Academic literature on the topic 'Argumentation method'

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Journal articles on the topic "Argumentation method"

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Nariţa, Ionel. "Argumentation Moods." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Communicatio 7, no. 1 (2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auscom-2020-0008.

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Abstract Argumentation is an act of communication performed by a speaker aiming to persuade a listener to accept or reject a proposition, named thesis, using another proposition, called argument, and a relation between them – the frame of argumentation. Argumentations are evaluated relatively to the pragmatic value of success and to the logical value of correctness. These values are independent of each other – namely, from the success of an argumentation, nothing can be inferred about its correctitude, and reciprocally. In order to establish the correctness of an argumentation, we can classify
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Hassan, Raad Ahmed, and Lubna Hussein Salman. "The Argumentative Elements Of Discours In The Plague For Albert Camus Les éléments argumentatifs dans le discours de La Peste d’Albert Camus." Journal of the College of languages, no. 45 (January 2, 2022): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2022.0.45.0150.

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Argumentation is not a contemporary, yet a deep rooted intellectual phenomenon dates back to Romans and Greeks times. The argumentative elements ,the author is trying to convey to the reader, are linguistic procedures aim at persuading and being persuaded of what is true. The present study traces, through Camus’ novel The plague, the best method to construct argumentative techniques used to express the author’s deep philosophies. Résumé L’argumentation n’est pas un phénomène intellectuel nouveau, ses origines reviennent aux savants grecs et romains. Elle est une activité langagière ayant pour
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Antonova, Irina B. "“IT SEEMS TO ME I KNOW THE TRUTH BUT I HAVE NO WORDS TO EXPRESS IT”: ARGUMENTATION, ITS PECULIARITIES AND POTENTIALS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 3 (2022): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2022-3-54-65.

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The problem of argumentation caused by the ambiguity and multi-functionality of the phenomenon itself is ranked to be an infinite one. In ancient times argumentation used to be rightly considered a component of cognition and a method to prove the truth. Its functions today have extended considerably – from systematizing the knowledge to influencing rhetorically human views and behavior. It fulfills even more ambitious targets affecting the essence of ethical standards and thus the social and political background of the society. Teaching argumentation is a constituent of the modern educational
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Nasihah, Durotun, and Sonny Elfiyanto. "ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING CONSTRUCTION OF EFL WRITING CLASS THROUGH DECLARATIVE SPEECH ACTS APPROACH." IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education) 9, no. 2 (2022): 192–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v9i2.28522.

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ABSTRACTThis study investigates how Indonesian undergraduate EFL students construct argumentative essays through critical discussion using Declarative speech acts and pragmatic approaches. This study employed a qualitative research method. The data consist of argumentative essays authored by undergraduate students majoring in English at a private university in Indonesia (N=34). Students worked in pairs to discuss a controversial topic, separated into protagonist and antagonist groups. The analysis showed that students used four steps of argumentation: confrontation, opening, argumentation, and
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Macagno, Fabrizio. "Argumentation Profiles." Informal Logic 42, no. 1 (2022): 83–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v42i1.7215.

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An argumentation profile is defined as a methodological instrument for analyzing argumentative discourse considering distinct and interrelated dimensions: the types of argument used, their quality, and the emotions triggered. Walton’s theoretical contributions are developed as a coherent analytical and multifaceted toolbox for capturing these aspects. Argumentation schemes are used to detect and quantify the types of argument. Fallacy analysis and the assessment of the implicit premises retrieved through the schemes allow evaluating arguments. Finally, the frequency of emotive words signals th
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Nishina, Kei, and Katsumi Nitta. "Summarization Method of Argumentation Based on Argumentation Framework." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 1 (2024): C—N12_1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.39-1_c-n12.

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Gobbo, Federico, Marco Benini, and Jean H. M. Wagemans. "More than Relata Refero: Representing the Various Roles of Reported Speech in Argumentative Discourse." Languages 7, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010059.

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Reported speech, or relata refero, although not always part of the argumentation tout court, can be an important element of argumentative discourse. It might, for instance, provide information on the position of another party in the discussion or function as part of the premise of an argument from authority. Whereas existing methods of representing argumentative discourse focus on arguments and their interrelations, this paper develops a method that enables the analyst to also include informative elements in the representation, focusing on reported speech. It does so by incorporating the notio
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Fitri, Nurul Rahmiah, Muhammad Rusdi, and Muhammad Haris Effendi-Hasibuan. "The effect of argumentation-oriented learning models, inquiry-based learning models and science process skills on students' argumentation ability in chemistry." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 14, no. 3 (2022): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v14i3.39788.

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One of the models whose learning syntax matches the science process skill component and students' argumentation ability is the inquiry model. Inquiry models have been widely applied, such as Guided Inquiry Based Learning (GIBL), and modified, such as the Argument Driven Inquiry (ADI) and Argumentative Inquiry Blended Learning (AIBL) learning models, where the ADI and AIBL learning models in the learning syntax have been integrated with argumentation activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of learning models and students' science process skills on students' argumentation
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FENG, YUNFEI. "Argumentative geometry of the Chinese eight-part essay." Филология: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2024): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70438.

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The subject of the study is the linguistic and cultural features of the Chinese argumentation tradition. The object of the study is the elements of the logical structure of reasoning. The author examines such aspects of the topic as the differences between Eastern and Western models of argumentation and the prerequisites for the formation of the Chinese style of argumentation. Definitions of argumentation and related terms included in the range of concepts of argumentative discourse are given. In the aspect of this problem, the question of the relationship between the functional and semantic t
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Macagno, Fabrizio. "Esquemas de argumentação para a interpretação da lei." Teoria Jurídica Contemporânea 3, no. 2 (2019): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21875/tjc.v3i2.22710.

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RESUMO:Neste artigo demonstra-se como os esquemas argumentativos (esquemas que representam argumentos refutáveis, combinados com perguntas críticas correspondentes), podem ser usados para representar a estrutura lógica dos vários tipos de argumentos reconhecidos como fundamentais na interpretação da lei por Tarello (1980). Defende-se que o processo de interpretação da lei tem uma estrutura argumentativa distinta na qual a conclusão, nomeadamente o significado disputável ou questionado atribuído a uma fonte jurídica, é uma afirmação que necessita ser respaldada por argumentos refutáveis a favor
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Argumentation method"

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Gómez, Rodríguez Laura. "A Tool-Supported Method for Fallacies Detection in Process-Based Argumentation." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40940.

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Process-based arguments aim at demonstrating that a process, compliant with a standard, has been followed during the development of a safety-critical system. Compliance with these processes is mandatory for certification purposes, so the generation of process-based arguments is essential, but also a very costly and time-consuming task. In addition, inappropriate reasoning in the argumentation such as insufficient evidence (i.e. a fallacious argumentation), may result in a loss of quality of the system, leading to safety-related failures. Therefore, avoiding or detecting fallacies in process-ba
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Eleuterio, Marco Antonio. "AMANDA : a computational method for mediating asynchronous group discussions." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1400.

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Cette thèse traite de la communication assistée par ordinateur. Nous proposons AMANDA, une méthode algorithmique pour la médiation de discussions de groupe à distance destinée à l'articulation d'une discussion collective sans effort humain de coordination. La méthode consiste à lancer un ensemble de questions parmi un groupe de participants et ensuite à relancer leurs réponses et arguments en des cycles de discussions successifs. Tout au long de la discussion, des mécanismes intelligents identifient les interactions potentielles entre les participants du débat et proposent des nouvelles intera
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Titterington, Lynda Carol. "Case studies in pathophysiology: a study of an online interactive learning environment to develop higher order thinking and argumentation." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1196183110.

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Gorzoni, Paula Fernanda Alves da Cunha. "Ponderação e critérios racionais de decidibilidade na argumentação judicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-15052012-103227/.

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O objeto de estudo da presente dissertação corresponde ao sopesamento ou ponderação, método que vem sendo aplicado de modo freqüente em vários países para a resolução de colisões entre direitos fundamentais. Por ser altamente difundido atualmente, muitas vezes o cenário é caracterizado por uma aplicação irrefletida, ou seja, sem maiores questionamentos sobre o método em si. No entanto, existe grande discussão sobre o tema, principalmente sobre se é possível aplicar o sopesamento de forma racional. Neste trabalho, o foco da pesquisa constitui exatamente analisar detalhadamente os problemas de a
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Titterington, Lynda Carol. "Case studies in pathophysiology the development and evaluation of an interactive online learning environment to develop higher order thinking and argumentation /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196183110.

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Gustavsson, Erik. "Gud - logisk, verklig eller onödig? : en retorisk analys av Richard Dawkins och John Lennox argumentation om Guds existens." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9698.

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This study has its background in the debate about religion and the existence of God, which has been an ongoing issue throughout the Western cultural tradition. Today´s information society has been an impact on the increasing interest for this subject. The essay’s main task is to accomplish a rhetorical analysis of two books, Illusionen om Gud (2008) by atheist Richard Dawkins and Guds dödgrävare (2010) by Christian John Lennox, in order to investigate the authors’ use of rhetorical strategies to influence their audience. The texts are studied using a qualitative approach with the theoretical b
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Belesiotis, Alexandros Sotiris. "Argumentation-based methods for multi-perspective cooperative planning." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7535.

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Through cooperation, agents can transcend their individual capabilities and achieve goals that would be unattainable otherwise. Existing multiagent planning work considers each agent’s action capabilities, but does not account for distributed knowledge and the incompatible views agents may have of the planning domain. These divergent views can be a result of faulty sensors, local and incomplete knowledge, and outdated information, or simply because each agent has conducted different inferences and their beliefs are not aligned. This thesis is concerned with Multi-Perspective Cooperative Planni
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Molina, Adriana Madriñan. "El método de división en el Fedro de Platón." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-11042013-121800/.

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El objetivo de la presente investigación es exponer y testar una hipótesis exegética y filosófica sobre el método de división propuesto por Platón en el Fedro. Según mi hipótesis, este método de división visa resolver la controversia a través de la formulación de argumentos y contra-argumentos que examinan la consistencia de definiciones opuestas sobre un mismo asunto, con el fin de determinar cuál es su definición correcta. Para esto, en el primer capítulo explico las principales nociones del método del Fedro y describo el modus operandi de este método. En el segundo y en el tercer capítulo,
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Miranda, Ynga Diana Milagro. "Experiencia de aplicación del ABP para la redacción de textos argumentativos en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/325538.

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El presente trabajo investiga la aplicación del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) como metodología didáctica innovadora, que propicia, como logro, la producción de textos argumentativos. El experimento se aplicó en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes. El ABP se sustenta en los principios del aprendizaje activo y colaborativo, caracterizándose por fomentar, al mismo tiempo, la adquisición de conocimientos y actitudes. Asimismo, promueve la investigación para solucionar problemas, la creación de productos, el pensamiento crítico, el trab
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Klatt, Matthias. "Theorie der Wortlautgrenze : semantische Normativität in der juristischen Argumentation /." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verl.-Ges, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/379191849.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Argumentation method"

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Perella, Jack. The debate method of critical thinking: An introduction to argumentation. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1986.

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Descartes, René. Regulae ad directionem ingenii =: Rules for the direction of the natural intelligence : a bilingual edition of the Cartesian treatise on method. Rodopi, 1998.

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Leitner, Heinrich. Systematische Topik: Methode und Argumentation in Kants kritischer Philosophie. Königshausen & Neumann, 1994.

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Straub, Jürgen. Historisch-psychologische Biographieforschung: Theoretische, methodologische und methodische Argumentationen in systematischer Absicht. R. Asanger, 1989.

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Anderson, R. Dean. Glossary of Greek rhetorical terms connected to methods of argumentation, figures and tropes from Anaximenes to Quintilian. Peeters, 2000.

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Apel, Karl-Otto. Understanding and explanation: A transcendental-pragmatic perspective. MIT Press, 1985.

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Thür, Ralf. Anything goes, Paul Karl Feyerabends Argumentation in 'Against Method'. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2007.

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Fa lü lun zheng: Si wei yu fang fa = Legal argumentation : legal thinking and method. Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Walton, Douglas. Methods of Argumentation. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.

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Methods of Argumentation. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Argumentation method"

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van Eemeren, Frans H. "The Pragma-Dialectical Method of Analysis and Evaluation." In Argumentation Library. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20955-5_27.

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Pfarr-Harfst, Mieke, and Marc Grellert. "The Reconstruction – Argumentation Method." In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48496-9_4.

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Cellucci, Carlo. "The Analytic Method." In Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6091-2_4.

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Klein, Jonas, Isabelle Kuhlmann, and Matthias Thimm. "Cluster-Specific Rule Mining for Argumentation-Based Classification." In Robust Argumentation Machines. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63536-6_4.

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AbstractWe present a multi-step classification approach that combines classical machine learning methods with computational models for argumentation. In the first step, the dataset is divided into different groups using a clustering algorithm. In the second step, we employ rule-learning algorithms to extract frequent patterns and rules from each resulting cluster. In the last step, we interpret the rules as the input for structured argumentation approaches. Given a new observation, we first assign it to one of the previously generated clusters. Subsequently, the classification of the observation is determined by formulating arguments based on the respective cluster-specific rules for the different classes. Finally, the justification status of the arguments is determined using the argumentative inference method of the structured argumentation approach.
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Cellucci, Carlo. "Logic, Method and Knowledge." In Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6091-2_17.

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Cellucci, Carlo. "The Analytic-Synthetic Method." In Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6091-2_5.

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Cellucci, Carlo. "The Method of Modern Science." In Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6091-2_8.

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Bengel, Lars, Lydia Blümel, Tjitze Rienstra, and Matthias Thimm. "Argumentation-Based Probabilistic Causal Reasoning." In Robust Argumentation Machines. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63536-6_13.

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AbstractWe introduce an argumentation-based approach for conducting probabilistic causal reasoning. For that, we consider Pearl’s causal models where causal relations are modelled via structural equations and a probability distribution over background atoms. The probability that some causal statement holds is then computed by constructing a probabilistic argumentation framework and determining its extensions. This framework can then be used to generate argumentative explanations for the (non-)acceptance of the causal statement. Furthermore, we present an argumentation-based version of the twin network method for dealing with counterfactuals. Finally, we show that our approach yields the same results for causal and counterfactual queries as Pearl’s model.
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Cellucci, Carlo. "Logic, Method and Psychology of Discovery." In Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6091-2_13.

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Moore, Holly. "Does Plato Have a Theory of Induction? Epagōgē and the Method of Collection “Purified” of the Senses." In Argumentation Library. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70817-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Argumentation method"

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Russo, Fabrizio, Anna Rapberger, and Francesca Toni. "Argumentative Causal Discovery." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/88.

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Causal discovery amounts to unearthing causal relationships amongst features in data. It is a crucial companion to causal inference, necessary to build scientific knowledge without resorting to expensive or impossible randomised control trials. In this paper, we explore how reasoning with symbolic representations can support causal discovery. Specifically, we deploy assumption-based argumentation (ABA), a well-established and powerful knowledge representation formalism, in combination with causality theories, to learn graphs which reflect causal dependencies in the data. We prove that our meth
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Rossie, Juliete, Jérôme Delobelle, Sébastien Konieczny, Clément Lens, and Srdjan Vesic. "Collective Satisfaction Semantics for Opinion Based Argumentation." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/59.

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Voting on arguments in a debate is a natural approach for reaching a consensual decision. Despite this, there are few formal methods of abstract argumentation dealing with the use of votes in the process of selecting accepted arguments. We introduce the Opinion Based Argumentation (OBA) framework, where individuals can vote (or abstain) for or against arguments in a Dung argumentation framework. Our research aims to determine the most appropriate collective decisions within this framework. We propose a new semantics for this framework, called Collective Satisfaction Semantics (CSS), to evaluat
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Saha, Sougata, and Rohini Srihari. "Integrating Argumentation and Hate-Speech-based Techniques for Countering Misinformation." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.622.

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Rapberger, Anna, and Markus Ulbricht. "Repairing Assumption-Based Argumentation Frameworks." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/57.

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The field of formal argumentation is driven by situations where conflicting information need to be balanced out argumentatively. However, if the given knowledge base does not induce any reasonable viewpoint, these methods are stretched to their limits. In this paper, we address this issue in the context of assumption-based argumentation (ABA). More specifically, we study repairing notions for knowledge bases where no assumption can be accepted. We develop genuine repairing techniques for ABA, based on the modification of the building blocks of ABA frameworks, i.e., rules and assumptions. There
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Gould, Adam, Guilherme Paulino-Passos, Seema Dadhania, Matthew Williams, and Francesca Toni. "Preference-Based Abstract Argumentation for Case-Based Reasoning." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/37.

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In the pursuit of enhancing the efficacy and flexibility of interpretable, data-driven classification models, this work introduces a novel incorporation of user-defined preferences with Abstract Argumentation and Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). Specifically, we introduce Preference-Based Abstract Argumentation for Case-Based Reasoning (which we call AA-CBR-P), allowing users to define multiple approaches to compare cases with an ordering that specifies their preference over these comparison approaches. We prove that the model inherently follows these preferences when making predictions and show th
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Pimenov, Ivan S., and Natalia V. Salomatina. "An Automatic Method for Standartizing Argumentative Annotations across Annotators." In 2024 IEEE 25th International Conference of Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edm61683.2024.10615176.

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Muti, Arianna, Federico Ruggeri, Khalid Al Khatib, Alberto Barrón-Cedeño, and Tommaso Caselli. "Language is Scary when Over-Analyzed: Unpacking Implied Misogynistic Reasoning with Argumentation Theory-Driven Prompts." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.1174.

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Yin, Xiang, Nico Potyka, and Francesca Toni. "CE-QArg: Counterfactual Explanations for Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/66.

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There is a growing interest in understanding arguments' strength in Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks (QBAFs). Most existing studies focus on attribution-based methods that explain an argument's strength by assigning importance scores to other arguments but fail to explain how to change the current strength to a desired one. To solve this issue, we introduce counterfactual explanations for QBAFs. We discuss problem variants and propose an iterative algorithm named Counterfactual Explanations for Quantitative bipolar Argumentation frameworks (CE-QArg). CE-QArg can identify valid and
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Xiao, Ruiyu, Lei Wu, Yuhang Gou, Weinan Zhang, and Ting Liu. "Prove Your Point!: Bringing Proof-Enhancement Principles to Argumentative Essay Generation." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.1058.

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Sviridova, Ekaterina, Anar Yeginbergen, Ainara Estarrona, Elena Cabrio, Serena Villata, and Rodrigo Agerri. "CasiMedicos-Arg: A Medical Question Answering Dataset Annotated with Explanatory Argumentative Structures." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.1026.

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Reports on the topic "Argumentation method"

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Faktorngpan, Piyanart. An investigation of successful argumentative strategies in debating. Language Institute, Chulalongkorn University, 2012. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2012.76.

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This study operates from the foundation that some arguments are more successful than others; some being more persuasive and convincing. Arguments adjudged successful by experts in the field of argumentation were examined, with specific interest in the evaluation of the rhetoric employed. This corpus of material was formed from speeches, interviews and other data previously recorded from the final rounds of competitive and prestigious international debates. The debate aspect was primarily composed of championship-winning speeches, judged by experienced grand final adjudicators on three constitu
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Yatsymirska, Mariya, and Bohdan Markevych. MEDIA TEXTS AND PERSUASION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12170.

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Abstract. The article clarifies specific concepts of persuasion in media texts; describes new techniques of media influence based on materials of online publications; shows the role of expressive means of language and emotions in visual communication. In social communication, persuasive logos refer to meaningful words and thoughts conveyed through mass media and logically perceived as a reasonable persuasion to proper actions based on the principles of morality, ethics, and culture; informational and influential accents. In modern science (Philosophy, Psychology, Rhetoric, Linguistics), logos
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