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1
Trusov, N. "Complex approach in arils study." Modern Phytomorphology 4 (April 1, 2013): 177–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161223.
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Arils are found in numerous Angiosperm taxa. The complex approach (morphologo-anatomical and biochemical researches) in studying of aril-having fruits is recommended. The arils origin hypothesis is offered. Some functions of arils are showed.
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Trusov, N. "Aril morpho-anatomical structure and development of Viola odorata L. (Violaceae)." Modern Phytomorphology 6 (April 1, 2014): 141–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160617.
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Singsai, Kanathip, Supawadee Srisuwan, Pimchanok Charoongchit, and Nopphakarn Singkhum. "Effect of Momordica cochinchinensis extract on locomotor function and brain antioxidant enzyme activity in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated zebrafish Parkinson’s disease model." Nutrition and Healthy Aging 8, no. 1 (2023): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nha-231506.
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BACKGROUND: Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. The red aril of Gac fruit contains high concentrations of carotenoids, including lycopene and beta-carotene. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gac fruit aril extract on locomotor activities in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced zebrafish model and measure antioxidant enzyme activities in the zebrafish brain. METHODS: This study used adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. MPTP was used as a toxin to induce movement dysfunction in zebrafish, while the standard drug selegiline acted as a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor. Locomotion was recorded on day 7 after MPTP induction using a digital video tracking system, and parameters related to zebrafish swimming, including total distance, velocity, and immobility, were observed. The brain tissue of the zebrafish was collected for antioxidant enzyme activity analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that Gac fruit extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg improved locomotor functions in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in zebrafish. However, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, in the zebrafish brain showed no significant differences among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insights into the further research of Gac fruit extract as a nutraceutical for preventing Parkinson’s disease.
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Zhang, Xinhui, Weicheng Yuan, Yujie Zhao, Yuan Ren, Xueqing Zhao, and Zhaohe Yuan. "Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of AOMT Gene Family in Pomegranate (Punica granatum)." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020318.
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Gene duplication is the major resource with which to generate new genes, which provide raw material for novel functions evolution. Thus, to elucidate the gene family evolution after duplication events is of vital importance. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) have been recognized as being capable of anthocyanin methylation, which increases anthocyanin diversity and stability and improves the protection of plants from environmental stress. Meanwhile, no detailed identification or genome-wide analysis of the AOMT gene family members in pomegranate (Punicagranatum) have been reported. Three published pomegranate genome sequences offer substantial resources with which to explore gene evolution based on the whole genome. Altogether, 58 identified OMTs from pomegranate and five other species were divided into the AOMT group and the OMT group, according to their phylogenetic tree and AOMTs derived from OMTs. AOMTs in the same subclade have a similar gene structure and protein conserved motifs. The PgAOMT family evolved and expanded primarily via whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication. PgAOMTs expression pattern in peel and aril development by qRT-PCR verification indicated that PgAOMTs had tissue-specific patterns. The main fates of AOMTs were neo- or non-functionalization after duplication events. High expression genes of PgOMT04 and PgOMT09 were speculated to contribute to “Taishanhong” pomegranate’s bright red peel color. Finally, we integrated the above analysis in order to infer the evolutionary scenario of AOMT family.
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Liu, Pengshuai, Xiaojun Yin, Mingrui Ding, and Shaoliang Pan. "Research on Protective Forest Change Detection in Aral City Based on Deep Learning." Forests 16, no. 5 (2025): 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050775.
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Protective forests play a crucial role in ecosystems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where they provide irreplaceable ecological functions such as windbreaks, sand fixation, soil and water conservation, and climate regulation. This study selects Aral City in Xinjiang as the research area and proposes a method that integrates high-resolution remote sensing data (GF-2) with a Spatiotemporal Attention Neural Network (STANet) model to improve the accuracy of protective forest change detection. The study utilizes GF-2 remote sensing imagery and employs a spatiotemporal attention mechanism to incorporate spatial and temporal information, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in processing long-term time-series remote sensing data. The results demonstrate that the combination of GF-2 imagery and the STANet model effectively detects protective forest changes in Aral City, achieving an F1-score of 83.64% and an accuracy of 78.52%, indicating significant detection capability. Spatial analysis based on the change detection results reveals notable changes in the protective forest area within the study region, with a decline in vegetation coverage in certain areas. This study suggests that the STANet method has strong application potential in protective forest change detection in arid regions, providing precise spatiotemporal change information for protective forest restoration and management. The findings offer a scientific basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development in Aral City, Xinjiang, and are of great significance for improving protective forest management and land use decision-making.
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Buisman, H. J., H. M. M. ten Eikelder, P. A. J. Hilbers, and A. M. L. Liekens. "Computing Algebraic Functions with Biochemical Reaction Networks." Artificial Life 15, no. 1 (2009): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2009.15.1.15101.
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In biological organisms, networks of chemical reactions control the processing of information in a cell. A general approach to study the behavior of these networks is to analyze common modules. Instead of this analytical approach to study signaling networks, we construct functional motifs from the bottom up. We formulate conceptual networks of biochemical reactions that implement elementary algebraic operations over the domain and range of positive real numbers. We discuss how the steady state behavior relates to algebraic functions, and study the stability of the networks' fixed points. The primitive networks are then combined in feed-forward networks, allowing us to compute a diverse range of algebraic functions, such as polynomials. With this systematic approach, we explore the range of mathematical functions that can be constructed with these networks.
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Curnow, Timothy Jowan. "The functions of voice in scientific writing in Spanish." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 18, no. 2 (1995): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.18.2.03cur.
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Abstract This paper on Spanish for Science and Technology (SST) analyzes the rhetorical functions carried out by the selection of voice — active, passive or se-passive — in five biological research articles in Spanish. It compares these rhetorical functions with those found in French and English scientific papers. Finally it suggests that there may be some universals which can be established on the basis of this comparison, but only through the introduction of an intermediate level of “discourse function” between the levels of rhetorical function and the level of grammatical form.
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Salthe, Stanley N. "Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity." Artificial Life 14, no. 3 (2008): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14309.
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Structural complexity characterizes our representations of dissipative structures. As a mechanistic concept, when referred to natural systems it generates perplexity in the face of logically sound models. Natural selection is a simple mechanistic concept, whose logic is well exemplified in genetic algorithms. While biological traits and functions do appear to have been subjected to selective culling, current neo-Darwinian theory is unable to account for the evolution of traits or functions when many of these are taken as the separate objects of independent fitness functions. Soft selection, acting in a phenotypically holistic manner, does model selection acting upon structurally complex systems with many traits and functions, but does not account for the evolution of specific traits or functions. It is further suggested that selection cannot be other than a weak force in the early, generative stages of complex life histories, and that this is a good thing, preserving their generativity. I conclude that natural selection theory by itself cannot account for increases in structural complexity.
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Phillips, Joy. "The development of comparisons and contrasts." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 1 (1988): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.11.1.06phi.
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Abstract This paper examines the development of comparisons and contrasts in young L1 children and in L2 adults. It explores the similarities and differences in categories, lexicogrammatical realizations and functions. It was found that similarities existed in extent and effect, in categories and some realizations, and in some minor functions Against these similarities, differences were found in order of development of the categories, in importance of categories, in one category, in realizations and in major functions. The paper concludes with an investigation of implications for (i) teaching; and (ii) the L1-L2 “similarity/difference?” debate.
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Klein, Donald A. "Cellulose functions in arid soil development." Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 3, no. 2 (1989): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324988909381198.
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Chaumont, Nicolas, Richard Egli, and Christoph Adami. "Evolving Virtual Creatures and Catapults." Artificial Life 13, no. 2 (2007): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2007.13.2.139.
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We present a system that can evolve the morphology and the controller of virtual walking and block-throwing creatures (catapults) using a genetic algorithm. The system is based on Sims' work, implemented as a flexible platform with an off-the-shelf dynamics engine. Experiments aimed at evolving Sims-type walkers resulted in the emergence of various realistic gaits while using fairly simple objective functions. Due to the flexibility of the system, drastically different morphologies and functions evolved with only minor modifications to the system and objective function. For example, various throwing techniques evolved when selecting for catapults that propel a block as far as possible. Among the strategies and morphologies evolved, we find the drop-kick strategy, as well as the systematic invention of the principle behind the wheel, when allowing mutations to the projectile.
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Benkö, Gil, Florian Centler, Peter Dittrich, Christoph Flamm, Bärbel M. R. Stadler, and Peter F. Stadler. "A Topological Approach to Chemical Organizations." Artificial Life 15, no. 1 (2009): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2009.15.1.15105.
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Large chemical reaction networks often exhibit distinctive features that can be interpreted as higher-level structures. Prime examples are metabolic pathways in a biochemical context. We review mathematical approaches that exploit the stoichiometric structure, which can be seen as a particular directed hypergraph, to derive an algebraic picture of chemical organizations. We then give an alternative interpretation in terms of set-valued set functions that encapsulate the production rules of the individual reactions. From the mathematical point of view, these functions define generalized topological spaces on the set of chemical species. We show that organization-theoretic concepts also appear in a natural way in the topological language. This abstract representation in turn suggests the exploration of the chemical meaning of well-established topological concepts. As an example, we consider connectedness in some detail.
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Stracke, Elke, and Vijay Kumar. "Exploring doctoral students’ perceptions of language use in supervisory written feedback practices – because “feedback is hard to have”." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 39, no. 2 (2016): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.39.2.02str.
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The mastery of academic writing is essential in doctoral writing. Supervisory feedback provides opportunities for students to improve their writing. It is a communicative tool that can be categorised based on fundamental functions of speech: referential, directive, and expressive. This study provides some understanding of the impact that language and speech functions have on the learning experiences of doctoral students. Sources of data are oral interviews with each student, and their supervisor’s written feedback on drafts of that student’s thesis. Analysis of the feedback provided useful insights into the type of feedback the student considered useful for their development. The students found value in all three types of feedback. In particular, expressive types of feedback often led to an emotional reaction, as students viewed praise, criticism and opinions as motivating or challenging. We argue that expressive types of feedback can play an important role for developing academic writing. This study assists supervisors to acquire a higher level of language awareness so they are better equipped to provide feedback that supports the academic writing and overall learning of their students.
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Schuster, P. "Extended Molecular Evolutionary Biology: Artificial Life Bridging the Gap Between Chemistry and Biology." Artificial Life 1, no. 1_2 (1993): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1993.1.1_2.39.
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Molecular evolution provides an ample field for the extension of Nature's principles towards novel applications. Several examples are discussed here, among them are evolution in the test tube, nucleotide chemistry with new base pairs and new backbones, enzyme-free replication of polynucleotides and template chemistry aiming at replicating structures that have nothing in common with the molecules from nature. Molecular evolution in the test tube provides a uniquely simple system for the study of evolutionary phenomena: genotype and phenotype are two features of one and the same RNA molecule. Then fitness landscapes are nothing more than combined mappings from sequences to structures and from structures to functions, the latter being expressed in terms of rate constants. RNA landscapes are presented as examples for which an access to phenomena in reality by mathematical analysis and computer simulations is feasible. New questions concerning stability of structures in evolution can be raised and quantitative answers are given. Evolutionary biotechnology is a spin-off from molecular evolution. Darwin's principle of variation and selection is applied to design novel biopolymers with predetermined functions. Different approaches to achieve this goal are discussed and a survey of the current state of the art is given.
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Pabaghi, Zeynab, Ommolbanin Bazrafshan, Hossein Zamani, Marzieh Shekari, and Vijay P. Singh. "Bivariate Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Using Copula Functions in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (2023): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020275.
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This study analyzed extreme precipitation events, using daily rainfall data for 1966–2015. A Mann–Kendall trend test was used to evaluate trends in extreme precipitation, copula functions were applied to compute the joint return periods of extreme events, and univariate and bivariate distributions were used to determine risk. The results showed that the decrease in consecutive wet days (CWD) was significant in the west and the northwest of Iran, while the consecutive dry days (CDD) index was increasing therein. The precipitation on more than the 90th percentile (P90) very wet days and annual number of days with precipitation less than the 90th percentile threshold (D90) indices followed similar patterns, with no significant trend in most parts of Iran, but at several stations in the north, west, and northwest, their decline was extreme. Furthermore, the increase of D10 (annual number of days with precipitation less than the 90th percentile threshold) and P10 (total precipitation of D10 of a year) was extreme in the wet regions of Iran, including the north, west, and northwest areas, and also part of the center. More than 50 percent of Iran experienced a low risk level, with a return period of extreme events (CWD, CDD) of more than 27.5 years, and the joint return periods of (D10, D90), (P10, P90), and (D10, P10) pairs were less than 100 years in most regions of Iran. Due to the increasing number of dry days in the north, west, and northwest of Iran, the drought risk increased. Based on the changes in extreme precipitation indices in recent years, the findings of this study will be useful for copula-based frequency analysis under a changing environment at regional and global scales.
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Stebbins, Tonya N. "An analysis of false starts." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 19, no. 1 (1996): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.19.1.07ste.
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This paper considers the various environments in which false starts may be found (turn control, same turn repair and other disfluencies). It is argued that false starts represent disfluencies at many different levels of discourse. Furthermore, false starts occur for a number of different reasons, and serve a number of different functions. This leads to a typology of false starts. As there are several distinct kinds of false starts that can be distinguished, a new set of notational devices for these distinct types of false starts is proposed.
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Kuznetsov, N. T. "GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ARAL SEA HYDROLOGICAL FUNCTIONS." Post-Soviet Geography 33, no. 5 (1992): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10605851.1992.10640904.
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Nandi, Tapan, M. B. Kurup, K. G. Prasad, et al. "Lifetimes and excitation-functions of levels in ArII-ArIV." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 49, no. 4 (1993): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4073(93)90103-o.
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McGregor, William. "Event progression in Gooniyandi texts." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 1 (1987): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.1.09mcg.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the way in which the sequence of referent events underlying the story is expressed in narrative texts in Gooniyandi (Kimberley, Western Australia). It is shown that narratives are structured in at least two partially independent ways: in terms of story units, which constitute minimal stories (Prince, 1973)t and in terms of Complication^Peripetia Denouement. Despite the perhaps universality of these properties, there remain problems of interpretation for non-Aborigines resulting in part from differences in the types of event that constitute acceptable realizations of these functions in the different cultures.
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Panther, Klaus-Uwe, and Klaus-Michael Köpcke. "A prototype approach to sentences and sentence types." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 6 (November 26, 2008): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.6.05pan.
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This paper proposes a new solution to the age-old problem of defining the sentence and sentence types. Arguing against traditional definitions, we propose that the category SENTENCE exhibits a complex prototypical structure on the levels of morphosyntactic form, conceptual content, and pragmatic function. By positing that the central member of the category SENTENCE is the declarative sentence type, we can show how imperative sentences are related to the prototypical declarative sentence type and that imperatives exhibit an internal prototypical structure of their own. Finally, using a scenario approach, we show how the conceptual and pragmatic functions of declarative and imperative sentences may overlap.
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Valenzuela, Javier, Joseph Hilferty, and Mar Garachana-Camarero. "On the reality of constructions." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 3 (October 31, 2005): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.3.11val.
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In the present paper, we adduce further evidence for the reality of grammatical constructions by focusing on a highly idiosyncratic configuration from Spanish, which we call the reduplicative-topic construction. This construction is a productive syntactic pattern that functions as a “constructional hedge”. The grammatical behaviors of this construction cannot be captured by syntactocentric approaches to grammar. Instead, co-ocurring multiple constraints must be taken into account, including phonological (intonation and rhythm), morphosyntactic and semantic factors. The thrust of our argument is that only a constructional approach can explain the facts needed to characterize this grammatical pattern. We conclude the paper by considering the implications of the constructional approach to syntax for linguistic theory.
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Collins, Peter. "Cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 12, no. 2 (1989): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.12.2.06col.
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Abstract This paper reports findings from a study of clefts and pseudo-clefts in two standard corpora of English, one spoken and one written. The distributional patterns of the constructions across the various genres of the two corpora are explored, and explanations offered in terms of their distinctive communicative functions. Pseudo-clefts, which were considerably more popular in the spoken genres than in the written, attach special status to given information, presented in the form of a subordinate clause which is at the same time presupposed and, in the unmarked construction, thematic. Clefts, which were marginally more frequent in the written genres, are oriented towards newness. In both unmarked clefts and one type of marked cleft new information is highlighted via thematic predication.
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Liddicoat, Anthony J., and Susanne Döpke. "The structure of callers’ contributions in talkback radio." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 21, no. 2 (1998): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.21.2.05lid.
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Abstract This paper examines the ways in which callers structure the message phase of their contributions in which they express a point of view and how expressing a POV in a talkback radio is realized through the interaction of caller and host, and in some cases between the caller, the host and an invited guest. Expressing one’s point of view in a talkback radio segment is an extended turn found in a particular type of institutional talk and has it’s own identifiable structures and features. This particular extended turn contains within it a number of moves, of which only the POV itself is obligatory. Other moves within the extended turn have various functions, some of which are designed to integrate the particular contribution into a sequence of talk while others are designed as convincing strategies in support of the expressed POV.
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Battestini, Joëlle, and Jeanne Rolin-Ianziti. "Nonverbal features of speech and foreign language comprehension." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 23, no. 1 (2000): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.23.1.02bat.
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Abstract Are nonverbal features of speech a valuable source of information in L2 aural comprehension? This paper starts with the results of a questionnaire suggesting the teaching profession’s belief that nonverbal features of speech facilitate foreign language comprehension. This belief is then examined in the light of studies in various fields (applied linguistics, social psychology, anthropology, cross-cultural studies) where research deals with nonverbal features of speech at the receptive level. Our review of this literature raises several issues: 1) the importance of the context of use in decoding the meaning and functions of gestures; 2) potential discrepancies in the use of gestures in L1 and L2; 3) the interpretability of gestural expressions across cultures; and 4) the most appropriate teaching approach to integrate nonverbal features of speech into the teaching of L2 comprehension. The paper also discusses possible avenues for further research.
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Bazard, Parveen, Jennifer Pineros, Robert D. Frisina, et al. "Cochlear Inflammaging in Relation to Ion Channels and Mitochondrial Functions." Cells 10, no. 10 (2021): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102761.
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The slow accumulation of inflammatory biomarker levels in the body—also known as inflammaging—has been linked to a myriad of age-related diseases. Some of these include neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many others. Though a direct correlation has not been established, research connecting age-related hearing loss (ARHL)—the number one communication disorder and one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases of our aged population—and inflammaging has gained interest. Research, thus far, has found that inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 and white blood cells, are associated with ARHL in humans and animals. Moreover, studies investigating ion channels and mitochondrial involvement have shown promising relationships between their functions and inflammaging in the cochlea. In this review, we summarize key findings in inflammaging within the auditory system, the involvement of ion channels and mitochondrial functions, and lastly discuss potential treatment options focusing on controlling inflammation as we age.
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Tarkalson, David D., Bradley A. King, and Dave L. Bjorneberg. "Yield production functions of irrigated sugarbeet in an arid climate." Agricultural Water Management 200 (March 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.01.003.
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Kitano, Hiroaki. "A Simple Model of Neurogenesis and Cell Differentiation Based on Evolutionary Large-Scale Chaos." Artificial Life 2, no. 1 (1994): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1994.2.1.79.
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This article reports on a simple neurogenesis model that is combined with evolutionary computation. Because the integration of an evolutionary process with neural networks is such an exciting field of study, with the promise of discovering new computational models and, possibly, providing novel biological insights, much research has been conducted in this area. However, only a few studies have incorporated a development stage, and none have modeled metabolism and other chemical reactions in a consistent manner. In this article, we present a simple model of neurogenesis and cell differentiation that combines evolutionary computing, metabolism, development, and neural networks. The model represents an evolutionary large-scale chaos as a mathematical foundation. An evolutionary large-scale chaos is a large-scale chaos whose map functions change through evolutionary computing. Experiments indicate that the model is capable of evolving and growing large neural networks, and exhibits phenomena analogous to cell differentiation.
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Cordelia, Marisa. "You know doctor, i need to tell you something." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 2 (2004): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.27.2.07cor.
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Abstract Most studies in the area of doctor-patient communication focus on the talk that doctors perform during the consultation, leaving under-researched the discourse developed by patients.1 This article deconstructs and identifies the functions and forms of the voices (i.e. specific forms of talk) that Chilean patients employ in their interactions with general practitioners. Patients use four different voices in the interaction: Health-related Storytelling, Competence, Social Communicator and Initiator. Health-related Storytelling and Competence are the voices most frequently used by both female and male patients and constitute the object of analysis and interpretation for this study. The use of these voices reflects the patients’ role in the Western medical institutions, knowledge about health issues, social identity and aspiration to better understand health problems. I conclude that medical communicative practices that favour the development of patients’ discourse can improve patients’ knowledge of medical issues which in turn may have a positive impact on patients’ health.
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Mairal-Usón, Ricardo, and Pamela Faber. "Lexical templates within a functional cognitive theory of meaning." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (November 29, 2007): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.07mai.
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Within the context of the Lexical Constructional Model, which provides a comprehensive account of the relationship between syntax and all facets on meaning construction, this paper is concerned with one of the major representational modules of the model, viz. a lexical template. It is claimed that a lexical template consists of a semantic specification plus a logical structure. The logical structure formalism is constructed on the basis of Aktionsart distinctions proposed in Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997; Van Valin, 2005). Aktionsart regularities are captured by the external variables of the template, specified in Roman characters, and by a set of high-level elements of structure that function as semantic primitives. Lexical templates also contain internal variables, marked with Arabic numerals, and formally expressed in terms of a catalogue of lexical functions. These variables capture world-knowledge elements that relate in a way specific to the predicate defined by the lexical template. In order to test the viability of lexical templates, a detailed analysis of a set of verbs within the lexical domain of cognition is included.
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Atrushi, Karam S., Dana M. Ameen, and Faris T. Abachi. "DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY, DOCKING, SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME 2-(2-ARYL AMINO) PHENYL ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVES." Chemical Problems 22, no. 4 (2024): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2024-4-389-401.
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A series of new 2-(2-aryl amino) phenyl acetamide derivatives were synthesized and their chemical structures were identified using spectroscopic techniques (UV-VIS, FTIR, 1HNMR, and MS). Computational studies have been carried out for prediction reactivity and density function theory (DFT) calculations for the acetamide derivatives, as well as the spatial electron distribution of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were computed. The docking study against prostaglandin synthetase-2 (COX-II coenzyme) was computed, and four compounds (D, F, H, and L) gave high scores (Kcal/mol). Some of these synthetic compounds were evaluated for their biological activities in vitro (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory). Finally, the compounds B, D, F, and K have a good correlation between theoretical and experimental studies as cyclooxygenase inhibitors and weak to moderate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cancer activities
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Shende, Shraddha, and Raksha Mudar. "USING THE MONTREAL COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT IN MILD AGE-RELATED HEARING LOSS." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (2024): 947–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.3055.
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Abstract Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a modifiable risk factor for dementia. There is a need for early detection of cognitive concerns in older adults with ARHL. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a well-validated screening tool that has been used to screen cognition in the ARHL population. However, few studies have examined the value of both MoCA total score (MoCA-TS) and MoCA-Memory Index Score (MoCA-MIS) score in ARHL and its relation to complex hearing functions, especially in those with mild hearing loss. We administered MoCA on 15 older adults with mild-to-moderate ARHL and 15 matched normal hearing controls. MoCA-TS and MoCA-MIS were calculated. Participants also completed the Quick Speech-in-Noise (QuickSiN) test and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA). Relative to controls, worse scores were obtained in the mild ARHL group on MoCA-TS (p =.031) and MoCA-MIS (p =.039). Bivariate correlations revealed a significant negative association between QuickSiN and MoCA-TS scores (p <.001), with similar trends on MoCA-MIS (p =.051). When the peripheral hearing measure was controlled using partial correlations, the negative correlation between QuickSiN and MoCA-TS remained (p =.004). The correlations of MoCA-TS and MoCA-MIS with HHIA were not significant. Our findings reveal changes in global cognition beyond encoding memory in mild ARHL. Additionally, our findings suggest that complex listening functions assessed using QuickSiN in related to overall performance on MoCA.
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Cano Sanchiz, Juan Manuel. "Spaces and roles of contemporary art in industrial and technological ruins." Arte, Individuo y Sociedad 34, no. 1 (2022): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/aris.72669.
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This article proposes some potential contributions of contemporary art to industrial and technological heritage discussions. The paper analyses the relations among art, industrial ruins, technological trash, heritage, and society from an archaeological perspective, although this standpoint is compared to and complemented with those of art and art history. First, the text presents how industrial sites and technological artefacts from the recent past are transformed for/by the artists. In doing so, it offers a preliminary basic typology of art-obsolescence relations illustrated with cases from Europe, Asia and the Americas. Four major kinds of interactions are introduced: the conversion of abandoned industrial buildings into art galleries and museums; the transformation of larger obsolete industrial/technological areas into creative hubs; the intervention of artists in industrial ruins; and the creative recycling of technological waste. Second, the text infers from the examples provided in the typology three possible functions of art regarding heritage: revelation/addition of value; mediation between the public and dark heritages; and recognition in technological and industrial history. In the end, the paper defends the role of art in the making of industrial and technological heritages, as well as in reconnecting them to society.
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Ho, Judy W. Y. "The cultural significance of coda in Chinese Narratives." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 24, no. 2 (2001): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.24.2.05ho.
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Abstract In Western studies of narrative, Complication, Resolution and Evaluation have received a substantial amount of attention whereas Coda is regarded as an optional and relatively insignificant element. This paper analyzes narratives written by Grade 5/6 students in Hong Kong and investigates some of the contextual factors which help to shape the production and interpretation of these narrative texts. Findings suggest that the functions of Coda are culture-specific. In Chinese narratives, Coda is an obligatory element. It is important because of its role as a carrier of value-laden messages. It is the locus where the social purpose of Chinese narrative is stated, and where the cultural meaning of narrative texts is expressed. It provides a mechanism through which a process of self-reflection and self-discovery is instated so that what one experiences in the external world is given some significance. This process of self-discovery is extended to others through processes of moralization and generalization so that a general discovery of truth will result. The paper also demonstrates how the significance of Coda is conveyed through teachers’ beliefs and teaching practices.
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Filipi, Anna. "A Toddler’s treatment of MM and MM HM in talk with a parent." Language as Action 30, no. 3 (2007): 33.1–33.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.30.3.04fil.
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The study to be reported in this paper examined the work accomplished bymmandmm hmin the interactions of a parent and his daughter aged 0;10–2;0. Using the findings of Gardner (2001) for adults, the analysis shows thatmmaccomplished a range of functions based on its sequential placement and prosodic features, whereasmm hmwas much more restricted to its use as a continuer. The principal concern of the study, however, was to investigate how the child treated these tokens in next turn position. It was found that she was able to display her acceptance or rejection of the response and that she had acquired a stock of conversational resources to do so. Included in the stock were the ability to initiate self and other repair, to correct, and to initiate a new topic to mark completion of a sequence. It is argued that through these actions the child was offering a display of her understanding of sequential connections and appropriateness of fit, and importantly what she deemed to be a sufficient response. The paper ends with a discussion of the child’s emerging knowledge as it is revealed in the minutiae of interaction.
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Teixeira, Leonardo H., Brunno F. Oliveira, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Johannes Kollmann, and Gislene Ganade. "Linking plant traits to multiple soil functions in semi-arid ecosystems." Journal of Arid Environments 172 (January 2020): 104040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104040.
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Kirkpatrick, Andy. "Medieval Chinese rules of writing and their relevance today." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 1 (2004): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.27.1.01kir.
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Abstract Chen Kui was a scholar-official of the Southern Song dynasty. He published the Wen Ze (here translated as The Rules of Writing) in 1170. This book is commonly described by Chinese scholars as China’s first systematic account of Chinese rhetoric. The book comprises ten chapters, covering aspects of rhetoric and composition, including the use of rhetorical devices, the functions and methods of citation, and the importance of using everyday language. Despite its acknowledged importance by Chinese scholars, The Rules of Writing’ remains comparatively unknown, even within China. This article will focus on three topics discussed by Chen Kui that I hope will be of interest to applied linguists and to teachers of academic writing, especially those involved in the teaching of academic discourse to international students of Chinese background. The three topics are: the appropriate use of language; the sequencing of argument when writing discursive texts; and the methods and uses of citation. It will be argued that writing styles are a product of the age in which they develop, and that these styles change significantly over time, no matter in which culture they may be set. Principles of Chinese rhetoric as discussed here have their counterparts in other rhetorics. They are not uniquely Chinese.
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Yee Ho, Judy Woon. "Code choice in Hong Kong." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 2 (2008): 18.1–18.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.31.2.05yee.
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China resumed its sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997. Since then drastic changes in this former British colony have occurred. One of these changes is a shift in language policy, from bilingualism (Cantonese and English) to trilingualism (Cantonese, English and Putonghua). The present study is aimed at investigating tertiary students’ use of Cantonese, English and Putonghua on a daily basis, analysing the roles and functions of each language and discussing how these may impact on language policy and language education.Research instruments included 52 students’ language diaries and written analyses, 51 hours of audio-recordings of verbal exchanges, and focus group semi-structured interviews. Results show that the students’ speech repertoire mainly consists of two languages: Cantonese and English and their various mixes. Cantonese is used to ensure understanding, consolidate solidarity and maintain social cohesion. The English-Cantonese mix has become a more powerful identity marker for educated people in Hong Kong than pure Cantonese. English and its supplement with Cantonese are often used in the domain of education. The majority of students seldom use Putonghua in everyday life, but there is a strong instrumental motivation to learn it. Measures are suggested to facilitate a more successful move from bilingualism to trilingualism.
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Van Moere, Alistair, Masanori Suzuki, Ryan Downey, and Jian Cheng. "Implementing ICAO language proficiency requirements in the Versant Aviation English test." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 3 (2009): 27.1–27.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.32.3.07van.
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This paper discusses the development of an assessment to satisfy the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Language Proficiency Requirements. The Versant Aviation English Test utilizes speech recognition technology and a computerized testing platform, such that test administration and scoring are fully automated. Developed in collaboration with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, this 25-minute test is delivered via a telephone or computer. Two issues of interest are discussed. The first concerns the practicalities of assessing candidates in each of six separate dimensions of spoken proficiency: Pronunciation, Structure, Vocabulary, Fluency, Comprehension, and Interactions. Although an automated scoring system can objectively segregate these skills, we question whether human raters have the capacity to do this in oral interviews. The second issue discussed is how an automated test can provide a valid assessment of spoken interactions. Tasks were designed to simulate the information exchange between pilots and controllers on which candidates’ proficiency in ‘Interactions’ could be measured, for example, by eliciting functions such as correcting miscommunications and providing clarification. It is argued that candidate ability can be probed and estimated in a fair and standardized way by presenting a series of independent items which are targeted in difficulty at the various ICAO levels.
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Ipanov, Roman N., and Aleksey A. Komarov. "Probing signals with ZACZ for GPRonboard of unmanned aerial vehicle." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 1 (2021): 110–17. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp110-117.
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Modern ground penetrating radars (GPR), designed to determine the thickness of ice or search for the occurrence of aquifers in arid regions of the Earth, are installed either on helicopters or on the earth's surface. The use of a helicopter is economically expensive, and the installation of GPRs on the earth's surface is of a local nature. Modern GPRs mainly use video pulse probing signals and probing signals with linear frequency modulation. These signals have correlation noise, which makes it difficult to obtain a high-quality radar image. In this work, we propose to use a signal with a zero autocorrelation zone (ZACZ) as a probing signal for GPR installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle. In work, a polyphase probing signal with a ZACZ is synthesized and a comparative analysis of the correlation characteristics of the synthesized signal with the optimal phase-code shift keyed signal is carried out.
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Sánchez-Castro, Olga, and Colette Mrowa-Hopkins. "Chatting in L2 Spanish." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 35, no. 1 (2012): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.35.1.03san.
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This study seeks to examine variations in patterns of interactivity as they are displayed in the ongoing discourse construction of high and low self-efficacy learners of Spanish in the context of computermediated-communication. The paper specifically focuses on the analysis of synchronous text chats of six university students of Spanish at intermediate level over the course of two semesters as they carried out semi-directed discussions. The analytical framework is drawn from Eggins and Slade’s (2006) model of speech functions within Systemic Functional Linguistics which, to our knowledge, has never been applied to second language online chat discussions. This approach highlights how general patterns of dominance, sustainability and dependence in the management of discourse behaviour are displayed through the participants’ contributions. The analysis suggests in particular that the realisation of interactivity can be traced back to the negotiation of exchanges concerned with social and interpersonal relations. These findings become particularly relevant when considered within the wider educational debate of participation and acquisition (Sfard, 1998), as the interpersonal relations of people who engage in collaborative activities are normally considered peripheral to second or foreign language learning (Pavlenko & Lantolf, 2000). On the basis of the present analysis, a further elaboration of the model is proposed to take account of the relational perspective that would need to be tested in future studies using similar data.
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Dou, Shanque, Ming Mao, Yanjun Li, and Dongying Qiu. "Quantum rebound attack to D-M structure based on ARIA algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2078, no. 1 (2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2078/1/012003.
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Abstract With the increasing application of quantum computing, quantum technology is increasingly used in the security analysis and research of multiple symmetric cryptographic algorithms such as block ciphers and hash functions. In 2020, Sasaki et al. proposed a dedicated quantum collision attack against hash functions in EUROCRYPT. Some differential trajectories with a probability of 2−2n/3 that cannot be used in the classical environment may be used to launch collision attacks in the quantum environment. The ARIA algorithm is a block cipher proposed by the Korean researcher Kwon et al. on ICISC 2003. The block cipher algorithm is similar to AES in structure. This article mainly analyzes the security of Davies-Meyer structure, and uses AIRA as the permutation function to construct ARIA hash function based on the DM hash model. A new AIRA differential path was found based on MILP, and 7 rounds of ARIA-DM hash function quantum rebound attacks were given.
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Wiles, Janet, and Bradley Tonkes. "Hyperspace Geography: Visualizing Fitness Landscapes beyond 4D." Artificial Life 12, no. 2 (2006): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2006.12.2.211.
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Human perception is finely tuned to extract structure about the 4D world of time and space as well as properties such as color and texture. Developing intuitions about spatial structure beyond 4D requires exploiting other perceptual and cognitive abilities. One of the most natural ways to explore complex spaces is for a user to actively navigate through them, using local explorations and global summaries to develop intuitions about structure, and then testing the developing ideas by further exploration. This article provides a brief overview of a technique for visualizing surfaces defined over moderate-dimensional binary spaces, by recursively unfolding them onto a 2D hypergraph. We briefly summarize the uses of a freely available Web-based visualization tool, Hyperspace Graph Paper (HSGP), for exploring fitness landscapes and search algorithms in evolutionary computation. HSGP provides a way for a user to actively explore a landscape, from simple tasks such as mapping the neighborhood structure of different points, to seeing global properties such as the size and distribution of basins of attraction or how different search algorithms interact with landscape structure. It has been most useful for exploring recursive and repetitive landscapes, and its strength is that it allows intuitions to be developed through active navigation by the user, and exploits the visual system's ability to detect pattern and texture. The technique is most effective when applied to continuous functions over Boolean variables using 4 to 16 dimensions.
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Nyuma, Henry Tamba, and Harrison Churu. "A Review on Challenges and Opportunities in Management of Soils of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Kenya." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (2022): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.5.1.840.
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Arid and semi-arid lands occupy currently 88% of arable land mass in Kenya, a region with significant diversity of production systems and economic opportunities. However, these areas are characterised by low and erratic rainfall, hence challenges to agriculture and socioeconomic development in the wake of an increasing population and the impacts of climate change. This review seeks to identify key challenges and opportunities associated with the management of agricultural soils in these arid and semi-arid communities. Arid and semi-arid regions in Kenya are dominated by 10 soil types; Solanchaks, Solonetz, Cambisols, Arenosols, Leptosols, Vertisols, Fluvisols, Phoezems, Calcisols, and Gypsisols. Among the main soil fertility challenges in these soils are moisture stress, high erodibility, and low organic matter content, salinity, and sodium toxicity, the deficiencies of mainly N, P, Zn, and Fe, hence the vulnerability of over 14 million inhabitants to the shocks of low crop and pasture production. Moreover, the adoption of soil conservation practices remains low as existing soil fertility management technologies have been criticized for being too abstract and not providing context and site-specific solutions. Improving soil fertility and moisture levels enhances soil ecosystem functions and food and pasture production in these regions. Encouraging farmers to join soil and water conservation groups, while providing economic incentives, could potentially accelerate the adoption of soil and water practices at the farm level through pulling resources together. Future research to validate a site and context-specific integrated soil fertility improvement technologies for these soils is evitable to enhance soil functions, agricultural production and livelihood at house hold level.
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Tan, Shi Hao, Wei Zhong Leong, Phuong Cao Thi Ngoc, et al. "The enhancer RNA ARIEL activates the oncogenic transcriptional program in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 134, no. 3 (2019): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2018874503.
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Abstract The oncogenic transcription factor TAL1 regulates the transcriptional program in T-ALL. ARID5B is one of the critical downstream targets of TAL1, which further activates the oncogenic regulatory circuit in T-ALL cells. Here, we elucidated the molecular functions of the noncoding RNA, ARID5B-inducing enhancer associated long noncoding RNA (ARIEL), in T-ALL pathogenesis. We demonstrated that ARIEL is specifically activated in TAL1+ T-ALL cases, and its expression is associated with ARID5B enhancer activity. ARIEL recruits mediator proteins to the ARID5B enhancer, promotes enhancer-promoter interactions, and activates the expression of ARID5B, thereby positively regulating the TAL1-induced transcriptional program and the MYC oncogene. The TAL1 complex coordinately regulates the expression of ARIEL. Knockdown of ARIEL inhibits cell growth and survival of T-ALL cells in culture and blocks disease progression in a murine xenograft model. Our results indicate that ARIEL plays an oncogenic role as an enhancer RNA in T-ALL.
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Muhammad, Sulaiman D., and Saba Zafar. "Determinants of Import Demand Functions of Pakistan: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach." International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 3, no. 9 (2016): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.62/2016.3.9/62.9.113.121.
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Young, M. D. B., J. W. Gowing, N. Hatibu, H. M. F. Mahoo, and R. W. Payton. "Assessment and development of pedotransfer functions for semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 24, no. 7 (1999): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(99)00091-x.
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Schilstra, Maria J., and Chrystopher L. Nehaniv. "Bio-Logic: Gene Expression and the Laws of Combinatorial Logic." Artificial Life 14, no. 1 (2008): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.1.121.
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At the heart of the development of fertilized eggs into fully formed organisms and the adaptation of cells to changed conditions are genetic regulatory networks (GRNs). In higher multicellular organisms, signal selection and multiplexing are performed at the cis-regulatory domains of genes, where combinations of transcription factors (TFs) regulate the rates at which the genes are transcribed into mRNA. To be able to act as activators or repressors of gene transcription, TFs must first bind to target sequences on the regulatory domains. Two TFs that act in concert may bind entirely independently of each other, but more often binding of the first one will alter the affinity of the other for its binding site. This article presents a systematic investigation into the effect of TF binding dependences on the predicted regulatory function of this bio-logic. Four extreme scenarios, commonly used to classify enzyme activation and inhibition patterns, for the binding of two TFs were explored: independent (the TFs bind without affecting each other's affinities), competitive (the TFs compete for the same binding site), ordered (the TFs bind in a compulsory order), and joint binding (the TFs either bind as a preformed complex, or binding of one is virtually impossible in the absence of the other). The conclusions are: (1) the laws of combinatorial logic hold only for systems with independently binding TFs; (2) systems formed according to the other scenarios can mimic the functions of their Boolean logical counterparts, but cannot be combined or decomposed in the same way; and (3) the continuously scaled output of systems consisting of competitively binding activators and repressors can be controlled more robustly than that of single TF or (quasi-)logical multi-TF systems.
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Jung, Soo Young, Dong Young Kim, Chan Il Song, and Se-Hyung Kim. "Age-Related Hearing Loss: Pathophysiology and Recent Researches." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 11, no. 2 (2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2014.11.2.153.
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Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), known as presbycusis, is the term encompasses all conditions that lead to hearing loss inelderly people. ARHL is characterized by gradual deterioration of auditory sensitivity, loss of the auditory sensory cells, andcentral processing functions. ARHL is thought to result from age-related degeneration of the cochlea with the cumulative effectsof extrinsic damage. If left untreated, ARHL significantly decreases the autonomy of affected older persons by increasing theirreliance on community or family support. And a loss of hearing can not only lead sufferers to reduce the quality of life but alsoaffect the healthy people around. For most hearing-impaired people, the hearing loss has physical, social and psychologicalconsequences including isolation, depression and dementia. ARHL is becoming a severe social and health problem in thedeveloped countries including the Republic of Korea, therefore, optimal management not only requires early recognition andproper rehabilitation, but it also should be patient-centered and individualized.
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Wang, Quanwei, Yimin Wang, Chen Niu, and Mengdi Huang. "Constructing the Joint Probability Spatial Distribution of Different Levels of Drought Risk Based on Copula Functions: A Case Study in the Yellow River Basin." Water 16, no. 23 (2024): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16233374.
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Joint multivariate distribution and calculation of return period are essential in enhancing drought risk assessment and promoting the sustainable development of water resources. Aiming to address the increasingly serious drought situation in the Yellow River Basin, this study first utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) distributed hydrological model combined with the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI), and the Standard Water Yield Index (SWYI); the duration, peak, and severity of meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts were analyzed. Based on the selected copula function, a three-dimensional joint distribution of drought duration (D), drought severity (S), and maximum severity (M) was constructed. The corresponding copula joint probability was calculated, leading to the three-dimensional joint return period and concurrent return period of meteorological drought, agricultural drought, and hydrological drought. The findings reveal several key trends: (1) Meteorological drought intensifies over time. Although drought areas eased after the 1990s, the overall drought trend continues to rise. Agricultural drought has intensified in arid regions but eased in semi-humid areas after the 2000s. Hydrological drought was severe in the upstream regions during the 1990s but eased in the 2000s, while it was particularly severe in the midstream and downstream regions during the 2000s. (2) Meteorological droughts are more severe in arid and semi-arid temperate regions and milder in semi-humid cold temperate regions. Agricultural droughts are extreme in arid and semi-arid cold temperate regions. Hydrological drought events are fewer but more severe in semi-arid temperate regions and have the lowest probability of occurrence in semi-humid cold temperate regions. (3) The overall probability of the occurrence of meteorological drought is between 55.7% and 69%; that of agricultural drought is between 73.1% and 91.7%, and that of hydrological drought is between 66.9% and 84%. Drought risk assessment provides scientific references for the analysis of the uncertainty of water supply in the basin and the formulation of effective risk management strategies.
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Farahani, Elham. "Impact of Soil Pore Size Distribution on Crop Growth in Relation to Plant Available Water (PAW) and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Arid/Semi-Arid Regions." Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 3 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000366.
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Soil structural status in relation to soil pore size distribution, soil water retention, and plant available water (PAW) influence crop plant growth. Also, soil organic carbon content (SOC) usually influence soil structural stability, soil pore size and may affect crop growth, especially in arid/semi-arid regions with low SOC. Our studies focused on soil structure under clay dispersion and conventional and no-tillage systems included cultivation of cover crop in arid/semi-arid region of north-eastern Iran, in 2020 and 2022, respectively. According to our findings, PAW directly depended on soil pore size distribution, the more micropores the more water retention. Consequently, smaller soil pores due to clay dispersion improved water retention in soils and crop growth increased with enhancing PAW. SOC usually is low in arid/semi-arid regions of the world, therefore, addition of soil organic matter by crop residue retention may help in improving soil condition. Based on our results, cover crop residue retention in no-till system increased SOC, and SOC positively influenced soil functions such as soil structural stability, soil pore size (using X-ray images), and root growth. Therefore, soil pore size distribution as influenced by soil structural status could be considered as a principal factor in crop growth in arid/semi-arid region of north-eastern Iran.