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Journal articles on the topic 'Argument by analogy'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Juthe, A. "Argument by Analogy." Argumentation 19, no. 1 (2005): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-005-2314-9.

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2

McKay, Thomas J. "Analogy and Argument." Teaching Philosophy 20, no. 1 (1997): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil19972013.

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Walton, Douglas, and Curtis Hyra. "Analogical Arguments in Persuasive and Deliberative Contexts." Informal Logic 38, no. 2 (2018): 213–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i2.4805.

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This paper uses argumentation tools such as argument diagrams and argumentation schemes to analyze four examples of argument from analogy, and argues that to proceed from there to evaluating these arguments, features of the context of dialogue need to be taken into account. The evidence drawn from these examples is taken to support a pragmatic approach to studying argument from analogy, meaning that identifying the logical form of the argument by building an argument diagram of the premises and conclusion is not by itself sufficient for argument evaluation. To get further, it is argued, the ar

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4

Frega, Roberto. "Against Analogy." Democratic Theory 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/dt.2020.070102.

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This article asks whether the analogy between state and firm is a promising strategy for promoting workplace democracy and provides a negative answer, explaining why analogical arguments are not a good strategy for justifying workplace democracy. The article contends that the state-firm analogy is misguided for at least three reasons: (1) it is structurally inconclusive, (2) it is based on a category mistake, and (3) it leads us away from the central question we should ask, which is: What would concretely imply, and what is required, in order to democratize the workplace? I begin by offering a

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Benham, Bryan. "Analogies and Other Minds." Informal Logic 29, no. 2 (2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v29i2.1226.

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The argument by analogy for other minds is customarily rejected as a weak inference because the argument is based on a single instance. The current paper argues that this objection fundamentally misunderstands the inferential structure of analogies and so misrepresents the role analogy plays in the justifycation of belief in other minds. Arguments by be uniquely suited to draw inferences from single instances. This defense does not remove all difficulties faced by the argument by analogy for other minds.

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Langenbucher, Katja. "Argument by Analogy In Europian Law." Cambridge Law Journal 57, no. 3 (1998): 481–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197398003031.

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ARGUMENT by analogy is one of the oldest methods of decision making. Whenever the similarity between two situations induces someone to decide one case like another, an analogy is drawn. Argument by analogy also forms an integral part of legal reasoning. Arguably, every legal tradition employs some version of it to justify judicial decisions. European law has only just started to develop its own distinct jurisprudence. As the various judicial systems present in the European Union struggle for recognition of their legal heritage, the way in which arguments by analogy will be used on an European

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Foley, Richard. "Likelihood, Analogy, and the Design Argument: A Discussion of Sober." History of Philosophy and Logical Analysis 16, no. 1 (2013): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/26664275-01601013.

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Recent work by Eliot Sober regarding the logical structure of the design argument challenges widely held views on how the history of this argument should be understood. This novel “likelihood interpretation” denies that the design argument is an analogical argument. Instead, Sober suggests that all references to artifacts serve an exclusively heuristic function, and do not play an evidential role in the design argument. In contrast, I contend that philosophical considerations as well as historical analysis of the works of David Hume and William Paley establish that the design argument should b

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8

Bruckner, Donald W. "Gun Control and Alcohol Policy." Social Theory and Practice 44, no. 2 (2018): 149–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract20185834.

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Hugh LaFollette, Jeff McMahan, and David DeGrazia endorse the most popular and convincing argument for the strict regulation of firearms in the U.S. The argument is based on the extensive, preventable harm caused by firearms. DeGrazia offers another compelling argument based on the rights of those threatened by firearms. My thesis is a conditional: if these usual arguments for gun control succeed, then alcoholic beverages should be controlled much more strictly than they are, possibly to the point of prohibition. The argument for this thesis involves developing a careful analogy between firear

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9

Bermejo-Luque, Lilian. "A Unitary Schema for Arguments by Analogy." Informal Logic 32, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v32i1.3332.

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Following a Toulmian account of argument analysis and evaluation, I offer a general unitary schema for, so called, deductive and inductive types of analogical arguments. This schema is able to explain why certain analogical arguments can be said to be deductive, and yet, also defeasible.

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10

ZACKARIASSON, ULF. "A problem with Alston's indirect analogy-argument from religious experience." Religious Studies 42, no. 3 (2006): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412506008432.

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In this paper, William Alston's argument from religious experience in Perceiving God is characterized and assessed as an indirect analogy-argument. Such arguments, I propose, should establish two similarities between sense perception (SP) and religious experience (CMP): a structural and a functional. I argue that Alston neglects functional similarity, and that SP and CMP actually perform different functions within the practices they belong to. Alston's argument is therefore significantly weaker than generally assumed. Finally, I argue that regardless of whether an increased emphasis on fruits

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11

Yasin, Ikhsan Fatah. "Analisis terhadap Larangan Analogi dalam ‎Rancangan Undang-Undang Kitab Undang-Undang ‎Hukum Pidana." Al-Jinayah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 2, no. 2 (2016): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/aj.2016.2.2.408-419.

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Abstract: This article discusses the analysis of the prohibition of analogy in the Draft Bill. The majority of the experts of jurisprudence against analogy. The author does not agree with the ban on using the analogy in the Draft Bill, but justifies the analogy with the record, the judge must be competent and with integrity. If the judge is unable to make analogy, then he could use self-interpretation to find a legal decition. The argument of usage of analogy is to seek substantial justice for the people without setting aside the individual’s rights, because by using the analogy, the rule of l

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12

Dajović, Goran. "Taking analogy seriously: Statutory analogy in creation and interpretation of law." Pravni zapisi 11, no. 2 (2020): 461–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-29531.

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In the article, author analyzes analogy generally and analogy in law, as a way of reasoning. The traditional division of the application of analogy in law into analogia legis and analogia iuris is perceived as incomplete and insufficiently clarifying for what is really happening in the practice of law. Instead, as a starting point, it emphasizes the division of analogies in law into casuistic and statutory analogy. While in common law systems the former is more applied and studied, in continental legal systems, due to the primacy of written sources of law, it is more interesting to consider th

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13

Xie, Yun. "Argument by Analogy in Ancient China." Argumentation 33, no. 3 (2019): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-018-09475-7.

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14

Walton, Douglas. "Similarity, precedent and argument from analogy." Artificial Intelligence and Law 18, no. 3 (2010): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-010-9102-z.

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15

Walton, Douglas. "Argument from analogy in legal rhetoric." Artificial Intelligence and Law 21, no. 3 (2013): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-013-9139-x.

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16

Nottelmann, Nikolaj. "The Analogy Argument for Doxastic Voluntarism." Philosophical Studies 131, no. 3 (2006): 559–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-004-7489-7.

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17

Walton, Douglas. "Story Similarity in Arguments from Analogy." Informal Logic 32, no. 2 (2012): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v32i2.3159.

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In this paper a hybrid model of argument from analogy is presented that combines argumentation schemes and story schemes. One premise of the argumentation scheme for argument from analogy in the model claims that one case is similar to another. Story schemes are abstract representations of stories (narratives, explanations) based on common knowledge about how sequences of actions and events we are familiar with can normally be expected to unfold. Story schemes are used (a) to model similarity between two cases, and (2) as the basis of evidence to support the similarity premise of an argument f

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18

Juthe, Andre. "Analogical Argument Schemes and Complex Argument Structure." Informal Logic 35, no. 3 (2015): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i3.4211.

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This paper addresses several issues in argumentation theory. The over-arching goal is to discuss how a theory of analogical argument schemes fits the pragma-dialectical theory of argument schemes and argument structures, and how one should properly reconstruct both single and complex argumentation by analogy. I also propose a unified model that explains how formal valid deductive argumentation relates to argument schemes in general and to analogical argument schemes in particular. The model suggests “scheme-specific-validity” i.e. that there are contrasting species of validity for each type of

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Walton, Douglas, and Fabrizio Macagno. "Defeasible Classifications and Inferences from Definitions." Informal Logic 30, no. 1 (2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v30i1.692.

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We contend that it is possible to argue reasonably for and against arguments from classifications and definitions, provided they are seen as defeasible (subject to exceptions and critical questioning). Arguments from classification of the most common sorts are shown to be based on defeasible reasoning of various kinds represented by patterns of logical reasoning called defeasible argumentation schemes. We show how such schemes can be identified with heuristics, or short-cut solutions to a problem. We examine a variety of arguments of this sort, including argument from abductive classification,

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20

WREEN, MICHAEL J. "A Second Form of Argument from Analogy." Theoria 73, no. 3 (2008): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.2007.tb01201.x.

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Lantin, Robert. "On Kant’s argument in the second analogy." Philosophia 27, no. 3-4 (1999): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02383191.

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22

Schauer, Frederick. "Why Precedent in Law (and Elsewhere) is Not Totally (or Even Substantially) About Analogy." Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 6 (2008): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00090.x.

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Cognitive scientists who conduct research on analogical reasoning often claim that precedent in law is an application of reasoning by analogy. In fact, however, law's principle of precedent, as well as the use of precedent in ordinary argument, is quite different. The typical use of analogy in law, including analogies to earlier decisions, involves retrieval of a source analog (or exemplar) from multiple candidates in order to help make the best decision now. But the legal principle of precedent requires that a prior decision be treated as binding even if the current decision maker disagrees w

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23

Steinhoff, Gordon. "Kant’s Argument for Causality in the Second Analogy." International Philosophical Quarterly 34, no. 4 (1994): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq199434436.

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24

Giubilini, Alberto. "An Argument for Compulsory Vaccination: The Taxation Analogy." Journal of Applied Philosophy 37, no. 3 (2019): 446–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/japp.12400.

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25

Freeman, James B. "Govier’s Distinguishing A Priori from Inductive Arguments by Analogy: Implications for a General Theory of Ground Adequacy." Informal Logic 33, no. 2 (2013): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v33i2.3893.

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In a priori analogies, the analogue is constructed in imagination, sharing certain properties with the primary subject. The analogue has some further property clearly consequent on those shared properties. Ceteris paribus the primary subject has that property also. The warrant involves non-empirical, e.g., moral intuition but is also defeasible. The argument is thus neither deductive nor inductive, but an additional type. In an inductive analogy, the analogues back the warrant from below. Distinguishing these two types of arguments by analogy gives epistemic evaluative factors primacy over res

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26

White, Stephen L. "The Indeterminacy of Translation: Fifty Years Later." Disputatio 4, no. 32 (2012): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2012-0005.

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Abstract The paper considers the Quinean heritage of the argument for the indeterminacy of translation. Beyond analyzing Quine’s notion of stimulus meaning, the paper discusses two Kripkean argument’s against the Quinean claim that dispositions can provide the basis for an account of meaning: the Normativity Argument and the Finiteness Argument. An analogy between Kripke’s arguments and Hume’s argument for epistemological skepticism about the external world will be drawn. The paper shows that the answer to Kripke’s rule-following skepticism is analogous to the answer to Humean skepticism: our

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27

Kamerer, Eva. "The divine watchmaker and his artifacts." Theoria, Beograd 51, no. 4 (2008): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0804085k.

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One of the most controversial topics in contemporary discussions about biological origins is the argument from design. In this article the argument from design is analyzed in its more traditional form of inductive argument based on analogy between artifacts and organisms. This analysis shows that the argument from design fails not because the features of artifacts on the one hand and of organisms on the other are too different, but because the analogy upon which this argument rests is fundamentally misleading, since it presupposes that we can ascribe 'purposes' and 'functions' to organisms in

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28

Granger, Herbert. "Aristotle on the Analogy Between Action and Nature." Classical Quarterly 43, no. 1 (1993): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800044244.

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In Physics 2.8 Aristotle argues for his natural teleology by arguing for the goal-directed character of nature (or biology). The argument that he develops with the most care is directed against those natural philosophers, like Empedocles, who maintain that the results of natural processes which benefit organisms, such as teeth, come to be through chance (198b16–199a8). Aristotle counters by arguing that because the beneficial results of natural processes occur regularly, ‘always or for the most part’, they cannot be the outcome of chance, which would yield beneficial results only irregularly.

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29

Franken, Dirk. "The Argument from Pain: A New Argument for Indirect Realism." Grazer Philosophische Studien 93, no. 1 (2016): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-09301006.

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The author puts forward and defends a new argument for indirect realism called the argument from pain. The argument is akin to a well-known traditional argument to the same end, the argument from hallucination. Like the latter, it contains one premise stating an analogy between veridical perceptions and certain other states and one premise stating that those states are states of acquaintance with sense-data. The crucial difference is that the states that are said to be analogous to veridical perceptions are pain-states instead of hallucinations. This difference makes the argument from pain imm

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Denbow, James. "Analogy and the danger of over-simplifying the past." Antiquity 90, no. 352 (2016): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.104.

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This is an excellent and tightly written argument against the indiscriminate and essentialist extension of invented anthropological typologies, such as ‘the San’, back into the Pleistocene. While analogical arguments that relate similarities in excavated tools, poisons and so on to the repertoire of items used by extant peoples in order to interpret their function is a common approach in archaeology, as the authors rightly point out, the extension of these analogies to include particular cultural and linguistic forms is ‘a theoretically flawed exercise’.

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31

Kremling, Alexander. "A New Argument Scheme for Causal Explanations by Analogy? The Case of Galileo’s Explanation of the Tides." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 55, no. 1 (2018): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2018-0032.

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Abstract This paper is a case study. After formulating three norms for critical assessment of argumentation (section 1), I give a brief overview of Galileo’s argumentative strategy in his Dialogue and present his argument for the cause of the tides, which appears as an argument by analogy (section 2). I then discuss possible reconstructions of this argumentation, with one particular suggestion in detail. These arguments seem to fall short, given the aforementioned set of norms (section 3). This leads to my own proposal of Galileo’s argument. I defend this proposal and it’s general idea - that

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Kvanvig, Jonathan L. "The Analogy Argument for a Limited Account of Omniscience." International Philosophical Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1989): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq19892924.

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Morrish, Elizabeth C. E. "The mirage analogy for glossectomee speech: a flawed argument." Journal of Phonetics 22, no. 2 (1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30193-7.

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34

Finocchiaro, Maurice A. "The Argument Form "Appeal to Galileo": A Critical Appreciation of Doury’s Account." Informal Logic 35, no. 3 (2015): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i3.4306.

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Following a linguistic-descriptivist approach, Marianne Doury has studied debates about “parasciences” (e.g. astrology), discovering that “parascientists” frequently argue by “appeal to Galileo” (i.e., defend their views by comparing themselves to Galileo and their opponents to the Inquisition); opponents object by criticizing the analogy, charging fallacy, and appealing to counter-examples. I argue that Galilean appeals are much more widely used, by creationists, global-warming skeptics, advocates of “settled science”, great scientists, and great philosophers. Moreover, several subtypes shoul

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ECHEÑIQUE, JAVIER. "EL ENCOMIO DE HELENA Y LA RESPONSABILIDAD MORAL." Méthexis 25, no. 1 (2012): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680974-90000595.

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In his Encomium of Helen, Gorgias provides us with a variety of arguments in order to show that Helen was not to be held accountable for having eloped with Paris. The main thesis advanced in this article is that these arguments, despite their apparent diversity, are given a unitary structure by the concept of force, and by the analogy that Gorgias estalishes between persuasion, the emotions, and sense-perception on the one hand, and this concept on the other. If this argument is successful, it shows that practically none of our actions are such that we are morally responsible for them. I discu

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36

Perini-Santos, Pedro, and Thiago Dornas Silva. "Formações Lexicais por Analogia: explicação diacrônica para os nomes populares de estádios de futebol no Brasil (Word formation by analogy: diachronic explanations for nicknames applied to Brazilian football soccer stadiums)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 11, no. 2 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v11i2.5482.

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Este artigo apresenta uma proposta analógica para explicar o alto índice de uso de nomes populares com o final [–ão] associados aos estádios de futebol no Brasil: 55,5% dos apelidos de estádios de futebol terminam em [–ão]. O que se sustenta é que a inauguração do estádio hoje apelidado “Mineirão” gerou um efeito analógico para o uso desta marcação mórfica com a finalidade específica de apelidar estádios de futebol no vernáculo nacional. Mesmo reconhecendo que haja imprecisões em seu argumento empírico, sustenta-se que a explicação por analogia é mais adequada do que a suposição da existência

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37

Breytenbach, Cilliers. "Metaphor in argument: The Beelzebul-controversy in the Gospel according to Mark." Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 110, no. 2 (2019): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znw-2019-0010.

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Abstract How do metaphoric texts interact with their argumentative context? After explaining the use and functioning of metaphors in communicative acts, the essay focusses on similes and parables as extended metaphors. Mark 3:22–30 is studied in detail, examining the function of the metaphors used in the argumentative dispute. The example shows that parables and similes can have different functions in arguments. As comparative illustration, they can support the argument, but the solution of the dispute can also be expressed in metaphor only. In both cases however, metaphoric speech is based on

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Segev, Re'em. "MORAL INNOCENCE AND THE CRIMINAL LAW: NON-MALA ACTIONS AND NON-CULPABLE AGENTS." Cambridge Law Journal 79, no. 3 (2020): 549–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197320000574.

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AbstractAccording to an influential view, using the criminal law against innocent actions or agents is wrong. In this paper, I consider four related arguments against this view: a debunking argument that suggests that the intuitive appeal of this view may be due to a conflation of different ideas; a counterexamples argument that points out that there are many cases in which using the criminal law against innocent actions or agents is justified; a theoretical argument, according to which the force of the reasons for and against using the criminal law is a matter of degree and it is therefore im

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Shecaira, Fábio Perin. "How to Disagree About Argument Schemes." Informal Logic 36, no. 4 (2016): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v36i4.4610.

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Argumentation theorists often disagree about which scheme best represents a given type of argument (e.g. argument by analogy, argument from authority, inference to the best explanation). Unfortunately, authors sometimes become involved in fruitless pseudo-agreement because they fail to perceive that their supposedly competing schemes are means for achieving different (but compatible) practical or theoretical goals. This paper explains some of the different purposes that an argument scheme may serve, and it indicates how the relevant type of pseudo-disagreement may be avoided.

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González-Varela, José Edgar. "The Razor Argument of Metaphysics A.9." Phronesis 63, no. 4 (2018): 408–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341356.

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AbstractI discuss Aristotle’s opening argument against Platonic Forms inMetaphysicsA.9, ‘the Razor’, which criticizes the introduction of Forms on the basis of an analogy with a hypothetical case of counting things. I argue for a new interpretation of this argument, and show that it involves two interesting objections against the introduction of Forms as formal causes: one concerns the completeness and the other the adequacy of such an explanatory project.

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Dreschler, Gea. "Changes in argument structure." Linguistics in the Netherlands 36 (November 5, 2019): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00027.dre.

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Abstract English is often contrasted with German and Dutch when it comes to the semantic roles that the subject can express (Hawkins 1986; Los & Dreschler 2012). Specifically, English seems to have more middles (She photographs well) and allows for unusual inanimate subjects (The cottage sleeps four). However, it seems that the semantics of the grammatical subject in Dutch are also changing, as witnessed by recent examples from websites and advertisements, such as Uw fietsenstalling verbetert and Presikhaaf vernieuwt. Although these sentences do not have the adverb that is typical of middl

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42

Tierney, Dominic. "“Pearl Harbor in Reverse” Moral Analogies in the Cuban Missile Crisis." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 3 (2007): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.3.49.

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During the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the argument that U.S. air strikes against Soviet missile sites in Cuba would be morally analogous to the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 had a major impact on policymaking. The invocation of this analogy contributed to President John F. Kennedy's decision to forgo an immediate attack on the missiles and to start instead with a naval blockade of the island. The “Pearl Harbor in reverse” argument is an example of an important phenomenon that has received little attention in foreign policy analysis—the moral analogy. Fusing together elements

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Andrejevs, Olegs. "The “Reconstructed Mark” and the Reconstruction of Q: A Valid Analogy?" Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 50, no. 2 (2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107920913793.

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Described as a “thought experiment” by a number of scholars, Mark’s Gospel as reconstructed exclusively from its reception by Matthew and Luke has been repeatedly advanced as a challenge to the reconstruction of Q in recent decades. This essay analyzes the “Reconstructed Mark” argument, finding it to form a poorly calibrated analogy for the Q document. It will be shown that Matthew and Luke treat Q, which is a sayings collection, differently from the sayings of Jesus in Mark’s Gospel, which are already valued by them more highly than Mark’s narrative. Further arguments in support of the feasib

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Furry, Timothy J. "Analogous analogies? Thomas Aquinas and Karl Barth." Scottish Journal of Theology 63, no. 3 (2010): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930610000396.

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AbstractThis article attempts to show that Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas are not as divergent as often thought. Taking Eugene Rogers's argument as a working hypothesis, I argue for two points of convergence between Barth and Aquinas, specifically on their understandings of analogy. First, both root analogy in christology. Using Christ as the great magister, Aquinas shows how Christ teaches us to see him, despite its difficulty, in his trinitarian divinity. Barth, using the imagery of the prodigal son, discusses how the incarnation places humanity in an ontological relationship within God's own

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Lisdiyono, Edy. "IMPROVING LEGAL ARGUMENT CRITICALLY IN THE LITIGATION MECHANISM IN INDONESIA (AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL VERDICTS)." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (2017): 080. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss1.10.pp080-092.

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Legal argument is a debate or argument in explaining the issues between two or more people performed in court. Legal argument is one way to perform law finding with the purpose to avoid legal vacuum when the judge makes a legal reasoning in a verdict. In making a legal argument, it is at least performed by legal reasoning, logic, facts. However, some judges, in making a decision, did not use the legal arguments by legal reasoning and facts so that it resulted in debates and arguments. It is interesting to study on how to build legal argument in the litigation mechanism in Indonesia. Some verdi

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CARAM, Gabriela. "El argumento de continuidad ontológica en De Veritate de Tomás de Aquino / The Ontological Continuity Argument in De Veritate of Thomas Aquinas." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 20 (October 1, 2013): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v20i.6011.

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Abstract:

There is a metaphysical affinity among beings that can be called ontological principle of continuity. According to this principle, the lowest level of being has its origin in the attenuation of higher grade, and the reality is understood as an analogy hierarchical of beings, which are arranged in cascades descending to the last degree. In this paper consign the most important passages related to De Veritate in which this argument is present.

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Waterman, Craig M. "The Turing Test and the Argument from Analogy for Other Minds." Southwest Philosophy Review 11, no. 1 (1995): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview19951112.

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Povinelli, Daniel J., Jesse M. Bering, and Steve Giambrone. "Toward a Science of Other Minds: Escaping the Argument by Analogy." Cognitive Science 24, no. 3 (2000): 509–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2403_7.

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WHALEY, BRYAN B., and RACHEL L. HOLLOWAY. "Rebuttal Analogy in Political Communication: Argument and Attack in Sound Bite." Political Communication 14, no. 3 (1997): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105846097199335.

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Fabrizio Macagno and Douglas Walton. "Argument from Analogy in Law, the Classical Tradition, and Recent Theories." Philosophy and Rhetoric 42, no. 2 (2009): 154–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/par.0.0034.

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