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Academic literature on the topic 'Aril functions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Aril functions"

1

Trusov, N. "Complex approach in arils study." Modern Phytomorphology 4 (April 1, 2013): 177–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161223.

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Arils are found in numerous Angiosperm taxa. The complex approach (morphologo-anatomical and biochemical researches) in studying of aril-having fruits is recommended. The arils origin hypothesis is offered. Some functions of arils are showed.

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Trusov, N. "Aril morpho-anatomical structure and development of Viola odorata L. (Violaceae)." Modern Phytomorphology 6 (April 1, 2014): 141–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160617.

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Singsai, Kanathip, Supawadee Srisuwan, Pimchanok Charoongchit, and Nopphakarn Singkhum. "Effect of Momordica cochinchinensis extract on locomotor function and brain antioxidant enzyme activity in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated zebrafish Parkinson’s disease model." Nutrition and Healthy Aging 8, no. 1 (2023): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nha-231506.

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BACKGROUND: Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. The red aril of Gac fruit contains high concentrations of carotenoids, including lycopene and beta-carotene. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gac fruit aril extract on locomotor activities in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced zebrafish model and measure antioxidant enzyme activities in the zebrafish brain. METHODS: This study used adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. MPTP was used as a toxin to induce movement dysfunction in zebrafish, while the standard drug selegiline acted as a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor. Locomotion was recorded on day 7 after MPTP induction using a digital video tracking system, and parameters related to zebrafish swimming, including total distance, velocity, and immobility, were observed. The brain tissue of the zebrafish was collected for antioxidant enzyme activity analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that Gac fruit extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg improved locomotor functions in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in zebrafish. However, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, in the zebrafish brain showed no significant differences among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insights into the further research of Gac fruit extract as a nutraceutical for preventing Parkinson’s disease.

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Zhang, Xinhui, Weicheng Yuan, Yujie Zhao, Yuan Ren, Xueqing Zhao, and Zhaohe Yuan. "Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of AOMT Gene Family in Pomegranate (Punica granatum)." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020318.

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Gene duplication is the major resource with which to generate new genes, which provide raw material for novel functions evolution. Thus, to elucidate the gene family evolution after duplication events is of vital importance. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) have been recognized as being capable of anthocyanin methylation, which increases anthocyanin diversity and stability and improves the protection of plants from environmental stress. Meanwhile, no detailed identification or genome-wide analysis of the AOMT gene family members in pomegranate (Punicagranatum) have been reported. Three published pomegranate genome sequences offer substantial resources with which to explore gene evolution based on the whole genome. Altogether, 58 identified OMTs from pomegranate and five other species were divided into the AOMT group and the OMT group, according to their phylogenetic tree and AOMTs derived from OMTs. AOMTs in the same subclade have a similar gene structure and protein conserved motifs. The PgAOMT family evolved and expanded primarily via whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication. PgAOMTs expression pattern in peel and aril development by qRT-PCR verification indicated that PgAOMTs had tissue-specific patterns. The main fates of AOMTs were neo- or non-functionalization after duplication events. High expression genes of PgOMT04 and PgOMT09 were speculated to contribute to “Taishanhong” pomegranate’s bright red peel color. Finally, we integrated the above analysis in order to infer the evolutionary scenario of AOMT family.

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Liu, Pengshuai, Xiaojun Yin, Mingrui Ding, and Shaoliang Pan. "Research on Protective Forest Change Detection in Aral City Based on Deep Learning." Forests 16, no. 5 (2025): 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050775.

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Protective forests play a crucial role in ecosystems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where they provide irreplaceable ecological functions such as windbreaks, sand fixation, soil and water conservation, and climate regulation. This study selects Aral City in Xinjiang as the research area and proposes a method that integrates high-resolution remote sensing data (GF-2) with a Spatiotemporal Attention Neural Network (STANet) model to improve the accuracy of protective forest change detection. The study utilizes GF-2 remote sensing imagery and employs a spatiotemporal attention mechanism to incorporate spatial and temporal information, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in processing long-term time-series remote sensing data. The results demonstrate that the combination of GF-2 imagery and the STANet model effectively detects protective forest changes in Aral City, achieving an F1-score of 83.64% and an accuracy of 78.52%, indicating significant detection capability. Spatial analysis based on the change detection results reveals notable changes in the protective forest area within the study region, with a decline in vegetation coverage in certain areas. This study suggests that the STANet method has strong application potential in protective forest change detection in arid regions, providing precise spatiotemporal change information for protective forest restoration and management. The findings offer a scientific basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development in Aral City, Xinjiang, and are of great significance for improving protective forest management and land use decision-making.

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Buisman, H. J., H. M. M. ten Eikelder, P. A. J. Hilbers, and A. M. L. Liekens. "Computing Algebraic Functions with Biochemical Reaction Networks." Artificial Life 15, no. 1 (2009): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2009.15.1.15101.

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In biological organisms, networks of chemical reactions control the processing of information in a cell. A general approach to study the behavior of these networks is to analyze common modules. Instead of this analytical approach to study signaling networks, we construct functional motifs from the bottom up. We formulate conceptual networks of biochemical reactions that implement elementary algebraic operations over the domain and range of positive real numbers. We discuss how the steady state behavior relates to algebraic functions, and study the stability of the networks' fixed points. The primitive networks are then combined in feed-forward networks, allowing us to compute a diverse range of algebraic functions, such as polynomials. With this systematic approach, we explore the range of mathematical functions that can be constructed with these networks.

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Curnow, Timothy Jowan. "The functions of voice in scientific writing in Spanish." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 18, no. 2 (1995): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.18.2.03cur.

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Abstract This paper on Spanish for Science and Technology (SST) analyzes the rhetorical functions carried out by the selection of voice — active, passive or se-passive — in five biological research articles in Spanish. It compares these rhetorical functions with those found in French and English scientific papers. Finally it suggests that there may be some universals which can be established on the basis of this comparison, but only through the introduction of an intermediate level of “discourse function” between the levels of rhetorical function and the level of grammatical form.

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8

Salthe, Stanley N. "Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity." Artificial Life 14, no. 3 (2008): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14309.

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Structural complexity characterizes our representations of dissipative structures. As a mechanistic concept, when referred to natural systems it generates perplexity in the face of logically sound models. Natural selection is a simple mechanistic concept, whose logic is well exemplified in genetic algorithms. While biological traits and functions do appear to have been subjected to selective culling, current neo-Darwinian theory is unable to account for the evolution of traits or functions when many of these are taken as the separate objects of independent fitness functions. Soft selection, acting in a phenotypically holistic manner, does model selection acting upon structurally complex systems with many traits and functions, but does not account for the evolution of specific traits or functions. It is further suggested that selection cannot be other than a weak force in the early, generative stages of complex life histories, and that this is a good thing, preserving their generativity. I conclude that natural selection theory by itself cannot account for increases in structural complexity.

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Phillips, Joy. "The development of comparisons and contrasts." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 1 (1988): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.11.1.06phi.

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Abstract This paper examines the development of comparisons and contrasts in young L1 children and in L2 adults. It explores the similarities and differences in categories, lexicogrammatical realizations and functions. It was found that similarities existed in extent and effect, in categories and some realizations, and in some minor functions Against these similarities, differences were found in order of development of the categories, in importance of categories, in one category, in realizations and in major functions. The paper concludes with an investigation of implications for (i) teaching; and (ii) the L1-L2 “similarity/difference?” debate.

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Klein, Donald A. "Cellulose functions in arid soil development." Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 3, no. 2 (1989): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324988909381198.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aril functions"

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Lindebro, Maria. "Mechanisms of regulation of dioxin receptor function /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-231-0/.

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Lücke, Sandra. "Dynamic regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor function and activity by different stimuli." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-851-8/.

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Saccò, Mattia. "Functional ecology of calcrete aquifers in arid zone Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/80356.

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This study investigates the ecology of an arid zone calcrete through an interdisciplinary design composed of multivariate analyses, hydrology, isotopic ecology and genetics. Our results indicate that the biotic community (microbes and stygofauna) is closely linked to the hydrodynamic conditions influenced by different rainfall regimes. The inflow of rainfall triggered shifts towards more deterministic dynamics, revealing a complex web of interactions. This investigation provides crucial untangling of the ecological dynamics regulating biotic communities in groundwaters.

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Baer, Brian R. "Autocatalytic mechanism and functional consequences of covalent heme attachment in CYP4B1 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8176.

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Rosenzweig, Ella. "Exploring the role and the function of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (ARNT) in T cells." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1d8657f4-b7b1-4508-a93f-76f21fa8d605.

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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (ARNT) play a role in mediating transcriptional responses to environmental pollutants, including the highly toxic compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin (TCDD) but also endogenous physiological ligands. More recent studies have also indicated that the AhR plays a role in the immune system notably in effector Th17 cells where it seems to be critical for the production of the IL-22 cytokine. It is known that AhR ligands such as dioxins can suppress CD8 T cell mediated antiviral immune responses but it is not known whether this reflects a direct role of the AhR in CD8 T cells.Accordingly, one objective of the present study was to explore AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells. The initial strategy was to probe AhR and ARNT expression by western blot analysis. A second approach was to develop a mouse model that would fate mark single lymphocytes that have activated AhR signaling pathways. A third strategy was to examine the impact of deletion of AhR and ARNT on CD8 T-cell function.The data show that AhR and ARNT expression in CD8 T cells is limited to immune activated effector cells and these transcription factors are not expressed in naïve CD8 T cells. There are only low levels of AhR complexes in conventional CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells. To investigate AhR function at the single cell level we developed a mouse model to fate mark cells that have activated AhR signaling. In this model a mouse expressing Cre recombinase ‘knocked in’ to the CYP1A locus (CYP1A1Cre+/-) was backcrossed to the R26REYFP reporter mouse. In R26REYFP mice, a gene encoding EYFP is knocked into the ubiquitously expressed Rosa26 locus preceded by a loxP flanked stop sequence. CYP1A1 expression is controlled by AhR/ARNT complexes and the concept of our model was that cells that express AhR and ARNT complexes and are triggered with AhR ligands will express Cre recombinase and delete the loxP flanked stop sequence in the R26REYFP reporter locus and hence begin to express YFP.In vitro experiments demonstrated the validity of this AhR reporter model. The in vitro data reveal that expression of functional AhR/ARNT complexes occurs during Th17 and Tc17 cell differentiation but only a very low frequency of cytotoxic T cells activates the AhR. In vivo data found no evidence for AhR activation during T cell development in the thymus but show strong evidence for activation of AhR/ARNT signaling in innate lymphocytes in the gut. The ARNT transcription factor is highly expressed in cytotoxic T cells. These cells do not express functional AhR complexes, yet we considered that ARNT might play a role in CD8 T cell biology because of its ability to dimerise with the transcription factor Hif-1a. Our studies of T cells lacking ARNT expression revealed that in CD4 T cells the ARNT transcription factor regulates IL-17 and IL-22 production. In CD8 T cells we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling controls glycolysis in immune activated cells by sustaining expression of glucose transporters and multiple rate limiting glycolytic enzymes. ARNT was not required for CD8 T cell proliferation but was required for immune activated CD8 T cells to normally differentiate to express perforin and granzymes and to acquire the migratory program of effector T cells. Importantly, we discovered that Hif-1a/ARNT signaling is regulated by mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) thus revealing a fundamental mechanism linking nutrient sensing and transcriptional control of CD8 T-cell differentiation.

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MacKinnon, Sean M. "Design, synthesis and characterization of novel functional poly(aryl ether)s." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60965.pdf.

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Lapseritis, Joy M. "Comparative analyses of aryl hydrocarbon receptor structure, function, and evolution in marine mammals." Thesis, Online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1761.

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Harrelson, John P. "A comparative study of cytochromes P450 2E1 and 2A6 : substrate dynamics, multiple ligand binding, and adduct formatioin by N-acetyl-m-aminophenol /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8166.

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Meckley, Lisa M. "Clinical utility, cost-effectiveness and provider perceptions of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping for chronic warfarin therapy /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7960.

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Alchin, Mark David. "A test of landscape function theory in the semi-arid shrublands of Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1498.

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Australia’s rangelands encompass approximately 80% of the continent and generate significant wealth through a range of industries. The rangelands comprise four major ecosystem types, these are: grasslands, shrublands, woodlands and savanna. The ecological legacy of early pastoral development in most of Australia‟s semi-arid shrublands is largely one of degradation and desertification (Wilcox and McKinnon, 1974; Curry et al. 1994; McKeon et al. 2004; Mabbutt et al. 1963; Pringle and Tinley, 2001). Since the 1980‟s, there has been a slow and general shift by the pastoral industry towards sustainable stocking rates (Watson et al. 2007; Pringle and Tinley, 2001).To implement grazing systems that better align stocking rates with carrying capacity in the semi-arid shrublands, pastoralists require a much more advanced understanding of patch patterning and ecological processes at a paddock scale. This understanding of theory could improve the management decisions made by pastoralists and other land managers (e.g. mining environmental officers, carbon offset developers, conservation park rangers, Indigenous communities) and assist them in their immediate challenge of cost-effective rehabilitation of degraded areas. Landscape function theory was largely developed for this purpose.Landscape function theory was developed as a way to assess and interpret patch patterns and ecological processes that occur at a range of spatial scales (Ludwig et al. 1997). Landscape function theory is used to explain the concept of „functional heterogeneity‟ which is an information-rich phenomenon that has enabled the development of cross-scale metrics. Landscape function theory is based on four primary principles, these are: 1. Patchiness can be characterised by patch size, orientation, spacing and soil surface condition. 2. Natural landscapes have a characteristic spatial self-organisation, often expressed as patchiness. 3. Deviations from the „characteristics‟ or „natural‟ patchiness are seen as degrees of dysfunctionality and there is a long continuum from highly functional to highly dysfunctional patches. 4. Restoration or replacement of missing or ineffective processes in the landscape will improve soil surface conditions and soil habitat quality.Landscape function theory and the associated landscape function analysis (LFA) methodology have become an accepted standard for the ecological assessment of rangeland environments. However, there have been a limited number of studies in Australia that have thoroughly examined the four principles that underpin the landscape function theory. Further interrogation of the principles that underpin the theory has the potential to enhance its utility and validate its assumptions. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to test the four principles of landscape function theory in a semi-arid shrubland environment.The overarching hypothesis of this thesis was that clear spatial patch patterns occur at a range of scales within the case study paddocks and these patterns determine the ecological functionality and resilience of the area. Specifically, I sought to find evidence of distinct patch-interpatch patterns and associations at a range of scales in the lower Murchison region of Western Australia (WA) and examined the impact that grazing and seasonal conditions can have on this natural patchiness. The study involved four components: 1. Empirical quantification of patch-scale heterogeneity and investigation into the existence of a gradient of functionality at a patch-scale. 2. Measurement of patch patterning at a paddock scale and an evaluation of sequences and associations of patch-interpatches in the context of their contribution to landscape functionality. 3. Investigation of the impact of grazing and seasonal conditions on perennial grass populations and the potential impacts of this on patch patterning and ecological processes. 4. Investigation of livestock grazing behaviour and its implications for patch patterning and ecological processes.Significant variation was detected (P<0.05) between the physical and chemical properties of 11 different patch-interpatch subclasses. Heterogeneity within individual patches was also significant (P<0.05) and the greatest variation occurred within ecologically stable, high-order patches. Higher-order patch-interpatch subclasses were highly functional and when compared to the lower-order patch-interpatch subclasses, the former had: higher soil respiration rates (>45%) (P<0.05), this indicates these subclasses are more biologically active; more than twice the number of perennial plant species within the patch (P<0.05); higher soil infiltration rates (>70% more rapid) (P<0.05), this indicates these subclasses can capture more rainfall and surface runoff when it occurs; and five times more carbon and nitrogen. A gradient of highly functional patches and highly dysfunctional interpatches was identified.Distinct patch patterning between different land-types was found. The granitic shrubland land-type had a much greater proportion of the lower-order resource-shedding interpatch subclass (>85% of the area) compared to the other land-types. In contrast, Acacia sandplains had a higher proportion of the ecologically functional patches compared to granitic shrublands. Depending on the land-type, it was concluded that a functional ecosystem will generally have balanced proportions of particular patch-interpatch subclasses as this is likely to lead to the efficient capture and cycling of water and nutrients. In contrast, a degraded ecosystem will have higher proportions of ecologically dysfunctional patch-interpatch subclasses. A number of significant spatial associations and repeating sequences of individual patch-interpatch subclasses were found to occur in the study area. In the case study paddocks, distance-from-water did not have any significant effect on the relative proportions of the different patch-interpatch subclasses.Native perennial grasses support perennial shrub patches in maintaining ecological stability and landscape processes in semi-arid shrublands. Perennial grasses were monitored over a 12 month period to determine whether summer rest from Merino sheep grazing had an impact on perennial grass populations. The change in the number of perennial grasses over the 12 month period was variable ranging from a 36.7% increase to mortality rates as high as 80.2%. There was evidence to suggest that the grasses in the exclosure treatments (i.e. no grazing) may have been conditioned by previous grazing events in such a way that made them highly susceptible to extended periods of moisture stress. Land-type, distance-from-water and stocking rate did not have a significant impact on the change in the number of perennial grasses over the 12 month period. Resting perennial grasses during the summer may be of benefit; however, given the high mortality rates in most of the paddocks, it was clear that seasonal conditions had a substantial overriding influence on the outcome.Five major factors influenced sheep grazing behaviour in the study paddock; these include: land-type, greenness cover, time of day, air temperature and distance-from-water. The GPS-collared sheep demonstrated a clear grazing preference for the higher value land-types (i.e. alluvial plains and hardpan washplains). The results also indicated that the sheep were selectively grazing areas with high greenness cover (as expressed by Normalised Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]). The results highlight the importance of understanding the selective grazing characteristics of Merino sheep when designing paddock layouts and developing management plans. This is because repetitive, selective grazing of high-value land-types has the potential to modify the natural patch patterning and ecological processes.This study found empirical evidence which substantiates landscape function theory and concludes that it has significant application at a range of spatial scales in the semi-arid shrublands. The results explain why landscape function theory is the current standard for the assessment and interpretation of rangeland environments in Australia. Landscape function theory is the result of an evolutionary synthesis of earlier work, and it continues to be progressively refined as our knowledge of the complex patterns and ecological processes of the rangelands is improved.Based on the findings of this study, I consider that there are three areas of further inquiry which could assist land managers to practically apply landscape function theory and contribute towards the restoration of degraded Australian rangelands, these are: determination of the „functional‟ composition of patch-interpatches subclasses for a range of land-types in the Australian rangelands that could be used as benchmarks for land managers; further empirical quantification of the ecological processes that drive landscape function to assist in simulation modeling and the estimation of cost / benefit of rehabilitation efforts; and the potential role that grazing management can play in the restoration of dysfunctional patch-interpatch patterns and ecological processes in the semi-arid shrublands.

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Books on the topic "Aril functions"

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Widmaier, Eric P., Hershel Raff, and Kevin T. Strang. Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function with ARIS. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2007.

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Havstad, Kris M., Laura F. Huenneke, and William H. Schlesinger, eds. Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.001.0001.

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The Jornada Basin LTER is located in the Chihuahuan Desert, the largest in North America. This region of south central New Mexico has a history of nearly 100 years as the basis for scientific research. This work gives a thorough, encompassing review of the tremendous array of observations resulting from experiments conducted in this ecosystem. Beginning with thorough descriptions of the most salient features of the region, the book then reviews a wide range of archived and active data sets on a diversity of biotic and abiotic features. It next presents a syntheses of important topics including livestock grazing and remediation efforts. A concluding chapter provides a synthesis of the principles that have emerged from this body of work, and how these relate to the broader fields of ecology and natural resource management. It concludes with recommendations for future research directions. The insightful views expressed in this volume should guide management of arid landscapes globally. This is the sixth volume in the Long Term Ecological Network Series.

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Padhi, Seshadev, Alexander Domoshnitsky, and Alexander Rasin. Functional Differential Equations and Applications: FDEA-2019, Ariel, Israel, September 22-27. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2022.

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Functional Differential Equations and Applications: FDEA-2019, Ariel, Israel, September 22-27. Springer, 2023.

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Churchill, Robert Paul. The Cultural Evolution of Honor Killing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0006.

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The focus in this chapter is on why honor killing ever came into existence as a social practice. The units for analysis are sociocultural systems and ecological pressures on the demographic groups among whom honor killing evolved. Here a population-level model of cultural evolution is employed to advance an argument for the best explanation for the development of honor killing. Only cultural systems performing adaptive functions continued among early desert nomads and pastoralist of the arid mountain uplands. Historical and anthropological research supports claims that severe ecological challenges led to two major functional systems: consanguine hierarchical patriarchy and the segmentary lineage system. Honor killing likewise evolved, first as a costly signaling system to avert loss of female reproductive assets and to avoid group splintering. It later evolved further as an exaptation and as a means of avoiding blood-related conflicts within segmentary lineage systems.

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Friedlander, Jennifer. Documentary Real-ism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676124.003.0003.

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This chapter considers two recent films, Catfish (Ariel Schulman and Henry Joust) and This Is Not a Film (Jafar Panahi), with a view to arguing how the most prized indicators of filmic realism can function as signs of lapses in the realist edifice. It argues that such signs function as pointers to the elusive truth characteristic of what will be called “Real-ism” — that is, hints of the Real that emerge precisely when the symbolic framework governing reality becomes imperiled. In particular, these films exploit the realist conventions that lend credibility to the documentary form in a way that not only demonstrates the commonplace expectation that what is presented as truth might turn out to be a fiction but also shows the more radical possibility that fiction may pave the pathway for arriving at truth.

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Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. The Neuroendocrine System and General Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0004.

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The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environmental sensor. The impacts of EDCs on feed-forward and negative feedback regulation of neuroendocrine functions, including those mediated by estrogen, androgen, and thyroid pathways, as well as other less studied pathways of hormonal signaling that involve disruption of neurosteroids, peptide hormones, and adrenal hormone signaling are also presented.

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Colloff, Matthew. Flooded Forest and Desert Creek. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109209.

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The river red gum has the most widespread natural distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia, forming extensive forests and woodlands in south-eastern Australia and providing the structural and functional elements of important floodplain and wetland ecosystems. Along ephemeral creeks in the arid Centre it exists as narrow corridors, providing vital refugia for biodiversity.  The tree has played a central role in the tension between economy, society and environment and has been the subject of enquiries over its conservation, use and management. Despite this, we know remarkably little about the ecology and life history of the river red gum: its longevity; how deep its roots go; what proportion of its seedlings survive to adulthood; and the diversity of organisms associated with it. More recently we have begun to move from a culture of exploitation of river red gum forests and woodlands to one of conservation and sustainable use. In Flooded Forest and Desert Creek, the author traces this shift through the rise of a collective environmental consciousness, in part articulated through the depiction of river red gums and inland floodplains in art, literature and the media.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aril functions"

1

Aswal, Dinesh K., Shankar Prasad Koiry, and Shiv Kumar Gupta. "Various Electrochemical Strategies for Grafting Electronic Functional Molecules to Silicon." In Aryl Diazonium Salts. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650446.ch13.

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Shao, Nan, Sheng Dai, and De-en Jiang. "Aryl-Surface Bonding: A Density Functional Theory (DFT) Simulation Approach." In Aryl Diazonium Salts. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650446.ch2.

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Davis, Rob. "Function Allocations and Relationships." In Business Process Modelling with ARIS: A Practical Guide. Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0321-9_8.

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Maestas, Jeremy D., Joseph M. Wheaton, Nicolaas Bouwes, Sherman R. Swanson, and Melissa Dickard. "Water Is Life: Importance and Management of Riparian Areas for Rangeland Wildlife." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_7.

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AbstractWater scarcity and climatic variability shape human settlement patterns and wildlife distribution and abundance on arid and semi-arid rangelands. Riparian areas–the transition between water and land–are rare but disproportionately important habitats covering just a fraction of the land surface (commonly < 2% in the western U.S.). Riparian areas provide critical habitat for fish and other aquatic species, while also supporting the vast majority (70–80%) of terrestrial wildlife during some portion of their life cycle. Diverse riparian types serve as vital sources of water and late summer productivity as surrounding uplands dry during seasonal drought. The health and function of rangeland riparian systems are closely tied to hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology. Riparian areas have attracted intense human use resulting in their widespread degradation. Conservation actions, including improved livestock grazing management and restoration, can help maintain and enhance riparian resilience to drought, wildfire, and flooding. This chapter provides readers with an introduction to the importance of riparian areas in rangelands, their nature and ecology, functions for wildlife, and prevailing management and restoration approaches.

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Varma, A. "Functions and Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Arid and Semi-Arid Soils." In Mycorrhiza. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03779-9_22.

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Davis, Rob. "Model Assignments and the Function Allocation Diagram." In Business Process Modelling with ARIS: A Practical Guide. Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0321-9_9.

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Rodina, Kristina, and Ruben Mnatsakanian. "Spills of the Aral Sea: Formation, Functions and Future Development of the Aydar-Arnasay Lakes." In Environmental Security in Watersheds: The Sea of Azov. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2460-0_11.

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Hennings, Volker. "Use of Pedotransfer Functions for Land Evaluation: Mapping Groundwater Recharge Rates Under Semi-Arid Conditions." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01017-5_14.

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Ciolino, Henry P., and Grace Chao Yeh. "The Effects of Resveratrol on CYP1A1 Expression and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Function In Vitro." In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention. Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1283-7_14.

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Sharma, Alka, P. L. Patel, and Priyank J. Sharma. "The Role of Objective Functions in Assessment of Water Balance Components Using SUFI-2 Algorithm in Semi-arid Basin." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9147-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aril functions"

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Soriaga, Manuel P., G. M. Berry, C. Bhardwaj, et al. "Chemisorption of Organic Molecules on Metal Electrode Surfaces." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90300.

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Abstract The chemisorption of various organic functional groups from aqueous solutions onto smooth single-crystal and polycrystalline electrodes, and the resistance of the resulting monolayer intermediates towards electrochemical oxidation have been studied; these investigations were motivated by the need to understand, at the atomic level, metal passivation by monolayer organic coatings. The electrodes employed were Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au whose anodic dissolution is preceded by surface-oxide formation even in highly acidic media. Resistance towards anodic oxidation can thus be associated with the retardation of the formation of surface metal oxides, and the degree of retardation can be taken as one measure of the passivation properties of the organic monolayer. Thirty-eight organic compounds containing at least one surface-active functional group were investigated: alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, heterocyclic aromatics, alcohols, phenols, sulfides, amines, amides, nitriles, CO, aldehydes, carboxylates, esters, and their selected derivatives. Experimental measurements were based primarily upon thin-layer electrochemical methods; selected interfacial systems were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The preliminary data suggest the following trends: (i) The stronger the organic monolayer is chemisorbed, the more efficient its corrosion inhibition, (ii) The strength of chemisorption of a given functional group varies with electrode material in the order Pt &gt; Pd ≥ Rh ≥ Ir &gt; Au. (iii) For a given electrode material, the strength of organic chemisorption decreases as -SH &gt; aromatic N &gt; aromatic ring ≥ alkyne &gt; alkene &gt;R2S ≥ aryl -CN &gt; aliphatic N &gt; -OH &gt; alkyl -CN &gt; -COOH. (iv) For a specific surface-active substituent, the higher the molecular weight of the parent organic compound, the better the corrosion inhibition, (v) The more reactive the metal, the greater the extent of organic chemisorption-induced passivation.

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Reymov, P., Viktor Statov, G. Khudaybergenov, N. Mamutov, and M. Reymov. "ON A COMPARATIVE LANDSCAPE STUDIES OF DELTAS UNDER DESERTIFICATION PROCESS WITH LANDSCAPE PATTERTNS STRUCTURAL METRICS." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1680.978-5-317-06490-7/79-81.

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The report disputes some possibilities of landscape patterns structural metrics fot comparative studies of structural and functional affinity for intra-continental arid deltas, such us Aral Sea basin and Caspian plains. We suggest using optical indexes (NDVI, SAVI et al.) as a input layer for the statistical image processing and landscape metrics extracting.

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Whang, Allen Jong-Woei, Kai-Cyuan Jhan, Tzu-Tun Liao, and Bo-Yuan Gao. "Collectors with transmission function for natural light illumination." In 2014 International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aris.2014.6871514.

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Lipka, Oksana, G. Mazmaniants, Maria Isupova, A. Aleynikov, Dmitry Zamolodchikov, and Vladimir Kaganov. "USING OF THE ILI RIVER DELTA ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1700.978-5-317-06490-7/158-165.

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Ecosystem-based adaptation can be applied as an option for sustainable land management. Methodologies that not only prevent land degradation but also contribute to the maintenance of a hydrological regime have become a priority in arid Central Asian climate. Large river deltas can be used as a natural counter-regulator, which accumulates water in wet seasons/years and gradually gives it back to low-water ones. To do so the land-use regime must prevent the degradation of ecosystems and the reduction of their functions. The hystorical anthropogenic damage must be eliminated. In the case of the Ili River delta the restoration of tugai forests is required on an area of at least 30% of the territory, i.e. more than 200 thousand hectares. Afforestation can lead to an increase in the underground water supply of the river at 30 - 70%. The groundwater supply to the river branches in the delta can increase by 1.26 - 2.94 km3/year (up to 21% annual river flow), which, in turn, will lead to additional water supply to Lake Balkhash and reduce the risk of the Aral Sea crisis repetition.

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Rizqi, Ahmad Ataka Awwalur, Adha Imam Cahyadi, and Teguh Bharata Adji. "Path planning and formation control via potential function for UAV Quadrotor." In 2014 International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aris.2014.6871517.

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Elsisi, M. "Model Predictive Control with Laguerre Function based on Social Ski Driver Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicle." In 2020 International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aris50834.2020.9205782.

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Miller, Julianne J., Todd G. Caldwell, Michael H. Young, and Graham K. Dalldorf. "Verifying Curve Numbers in Arid Environments by Combining Detailed Geomorphic Mapping and Pedotransfer Functions." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)342.

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Choob, V. V. "CAM-metabolism as a biochemical adaptation to arid conditions." In Роль коллекций в сохранении биоразнообразия суккулентных растений ex situ. Издательство Московского университета, 2024. https://doi.org/10.55959/msu012039-4-2024-7-33.

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The adaptive traits of photosynthesis in succulent plants, growing under extreme ecological conditions (drought, heat, salinity) were reviewed. There were elucidated the history of invention and the principal chemical reactions of CAM-photosynthesis. There were demonstrated some modifications of photosynthetic functions in respect to water supply and some other factors. The evolutionary trends of CAM-photosynthesis emerging in different plant lineages were discussed.

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Basaly, Lucienne G., Mona G. Ibrahim, Nancy Mahmoud Badawy, Mohammad Refaat M. Abdelaal, and Ahmed AbdelMonteleb M. Ali. "Improving the functional performance of outdoor spaces in hot arid region using photovoltaics systems." In 2019 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaset.2019.8714508.

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Krinochkin, Alexey P., Dmitry S. Kopchuk, Yaroslav K. Shtaitz, et al. "Synthesis of water-soluble gadolinium(iii) complexes based on 5-aryl-2,2′-bipyridine with a DTTA residue in position C6′." In MODERN SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGIES FOR CREATING DRUGS AND FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (MOSM2020): PROCEEDINGS OF THE IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068429.

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Reports on the topic "Aril functions"

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McCoy-Sulentic, Miles, Diane Menuz, and Rebecca Lee. Central Basin and Range Ecoregion Wetland Assessment and Landscape Analysis. Utah Geological Survey, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-738.

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Wetlands in the arid Central Basin and Range (“Central Basin”) ecoregion of Utah are scarce but provide important functions including critical habitat for wildlife including Species of Greatest Conservation Need and migratory birds, water quality improvement, and recreational and aesthetic values. The Utah Geological Survey (UGS) conducted a study in 2019 and 2020 to better understand the location, type, condition, and potential function of wetlands in the ecoregion. This study focused on areas in the Great Salt Lake and Escalante Desert-Sevier Lake (“Sevier Basin”) HUC6 watersheds within the Central Basin to complement previous work by the UGS that focused on other watersheds in the ecoregion.

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Klosek, Katherine. Copyright and Contracts: Issues and Strategies. Association of Research Libraries, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/report.copyrightandcontracts2022.

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In 2020, ARL’s Advocacy and Public Policy Committee launched a digital rights initiative focused on understanding and safeguarding the full stack of research libraries’ rights: to acquire and lend digital content to fulfill libraries’ functions in research, teaching, and learning; to provide accessible works to people with print disabilities; and to fulfill libraries’ collective preservation function for enduring access to scholarly and cultural works. Our objective is to make sure that these rights are well understood by research libraries, by Congress, by the US Copyright Office, and by the courts. This report discusses licenses and contracts for digital content in the context of the US Copyright Act. The report presents advocacy and public policy strategies, such as rights-saving clauses, open access, state strategies, and federal exemptions. The report concludes with next steps, including a test case and ARL strategies.

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Goodwin, Peter. Metadata Report for 2022 Matheson Wetland and Vegetation Mapping. Utah Geological Survey, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-748.

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The Scott and Norma Matheson Wetlands Preserve (the Preserve) occupies nearly 900 acres between the Colorado River and city of Moab, Utah, and encompasses an extensive floodplain-wetland complex that provides several unique functions in the arid west such as recreation, educational opportunities, and crucial aquatic habitats for sensitive wildlife species. The ability of the Preserve to provide these functions is related to water supplies from surrounding groundwater and surface water systems and is likely to be affected by upgradient changes in water use and delivery to the Preserve. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (UDWR) jointly manage the Preserve and contracted the Utah Geological Survey (UGS) to conduct a multi-year study that would better inform managers with the baseline data, research, and monitoring necessary to evaluate potential impacts and develop strategies that maintain the ecological health of the Preserve. As part of this multi-year study, the UGS mapped vegetation communities to reflect current habitat and conditions and serve as a baseline for further groundwater studies, remote sensing analyses, or management actions.

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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.

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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.

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Kennedy, Mary Lee, and Cynthia Hudson Vitale. Identifying Collaboration Priorities for US-Based Research Data Organizations: Questionnaire Results. Association of Research Libraries, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/report.researchdataorgscollab2022.

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The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has released the results of a questionnaire, developed with the US National Committee for CODATA, intended to identify potential areas of synergy and interests among US-based research data organizations. This report is a first step in building community among US-based research data organizations. The report will inform the US National Committee for CODATA’s plans for a series of virtual convenings to discuss shared interests among cross-sector research data organizations, culminating in an in-person US Research Data Summit. The aim is to create a shared agenda that reduces duplication of effort within the United States and that positions research data organizations from the US to engage effectively in international discussions. The questionnaire was distributed to 80 organization representatives with national and international research data goals, including organizations that are cross-functional, disciplinary, representative of scholars, government, industry, nonprofit organizations, and underrepresented communities.

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Menuz, Diane, and Rebekah Downard. Opportunity for Improved Wetland Mitigation in Utah - In-Lieu Fee Mitigation Potential in Utah. Utah Geological Survey, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-756.

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Wetlands play a crucial role in watersheds and provide critical ecosystem functions, most notably, water quality improvement, fish and wildlife habitat, flood attenuation, drought mitigation, and carbon sequestration. Wetlands in Utah are regulated primarily by the federal government under the Clean Water Act (CWA), which requires mitigation to replace ecological services that are lost to permitted activities. Utah House Bill 118 (2022) directed the Utah Geological Survey to explore the potential for an In-Lieu Fee (ILF) mitigation program to improve wetland resources in Utah. An ILF program would allow entities seeking CWA permits to pay a fee to mitigate impacts to streams and wetlands rather than having to develop their own mitigation plans. To research the possible consequences of an ILF, we conducted document research and interviews with mitigation practitioners and wetland stakeholders and analyzed ten years of permit data. Interview participants agreed that an ILF would improve the quality of wetland mitigation projects, which currently are often small, isolated, and overrun with weeds. An ILF would also improve coordination between the various entities involved in natural resource protection, permitting, and restoration. Further, permittees would benefit from an ILF because it would streamline the permitting process. Research and input from current practitioners showcased that there were many options for running an ILF program that can work for Utah, which has few permitted wetland impacts compared to other, less arid states. The most effective way to build an ILF in Utah is to support a full-time ILF administrator to establish the program and develop and maintain strong relationships with regulators, restoration specialists, and those seeking permits. Based on historical permit rates, such a position could be funded by program fees after the program is established. The future of a self-sustaining ILF program is uncertain, however, due to the recent Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Supreme Court decision which limited the types of wetlands that are regulated by the federal government. The expected reduction in wetland permitting creates a more challenging environment in which to operate an ILF program because permit fees will likely no longer support a full-time ILF administrator’s salary. At the same time, ensuring high quality mitigation will be more important than ever because there will be more unpermitted and thus unmitigated wetland impacts, leading to loss in ecological functions. Given these considerations, we recommend establishing a position for a wetland mitigation and restoration coordinator who can explore multiple options to preserve and restore wetlands in Utah, coordinate among agencies, and begin to implement an ILF program at a rate and scale appropriate to the new regulatory conditions. By investing in a wetland mitigation and restoration coordinator, the state can support voluntary restoration measures to increase wetland functions while at the same time improving mitigation outcomes for permittees and projects. Together, these actions will lead to healthier, more resilient wetlands that will protect the quality of life for all Utahns.

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Thomas, Lisa, Christopher Calvo, Jolie Gareis, Lisa Thomas, Christopher Calvo, and Jolie Gareis. Semi-arid plant communities of the Southern Colorado Plateau in relation to regional climate context and local topoedaphic conditions: Comparing species abundance patterns across a network of sites to identify climate-driven vulnerabilities and inform hypotheses about future composition shifts. National Park Service, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36967/2306569.

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With climate projections for increased warming and greater drought severity, the semi-arid grasslands, shrublands and pinyon-juniper woodlands occurring at lower elevations on the Colorado Plateau are likely to change in coming decades. Using shrub and herbaceous data from seven long-term study areas, I describe across-ecosite compositional gradients within the current regional climate context and compare spatial variability among assemblages. At the local scale, I model the relationship between composition and topoedaphic conditions. I use these results to develop hypotheses regarding the types of community change that may occur. From the across-ecosite ordination, I found high similarity among three of four grassland/shrubland assemblages, and low to moderate similarity among woodland assemblages. Beta diversity is significantly higher in two of the five assemblages, denoting spatially heterogenous composition patterns. Analysis of the relationship between the species abundance matrix and climate variables found that the three primary axes of variation accounted for 48.7% of total variation. Axis 1 separates grassland/shrubland assemblages from woodland assemblages, aligning with a gradient in annual precipitation. Axis 2, reflecting a gradient in perennial grass dominance, aligns with precipitation seasonality. Axis 3 aligns with seasonal temperature differences and Vapor Pressure Deficit. Because topoedaphic conditions mediate soil water availability in semi-arid ecosystems, understanding their relationship to local composition patterns is essential to predicting how these communities will respond to climate change. Within-ecosite compositional gradients aligned with one to five environmental variables per ecosite. Elevation correlated with compositional gradients in all ecosites, and edaphic variables correlated with compositional gradients in four ecosites. Compositional dominance also influences community stability. Dominance strength varied among ecosites, with abundance of the top two species ranging from 66% of total abundance for the strongest pattern to 35% for the weakest. From a functional group perspective, dominance was shared between perennial grass and shrub species for three woodland ecosites and one grassland/shrubland ecosite. Perennial grasses dominated in the other ecosites with several shrub species displaying moderate abundance. These results contribute to comparing vulnerabilities and sources of resilience across ecosites. By considering both the strength of dominance patterns and dominant species characteristics against the backdrop of projected climate impacts, I offer hypotheses concerning future assemblage stability and propose comparisons of community change trajectories between ecosite pairs. Such comparisons complement ongoing trend analyses and may provide earlier warning of changes in dominance strength or species rank shifts than would be apparent by comparing a single assemblage to itself through time.

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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.

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Smith, Sean, Lauren Youngblood, Micah Wright, and Phillip van Mantgem. Vegetation community monitoring: Forest structure in Klamath Network parks. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2311589.

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The Klamath Network, comprising six national park units in northern California and southern Oregon, initiated a vegetation monitoring protocol in 2011 to discern ecologically significant vegetation trends in these parks. The premise of the protocol is that multivariate analyses of species composition data is the most robust means for early detection of vegetation change over time. Here, we present these community metrics based on our sampling efforts from 2011 to 2019. Observations from the first sampling event (2011–2013) were used to establish baseline conditions for the vegetation communities. Observations from subsequent sampling in 2014–2019 were used to identify potential temporal variation in forest structure across habitat types and parks. Park landscapes were categorized into three strata: matrix (low- to mid-elevation upland habitats), riparian (within 10 m of a perennial stream), and high-elevation (above a predefined elevation, park-specific). At the onset of the network’s vegetation monitoring protocol, 241 permanent plots were established at random locations across the three strata. We present summary statistics from three repeated samplings (2011–2019) of each plot, describing variation in forest structure across broad habitat types and parks. Observable differences in forest structure aligned with expected productivity gradients across the parks. Measures of forest structure (vegetation cover, stem density, basal area, tree heights, height to live crown, shrub cover, and surface fuels) were generally higher in mesic sites, compared to sites located in more arid, continental climates. Differences across sampling frames also followed this general pattern of productivity. Matrix and riparian sampling frames had similar ranges of values in most cases, while high elevation sites had relatively lower stem density, basal area, shrub cover, fuels, and recruitment. Notably, we observed a relative lack of change in forest structure over time. This is not surprising given the relatively short (six-year) timespan of observations in each park. The fourth set of Klamath Network surveys (2021–2023) is likely to show substantial changes in vegetation cover and forest structure, particularly for parks that have recently experienced major fires. Continued long-term vegetation monitoring is crucial for understanding ecosystem responses to a rapidly changing world. This report on vegetation composition is the second in a series; upcoming reports will analyze structure and function, aiming to detect spatiotemporal trends.

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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...

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