Academic literature on the topic 'Arguments by definition'
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Journal articles on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Macagno, Fabrizio, and Douglas Walton. "Persuasive Definitions: Values, Meanings and Implicit Disagreements." Informal Logic 28, no. 3 (September 2, 2008): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v28i3.594.
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The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the relationship between persuasive definition and common knowledge (propositions generally accepted and not subject to dispute in a discussion). We interpret the gap between common knowledge and persuasive definition (PD) in terms of potential disagreements: PDs are conceived as implicit arguments to win a potential conflict. Persuasive definitions are analyzed as arguments instantiating two argumentation schemes, argument from classification and argument from values, and presupposing a potential disagreement. The argumentative structure of PDs reveals different levels of disagreement, and different pos-sibilities of resolving the conflict or causing dialogical deadlock.
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Müller, Stefan. "Einschränkung oder Erweiterung?" Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik 95, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890581-09501019.
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Abstract Challenges or Chances? Reflexive Perspectives on Definitions The paper neither supports nor rejects definitions as such. Rather, it combines both perspectives, stemming on two arguments. The first argument is based on Luhmann who discusses inclusion as exclusion inherent to every form of definition. The second argument is related to Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s Critical Theory. They analyze how definitions contain social relations of power and inequality. Developing these two approaches, the paper argues that definitions allow both an extension and a limitation of perspectives. Both effects of definitions are entangled and mutually constitutive. The crucial point for a reflexive discussion of definitions is the form of their relation and their weighting.
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Simard Smith, Paul L., and Andrei Moldovan. "Arguments as Abstract Objects." Informal Logic 31, no. 3 (September 13, 2011): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v31i3.3401.
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In recent discussions concerning the definition of argument, it has been maintained that the word ‘argument’ exhibits the process-product ambiguity, or an act/object ambigu-ity. Drawing on literature on lexical ambiguity we argue that ‘argument’ is not ambiguous. The term ‘argu-ment’ refers to an object, not to a speech act. We also examine some of the important implications of our argument by considering the question: what sort of abstract objects are arguments?
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Hatcher, Donald. "Arguments for Another Definition of Critical Thinking." Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 20, no. 1 (2000): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews20002016.
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Dufner, Annette. "Potentiality Arguments and the Definition of “Human Organism”." American Journal of Bioethics 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.747033.
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Seidelmann, P. K. "Issues of Time for Reference Systems." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 156 (1993): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900173504.
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At the International Astronomical Union General Assembly in 1991 the terminologies Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG) and Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB) were introduced as the time coordinates of four dimensional geocentric and barycentric coordinate systems, respectively. The reasons for these time-like arguments and their applications will be discussed. The relationships between the different time-like arguments will be discussed along with their applications and relationships to the astronomical constants.Since these time-like arguments have secular differences, there are new issues to be resolved. These new issues include the definition of the epoch J2000.0, relationship between mean and apparent sidereal time, the time-like argument for specifying constants, the definition and future use of ephemeris time, delta T values and the transition to, or future use of, TCG, TCB and TDB.
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Smith, Kelly C. "Life is hard: countering definitional pessimism concerning the definition of life." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000021.
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AbstractCleland and Chyba published a classic piece in 2002 that began a movement I call definitional pessimism, where it is argued that there is no point in attempting anything like a general definition of life. This paper offers a critical response to the pessimist position in general and the influential arguments offered by Cleland and her collaborators in particular. One such argument is that all definitions of life fall short of an ideal in which necessary and sufficient conditions produce unambiguous categorizations that dispose of all counterexamples. But this concept of definition is controversial within philosophy; a fact that greatly diminishes the force of the admonition that biologists should conform to such an ideal. Moreover, biology may well be fundamentally different from logic and the physical sciences from which this ideal is drawn, to the point where definitional conformity misrepresents biological reality. Another idea often pushed is that the prospects for definitional success concerning life are on a par with medieval alchemy's attempts to define matter – that is, doomed to fail for lack of a unifying scientific theory. But this comparison to alchemy is both historically inaccurate and unfair. Planetary science before the discovery of the first exoplanets offers a much better analogy, with much more optimistic conclusions. The pessimists also make much of the desirability of using microbes as models for any universal concept of life, from which they conclude that certain types of ‘Darwinian’ evolutionary definitions are inadequate. But this argument posits an unrealistic ideal, as no account of life can both be universal and do justice to the sorts of precise causal mechanisms microbes exemplify. The character of biology and the demand for universality in definitions of life thus probably accords better with functional rather than structural categories. The bottom line is that there is simply no viable alternative, either pragmatically or theoretically, to the pursuit of definitions. If nothing else, the empirical data the pessimists demand will be a very long time coming and scientists will of necessity continue to employ definitions of life in the interim. Chastising them for this will only drive their ideas underground where they can escape critical analysis, making the problems caused by problematic conceptions of life worse.
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SABRY, AMR. "What is a purely functional language?" Journal of Functional Programming 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796897002943.
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Functional programming languages are informally classified into pure and impure languages. The precise meaning of this distinction has been a matter of controversy. We therefore investigate a formal definition of purity. We begin by showing that some proposed definitions which rely on confluence, soundness of the beta axiom, preservation of pure observational equivalences and independence of the order of evaluation, do not withstand close scrutiny. We propose instead a definition based on parameter-passing independence. Intuitively, the definition implies that functions are pure mappings from arguments to results; the operational decision of how to pass the arguments is irrelevant. In the context of Haskell, our definition is consistent with the fact that the traditional call-by-name denotational semantics coincides with the traditional call-by-need implementation. Furthermore, our definition is compatible with the stream-based, continuation-based and monad-based integration of computational effects in Haskell. Finally, we observe that call-by-name reasoning principles are unsound in compilers for monadic Haskell.
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Zivancevic, Igor. "Evolutionary anti-realism in ethics." Theoria, Beograd 60, no. 2 (2017): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1702046z.
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In this paper I discuss two forms of evolutionary debunking arguments. These arguments have precursors in Mackie?s Moral error theory and Harman?s challenge, i.e. the explanatory irrelevance of moral facts. The first argument is metaphysical, and I call it the argument of phylogenetic contingency. To put it simple, this argument claims that if our evolutionary past had been different, then our moral capacity, moral concepts and moral beliefs, would have been different as well. The other argument is epistemological. It is based on the Nozickean conceptions of sensitivity and truth tracking. This argument claims that, when it comes to moral capacity, in the evolutionary past there was no selection for tracking moral truths. As a result, moral beliefs are insensitive to truth. Finally, I show how conception of self-deception, which is by definition insensitive to truth, could augment these arguments and help their better articulation.
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Martínez Fernández, Beatriz. "Syntactic Valence in Role and Reference Grammar." Journal of English Studies 5 (May 29, 2008): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.130.
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Transitivity has traditionally been equated with the number of syntactic arguments that a verb takes. However, Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) puts forward a new approach that defines transitivity in terms of macroroles, leaving the notion of syntactic valence aside. It is perhaps for this reason that the notion of syntactic valence has not received sufficient attention in this framework, and, consequently, some inconsistencies have been identified in its definition. To mention only a few, there is no proper definition of the criteria that determine the notion of syntactic valence, and many of the grammatical processes that have some impact on it – the use of the passive voice and imperatives, the presence of argument-adjuncts, or the position of the arguments in the clause – are overlooked. Hence, in this paper I carry out a critical revision of the definition of syntactic valence and aim to set out some guidelines for a more accurate treatment of this notion within the RRG framework.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Schmidt, Tabea. "Bevis och bevisföringens betydelse för matematikundervisningen : En systematisk litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematik och tillämpad matematik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113261.
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Bevis och bevisföring är grundläggande processer av den matematiska praktiken och som dessa bör de naturligtvis ingå i matematikundervisningen. Bevis och bevisföring är dock också ett komplext och svårt område, inte bara för lärare och elever, vilket leder till att det inte får den plats och betydelse i matematikundervisningen, som det bör få. I denna systematiska litteraturstudie har det undersökts vilken betydelse och roll bevis och bevisföring har för matematikundervisningen. Följande två frågeställningar lades till grund för studien: 1. Hur karaktäriseras bevis och bevisföring inom den matematikdidaktiska forskningen? 2. Vilka argument finns det för att elever ska lära sig bevis och bevisföring i skolan? Litteraturen till denna studie har delvis sökts i databasen ERIC och delvis manuellt genom kedjesökning bland referenslistor. Det valdes 11 texter, som analyserades och ställdes samman för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Studien visade att bevis och bevisföring är ett svår-definierat och svår-avgränsat område och att det finns flera aspekter, på denna problematik. Exempelvis är bevisföring en komplex process som bygger på olika aspekter. Bevisen kan också ses som relativa, vilket leder till svårigheter i att finna en allmängiltig definition. Studien visade också att det är viktigt att eleverna lär sig bevis och bevisföring i skolan på grund av en rad olika argument. För det första är bevis och bevisföring en viktig del av den matematiska praktiken, och matematikundervisningens syfte är det bland annat att lära eleverna matematiska arbetssätt, så att eleverna kan bli delaktiga i den matematiska praktiken. För det andra kan bevis och bevisföring ge eleverna djupare förståelse för matematiken och därmed ge mer mening åt undervisningen. Den tredje aspekten är att bevis och bevisföring kan lära eleverna tekniker och metoder som de kan ha användning av i andra områden som till exempel problemlösning.
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MACAGNO, FABRIZIO. "Gli Usi argomentativi della Definizione." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/275.
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L'approccio argomentativo alla definizione permette di aprire una nuova prospettiva su questo tema. La definizione può essere infatti analizzata dialetticamente come un endoxon, una conoscenza comunemente accettata che ha come oggetto la struttura semantico-ontologica condivisa. La definizione dialettica può costituire lo standpoint di un'argomentazione ed essere fondata su argomenti, oppure fungere da premessa in un sillogismo retorico ed essere quindi uno strumento argomentativo e persuasivo.
Le caratteristiche della definizione dialettica possono essere delineate a partire dalle sue origini nella Topica di Aristotele. Da un'interpretazione in chiave predicativo-argomentale di quest'opera emerge come la definizione per genere e specie sia uno strumento di analisi semantica fondamentale per comprendere il nesso di ragionevolezza negli entimemi ed al tempo stesso origine di inferenze argomentative. La tradizione aristotelica è ripresa nella tradizione latina e medievale, in cui viene evidenziato il rapporto tra i differenti tipi di definizione e la loro funzione argomentativa e persuasiva. Nella riflessione moderna e contemporanea il concetto di definizione dialettica è alla base dell'analisi della definizione persuasiva, cioè una strategia argomentativa fondata sulla ridefinizione e sulle inferenze valoriali che derivano dal “significato emotivo” del definito. Le categorie di definizione dialettica e di definizione persuasiva permettono di analizzare le funzioni argomentative della definizione nel contesto comunicativo scientifico, giuridico e politico.A new perspective on the problem of definition can be opened by an argumentative approach to this subject. Definition can be dialectically analyzed as an endoxon, namely as an aspect of common knowledge regarding the shared semantic-ontological structure. The dialectical definition can be the standpoint of an argumentation and be supported by arguments, or the premise of a rhetorical syllogism. In this case, the dialectical definition can be used argumentatively and persuasively. The characteristics of dialectical definition can be found inquiring into its origins, namely Aristotle's Topics. By interpreting this work in a predicate-argument perspective, it is possible to notice how genus-species definition is a instrument of semantic analysis, which is fundamental to understand the relation between logic and reasonableness in enthymemes and how definitions can be source of inferences. The Aristotelian tradition has been revived in the Latin and Medieval tradition by analyzing the relationship between different types of definition and their argumentative and persuasive function. In the framework of modern and contemporary argumentation theories, the dialectical definition can be considered the foundation for a new interpretation of a particular argumentative and persuasive strategy grounded on definition: the persuasive definition. Persuasive definition can be seen as a redefinition aimed at altering the inferences from values (or judgments of value) which can be drawn from the definiendum. The concepts of dialectical definition and persuasive definition allow one to examine the argumentative functions of definitions in the scientific, legal, and political communicative context.
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Lundmark, linda. "Definitionen och tolkningen av miljöproblemen och möjliga lösningar : En studie kring Svenska miljöorganisationers argument och perspektiv." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119932.
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I denna studie har fyra olika miljöorganisationer undersökts och jämförts i syfte att belysa vad Svenska miljöorganisationer har för syn påmiljöproblematikens karaktär och möjliga lösningar. Personer som arbetar på miljöorganisationerna Naturskyddsföreningen, Klimataktion, Foresoch Hela Sverige ska leva har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har kompletterats med insamling av information från de olika miljöorganisationernashemsidor och kataloger. För att få en fördjupad diskussion och för att relatera analysmaterialet till ett större teoretiskt sammanhang så har de olikamiljöorganisationernas argument relaterats till och analyserats utifrån olika miljödiskurser. Två relevanta teoretiska ramverk till den här studien ärMaarten Hajers diskursiva teori, som relaterar till miljöproblem och miljökonflikter, och Erik Swyngedouws syn på hur dagens symbolisering av”Naturen” påverkar och begränsar miljöpolitiken. Resultatet visar att de olika miljöorganisationerna har olika syn på miljöproblemen och möjligalösningar. Fores perspektiv på miljöproblemen kan relateras till den ekomodernistiska diskursen där de ser att man kan hantera miljöproblemeninom de nuvarande socioekonomiska ramarna med en fortsatt ekonomisk tillväxt. Naturskyddsföreningen kritiserar inte den ekonomiska tillväxtenmen de anser att de ekonomiska systemen bör styras i en mer miljömedveten riktning. Deras perspektiv kan därmed relateras till den ekologiskaomprövningens diskurs. Både Klimataktion och Hela Sverige ska levas syn på miljöproblemen kan relateras till systemkritikens diskurs där deanser att det inte räcker med marknadsbaserade lösningar och teknisk utveckling för att lösa miljöproblemen utan vi behöver i stor utsträckningförändra vårt sätt att leva med minskad konsumtion och energianvändning.In this study, four different Swedish environmental organizations are examined and compared in order to highlight how they view theenvironmental problems and possible solutions. People from the environmental organizations Naturskyddsföreningen, Klimataktion, Fores andHela Sverige ska leva were interviewed. Additional information was gathered from the various environmental organizations' websites andcatalogs. To get an in-depth discussion and to relate the analyzed material to a larger theoretical context, the arguments of the environmentalorganizations have been analyzed in relation to different environmental discourses. Two relevant theoretical frameworks for this study is Hajersdiscursive theory, which relate to environmental problems and environmental conflicts, and Swyngedouws view of how today's symbolization of"Nature" affect and limit environmental policy. The result shows that the various environmental organizations have a different approach toenvironmental problems and possible solutions. Fores perspective can be related to the ecological modernization discourse, where theenvironmental problem is seen as something that could be dealt with within the current socio-economic frames with a continued economicgrowth. Naturskyddsföreningen do not criticize economic growth, but they believe that the economic systems should be driven in a moreenvironmentally conscious direction. Their perspective can be related to the ecological reconsideration discourse (den ekologiska omprövningensdiskurs). Both Klimataktions and Hela Sverige ska levas approach to environmental problems can be related to the system criticism discourse(Systemkritikens diskurs), where market-based solutions and technological developments are not considered to be enough to solve environmentalproblems. Instead we need to extensively change our way of life with reduced consumption and energy use.
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Moseley, Darran A. "A philosophy of war." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1721.
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This thesis examines in four parts a collection of philosophical arguments dealing with war. The conclusions drawn are that war is a definable and applicable concept, that above the level of biological reactions war is the result of beliefs, that an objective distinction exists between aggressive and defensive actions, and that war is only justifiable in the protection of core rights. The first part analyses competing definitions of war. It is argued that the concept of war is philosophically appropriate and captures the conceptual common denominator between particular wars. The essence of war is defined as “a condition of open-ended violence”. Part Two explores the causal relationships between metaphysical and epistemological beliefs and war. It is held that war cannot be explained away as an unalterable fact of the universe, hence deterministic explanations fail in favour of the conclusion that wars are the product of ideas and ideas are volitionally obtained. The third part continues an exploration of determinist accounts of war and examines how various theories of human nature attempt to explain why war occurs. For methodological purposes human nature is trisected into biological, cultural, and rational aspects. Theories that attempt to interpret war using only a single aspect are inadequate, for each aspect must logically presuppose the existence and hence the influence of the others. It is concluded that human wars are the product of ideas, but ideas are distinguishable between tacit and explicit forms. Tacit forms of knowledge evolve through social interaction and sometimes have unintended consequences; war on the cultural level can be the product of human action but not of human design (Ferguson), hence attempts to abolish war by reason alone are bound to fail. Part Four assesses the application of ethical and political reasoning to war. It is argued firstly that morality, in the form of universalisable core rights and socially generated general rules of conduct, must not be removed from the sphere of war. Secondly it is concluded that the ideal just government exists to protect rights, from which it will follow that defensive wars and wars of intervention to protect rights are morally supportable.
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Paditz, Ludwig. "School-Mathematics all over the world – some differences." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-79263.
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Perks, Sue. "A definition of the principles of Isotype and an investigation into their methods of diffusion and legacy : a description of Otto Neurath's original principles of Isotype followed by an investigation into their secondary diffusion in the hands of others not immediately connected with the Isotype Institute; shown through three case studies on transformation, graphic argument and graphic language with ultimate aim of evidencing and illuminating the legacy of the principles in a contemporary context." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.576642.
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Gutiérrez, Bayardi José Oswaldo. "Arguments by definition : Felipe Calderón’s war on drugs and the power to persuade." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11963.
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Les études rhétoriques ont documenté la pertinence de la rhétorique présidentielle et le pouvoir du président de définir les enjeux publics par le discours. Cette recherche porte sur les pratiques rhétoriques par lesquelles l'ancien président mexicain Calderón a défini la lutte contre la drogue qui a caractérisé son administration. Je soutiens que Calderón a avancé une définition du problème de la drogue par des pratiques de définition telles que l'association, la dissociation et les symboles de condensation. Mon analyse 1) identifie les pratiques rhétoriques de définition qui ont caractérisé la lutte à la drogue de Calderón; 2) examine les implications de ces pratiques; et 3) aborde les limites auxquelles les politiciens font face en tentant de modifier des définitions préalablement avancées. En conclusion, j’explique comment les métaphores et les pratiques de définition de Calderón ont ouvert un espace rhétorique où les droits humains pouvaient être révoqués et la violence encouragée.Rhetorical studies have shown the significance of presidential rhetoric and the president’s power to define public issues and policies through discourse. This research addresses how former Mexican president Felipe Calderón defined the fight against drugs that characterized his administration—and the later process of changing his definition. It argues that through the definitional practices of association, dissociation and condensation symbols, Calderón advanced a particular definition of the drug problem in Mexico. Relying on the analysis of presidential public speeches and TV spots, I 1) identify Calderon’s key rhetorical practices of definition; 2) discuss the implications of those practices and the political definitions they sustain; and 3) address the limits politicians face when attempting to change a definition they initially advanced. In conclusion, I discuss how the set of metaphors and definitional practices advanced by Calderón opened up a rhetorical space where human rights could be dismissed and violence encouraged.
Books on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Nudo, Raffaele, ed. Lezioni dai terremoti: fonti di vulnerabilità, nuove strategie progettuali, sviluppi normativi. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-072-3.
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This book is a collection of the academic contributions presented at the conference entitled "Lessons from earthquakes: sources of vulnerability, new design strategies and regulatory developments" which was held at Chianciano Terme on 8 October 2010. The issues addressed are central to Seismic Engineering and comprise a wide range of arguments on both consolidated subjects and innovative aspects in the sector. Among these, appropriate attention is devoted to: analysis of the structural instability revealed on the occasion of seismic events and the lessons that can be drawn from the same; the procedures of assessment of the existing buildings, starting from the phase of monitoring and diagnostics through to the definition of the most opportune intervention techniques; the use of composite materials and alternative methods of seismic protection; non-linear field modelling relating to regular and non-regular structures; and finally, the development of the methods of calculation that have characterised the evolution of the regulatory codes.
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F, Klumpp James, and Hollihan Thomas A, eds. Argument in a time of change: Definitions, frameworks, and critiques : proceedings of the Tenth NCA/AFA Conference on Argumentation. Annandale, VA: National Communication Association, 1998.
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Camper, Martin. Definition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677121.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 explores the interpretive stasis of definition, where there is a question concerning the intended or appropriate scope of the basic sense of a term in a text. The chapter shows how rhetors, by persuasively articulating a definition and resorting to various lines of argument, can shift the meaning of passages and reframe controversies hinging on a text’s interpretation by adjusting the scope of a single term. But only linchpin terms (similar to Burke’s and Weaver’s ultimate terms) have this governing quality. The chapter’s central example consists of oral arguments from the 2010 Supreme Court case McDonald v. City of Chicago that ultimately determined US citizens have a fundamental right to bear arms. The case partly rested on whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s phrase privileges or immunities, generally protected from state infringement, includes this right within its scope. The centrality of definitional disputes to legal interpretation is also considered.
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Stoljar, Daniel. Six Further Arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0008.
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This chapter criticizes six arguments for pessimism: the womb of disciplines argument, which suggests that philosophy is by definition the subject that does not make progress; the methodology argument, which suggests that philosophers are using the wrong tools for the problems that confront them; the pseudo-problems argument, which suggests that philosophical problems are not the sort for which progress should be expected; the speculation argument, which suggests that philosophy involves an illegitimate and irresponsible form of speculation; the history argument, which suggests that philosophy bears a different relation to its past than do sciences such as physics, and in consequence exhibits a different pattern of success and failure; and the technicalia argument, which suggests that the technical language so prevalent in philosophy is a bar to progress. In each case this chapter argues that these present no grounds for doubting reasonable optimism.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. Conceptual, Historical, and Cognitive Roots of Perfect Being Theism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a precise definition of perfect being theism and compares it with alternatives such as atheism, polytheism, pantheism, and panentheism. The chapter then considers the historical and cognitive roots of perfect being theism. It argues, contrary to what is widely believed, that perfect being theism is not Anselm’s invention or an unnatural, scholarly artefact. The chapter then explains the philosophical merits of holding perfect being theism and considers the relationship between perfect being theism and prominent arguments for the existence of God, such as the cosmological argument and the design argument. It concludes with a discussion of three types of arguments against perfect being theism.
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Garrett, Don. Spinoza’s “Ontological” Argument. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307771.003.0003.
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Proposition 11 of Part 1 of Spinoza’s Ethics states that God necessarily exists. Although his demonstration of the proposition is often said to constitute his ontological argument for the existence of God, and to report an essentially private “rational perception” of God’s existence, he provides four distinct “proofs” for the proposition. This chapter analyzes the four proofs and the relations among them. Like ontological arguments, they depend crucially on a definition of God that is intended, when grasped, to show that God necessarily exists; but like most cosmological arguments, they also depend crucially on a principle of sufficient reason. The last two proofs can be seen to address an objection, concerning the principle that substances cannot share attributes, that might otherwise be raised to the first two proofs.
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Hawkins, Kirk, Madeleine Read, and Teun Pauwels. Populism and Its Causes. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.13.
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Studies of populism increasingly theorize about its causes. Most arguments highlight the rational, material side of populist appeals or their connection to political identity. However, these arguments focus on regional varieties of populism, give little attention to the individual level of voter cognition, and overlook the role of populist ideas. In this chapter, we outline and critique these theories while offering a new approach. This theory builds on the ideational definition championed by other contributors to the Handbook, arguing that populism is a normative response to perceived crises of democratic legitimacy. Populist attitudes are not invented by politicians to fill a gap in the citizens’ psyche, but constitute a pre-existing set of beliefs that can be activated under certain contexts.
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Payne, Andrew. The Defense of Justice in Republic 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799023.003.0004.
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In this chapter, Socrates’ defense of justice in Book 1 is addressed. Thrasymachus’ definition of justice as the interest of the stronger provides the impetus for this defense. Socrates refutes this definition of justice and goes on to argue that justice rather than injustice makes for a better life for a human being. Although Thrasymachus is refuted in Book 1, he makes an important contribution to the dialogue by connecting justice to partnerships and, in particular, to the sort of partnership that is a political community regulated by laws. Socrates takes over from Thrasymachus this understanding of justice as linked to the activity of engaging in partnerships. His arguments for the benefits of justice rely on the insight that justice is the virtue that perfects the activity of engaging in partnership.
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Hill, Christopher. Conceivability and Possibility. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.4.
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This article examines some philosophical questions about knowledge of modality, including how we determine whether a proposition is necessary or contingent and what procedures to use for recognizing possibility. It maintains that virtually anything is conceivable, and that conceivability is therefore incapable of providing a reliable test for possibility. Whether a conceivable state of affairs is genuinely possible depends on whether it is compatible with the class of necessary truths. But this means that we must have some independent way of recognizing necessity. The article explains that independent access to necessity in terms of the hypothesis that various modal truths constitute an implicit definition of necessity. To a large extent, our knowledge of necessity derives from our grasp of this definition. The article also criticizes Cartesian modal arguments for dualism, and raises an objection to the view that metaphysical necessity can be reductively explained in terms of subjunctive conditionals.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Reflections on the Concept of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0003.
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There is no definition of religion that is universally valid and generally accepted in religious studies. Increasing numbers of scholars of religion see the attempt to define religion as doomed to failure, and therefore do not even try. A concept of religion is, however, indispensable for staking out the subject area which the sociology of religion and religious studies are concerned with. Defining clearly what is meant by religion is necessary not only to determine the content of the object to be examined and to distinguish it from other objects, but also to detect changes in the field of study. After discussing different approaches that are taken to define religion, the chapter proposes a working definition that combines substantive and functional arguments. The different forms of religious meaning available to mediate between immanence and transcendence can be classified as religious identification, religious practices, and religious belief and experience.
Book chapters on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Dart, Beatrix. "Governance of Gender Diversity Case." In Management for Professionals, 61–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48606-8_13.
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AbstractGender diversity on boards has become accepted as an important step to increase governance, risk assessment, and innovative thinking for companies. However, the arguments of finding merit-based candidates, a narrow definition of the board skills matrix, and the desire to add “who you know” have proven to be lasting obstacles for many female board candidates. This short case highlights the importance of making a conscious effort to expanding board searches past the usual networks to lead to boards with better decision-making abilities by adding female board directors.
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Gass, Robert H., and John S. Seiter. "Argument Theories, Models, and Definitions." In Arguing, Reasoning, and Thinking Well, 38–61. First edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351242493-3.
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Urquidez, Alberto G. "Re-defining “Definition”: An Argument for Conventionalism." In (Re-)Defining Racism, 91–155. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27257-9_3.
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Chen, Chung-Chi, Hen-Hsen Huang, and Hsin-Hsi Chen. "Introduction." In From Opinion Mining to Financial Argument Mining, 1–8. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2881-8_1.
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AbstractFinancial opinion mining is a branch of traditional opinion mining and sentiment analysis which shares the basic notions of traditional approaches and adds its own domain-specific characteristics. In Sect. 1.1, we start with a common definition of general opinion mining after which we briefly overview traditional research directions.
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Rowland, Robert C. "Chapter 7. Argument and ultimate definition in Donald Trump’s worldview." In Argumentation in Context, 117–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aic.17.07row.
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Moser, E. "Definitive Therapie der Hyperthyreose: Operation vs. Radioiodtherapie — Argumente für die Radioiodtherapie." In Bilanz zur Jahrtausendwende, 55–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60248-1_4.
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Mahalakshmi, G. S., and T. V. Geetha. "Formal Definitions of Reason Fallacies to Aid Defect Exploration in Argument Gaming." In Logic and Its Applications, 243–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92701-3_18.
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Frers, Lars. "Conclusions: Touching and Being Touched – Experience and Ethical Relations." In IMISCOE Research Series, 85–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7_5.
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AbstractSometimes, research can hit you in the stomach, making you angry and upset, possibly sick. With a bit of luck, this can be fine, as discontentment can be a force that propels you to become active and engage yourself. Sometimes, research can resonate in your heart, making you aware and empathetic. Not much luck is needed in these cases, as this will hopefully also stimulate you to get new ideas, a better understanding or hopefully even give you a better foothold for whatever you do in practice. Most of the time, research just passes you by, not leaving much of an impression. We do know that words can make a difference, that words can touch you. They evoke many different thoughts and emotions. It is not a single word alone that does this, it is the flow and rhythm of a text, how it takes the reader along, cognitively but also in space and time and in an embodied manner. To achieve different effects, we place words differently, we craft sentences that appeal to different senses and sensibilities, we use terms or jargon, we write complex sentences that juxtapose hosts of different qualities, as Michel Serres does in in The Five Senses (2008). We present a clear definition, we unfold arguments or put something to the point. Most of the word work we do, we do on our keyboards, sitting at a desk, in a train carriage or lying on a sofa. Thus, this word work happens remote from the site where our study took place, it is definitely not the same as the field work that we do, it is not the same as the numbers and algorithms that make up our data. But done well, it can still evoke the sense of what happens or happened “out there” in the field, the phenomena that the numbers point to, be they the numbers of people crossing a border or the feeling of someone who is lost or maybe even hunted (Guttorm, 2016).
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Fox, Bianca, and Valentina Marinescu. "An Argument for a Broader Definition for Food Literacy: Findings from a Systematic Review." In Food, Nutrition and the Media, 239–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46500-1_18.
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Foot, Philippa. "Moral arguments." In The Definition of Morality, 174–87. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003051961-11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Amgoud, Leila, and Dragan Doder. "Compilation of Logical Arguments." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/208.
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Several argument-based logics have been defined for handling inconsistency in propositional knowledge bases. We show that they may miss intuitive consequences, and discuss two sources of this drawback: the definition of logical argument i) may prevent formulas from being justified, and ii) may allow irrelevant information in argument's support. We circumvent these two issues by considering a general definition of argument and compiling each argument. A compilation amounts to forgetting in an argument's support any irrelevant variable. This operation returns zero, one or several concise arguments, which we then use in an instance of Dung's abstract framework. We show that the resulting logic satisfies existing rationality postulates, namely consistency and closure under deduction. Furthermore, it is more productive than the existing argument-based and coherence-based logics.
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Rienstra, Tjitze, Matthias Thimm, Kristian Kersting, and Xiaoting Shao. "Independence and D-separation in Abstract Argumentation." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/73.
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We investigate the notion of independence in abstract argumentation, i.e., the question of whether the evaluation of one set of arguments is independent of the evaluation of another set of arguments, given that we already know the status of a third set of arguments. We provide a semantic definition of this notion and develop a method to discover independencies based on transforming an argumentation framework into a DAG on which we then apply the well-known d-separation criterion. We also introduce the SCC Markov property for argumentation semantics, which generalises the Markov property from the classical acyclic case and guarantees the soundness of our approach.
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Neal, Douglas R. "An Analysis of the Loss Mechanisms in Low-Speed Axial Fans Using Scaling Arguments and Their Effects on a Proposed New Definition of Efficiency." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13776.
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Low-speed axial fans are used extensively for ventilation purposes in industrial and commercial buildings. In agricultural applications, such as a greenhouse, the ventilation is critical, since entire crops can be damaged or destroyed if a clean air supply is not maintained. The cost-marginal nature of these businesses demand that operating costs be kept to a minimum, hence there is a strong motivation to develop higher efficiency ventilation fans. An analysis of a low-speed axial fan has been developed using a control volume-based energy balance. The specific fan is an axial ventilation fan that is commonly found on agricultural facilities such as green-houses or livestock buildings. These fans induce an airflow from a large building into the open atmosphere at very low (or often effectively zero) system restriction or pressure rise. The definition for static efficiency, which is commonly used by the axial fan community, is examined and its implications are discussed. Since static efficiency yields a zero-percent efficient fan at a zero pressure rise operating condition, the ventilation fan industry has developed an alternate definition of efficiency. This alternate definition of efficiency, along with other proposed definitions, are described and their limitations are discussed. A new definition of efficiency is introduced and its basis in the integral energy equation is identified. The primary loss mechanisms of low-speed axial turbomachinery are discussed and scaling arguments are developed and used in the integral energy equation analysis. The results of this analysis yield an expanded expression of efficiency in which the loss mechanism terms can be empirically determined. When analyzed with values for a particular fan system, these results can further be used as the basis for an optimization study of that fan system.
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Baumann, Ringo, Gerhard Brewka, and Markus Ulbricht. "Comparing Weak Admissibility Semantics to their Dung-style Counterparts (Extended Abstract)." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/642.
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Semantics based on weak admissibility were recently introduced to overcome a problem with self-defeating arguments that has not been solved for more than 25 years. The recursive definition of weak admissibility mainly relies on the notion of a reduct regarding a set E which only contains arguments which are neither in E, nor attacked by E. At first glance the reduct seems to be tailored for the weaker versions of Dung-style semantics only. In this paper we show that standard Dung semantics can be naturally reformulated using the reduct revealing that this concept is already implicit. We further identify a new abstract principle for semantics, so-called modularization describing how to obtain further extensions given an initial one. Its importance for the study of abstract argumentation semantics is shown by its ability to alternatively characterize classical and non-classical semantics.
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Wright, Neil T. "Parameter Correlation in Models of Hyperthermic Cell Death." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53933.
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A number of mathematical models have been developed to predict the survival of cells after heating. Some of these models have been based on first principle arguments, while others have been empirically motivated. Some models have been inspired by analogs of damage to cells by ionizing radiation. Evidence exists for multiple targets leading to cell death, although precise definition of the pathways for the various temperature ranges and environmental conditions remains in question. For reviews of the cellular targets of heating, see [1], [2], or [3].
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Baumann, Ringo, Gerhard Brewka, and Markus Ulbricht. "Comparing Weak Admissibility Semantics to their Dung-style Counterparts -- Reduct, Modularization, and Strong Equivalence in Abstract Argumentation." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/9.
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Semantics based on weak admissibility were recently introduced to overcome a problem with self-defeating arguments that has not been solved for more than 25 years. The recursive definition of weak admissibility mainly relies on the notion of a reduct regarding a set E which only contains arguments which are neither in E, nor attacked by E. At first glance the reduct seems to be tailored for the weaker versions of Dung-style semantics only. In this paper we show that standard Dung semantics can be naturally reformulated using the reduct revealing that this concept is already implicit. We further identify a new abstract principle for semantics, so-called modularization describing how to obtain further extensions given an initial one. Its importance for the study of abstract argumentation semantics is shown by its ability to alternatively characterize classical and non-classical semantics. Moreover, we tackle the notion of strong equivalence via characterizing kernels and give a complete classification of the weak versions regarding well-known properties and postulates known from the literature.
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Fazzinga, Bettina, Sergio Flesca, and Filippo Furfaro. "Revisiting the Notion of Extension over Incomplete Abstract Argumentation Frameworks." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/237.
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We revisit the notion of i-extension, i.e., the adaption of the fundamental notion of extension to the case of incomplete Abstract Argumentation Frameworks. We show that the definition of i-extension raises some concerns in the "possible" variant, e.g., it allows even conflicting arguments to be collectively considered as members of an (i-)extension. Thus, we introduce the alternative notion of i*-extension overcoming the highlighted problems, and provide a thorough complexity characterization of the corresponding verification problem. Interestingly, we show that the revisitation not only has beneficial effects for the semantics, but also for the complexity: under various semantics, the verification problem under the possible perspective moves from NP-complete to P.
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Lidbury, David, Richard Bass, Elisabeth Keim, Surender Bhandari, David Connors, Ulrich Eisele, and Karl-Frederick Nilsson. "Validation of Constraint Based Methodology in Structural Integrity – VOCALIST: Project Overview." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1176.
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VOCALIST (Validation of Constraint Based Methodology in Structural Integrity) is a shared cost action project co-financed by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The motivation for VOCALIST is based on the observation that the pattern of crack-tip stresses and strains causing plastic flow and fracture in components is different to that in test specimens. This gives rise to the so-called constraint effect. Crack-tip constraint in components is generally lower than in test specimens. Effective toughness is correspondingly higher. The fracture toughness measured on test specimens is thus likely to underestimate that exhibited by cracks in components. The purpose of VOCALIST is to develop validated models of the constraint effect, and associated best practice advice, with the objective of achieving (i) an improved defect assessment methodology for predicting safety margins; (ii) improved lifetime management arguments. The work is intended to be of benefit to both plant operators and their regulators. The project started in October 2000 and will run for thirty-six months. The main achievements to date are as follows: • Identification and assessment of current issues affecting the application of constraint-based fracture assessment methods in practical situations. • Materials selection and identification of test matrices. • Initiation of characterisation testing. • Detailed definition of analytical programme and alignment with experimental programme. • Definition of test conditions for Benchmark and Features tests. • Procurement and execution of Benchmark tests. • Procurement and execution of scoping Features tests. This paper provides an overview of VOCALIST, describes its various Work Packages, and provides an up-to-date summary of progress as the project reaches mid-term.
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Zemel, Marc I., and Kevin N. Otto. "Use of Injection Molding Simulation to Assess Critical Dimensions and Assign Tolerances." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dfm-1277.
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Abstract When a product is certified for production and while its quality is being monitored, it is not economically feasible to watch every dimension of the part. Through the definition of critical dimensions, the amount of measurements necessary for quality control can be limited. However, in order to properly assign tolerances to the critical dimensions, the engineer needs to understand the capability of the process. Unfortunately, the subject of tolerances can be a great source of arguments between design and manufacturing engineers. Concurrent engineering has taken a holistic approach to the problem by forcing manufacturing engineers to get involved earlier in the development process. We propose a methodology that employs injection molding process simulation to track the development of critical dimensions from the design stage to production. This methodology provides a more quantitative approach to the tolerancing of injection molded parts. Furthermore, the application of this methodology will promote better communication between manufacturing and design engineers by giving them a common language, consisting of a software model and data. By gaining an understanding of process variation, the design and manufacturing team will be able to do four things: assess the process capability, determine if the part will function properly through tolerance analysis, assign critical dimensions, and set up a measurement scheme for quality control.
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Jordao da Silva, Claudia. "The Impact of the Quality of Public Spending and Institutional Change on the Use of Oil Royalties: Exploring Public Management Research." In New Horizons in Business and Management Studies. Conference Proceedings. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-867-1_11.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the impacts of the quality of public spending and institutional change on the use of oil royalties. The related research is based on the (re)definition of concepts that are crucial for scholars in public administration. The debate on their utilization involves social and environmental issues, not limited to economic growth. Given the current economic crises faced by governments, there is a more significant limitation on public resources available by local governments. Therefore, one should not ignore the window of opportunity that has opened to give due attention to the quality of public spending. The research has also adopted the New Institutionalism theory that has as a premise that the institutions exert influence on the behavior of actors and on the political decisions. As a result, it is concluded that there is path dependence. The arguments of path dependence and increasing returns are used to explain the continuities. In the institutional analysis, the concept of path dependence helps to understand the possible behavior of economic agents. Thus, in this context, the economy does not represent an increase in the population’s quality of life, and it is necessary to build a work methodology that involves the knowledge of local needs.
Reports on the topic "Arguments by definition"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.
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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.