifiée comme le ligand Cu et Zn le plus abondant dans l.Hypericum laricifolium.<br>La minería metálica es uno de los pilares económicos de la economía peruana. Perú es el principal
productor de oro, zinc, plomo y estaño de América Latina y es el segundo productor mundial de cobre,
plata y zinc. A pesar de su importancia económica, la minería también ha dejado una gran cantidad de
Pasivos Ambientales Mineros (PAM) cuya inadecuada gestión de residuos representa un riesgo tanto
para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana y es un desencadenante habitual de problemas
sociales. La región de Cajamarca es la segunda del Perú en número de PAM y la mayoría de ellos se
encuentran en el distrito de Hualgayoc.
El objetivo del proyecto de doctorado es la evaluación del impacto ambiental de PAM en los Andes
peruanos utilizando como ejemplo dos emplazamientos post-mineros en el distrito de Hualgayoc. Esta
evaluación incluye el estudio de los suelos y de las especies vegetales nativas en cuanto a su potencial
de acumulación de metales y las especies involucradas en el proceso, con el fin de generar información
sobre un posible uso de las plantas nativas andinas para fitorremediación. La composición
mineralógica de los suelos está dominada por illita, caolinita, cuarzo y jarosita. Los análisis del suelo
también revelan una elevada acidez, un contenido muy bajo de nutrientes esenciales y concentraciones
potencialmente tóxicas de Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ag y Zn de entre los 34 elementos analizados. Los análisis de
suelos por fraccionamiento secuencial indican que el mayor contenido de los metales se encuentra en
las fracciones con movilidad limitada de los metales. Los suelos se clasifican como extremadamente
contaminados según los índices geoquímicos, por lo que representan un grave riesgo para el
ecosistema local.
La parte principal del proyecto se refiere a la flora nativa andina y contribuye a su inventario con la
identificación de 22 plantas pertenecientes a 12 especies familiares. El contenido de metales en los
órganos de las plantas es correlacionado con el del suelo, con el fin de evaluar el potencial de
fitorremediación de las especies de plantas nativas estableciendo su capacidad de bioacumulación y
translocación de metales. Algunas plantas resultan ser potencialmente adecuadas para la
fitorremediación de Cd, Cu y Zn, pero ninguna de ellas para Pb, As y Ag.
Los estudios de especiación realizados por HPLC con detección elemental (ICP) y molecular (ESI) de
espectrometría de masas en paralelo permiten identificar las especies químicas responsables de la
translocación de Cu y Zn. Los complejos de Nicotianamina son las principales especies de cobre y zinc
en órganos de Arenaria digyna, Nicotiana thyrsiflora y Puya sp.; están acompañados por complejos de
ácido desoximutagénico. Además, se identifica una nueva especie de dihidroxi-nicotianamina, nunca
reportada hasta ahora, como el ligando de Cu y Zn más abundante en Hypericum laricifolium.
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Sousa, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de. "Uso integrado de prÃticas de manejo na recuperaÃÃo de um solo salino-sÃdico cultivado com coqueiro." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9620.
Full textAbstract:
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>Os solos afetados por sais sÃo conhecidos hà muito tempo, no entanto, sua extensÃo e
intensidade tÃm aumentado consideravelmente, resultando na expansÃo da Ãrea degradada por
salinidade e sodicidade. Assim, prÃticas de manejo adequadas para controlar a salinidade dos
solos tornam-se fundamentais principalmente visando à sustentabilidade, alÃm de
constituÃrem alternativas de uso e recuperaÃÃo do solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi
avaliar o uso integrado de prÃticas de manejo na recuperaÃÃo de um solo salino-sÃdico no
PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, e em seguida proceder uma anÃlise de viabilidade
econÃmica, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade do processo de recuperaÃÃo. O estudo foi
desenvolvido em uma Ãrea cultivada com coqueiro com cerca de 2 anos de idade e que se
encontrava com desenvolvimento bastante reduzido. Inicialmente foi instalado um sistema de
drenagem subterrÃneo constituÃdo de um dreno coletor aberto de 135 m, dez drenos laterais de
45 m, compostos por tubos drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 e uma caixa de brita nÂ
01. O experimento com culturas anuais foi instalado entre as fileiras de coqueiro, com os
tratamentos sendo dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas
subdivididas, com quatro repetiÃÃes, durante dois ciclos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). As
parcelas foram formadas pelos tratamentos: T1. Subsolagem (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso;
T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 20 Mg ha-1 de matÃria
orgÃnica; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica, e as subparcelas
corresponderam Ãs rotaÃÃes culturais algodÃo-feijÃo-de-corda (AL/FC) e girassol-feijÃo-decorda
(GI/FC). A utilizaÃÃo da subsolagem juntamente com a instalaÃÃo do sistema de
drenagem subterrÃneo proporcionou um rebaixamento mÃdio do lenÃol freÃtico de 0,3 m e
promoveu melhorias nas condiÃÃes fÃsicas do solo aumentando a condutividade hidrÃulica. A
produÃÃo do coqueiro desde a primeira colheita realizada apresentou evoluÃÃo crescente
passando de 33,3 fruto/planta/ano em 2010/2011 para 152,4 frutos/planta/ ano em 2011/2012.
Os resultados demonstram que o emprego dos corretivos quÃmicos e orgÃnicos contribuiu para
a diminuiÃÃo dos nÃveis de salinidade e sodicidade do solo, sendo seus efeitos mais
evidenciados para reduÃÃo da sodicidade, com o gesso se mostrando mais eficiente nesse
processo. As maiores doses de gesso e matÃria orgÃnica aplicadas no tratamento T5
promoveram a maior produtividade do girassol e do feijÃo-de-corda. NÃo se observou
diferenÃas na produÃÃo de matÃria seca da parte aÃrea entre as espÃcies nos dois anos de
cultivo; no entanto, no ciclo 2010/2011 observou-se um aumento mÃdio de 114% (algodÃo) e
89% (girassol) na produÃÃo de matÃria seca, em relaÃÃo ao ciclo 2009/2010, sendo um
indicativo da recuperaÃÃo progressiva do solo. Observaram diferenÃas estatÃsticas nas
mediÃÃes de condutÃncia estomÃtica e das taxas de fotossÃntese e de transpiraÃÃo apenas entre
Ãpocas de mediÃÃes. Os teores foliares de Na+ nas plantas de girassol e algodÃo foram
reduzidos de um cultivo para outro, principalmente nos tratamentos com aplicaÃÃo de gesso.
O processo de recuperaÃÃo apresentou viabilidade econÃmica à taxa de juros de 2% ao ano,
conforme caracterÃsticas do agricultor familiar assistido pelo PRONAF. No entanto, o
resultado sà foi possÃvel com a contribuiÃÃo da produÃÃo do coqueiro, haja vista que produÃÃo
do algodÃo, girassol e feijÃo-de-corda nÃo foram suficientes para amortizar os investimentos.<br>The salt affected soils are known for a long time, however, the scale and intensity have
increased considerably, resulting in the expansion of the area degraded by salinity and
sodicity. Thus, appropriate management practices to control soil salinity become fundamental
mainly aimed at sustainability, as well as being alternative uses and land reclamation.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of management
practices in the reclamation of a saline-sodic soil in the irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste,
CearÃ, and then carried out an economic viability analysis, using profitability indicators of
process of reclamation. The study was conducted in an area cultivated with coconut with 2
years old, with the plants showing delayed development. Initially it was installed a subsurface
drainage system consisting of an open drain collector of 135 m, ten side drains of 45 m,
composed of pipes Drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 and a box of gravel No. 01.
The experiment was installed with annual crops between rows of coconut, with treatments
being arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot design with four replications
during two cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1.
Subsoiling (S), T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum, T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10
Mg ha-1 gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of
organic matter. The subplots correspond to two crop rotation systems: cotton-cowpea (AL /
FC) and sunflower-cowpea (GI / FC ). The use of subsoiling along with the installation of
subsurface drainage system provided an average drawdown of the water table of 0.3 m
promoted improvements in soil physical conditions by increasing the hydraulic conductivity.
The production of coconut from the first sample taken showed increasing trend from 33.3 fruit
/ plant / year in 2010/2011 to 152.4 fruits / plant / year in 2011/2012. The results demonstrate
that the use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to the decreased levels of salinity and
sodicity, and their effects are more evident for reducing sodicity, with gypsum proving more
efficient in this process. The highest rates of gypsum and organic matter applied in the
treatment T5 promoted greater productivity for sunflower and cowpea. There were no
differences in the shoots dry matter of the species within two years of cultivation, however, in
the cycle 2010/2011 there was an average increase of 114% (cotton) and 89% (sunflower)
relative to 2009/2010 cycle, being an indicative of the progressive recovery of the soil.
Statistically significant difference in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration
were observed only between seasons. Foliar concentrations of Na+ in plants of sunflower and
cotton crops were reduced in the second cycle, relative to the first one, especially in the
treatments with application of gypsum. The reclamation process showed economic viability at
the rate of 2% per year, according to the characteristics of the family farmer assisted by
PRONAF. However, the result was only possible with the contribution of coconut production,
considering that the production cotton, sunflower and cowpea were not enough to cover the
investment.
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Caballero, Erick, Rosa Calixto, Luis Arauzo, and Carlos Raymundo. "Model for Optimization of Drilling, Blasting and Fragmentation Processes in medium mining." International Institute of Informatics and Systemics, IIIS, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656286.
Full textAbstract:
El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>This study aims to propose a new alternative to optimize drilling and blasting processes from the mathematical and geological viewpoint using simulation software. The main objective is to design a systematic model of steps that can generate a simulation through JkSimBlast. This simulation must represent the best alternative for the design of drilling mesh and explosive selection to be implemented in the field. To achieve this goal, a seven-step process diagram was proposed, including geology, design aspects (burden and spacing across the areas of influence algorithm), analysis of physical parameters such as detonation rate, drill-mesh design, explosives selection and fragmentation analysis, simulation tests that could represent the field designs, and selection of the most optimal simulation. For the collection of parameters in the field, we have used MicroTrap Software and WipFrag, which have allowed the design of a mesh according to the needs of the rocky massif. The most optimal simulation was implemented at Caravelí Mining Company-Estrella Unit and had a positive impact on the optimization of drilling and blasting, as the costs of these processes were reduced by 14.6%. Specifically, the costs of explosives were reduced by 2.6% and the costs of drilling steels by 10.4%. The performance of the loading machine advance/shot increased by 13.2% and 15.6%, respectively. Copyright 2019.
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Banik, Janajiban. "Preventing spontaneous combustion in gob areas of retreating longwall panels by ventilating without bleeders." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40307.
Full textAbstract:
Spontaneous combustion occurring in inaccessible areas of underground coal mines is
often intractable. Even though routine inspection and/or continuous monitoring help
detect the incubation of spontaneous heatings, they may not be able to identify the
locations with accuracy. Moreover, implementation of remedial measures is difficult. A
new approach to ventilation system design to overcome the problem is investigated in this dissertation. Ventilation layouts are analyzed to identify potential problem areas and nullify the probability of fire occurrence. The focus is directed to longwall gobs. The changing gob characteristics, especially the varying degree of consolidation at different parts of a gob as the face moves, is considered. Analytical studies and computer modeling show that bleederless ventilation in retreating panels is promising. The W -system of ventilation is most suitable. However, there may be difficulties in maintaining the middle entry in a Wsystem<br>Ph. D.
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Liu, Donglie [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Niemeier. "Synthetic Aperture Radar for Process-Related Monitoring in Urban and Mining Areas / Donglie Liu ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Niemeier." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1175821640/34.
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Shrum, Peggy Lynne. "Analysis of mercury and lead in birds of prey from gold-mining areas of the Peruvian Amazon." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1263410316/.
Full text
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Xiangdong, Li. "The study of multielement associations in the soil-plant system in some old metalliferous mining areas, England." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7803.
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Anderson, Jonathan D. "Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090831.155453.
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Murphy, Kathryn E. "Hydrological connectivity between clay settling areas and surrounding hydrological landscapes in the phosphate mining district, Peninsular Florida, USA." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001998.
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Waziri, Nuhu Musa. "Environmental geochemistry of soils and stream sediments from Anka and Birnin-Gwari artisanal gold mining areas, NW Nigeria." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41402/.
Full textAbstract:
The geochemistry of surface soils and stream sediments from two areas in the north-western Nigeria Schist Belt was studied in order to assess the environmental impact of artisanal mining of quartz-gold-sulfide mineralization. XRF determination of total elemental concentration was carried out, along with sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) and in vitro bioaccessibility tests using ICP-AES. The results show that the soils in both the Anka and Birnin-Gwari area are highly enriched in silica, zirconium and markedly depleted in base cations due to intense tropical weathering. The results further show that artisanal mining has only caused severe contamination, especially with respect to Pb and Cu, in the Anka area, highlighting the importance of mineralogical differences in the ore deposits. Most trace elements partition strongly into the carbonate and Fe/Mn oxides fractions in samples from the Anka area, indicating possible risk of mobilization under reducing, slightly acidic conditions; the exchangeable phase being the least significant in both areas. Very high bioaccessibility values, which correlate strongly with the sums of the SEP steps, were obtained for Pb, Cu and to a lesser extent, As and Mn in soils of the Anka area and the minimal risk levels and tolerable daily intakes are greatly exceeded. Low pH was found to enhance the bioaccessibility of Pb, Cr and Cu, while rising pH appears to favour the release of As. Only the bioaccessibility of Cr was found to change with the length of extraction time and the ratio of the mass of sample to extraction fluid volume only affects the extraction of As. The results show significant human health risks, mostly in the Anka area due to processing of ores and improper disposal of tailings. Ore processing at the mine sites and an end to using the tailings as construction materials may reduce the exposure of the local population to potentially toxic elements.
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Heyns, Anri. "Empowerment through mine community development: how the politics of development perpetuate poverty in mining areas – a legal theoretical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32685.
Full textAbstract:
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (“MPRDA”) and the Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining and Minerals Industry (“Mining Charter”), created in terms of the MPRDA, aim to address the exploitative legacies of past discriminatory practices in the mining industry. Impoverished mining communities stand to benefit from empowerment under the Mining Charter in the form of mine community development – one of the elements that constitute a mining right holder's commitment under the Mining Charter. Despite this legislative intervention and the relative wealth generated by the extraction of mineral resources, poverty and conflict have become the stereotypical images associated with mining areas. This project aims to determine why the empowerment of mining communities through mine community development perpetuates poverty from the past and creates new inequalities. To answer this main question, it is considered how the historical context within which the relevant policy and legislation were created, affected legislative drafting. Second, the effects of promoting development and empowerment in legislative provisions are explored to determine which worldviews and underlying values are being promoted by the legislative instruments under discussion. Furthermore, it is considered how these worldviews and underlying values affect how mining communities, subjected to harsh socio-economic living conditions, are depicted in legislative provisions. Here, it is specifically considered what the notion of “community” signifies in a development context and how “community” is represented in legislation. The thesis is a theoretical exposition of the ideological assumptions underlying the concepts “development”, “empowerment”, “community” and “poverty”. It is shown that “mine community development” is an inherently contradictory notion in South African law. The development paradigm implies the universalisation of values, effectively creating “the poor”, and causing vagueness and paradoxes. It results not only in a perpetuation of poverty and inequality from the past but also in the creation of new inequalities, as is evident in the differentiation drawn by the Mining Charter between different types of communities in mining areas. Measures currently being enforced by the legislation under discussion, are in desperate need of reconsideration.
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Basso, Fabiana de Arantes. "Hidrossemeadura com espécies arbustivo-arbóreas nativas para preenchimento de áreas degradadas na Serra do Mar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-25072008-110225/.
Full textAbstract:
A técnica da hidrossemeadura é comumente empregada como medida de recuperação de taludes gerados nos empreendimentos rodoviários, áreas degradadas pela mineração, aeroportos e hidrelétricas, utilizando gramíneas agressivas e leguminosas visando um rápido recobrimento do solo para conter a erosão. O uso de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas nativas na hidrossemeadura ainda é pouco estudado, destacando-se alguns trabalhos de desenvolvimento de equipamentos e escolha de espécies adequadas. Inserido neste contexto a proposta do trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da técnica da hidrossemeadura com espécies arbustivo-arbóreas nativas para preenchimento de áreas degradadas inseridas em uma matriz ainda com grande cobertura florestal remanescente, possibilitando o uso de uma baixa diversidade de espécies na hidrossemeadura, uma vez que o enriquecimento ocorreria naturalmente, com propágulos oriundos do entorno, se a condição do ambiente permitir a fixação desses propágulos. Para isto foram aplicados 14,88 kg de sementes em 2,64 ha de área, sendo 2,976 kg de cada uma das seguintes espécies arbustivo-arbóreas: Cecropia pachystachya, Mimosa bimucronata, Peltophorum dubium, Schinus terebinthifolius e Senna multijuga. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x5 com um tratamento adicional e com quatro repetições de cada bloco. Foram testadas cinco doses diferentes de sementes (Kg/ ha) e a influência do adubo químico (NPK) no momento da aplicação da hidrossemeadura no preenchimento da área. A dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos, o primeiro referente à viabilidade da técnica da hidrossemeadura, tendo o segundo avaliado o sucesso de estabelecimento das espécies utilizadas. De maneira geral a técnica da hidrossemeadura apresentou-se viável para preenchimento das áreas, porém, estudos com espécies arbustivo-arbóreas são necessários para indicação das espécies mais adequadas.<br>Hydroseeding is a common practice on the restoration of slopes generated by road, airport and hydroelectric constructions or mining activities, and its usually applied with fast-growing grasses and legumes, aiming rapid soil recovery and erosion control. Hydroseeding of native tree species is scarce, except for few studies on equipment development and selection of adequate species. Within this context, this study aims to test the feasibility of native tree species on hydroseeding as a technique to recover degraded areas within a landscape where prevails forest remnants, which allows a low diversity on hydroseeding, once the enrichment of species may occur naturally through incoming propagules from forested neighbourhood. The native tree species evaluated by this study were: Cecropia pachystachya, Mimosa bimucronata, Peltophorum dubium, Schinus terebinthifolius and Senna multijuga. Five different quantities of seeds (Kg/ ha) and the influence of chemical manure (NPK) during application were tested. It was a 2x5 factorial experiment folowing the randomized block design and with an additional control treatment (without hydroseeding nor chemical manure). Dissertation is presented on two chapters: the first one refers to the native tree species´ hydroseeding feasibility and the second evaluates the establishment success of these species. As an overall conclusion hydroseeding is feasible and effective to recover degraded areas, although further studies are needed to indicate the most suitable native tree species for this technique.
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Gyapong, Ludrick Kwadwo. "Perspectives of Mining and Communication : Identifying constructivity and destructivity of conflicts in the Akyem and Wassa areas in Ghana." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193120.
Full textAbstract:
Over several centuries, mining activities have resulted in the creation of varied environmental complications. Most mining activities are carried out in locations with proximity to human settlements. The interplay of mining activity and society has created several mining-related conflicts throughout the world, and in developing countries especially, these conflicts are much prevalent. These conflicts could be analysed in a variety of ways: analyzing the conflicts based on goals, interests and value interference; or on the bases of issues related to interaction between two or more parties. This paper takes into consideration the two concepts of constructivity and destructivity of conflicts as they relate to natural resource management and indicate that it is possible for a country or society like Ghana to discover constructive potential in a phenomenon that is mostly deemed destructive. The conflict situations in two mining communities (Akyem and Wassa) are taken into consideration for this paper. This does not deal with issues of conflict management, rather, it takes a look into the interaction between these communities and the associated mining company to determine whether the relationship between them possess constructive or destructive potentials. Based on interviews and information available on the internet, this paper determines that there exist elements of constructivity and destructivity in both areas. In the Akyem area, the destructive aspects reside in the relationship between Newmont and the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM). The relationship between Newmont and the local representatives take on a constructive aspect. Even though there is some sort of tension between the local people and Newmont, the situation can still be considered as constructive because they are still able to engage in dialogue in an attempt to coexist. In the Wassa area on the other hand, the story is different thus taken a destructive nature between Golden Star Resources and the communities. The involvement of the government however presents an opportunity for constructivity in the situation.
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Santos, Milene Bianchi dos. "Enriquecimento de uma floresta em restauração através da transferência de plântulas da regeneração natural e da introdução de plântulas e mudas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-20102011-103900/.
Full textAbstract:
A restauração de áreas degradadas tem como objetivo a formação de um ambiente florestal e o restabelecimento das interações entre espécies vegetais e animais que auxiliam na manutenção das populações locais e a evolução da comunidade implantada. Atualmente, existe a preocupação com a qualidade das áreas restauradas no Estado de São Paulo nos últimos anos em relação à perda da diversidade biológica e ao estado de declínio em que se encontram, principalmente devido ao isolamento dessas áreas na paisagem. Considerando a contínua expansão econômica e a construção de obras que acarretam o corte legalizado de áreas naturais, a utilização dos recursos dessas áreas pode se tornar uma alternativa para a restauração de áreas degradadas através da obrigatoriedade de ações mitigadoras e compensatórias. A transferência de plântulas dessas áreas é uma técnica utilizada para a produção de mudas de elevada riqueza de espécies e formas de vida que podem ser utilizadas no enriquecimento de áreas em processo de restauração ou de florestas secundárias degradadas. O isolamento desses fragmentos dificulta a chegada de novas espécies na área, mesmo após a formação do dossel que propicia um ambiente adequado ao estabelecimento de guildas como as espécies de sub-bosque. Dessa forma, torna-se necessária a introdução assistida de novas espécies nessas áreas para o restabelecimento de interações ecológicas e auto-perpetuação da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em processo de restauração. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento localizado no município de Santa Bárbara dOeste, SP. Foram coletadas plântulas de uma área que seria legalmente suprimida e transferidas para o viveiro visando à produção de mudas. Posteriormente, mudas de vinte espécies foram plantadas no fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e apresentaram elevadas taxas de sobrevivência. Nesta mesma área foi realizado o plantio de plântulas e mudas de espécies de subbosque produzidas em viveiro. Foram plantadas sete espécies de plântulas e dez espécies de mudas na entrelinha do plantio original que durante o período de avaliação apresentaram elevadas taxas de sobrevivência. Deste modo, esses resultados demonstram a viabilidade da técnica de transferência de plântulas da regeneração natural, do plantio de plântulas e mudas de espécies de sub-bosque visando o enriquecimento de áreas em processo de restauração.<br>The main objective of ecological restoration is to built a forested environment and reestablish plants and animals interactions, which promotes the maintenance of local populations and the development of the restored community. Nowadays, there is concern about the quality of restored forests in the São Paulo State (Brazil), regarding their biodiversity loss, related to the landscape isolation on which they are found. Considering the fact that economic expansion and building works result on legalized deforestation, the good use of these natural resources may consist on an interesting alternative to restoration ecology. Transplanting seedlings from these condemned areas is a technique that aims to gather high diversity of species and lifeforms that can be used to enhance diversity on restored sites or secondary forests. Isolation of forest remnants raise difficulties to the arrival of colonizing species, even after a canopy is formed and therefore a suitable environment for the establishment of guilds such as understorey species is available. For that matter it is necessary to assist the introduction of new species to these areas under reforestation process, reestablishing ecological interactions and forest self- maintenance. The main purpose of this study was to analyze different techniques of diversity enhancement of a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest under restoration process. The study was taken on a forest remnant located at Santa Barbara d\'Oeste (São Paulo State). Seedlings were transplanted from a site to be legally deforested and taken to a seedling nursery. Then, seedlings of 20 species were planted on a forest remnant and presented high survival rates. At this same site, seedlings produced under nursery conditions were planted; seven understorey species of young seedlings and ten understorey species of regular sized seedlings were transplanted to a restored forest and presented high survival rates during evaluation period. The results add evidence that transplanting seedlings from forest understorey and from nurseries is a feasible technique to enhance diversity on restoring forests.