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1
van der Sloot, Bart, and Sascha van Schendel. The Boundaries of Data. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729192.
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The legal domain distinguishes between different types of data and attaches a different level of protection to each of them. Thus, non-personal data are left largely unregulated, while privacy and data protection rules apply to personal data or personal information. There are stricter rules for processing sensitive personal data than for ‘ordinary’ personal data, and metadata or communications data are regulated differently than content communications data. Technological developments challenge these legal categorisations on at least three fronts: First, the lines between the categories are becoming harder to draw and more fluid. Second, working with various categories of data works well when the category a datum or dataset falls into is relatively stable. However, this is less and less so. Third, scholars increasingly question the rationale behind the various legal categorisations. This book assesses to what extent either of these strategies is feasible and to what extent alternative approaches could be developed by combining insights from three fields: technology, practice and law.
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Dataset: Area Devoted to Major Farming Systems, By Region. Washington, DC, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1596/9078.
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Dataset: Area Devoted to Major Farming Systems, By Country. World Bank, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1596/9079.
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Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Mark, Tobias Lenz, et al. Constructing the MIA Dataset. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724490.003.0003.
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Chapter Three introduces the Measure of International Authority (MIA) index on delegation and pooling. The first two sections describe how the authors aggregate scores for individual IO bodies at particular stages of decision making in particular decision areas to estimate delegation and pooling at the level of an international organization. In short, it explains the algorithm that produces delegation and pooling scores. The third section presents descriptive statistics comparing delegation and pooling over time, across IOs, and across decision areas. The chapter concludes with tables that summarize the extent of delegation and pooling, in the aggregate and by decision area, for each of seventy-six IOs in the MIA dataset. The scores tap annual variation from 1950 (or date of IO creation) to 2010 (or date of IO death).
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Cristini, Annalisa, Andrea Geraci, and John Muellbauer. Sifting through the ASHE. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0008.
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This chapter presents an analysis of changing job and pay structures in the UK, constructing for this purpose a novel dataset covering each year from 1975 to 2015 linking different datasets and ensuring that key variables such as occupation are captured on as consistent a basis as possible. This provides the information base required to investigate job polarization in a much more disaggregated fashion than previously possible, allowing important distinctions to be made by gender, sector, and region, between full- versus part-time workers, and across birth-cohorts. The analyses are thus able to reveal the differing implications of long-term trends in job structures and pay for these different groups, and bring out what the varying patterns reveal about the underlying processes at work in the labour market.
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Prieto-Torrell, Claudia, Meritxell Aulinas, María del Carmen Cabrera, et al. Image dataset of the Holocene volcanism on the island of El Hierro (Canary Island, Spain): stratigraphic relationships. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1770.2024.695.
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This dataset includes 28 photographs illustrating the stratigraphic relationships among the 27 eruptions out of 42 Holocene eruptions on the island of El Hierro (Canary Islands), investigated within the LAJIAL Project (PGC2018-101027-B-I00). The Project was developed at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the GEO3BCN (CSIC), the University of Barcelona, and the University of La Laguna. Within the same Project, we delivered a previous dataset focused on the petrographic features of the Holocene volcanism of El Hierro island (Prieto-Torrell et al., 2024a). The stratigraphic relationships among the Holocene eruptions are based on field observations, applying stratigraphic and geomorphological criteria as the overlapping of lava flows from different eruptions or the surroundings of lava flows to previous volcanic cones and lava fields. For the isolated eruptions or not observed stratigraphic relationships (12 eruptions), the chronostratigraphic control is limited for radiometric ages or the formation of coastal lava deltas (Carracedo et al., 2001; Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., 2022). A simplified geological map introduces the main features of El Hierro Island, whereas a second map (page 3) shows the four detail areas used to organize the images. The identification numbers (ID) and names of eruptions are according to Prieto-Torrell et al. (2024b). Each of these detail areas contains a link that leads to the corresponding detail map, with which the section of its images begins. Similarly, the detail maps incorporate a clicking button that returns to the general map of page 3. Inside the detailed maps are located icons of a photo camera (with the orientation in which the photographs were taken) linked to the corresponding photograph that illustrates a specific stratigraphic relationship. Each photograph incorporates a clicking button that returns to the corresponding detail map. The coordinates of the point where the photograph was taken are indicated on each photo. Furthermore, contacts are marked with dashed lines, and the flow direction of lava flows is indicated with arrows. Each photo is accompanied by a brief explanation denoting the eruptions involved.
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Lewis, Oliver. Council of Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786627.003.0004.
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This chapter presents an overview of the adjudicative bodies of the Council of Europe—namely, the European Court of Human Rights (established by the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)) and the European Committee of Social Rights—and outlines their mandates with regard to integrating UN human rights treaties. It analyses how these two bodies have cited the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The dataset was forty-five cases dealt with by the Court and two collective complaints decided by the Committee that cite the CRPD up to 2016. Notwithstanding the relatively small size of the dataset, the conclusions are that the Council of Europe system has yet to engage seriously in the CRPD’s jurisprudential opportunities. The reasons for this cannot be ascertained from a desk-based methodology, and further research is required.
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Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., Valerie J. Hoekstra, Alice J. Kang, and Miki Caul Kittilson. Reimagining the Judiciary. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861577.001.0001.
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This book examines the factors that facilitate women’s representation on high courts worldwide. Diverse courts improve collective decision-making, strengthen public confidence in the judiciary and judicial decisions, and broaden access to the judicial process. Taken together, domestic and international factors explain women’s representation. These influences include judicial pipelines, domestic institutions including selection processes, and international expectations about gender equity. These explanations are evaluated using an original dataset, which includes both men and women appointed to high courts in all regions of the world. Pathways and processes are examined in-depth through five case studies: Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States. Taking a multi-method approach, the book combines insights from a cross-national, time-serial dataset with case studies drawing on fieldwork. Women are being appointed to high courts in greater numbers across every region of the world, and political and legal institutions provide context for where the gains are earliest and strongest. The findings suggest a chain of favorable promoters for women’s representation on high courts: new norms of gender equality encourage the reimagining of the judiciary; advocacy organizations challenge the status quo; and windows of opportunity enable change.
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Vacca, John R. High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation. Auerbach Publishers, Incorporated, 2001.
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Vacca, John R. High-Speed Cisco Networks: Planning, Design, and Implementation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.
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Katz, Richard S. Afterword. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0014.
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The PPDB shares the strengths and weaknesses of other datasets based primarily on party documents (‘the official story’). Building on and supplementing earlier comparative parties’ datasets, the PPDB project can be expected to facilitate wide ranging research efforts. Some of these will pursue the agenda articulated in this book, while others will address entirely different questions. The finding in this book that national differences are almost always greater than those between different party families points to the importance of identifying the relevant substantive characteristics of nation. Many of the hypotheses tested are derived from the Katz-Mair cartel party thesis, and many of the findings are consistent with the cartel thesis. Others raise the question of limitations inherent in the data, misspecification in the analytic strategy, or deficiencies in the thesis itself. The value of party typologies and ideal types in theory and research is addressed.
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Silk, Kenneth R. Pharmacological Interventions for Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0013.
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Although no medication is indicated to specifically treat symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), medications are used frequently in the treatment of patients with BPD. This chapter reviews a number of reasons why medications are frequently prescribed in this patient population, then goes on to discuss eight systematic reviews or meta-analyses of 23 double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of the psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with BPD. The author attempts to make some sense of these reviews, which at times come to different conclusions despite examining essentially the same dataset. The chapter also addresses how to proceed with and manage the psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with BPD.
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Belcher, Ellen, and Karina Croucher. Prehistoric Figurines in Anatolia (Turkey). Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.021.
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This chapter discusses prehistoric (c.10,000—5000 bc) figurines from archaeological sites in modern Turkey. Sources and methods of excavation, publication, interpretation, and display are presented and critiqued. We propose a new interpretive method, focusing on manufacture and materials, ambiguities and relationships, gender, and fragmentation. Two case studies of figurine assemblages—Domuztepe and Çatalhöyük—are presented and discussed, demonstrating new possibilities for the interpretation of figurine datasets.
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Levin, Dov H. Meddling in the Ballot Box. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519882.001.0001.
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This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
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Jemielniak, Dariusz. Thick Big Data. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839705.001.0001.
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The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.
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Wenzelburger, Georg. The Partisan Politics of Law and Order. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920487.001.0001.
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The comparative study of law and order policies has mostly overlooked partisan politics as a possible explanation of differences between Western nations. Filling this gap in the literature, this book argues theoretically and substantiates empirically that law and order policies are heavily affected by partisan politics. By means of a large-N analysis of spending data and a new dataset on law and order legislation as well as four in-depth case studies, the empirical evidence shows that party competition and the party ideology of governments do affect policies—depending on the institutional context of a political system. Moreover, path dependencies tend to freeze these effects over a certain period of time creating positive feedback dynamics.
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Legenzova, Renata, Gintarė Leckė, and Ernesta Lupeikytė. SMEs Dynamic financial resilience and its enablers. Vytautas Magnus University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7220/20.500.12259/272445.
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The dataset represents the original data from an online survey of Lithuanian small- and medium-entity entrepreneurs (a total of 254 answers). The survey aimed to evaluate a capabilities-based dynamic approach to SMEs' financial resilience, focusing on four groups of financial management-related capabilities (profitability management, working capital management, asset management and investments; financing decisions) across three (proactive, responsive & adaptive, and reactive) phases of dynamic financial resilience. Also, data on two enablers of financial resilience: entrepreneurs’ financial management knowledge and the SMEs’ financial management-related internal control systems are provided. Financial resilience components and the enablers were measured by a five-point Likert scale, with 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
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Colli, Andrea, and Michelangelo Vasta. Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0011.
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This chapter, by merging a qualitative and quantitative approach, focuses on the evolution of business groups in Italy during the twentieth century. By adopting network analysis, and by using a large and comprehensive dataset, the authors offer various proxy measures of the relevance of the largest business groups in the Italian economy. By also providing a taxonomy, the analysis clearly shows the persistence of large and entangled business groups in the Italian economy. Moreover, it shows that business groups are present not only among large firms, but in almost all the dimensional and juridical forms of Italian firms. The chapter, by challenging the conventional wisdom, confirms that business groups are neither limited to the less developed countries, nor are simply a second-best functional substitute of the M‐form characterizing big business around the world.
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Berge, Benjamin von dem, and Thomas Poguntke. Varieties of Intra-Party Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0006.
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This chapter introduces a new, two-dimensional way of measuring intra-party democracy (IPD). It is argued that assembly-based IPD and plebiscitary IPD are two theoretically different modes of intra-party decision-making. Assembly-based IPD means that discussion and decision over a certain topic takes place at the same time. Plebiscitary IPD disconnects the act of voting from the discussion over the alternatives that are put to a vote. In addition, some parties have opened up plebiscitary decision-making to non-members which is captured by the concept of open plebiscitary IPD. Based on the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) dataset, indices are developed for the three variants of IPD. The empirical analyses here show that assembly-based and plebiscitary IPD are combined by political parties in different ways while open party plebiscites are currently a rare exception.
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Creighton, Oliver. Overview. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.17.
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Medieval castles are increasingly studied not as an isolated phenomenon but within the wider context of medieval landscapes, environments, and social structures. Developments and trends in archaeological excavation, survey and analysis and in the integration of documentary information continue to transform castle studies, building upon a formidable dataset of well-studied examples. Archaeological attention has moved from elite and defensive components of castles to their baileys and surroundings, and these sites have a central role to play in debates about ‘designed medieval landscapes’ that articulated lordship. This overview recommends research priorities, including sensory experiences of castles, the place of the castle in the medieval mind set, and within its wider European context, which will develop alongside new primary research on an enlarged range of sites.
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Gulesci, Selim. Forced Migration and Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the long-term effects of internal displacement caused by the Kurdish-Turkish conflict on women’s attitudes towards domestic violence. Using the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, we show that Kurdish women who migrated from their homes during the conflict are more likely to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife; and the spouses of migrant women were more likely to have tried to control their wives by limiting their movements or social interactions. In a novel dataset of applicants to a women’s shelter, we find that forced migrant women have endured violence for longer and of greater intensity before deciding to seek assistance. We discuss possible mechanisms through which forced migration may affect migrants’ attitudes towards domestic violence.
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Chan, Ho Fai, Mohammad Wangsit Supriyadi, and Benno Torgler. Trust and Tax Morale. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.23.
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This empirical chapter examines the relation between trust and tax morale at both country and individual levels using a combined World Values Survey and European Values Study dataset covering 400,000 observations across 108 countries. The results overall indicate that although vertical trust matters, horizontal trust in the form of generalized trust is not linked to tax morale. We do, however, identify intercountry differences that warrant further exploration. We also demonstrate that generalized trust uncertainty, in contrast to vertical trust uncertainty, is negatively correlated with tax morale. Lastly, we provide some evidence that generalized trust varies under different vertical and governance conditions, but we are unable to identify any indirect path from generalized trust to tax morale using governance quality as a mediator.
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Kelleher, Richard. Old Money, New Methods. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.23.
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This chapter discusses the relationship between numismatics and archaeology in the later medieval period. It begins by tracing the beginning of the serious study of medieval coins in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses the estranged relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and numismatics into the modern period. It demonstrates the vital role that coin hoards have played in the study of the monetary economy of medieval England and Wales and the growth of numismatics as a discipline. However, the emergence of single find evidence (principally metal-detector finds recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme) provides us with a new dataset that has the potential to rewrite what we can say about monetization, especially in rural contexts. Imported coins and those used as jewellery or as votive objects are discussed.
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Busemeyer, Marius R. Public Opinion and the Politics of Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0033.
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Existing survey data on the public’s opinion on education policy usually finds large majorities in support of more educational investments. And yet, in many countries, actual levels of public spending on education remain stagnant. Making use of a new and original dataset on public opinion in eight European countries, this chapter provides a partial answer to this puzzle. In particular, it finds that popular support for more education spending drops significantly once citizens are confronted with the necessity of cutbacks in other parts of the welfare state (such as pensions or unemployment benefits). The conclusion is that the social investment project might face considerable political resistance if the more traditional parts of the welfare state are threatened. On the plus side, there is also evidence for a continued support for education even when citizens are confronted with the reality of political and fiscal trade-offs.
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Buechel, Ronny R., and Aju P. Pazhenkottil. Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging. Edited by Philipp Kaufmann. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0121.
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The core principle of hybrid imaging is based on the fact that it provides information beyond that achievable with either data set alone. This is attained through the combination and fusion of two datasets by which both modalities synergistically contribute to image information. Hybrid imaging is, thus, more powerful than the sum of its parts, yielding improved sensitivity and specificity. While datasets for integration may be obtained by a variety of imaging modalities, its merits are intuitively best exploited when combining anatomical and functional imaging, particularly in the setting of evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) as this combination allows a comprehensive assessment with regard to presence or absence of coronary atherosclerosis, the extent and severity of coronary plaques, and the haemodynamic relevance of stenosis. In clinical practice, the combination of CT coronary angiography (CCTA) with myocardial perfusion studies obtained by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established. Recent literature also reports on the feasibility of combining CCTA with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, recent advances in CCTA and SPECT imaging have led to a substantial reduction of radiation exposure, now allowing for comprehensive morphological and functional diagnostic work-up by cardiac hybrid SPECT/CCTA imaging at low radiation dose exposures ranging below 5 mSv.
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Ganguli, Ina, Ricardo Hausmann, and Martina Viarengo. Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0009.
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Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are commonly identified as empowering women and making them key actors in generating social change and economic development. Yet little is known about the gender parity among employees within the lending institutions themselves and how this can impact development. While MFIs are increasingly important as employers in the developing world, there is little micro-level evidence about gender differences among MFI employees and MFIs’ relation to economic development. We use a unique panel dataset of employees from Latin America’s largest MFI to show that gender gaps favouring men for promotion exist primarily in the sales division, while there is a significant gender wage gap in the administrative division. Among loan officers in the sales division, the gender gap in promotion and wages reverses. Finally, female employees tend to work with clients with better loan terms and a history of loans with the institution.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0008.
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Multilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.
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Ogorzalek, Thomas K. The Cities on the Hill. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668877.003.0006.
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This largely quantitative chapter zooms out to describe urbanicity in Congress and explore the book’s original dataset of congressional place character to show the downstream effects of the developments in the previous chapters. Several original analyses chronicle the birth of a distinct, national, urban political order and a shift from a “bimodal” Democratic coalition of urban and rural representatives to one in which the relationship between urbanicity and partisanship is monotonic: the more urban a constituency, the more likely it is to be represented by a Democrat. This shift has important implications for urban policymaking: when Democrats are in the majority, big-city representatives are more likely to occupy leadership positions in key policymaking positions. When Republicans hold the majority, however, city representatives are virtually excluded from important chamber positions. While the Long New Deal was a heyday for the city’s place in the national imagination, the urban political order is potentially more powerful, though also more fragile, today.
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Mickevič, Jolanta, Andrius Utka, Sigita Rackevičienė, et al. English-Lithuanian parallel cybersecurity corpus - DVITAS v2.0. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7220/20.500.12259/274265.
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English-Lithuanian parallel corpus DVITAS v2 includes original English texts on cybersecurity and their Lithuanian translations aligned on the sentence level. Version 1 of the corpus was compiled for the bilingual terminology extraction project DVITAS together with English-Lithuanian comparable corpus. The current 2nd version of the corpus features expansion of the 1st version containing additional 27 files and metadata information. The parallel corpus includes the EU legal acts and other documents from the time period of 2006-2022. The documents have been extracted from the EUR-Lex database and other EU institutional repositories. There are 107 aligned files in TMX format in English and Lithuanian, as well as 214 raw files (107 in English, and 107 in Lithuanian) within the dataset. The total size of the corpus is 1.97m words (EN-1.08m; LT-0.88m). The corpus contains 53,792 aligned segments.
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Poplack, Shana. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0012.
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Analysis of language mixing in the actual production data of bilingual individuals has permitted us to test and overturn many long-standing assumptions about borrowing and code-switching empirically: borrowing is not monolithic but takes many forms in the speech community; it does not originate as code-switching; integration is not gradual but abrupt; speakers tend not to code-switch individual words but to borrow them. This work has also confirmed that code-switching and borrowing are diametrically opposed, not only structurally but from the perspective of the individuals who engage in them. The observable differences between multiword code-switches and lone other-language items, coupled with the overwhelming preponderance of the latter in every bilingual dataset that has been quantitatively analyzed, together demonstrate that any model of language mixing with pretensions to constituting a “unified” theory of language contact phenomena is in fact a theory of lexical borrowing.
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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834632.001.0001.
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Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 provides a detailed description and analysis of the weather records made at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, the longest continuous series of single-site weather records in Britain and one of the longest in the world. The earliest records date from 1767, and daily records are unbroken since November 1813. The records allow the reconstruction of 200-year temperature and rainfall series and places the Oxford records in the context of long-term climate change. In this, the first full publication of the entire dataset, the long Oxford record is both celebrated and described. Detailed commentaries on weather by month and by season are provided, including numerous contemporary documentary and photographic evidence of past weather events. Drought and flood feature prominently, but so too do fog, frost, ice and snow. Some long-term changes are obvious, such as the increase in air temperature over the period of the instrumental record, but the impact on the growing season and the ability to grow grapes commercially near Oxford are less well known.
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Little, Conor, and David M. Farrell. Party Organization and Party Unity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the crucial role that political parties play in maintaining a unified voting bloc in parliament. This party-based approach sets it apart from most existing studies in this area. The focus of this chapter is on the factors that incentivize MPs to vote in a unified manner. The chapter tests three hypotheses: (1) whether party unity is improved by greater party organizational strength; (2) whether the greater threat of disciplinary sanctions increases party unity; and (3) whether greater access to resources by MPs reduces party unity. The authors use the Political Party Database (PPDB) dataset to test these hypotheses in thirteen of Europe’s democracies, finding strong support for the third hypothesis, some support for the first hypothesis, but little support for the second hypothesis. This study adds an important new dimension to research on how institutions affect party unity by showing the distinct role party organizations can play in this regard.
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Loporcaro, Michele. Romance gender systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0004.
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After showing that, for purposes of reconstruction, the dataset must be limited to non-creolized Romance varieties, the chapter discusses the notion ‘remnants of the neuter’, showing that this label covers disparate things, and that what is in focus here is morphosyntactically functional remnants, i.e. traces of a third (controller and/or target) gender. These are then inventoried, showing that almost all Romance languages preserve a third series of targets (in pronouns) for agreement with non-nominal controllers, and Sursilvan has this also on predicative adjectives. Furthermore, Romanian and many Italo-Romance dialects still have a third controller gender, and a subset of the latter even has an additional target gender, with dedicated agreement forms for either (in just one Calabrian dialect) the neuter plural or (in most dialects between the Roma–Ancona line and a line crossing central Puglia and northern Lucania) a neuter hosting just mass nouns (and hence, only singular).
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Barker, Nathan, C. Austin Davis, Paula López-Peña, et al. Migration and the labour market impacts of COVID-19. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/896-2.
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Using detailed microdata, we document how migration-dependent households are especially vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We create pre- and post-COVID panel datasets for three populations in Bangladesh and Nepal, leveraging experimental and observational variation in prior migration dependence. We report 25 per cent greater declines in earnings and fourfold greater prevalence of food insecurity among migrant households since March. Causes include lower migration rates, less remittance income per migrant, isolation in origin communities, and greater health risks. We compile a large set of secondary data to demonstrate the extent of vulnerability worldwide and conclude with recommendations for policy targeted at migrants.
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Atkins, David C., and Brian R. Baucom. Emerging Methodological and Statistical Techniques in Couple Research. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.16.
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Rapid changes in technology are altering some of the basic ways in which we interact with our world, as seen in the evolution of the telephone to mobile phone to smart phone. These technological changes are ushering in new methods of data collection and analysis, which also open up new types of research questions and designs for couple researchers. This chapter reviews current and emerging methods for data acquisition and analysis in relationship science. Data acquisition methods include mobile technology and context-specific ecological momentary assessment, as well as behavioral signal-processing techniques to quantify such data. Analytic methods cover mixed models and actor–partner interdependence models, as well as a broad introduction to machine learning techniques that are appropriate for massive datasets.
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Jakobsson, Niklas, and Andreas Kotsadam. The Economics of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.15.
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This article analyzes the economics of international human trafficking of women for commercial sexual exploitation. It begins with a review of the economics literature on sex trafficking, with particular emphasis on factors that determines which type of country people are trafficked to and where people are trafficked from. It then describes the datasets that have been and can be used in studying trafficking. It also considers some economics papers that work toward integrating the analysis of trafficking to include both sending and receiving countries. It suggests that the economic literature on human smuggling is particularly promising and should be incorporated by economists studying trafficking. The article concludes by highlighting gaps in the economics trafficking literature and outlining possible areas of future research.
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Kasprzak, Jaroslaw D., Anita Sadeghpour, and Ruxandra Jurcut. Doppler echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0003.
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Doppler examination is an integral part of the echocardiogram. Current systems are equipped with spectral Doppler in continuous wave mode (offering measurements of high velocities with limited spatial specificity due to integration of signal along the scan line), pulsed wave mode (high spatial specificity with maximal recordable velocity reduced by the Nyquist limit), and colour Doppler flow mapping (allowing rapid identification of flow pattern within a cross-sectional B-mode sector). Tissue Doppler echocardiography emerged as a basic tool for sampling regional myocardial velocities, in pulsed wave or colour velocity mapping mode. Finally, three-dimensional systems improve spatial presentation of flow phenomena by integrating Doppler-derived flow patterns in three-dimensional datasets.
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Germano, Roy. Optimism in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.003.0004.
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Using a variety of survey datasets, this chapter explores the impact of remittances in fifty Latin American, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, North African, and sub-Saharan African countries. The first part of this chapter provides an overview of trends in the flow of migrants and remittances throughout these developing regions. The remainder of the chapter uses survey data to analyze the effects of remittances on economic grievances during the global food and financial crises that struck many economies between 2008 and 2011. The results indicate that remittances are strongly associated with feelings of economic security and optimism. Remittance recipients are less likely to describe their personal economic circumstances or national economic conditions negatively. They are furthermore less likely to predict that their personal economic circumstances or the national economic conditions will deteriorate in the future.
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Biewener, Andrew A., and Shelia N. Patek, eds. Evolution of Locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.003.0009.
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The evolution of animal locomotion straddles two big areas—what are the major trends in locomotion across the clade of animals (Metazoa) and how should the many principles and patterns of locomotion be analyzed in the context of evolutionary relationships? The first question is a broad examination across the metazoan tree and the second is a methodological issue that is central to locomotor analyses given the current abundance of phylogenies and the availability of computer power. Yet one cannot exist without the other. We need proper analysis tools to figure out the evolution of animal locomotion, and we need effective comparative datasets and phylogenies to run meaningful analyses. The goals of this chapter are twofold—to glean the fundamentals of locomotor evolution and to consider the pathways for performing rigorous evolutionary biomechanical analyses.
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Hensby, Alexander. Participation and Non-Participation in Student Activism. Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd., 2017. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881812751.
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Why might some students convert their political interests into activism when others do not? There is a strong need to understand the changing dynamics of contemporary youth participation: how they engage, what repertoires are considered efficacious, and their motivations to get involved. This book uses the 2010/11 UK student protests against fees and cuts as a case study for analysing some of the key paths and barriers to political participation today. These paths and barriers – which include an individual’s family socialisation, network positioning, and group identification (and dis-identification) – help us explain why some people convert their political sympathies and interests into action, and why others do not. Drawing on an original survey dataset of students, the book shows how and why students responded in the way that they did, whether by occupying buildings, joining marches, signing petitions, or not participating at all. Considering this in the context of other student movements across the globe, the book’s combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and its theoretical contribution provide a more holistic picture of student protest than is found in existing studies.
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Shugart, Matthew S., Matthew E. Bergman, Cory L. Struthers, Ellis S. Krauss, and Robert J. Pekkanen. Party Personnel Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897053.001.0001.
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The book develops the notion of “party personnel strategies”, which are the ways in which political parties assign their elected members—their “personnel”—to serve collective organizational goals. Key party goals are to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. We offer a theory of how assignments of members to specialized legislative committees contribute to these goals. Individual members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where members’ expertise is relevant; doing so may enhance the party’s policy brand. Under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g., marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g., population density). The book offers analysis of the extent to which parties trade of these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around 6,000 legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.
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Behn, Daniel, Ole Kristian Fauchald, and Malcolm Langford, eds. The Legitimacy of Investment Arbitration. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108946636.
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International investment arbitration remains one of the most controversial areas of globalisation and international law. This book provides a fresh contribution to the debate by adopting a thoroughly empirical approach. Based on new datasets and a range of quantitative, qualitative and computational methods, the contributors interrogate claims and counter-claims about the regime's legitimacy. The result is a nuanced picture about many of the critiques lodged against the regime, whether they be bias in arbitral decision-making, close relationships between law firms and arbitrators, absence of arbitral diversity, and excessive compensation. The book comes at a time when several national and international initiatives are under way to reform international investment arbitration. The authors discuss and analyse how the regime can be reformed and ow a process of legitimation might occur.
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Veen, Christel. Roman Period Statuettes in the Netherlands and beyond. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729383.
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The subject of this study is a relatively rare category of artefacts, bronze and terracotta statuettes that represent deities, human figures and animals. They were introduced in the northwestern provinces by Roman troops from the end of the 1st century BCE onwards. The statuettes have been recovered from military and non-military settlements, the surrounding landscape and, to a far lesser extent, from sanctuaries and graves. Until now, their meaning and function have seldom been analysed in relation to their find-spots. Contrary to traditional studies, they have been examined as one separate category of artefacts, which offers new insights into the distribution pattern and iconographic representation of deities. When studying a group of artefacts, a large research area or a large dataset is required, as well as dateable artefacts and find-contexts. These conditions do not apply to the Netherlands and to the majority of statuettes that are central to this study. Moreover, although the changing appearance of statuettes suggest a transformation of cults, the identities of the owners of these statuettes remain invisible to us. Therefore, the issue of Romanization is not put central here. Instead, the focus is on a specific aspect of religion, known as lived religion, within the wider subject of its transformation in the Roman period: how people used statuettes in everyday life, in the context of their houses and settlements.
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Diprose, Kristina, Gill Valentine, Robert Vanderbeck, Chen Liu, and Katie McQuaid. Climate Change, Consumption and Intergenerational Justice. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204735.001.0001.
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This book examines lived experiences and perceptions of climate change, changing consumption practices, and intra- and intergenerational justice with urban residents in China, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. The book draws on an interdisciplinary research programme called INTERSECTION, which was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council from 2014 to 2017. INTERSECTION was an innovative, cross-national programme that employed participatory arts and social research methods with urban residents in three cities: Jinja in Uganda, Nanjing in China, and Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Drawing together a unique dataset from these three cities -- which are very differently positioned in relation to global networks of production and consumption, (de)industrialisation and vulnerability to climate change -- the research demonstrates how people engage selectively with the ‘global storm’ and the ‘intergenerational storm’ of climate change. The research reveals a ‘human sense of climate’ that clouds its framing as an issue of either international and intergenerational justice. Its chapters focus on the global and intergenerational dimensions of climate change, local narratives of climate change, moral geographies of climate change, intergenerational perspectives on sustainable consumption, and imaging alternative futures through community based and creative research practices.
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Dwyer, Maggie. Soldiers in Revolt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876074.001.0001.
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Soldiers in Revolt examines the understudied phenomenon of military mutinies in Africa. Through interviews with former mutineers in Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, the book provides a unique and intimate perspective on those who take the risky decision to revolt. This view from the lower ranks is key to comprehending the internal struggles that can threaten a military's ability to function effectively. Maggie Dwyer's detailed accounts of specific revolts are complemented by an original dataset of West African mutinies covering more than fifty years, allowing for the identification of trends. Her book shows the complex ways mutineers often formulate and interpret their grievances against a backdrop of domestic and global politics. Just as mutineers have been influenced by the political landscape, so too have they shaped it. Mutinies have challenged political and military leaders, spurred social unrest, led to civilian casualties, threatened peacekeeping efforts and, in extreme cases, resulted in international interventions. Soldiers in Revolt offers a better understanding of West African mutinies and mutinies in general, valuable not only for military studies but for anyone interested in the complex dynamics of African states.
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Tyrkkö, Jukka. Discovering the Past for Yourself. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0012.
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This chapter outlines the state of the art in corpus-based language teaching and digital pedagogy, focusing on the differences between using corpora with present-day and historical data. The basic concepts of corpus-based research such as representativeness, frequency, and statistical significance can be introduced to students who are new to corpus methods, and the application of these concepts to the history of English can deepen students’ understanding of how historical varieties of the language are researched. This chapter will also address some of the key challenges particular to teaching the history of English using corpora, such as dealing with the seemingly counterintuitive findings, non-standard features, and small datasets. Finally, following an overview of available historical corpora and corpus tools, several practical examples of corpus-driven activities will be discussed in detail, with suggestions and ideas on how a teacher might prepare and run corpus-based lessons.
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Schadt, Eric E. Network Methods for Elucidating the Complexity of Common Human Diseases. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0002.
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The life sciences are now a significant contributor to the ever expanding digital universe of data, and stand poised to lead in both the generation of big data and the realization of dramatic benefit from it. We can now score variations in DNA across whole genomes; RNA levels and alternative isoforms, metabolite levels, protein levels, and protein state information across the transcriptome, metabolome and proteome; methylation status across the methylome; and construct extensive protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction maps, all in a comprehensive fashion and at the scale of populations of individuals. This chapter describes a number of analytical approaches aimed at inferring causal relationships among variables in very large-scale datasets by leveraging DNA variation as a systematic perturbation source. The causal inference procedures are also demonstrated to enhance the ability to reconstruct truly predictive, probabilistic causal gene networks that reflect the biological processes underlying complex phenotypes like disease.
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Levy, Daniel C. A World of Private Higher Education. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198903529.001.0001.
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Abstract Higher education—long and overwhelmingly seen outside the US as an intrinsically public sector function with limited private presence—has become a firmly dual-sector reality globally. Indeed, a third of the world’s now more than 200 million higher education enrolments are in private institutions, a share higher than in the US. Against this new background, we respond to the historically abiding question of how social functions are sectorally distributed and engaged, exploring both private–public (intersectoral) and private–private (intrasectoral) distinctiveness. We discover rich ‘double distinctiveness’ wherein various parts of the private sector ‘differ differently’ from the public sector. Guided and organized by these sectoral concepts, accumulated empirical findings—often approaching what provocatively might be called private higher education ‘laws’—significantly enhance understanding of the extensive, varied, rapidly changing, and otherwise often vexing terrain under study. The study’s treatment of how and why private higher education both thrives and fails to thrive is truly global, even as it highlights salient regional characteristics. Likewise, the account provides the historical sweep vital to understanding contemporary realities. Complementing its qualitative thrust, the book mines an unprecedented quantitative profile of the world’s private and public higher education—drawing heavily on a new, massive, global enrolment dataset.
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Henry, Laura A., and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Bringing Global Governance Home. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530238.001.0001.
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The world’s problems are increasingly global in scale. Climate change, pandemics, and the actions of multinational corporations are all beyond the ability of any single state to address. States and civil society actors have joined a growing number of global governance institutions to address these challenges collectively. While global governance is initiated at the international level, the effects of global governance occur at the domestic level and depend upon the actions of domestic actors. NGOs act as “mediators” between global and domestic political arenas, translating and adapting global norms for audiences at home. However, NGO participation in global governance varies significantly by country and by issue area. The role of domestic NGOs in global governance has been relatively neglected—a puzzling gap since domestic implementation determines whether global “best practices” are applied for the common good or languish as words on the pages of international reports. The BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) offer excellent cases for delving into contention around NGOs’ role as mediators due to their shared aspiration to shape global governance and their varied political and economic characteristics. Bringing Global Governance Home: NGO Mediation in the BRICS States fills gaps in our knowledge by identifying and explaining significant cross-national variation in NGO participation in global governance based on an original dataset. Moreover, it combines insights from international relations and comparative politics to explain the dilemmas and strategies of NGO mediation in case studies on HIV/AIDS, climate change, sustainable forestry, and corporate social responsibility.