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Journal articles on the topic 'Arm – Muscles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Oshima, Toru, Tomohiko Fujikawa, and Minayori Kumamoto. "Control of Elasticity and Trajectory of Robot Arm with Redundant Actuators." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, no. 3 (2002): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2002.p0253.

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In mechanical joints applied to robot arms, one actuator is generally required to drive one joint. For the drive of joints on the musculoskeletal system of animal limbs, in which musculi skeleti are used as actuators, there is a pair of bi-articular muscles for driving two joints simultaneously in addition to a pair of monoarticular muscles. By our study with a simple arm model having a 2 degrees of freedom for two joints, the relationship between the compliances of antagonistic muscless at a joint (the muscle coordinate system) and the elastic ellipse at the end of arm (the task coordinate sy

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2

Zhao, Huai Lin, Jian Ling Bian, Jian Jiang, and Wei Ming Ji. "A Robot Arm Actuated by Mckibben Muscles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.654.

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A humanoid robot arm with both shoulder joint and elbow joint is built. It is actuated by pieces of Mckibben muscles. Its skeleton-muscle formation is similar to the anatomical structure of the human arm. A pneumatic experiment system is established for supporting and testing the robot arm. The relationship between the robot arm actions and the Mckibben muscles is studied. Some main actions of the robot arm including the elbow bending, the whole arm arising and the rotating around the arm axis are realized.

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3

Dressler, Dirk, Bruno Kopp, and Fereshte Adib Saberi. "Botulinum toxin dosing in arm muscles: contextual factors." Journal of Neural Transmission 128, no. 3 (2021): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02307-1.

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AbstractBotulinum toxin (BT) has been successfully used for many years to treat various muscle hyperactivity disorders including dystonia and spasticity. Its dosing is guided by dosing tables describing target muscles and dose ranges. To refine the BT dosing, we wanted to analyse how contextual factors may influence the injector's final dosing decision.In a retrospective review of real-life data of 1170 BT treatments, we studied the influence of various contextual factors on the BT doses in 21 arm muscles of 252 patients receiving BT therapy for different muscle hyperactivity disorders.We foun

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4

Abbink, J. H., A. van der Bilt, F. Bosman, H. W. van der Glas, C. J. Erkelens, and M. F. H. Klaassen. "Comparison of External Load Compensation During Rhythmic Arm Movements and Rhythmic Jaw Movements in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (1999): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1209.

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Experiments were performed on human elbow flexor and extensor muscles and jaw-opening and -closing muscles to observe the effect on rhythmic movements of sudden loading. The load was provided by an electromagnetic device, which simulated the appearance of a smoothly increasing spring-like load. The responses to this loading were compared in jaw and elbow movements and between expected and unexpected disturbances. All muscles showed electromyographic responses to unexpected perturbations, with latencies of ∼65 ms in the arm muscles and 25 ms in the jaw. When loading was predictable, anticipator

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5

Stokel-Walker, Chris. "Plastic muscles power wooden arm." New Scientist 251, no. 3352 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01644-4.

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6

Osu, Rieko, and Hiroaki Gomi. "Multijoint Muscle Regulation Mechanisms Examined by Measured Human Arm Stiffness and EMG Signals." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (1999): 1458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1458.

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Multijoint muscle regulation mechanisms examined by measured human arm stiffness and EMG signals. Stiffness properties of the musculo-skeletal system can be controlled by regulating muscle activation and neural feedback gain. To understand the regulation of multijoint stiffness, we examined the relationship between human arm joint stiffness and muscle activation during static force control in the horizontal plane by means of surface electromyographic (EMG) studies. Subjects were asked to produce a specified force in a specified direction without cocontraction or they were asked to keep differe

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7

van Zuylen, E. J., C. C. Gielen, and J. J. Denier van der Gon. "Coordination and inhomogeneous activation of human arm muscles during isometric torques." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 5 (1988): 1523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.5.1523.

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1. In this study we have recorded the activity of motor units of the important muscles acting across the elbow joint during combinations of voluntary isometric torques in flexion/extension direction and supination/pronation direction at different angles of the elbow joint. 2. Most muscles are not activated homogeneously; instead the population of motor units of muscles can be subdivided into several subpopulations. Inhomogeneous activation of the population of motor units in a muscle is a general finding and is not restricted to some multifunctional muscles. 3. Muscles can be activated even if

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Flanders, M., and J. F. Soechting. "Arm muscle activation for static forces in three-dimensional space." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 6 (1990): 1818–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.6.1818.

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1. Muscle activity was related to the direction of a static force at the human wrist. For each muscle the force direction of maximal activity and the directional tuning characteristics were determined. 2. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from nine superficial elbow and/or shoulder muscles while subjects held the right arm stationary in one of six postures. The direction of the force at the wrist was varied in two orthogonal planes. In each experiment a cable was attached to the subject's wrist, and a constant force magnitude was applied in various directions with the use of a pull

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Chiou, Shin-Yi, Paul H. Strutton, and Monica A. Perez. "Crossed corticospinal facilitation between arm and trunk muscles in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (2018): 2595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00178.2018.

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A voluntary contraction of muscles with one arm increases the excitability of corticospinal projections to the contralateral resting arm, a phenomenon known as crossed facilitation. Although many motor tasks engage simultaneous activation of the arm and trunk, interactions between corticospinal projections targeting these segments remain largely unknown. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the trunk representation of the primary motor cortex, we examined motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the resting erector spinae (ES) muscle when the contralateral arm remained at rest or performed 20

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10

Itoi, Eiji, Seok-Beom Lee, Lawrence J. Berglund, Fredrick M. Schultz, Patricia G. Neale, and Kai-Nan An. "MOMENT ARMS OF THE ARM MUSCLES AT THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT USING THE TENDON EXCURSION METHOD." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 11, no. 02 (2008): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957708001973.

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Muscle moment arm defines the function of the muscle. To date, moment arms of the arm muscles at the glenohumeral joint using the tendon excursion method have not been reported. As the functions of these muscles at the shoulder joint are controversial, this study was undertaken to determine the moment arms of the long and short heads of the biceps (LHB, SHB), the coracobrachialis, and the long head of the triceps muscles. The moment arms were determined in 10 cadaveric shoulders by measuring the tendon excursion when the arm was rotated by 1 radian (57.3°) in 22 different motions. The LHB was

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11

Vermillion, Billy C., Peter S. Lum, and Sang Wook Lee. "Proximal arm kinematics affect grip force-load force coordination." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 4 (2015): 2265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00227.2015.

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During object manipulation, grip force is coordinated with load force, which is primarily determined by object kinematics. Proximal arm kinematics may affect grip force control, as proximal segment motion could affect control of distal hand muscles via biomechanical and/or neural pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of proximal kinematics on grip force modulation during object manipulation. Fifteen subjects performed three vertical lifting tasks that involved distinct proximal kinematics (elbow/shoulder), but resulted in similar end-point (hand) trajectories. While tem

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12

Soechting, J. F., and M. Flanders. "Evaluating an Integrated Musculoskeletal Model of the Human Arm." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 119, no. 1 (1997): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2796071.

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A simplified model of the mechanical properties of muscle and of the musculoskeletal geometry was used to predict torques at the shoulder and elbow during arm movements in the sagittal plane. Subjects made movements to 20 targets spaced on the diameter of a circle centered on the initial location of the hand. Movement kinematics and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of nine shoulder and elbow muscles were recorded. Muscle force was predicted using rectified EMG activity as an input to a Hill-type model of muscle dynamics. The model also made simplifying assumptions about muscle geometry. Mu

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13

Kreheľ, Radoslav, and Ľuboslav Straka. "Diagnostics of the Arm Actuator Position Using Incremental Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 616 (August 2014): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.616.77.

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Article discusses the diagnosis and control of the operation of artificial muscle with the ability to predict a steady state actuator arm. This can prevent disrepair and provides diagnostics dynamics shoulders. The article contains information about the function and basic properties of the actuator based on pneumatic artificial muscles. The article presents the measurement results of the response of the actuator arm displacement depending on the input pulse. This dependence enables artificial muscles to be better adjusted to the needs of a practical operation.

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14

Bex, T., W. Chung, A. Baguet, et al. "Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 2 (2014): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01033.2013.

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Carnosine occurs in high concentrations in human skeletal muscle and assists working capacity during high-intensity exercise. Chronic beta-alanine (BA) supplementation has consistently been shown to augment muscle carnosine concentration, but the effect of training on the carnosine loading efficiency is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to compare muscle carnosine loading between trained and untrained arm and leg muscles. In a first study ( n = 17), reliability of carnosine quantification by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was evaluated in deltoid and triceps

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15

Ko, Yun Dam, Soo In Yun, Dahye Ryoo, Myung Eun Chung, and Jihye Park. "Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided and Non-guided Botulinum Toxin Injection Into Neck Muscles Involved in Cervical Dystonia: A Cadaveric Study." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 5 (2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.19211.

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Objective To compare the accuracy of ultrasound-guided and non-guided botulinum toxin injections into the neck muscles involved in cervical dystonia.Methods Two physicians examined six muscles (sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, scalenus anterior, and scalenus medius) from six fresh cadavers. Each physician injected ultrasound-guided and non-guided injections to each side of the cadaver’s neck muscles, respectively. Each physician then dissected the other physician’s injected muscle to identify the injection results. For each injection technique, differen

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16

Young, Fletcher, Christian Rode, Alex Hunt, and Roger Quinn. "Analyzing Moment Arm Profiles in a Full-Muscle Rat Hindlimb Model." Biomimetics 4, no. 1 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4010010.

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Understanding the kinematics of a hindlimb model is a fundamental aspect of modeling coordinated locomotion. This work describes the development process of a rat hindlimb model that contains a complete muscular system and incorporates physiological walking data to examine realistic muscle movements during a step cycle. Moment arm profiles for selected muscles are analyzed and presented as the first steps to calculating torque generation at hindlimb joints. A technique for calculating muscle moment arms from muscle attachment points in a three-dimensional (3D) space has been established. This m

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17

Salem, Ahmed, Amr Hassan, Markus Tilp, and Abdel-Rahman Akl. "Antagonist Muscle Co-Activation during Kettlebell Single Arm Swing Exercise." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 4033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094033.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the muscle activation and co-activation of selected muscles during the kettlebell single arm swing exercise. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the muscle co-activation of a kettlebell single arm swing exercise. Nine volunteers participated in the present study (age: 22.6 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 80.4 ± 9.2 kg; height: 175.6 ± 7.5 cm). The electrical muscle activity of eight right agonist/antagonist muscles (AD/PD, ESL/RA, ESI/EO, and GM/RF) were recorded using a surface EMG system (Myon m320RX; Myon, Switzerland) and p

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18

Bressel, Eadric, and Gary D. Heise. "Effect of Arm Cranking Direction on EMG, Kinematic, and Oxygen Consumption Responses." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 2 (2004): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.2.129.

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The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity, kinematic, and oxygen consumption characteristics between forward and reverse arm cranking. Twenty able-bodied men performed 5-min exercise bouts of forward and reverse arm cranking while electromyographic (EMG), kinematic, and oxygen consumption data were collected. EMG activity of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles were recorded and analyzed to reflect on-time durations and amplitudes for each half-cycle (first 180° and second 180° of crank cycle). Kinematic data were quantified from digitization of vi

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Lusina, Sarah-Jane C., Darren E. R. Warburton, Nicola G. Hatfield, and A. William Sheel. "Muscle deoxygenation of upper-limb muscles during progressive arm-cranking exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 2 (2008): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-156.

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The purpose of this study was to determine which upper-limb muscle exhibits the greatest change in muscle deoxygenation during arm-cranking exercise (ACE). We hypothesized that the biceps brachii (BB) would show the greatest change in muscle deoxygenation during progressive ACE to exhaustion relative to triceps brachii (TR), brachioradialis (BR), and anterior deltoid (AD). Healthy young men (n = 11; age = 27 ± 1 y; mean ± SEM) performed an incremental ACE test to exhaustion. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor the relative concentration changes in oxy- (O2Hb), deoxy- (HHb), a

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20

Roh, Jinsook, Randall F. Beer, Andrew Lai, et al. "The Effects of Selective Muscle Weakness on Muscle Coordination in the Human Arm." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (September 19, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5637568.

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Despite the fundamental importance of muscle coordination in daily life, it is currently unclear how muscle coordination adapts when the musculoskeletal system is perturbed. In this study, we quantified the impact of selective muscle weakness on several metrics of muscle coordination. Seven healthy subjects performed 2D and 3D isometric force target matches, while electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from 13 elbow and shoulder muscles. Subsequently, muscle weakness was induced by a motor point block of brachialis muscle. Postblock subjects repeated the force generation tasks. We quant

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Yekutieli, Yoram, Roni Sagiv-Zohar, Ranit Aharonov, Yaakov Engel, Binyamin Hochner, and Tamar Flash. "Dynamic Model of the Octopus Arm. I. Biomechanics of the Octopus Reaching Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 2 (2005): 1443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00684.2004.

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The octopus arm requires special motor control schemes because it consists almost entirely of muscles and lacks a rigid skeletal support. Here we present a 2D dynamic model of the octopus arm to explore possible strategies of movement control in this muscular hydrostat. The arm is modeled as a multisegment structure, each segment containing longitudinal and transverse muscles and maintaining a constant volume, a prominent feature of muscular hydrostats. The input to the model is the degree of activation of each of its muscles. The model includes the external forces of gravity, buoyancy, and wa

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Kim, Yunho, Jeeyoung Kim, Heesung Nam, et al. "Ultrasound Imaging of the Trunk Muscles in Acute Stroke Patients and Relations With Balance Scales." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 4 (2020): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.19125.

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Objective To examine the correlation between ultrasonographic trunk muscle parameters and balance scales in mild acute stroke patients.Methods A total of 55 stroke patients with hemiparesis and motor power grade ≥4 in the manual motor test were included. The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Trunk Control Test (TCT) were used to evaluate patient balance function. Ultrasonographic parameters were measured on both non-paretic and paretic sides of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abd

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Oshima, Toru, Tomohiko Fujikawa, and Minayori Kumamoto. "Coordination Control of Arm Using Antagonistic Actuators." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, no. 3 (2002): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2002.p0270.

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In a mechanical joint drive used in robot arms, 1 actuator drives each joint. To drive joints in musculoskeletal animal limbs, in which skeletal muscles are used as actuators, a pair of bi-articular muscles drives 2 joints simultaneously in addition to a pair of monoarticular muscles for driving 1 joint. In our study, the mutual coordination of antagonistic mono-articular and antagonistic bi-articular muscles in in the horizontal arm plane were examined using electromyogram, results were analyzed by a mechanical 2-joint link model, and the relationship between the pattern of coordination of an

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Boutin, Robert, and Russell Fritz. "Musculotendinous Disorders in the Upper Extremity: Part 1. MRI of the Shoulder and Upper Arm." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 21, no. 04 (2017): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604009.

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AbstractMuscle and tendon injuries about the shoulder and upper arm are commonly evaluated and characterized with magnetic resonance imaging. This article reviews our experience with abnormalities of the rotator cuff tendons and muscles as well as the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. We discuss and illustrate abnormalities of the upper arm such as strain injuries of the pectoralis major, strain injuries of the teres major and latissimus dorsi, and contusion and crush injuries of the biceps and brachialis muscles in the upper arm.

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Yogesh, A. S., M. Joshi, V. K. Chimurkar, and R. R. Marathe. "Unilateral variant motor innervations of flexure muscles of arm." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 01, no. 01 (2010): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.63107.

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ABSTRACTThe musculocutaneous nerve usually branches out from the lateral cord of brachial plexus. It innervates the corcobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis muscles and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm without exhibiting any communication with the median nerve or any other nerve. We report unilateral variation in motor innervations of the left arm in a 58-year-old male cadaver. The musculocutaneous nerve was found to be absent. A muscular branch of the median nerve was supplying the coracobrachialis muscle. In the middle of arm, the median nerve was found to be branchi

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Tibold, Robert, Gabor Fazekas, and Jozsef Laczko. "Three-Dimensional Model to Predict Muscle Forces and Their Relation to Motor Variances in Reaching Arm Movements." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 4 (2011): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.362.

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A three-dimensional (3-D) arm movement model is presented to simulate kinematic properties and muscle forces in reaching arm movements. Healthy subjects performed reaching movements repetitively either with or without a load in the hand. Joint coordinates were measured. Muscle moment arms, 3-D angular acceleration, and moment of inertias of arm segments were calculated to determine 3-D joint torques. Variances of hand position, arm configuration, and muscle activities were calculated. Ratios of movement variances observed in the two conditions (load versus without load) showed no differences f

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Okazaki, Yasunao, and Mayumi Komatsu. "Backdrivable Power Assist Arm using Pneumatic Muscles." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 31, no. 6 (2013): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.31.577.

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Jobbágy, Boris, Dušan Šimšík, Ján Karchňák, and Daniela Onofrejová. "Robotic Arm with Artificial Muscles in Rehabilitation." Procedia Engineering 96 (2014): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.143.

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Soteropoulos, Demetris S., and Monica A. Perez. "Physiological changes underlying bilateral isometric arm voluntary contractions in healthy humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 4 (2011): 1594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00678.2010.

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Many bilateral motor tasks engage simultaneous activation of distal and proximal arm muscles, but little is known about their physiological interactions. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to examine motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), interhemispheric inhibition at a conditioning-test interval of 10 (IHI10) and 40 ms (IHI40), and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the left first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle during isometric index finger abduction. The right side remained at rest or performed isometric voluntary contraction with the FDI, biceps or triceps brachii, o

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Dahlqvist, Julia R., Sofie T. Oestergaard, Nanna S. Poulsen, Carsten Thomsen, and John Vissing. "Refining the spinobulbar muscular atrophy phenotype by quantitative MRI and clinical assessments." Neurology 92, no. 6 (2019): e548-e559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006887.

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ObjectiveTo investigate the phenotypic features, with emphasis on muscle, in 40 patients with spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) using quantitative MRI, stationary dynamometry, questionnaires, and functional tests.MethodsPatients with genetically confirmed SBMA were included. MRI was used to describe muscle involvement and quantify muscle fat fractions of arm, back, and leg muscles. Muscle strength was assessed with a stationary dynamometer. All patients were evaluated with the SBMA functional rating scale and the 6-minute walk test among others. MRI and muscle strength results were compared

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Strasser, Helmut, René Fleischer, and Erwin Keller. "Muscle strain of the hand-arm-shoulder system during typing at conventional and ergonomic keyboards." Occupational Ergonomics 4, no. 2 (2004): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2004-4204.

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Manufacturers of ergonomic split keyboards promise maximum effectiveness and comfort as well as a reduction of physical complaints. In order to determine the positive effects claimed, a study was carried out during which 10 male subjects (Ss) participated in standardized working tests. They entered text into a PC, alternatingly using a conventional keyboard and an ergonomic keyboard. Electromyographic activity (EA) of 8 muscle groups was simultaneously recorded during altogether 6 working phases with a duration of 10 min, each. Measurements of the maximum activity, EAmax, via maximum voluntary

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Neldi, Dr Hendri. "Hand-Eye Coordination and Arm Muscles Explosive Power to Basketball Player’s Shooting." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (2020): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201740.

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Perez, Monica A., Jane E. Butler, and Janet L. Taylor. "Modulation of transcallosal inhibition by bilateral activation of agonist and antagonist proximal arm muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 2 (2014): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00322.2013.

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Transcallosal inhibitory interactions between proximal representations in the primary motor cortex remain poorly understood. In this study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to examine the ipsilateral silent period (iSP; a measure of transcallosal inhibition) in the biceps and triceps brachii during unilateral and bilateral isometric voluntary contractions. Healthy volunteers performed 10% of maximal isometric voluntary elbow flexion or extension with one arm while the contralateral arm remained at rest or performed 30% of maximal isometric voluntary elbow flexion or extension. The iSP

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Tsuruike, Masaaki, Todd S. Ellenbecker, and Connor Lauffenburger. "The Application of Double Elastic Band Exercise in the 90/90 Arm Position for Overhead Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 5 (2020): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120935441.

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Background: Traditional exercises performed with the shoulder in the position of 90° abduction and external rotation with elbow flexion (90/90) while using a single elastic band showed moderate activity of both the lower trapezius (LT) and infraspinatus (IS) muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate activity of the teres minor (TMi) and the LT muscles during standing external rotation exercise with the shoulder in the 90/90 position with 2 elastic bands in both the frontal and the scapular plane. Hypothesis: TMi, IS, and LT muscle activities will vary depending on whether the should

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Kato, M., and M. Kimura. "Effects of reversible blockade of basal ganglia on a voluntary arm movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 5 (1992): 1516–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.5.1516.

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1. The effects of a reversible blockade of basal ganglia were examined in two monkeys trained to perform a visually guided, step-tracking arm movement around the elbow joint. To block glutamatergic excitation, kynurenate (a glutamate antagonist) was locally injected into the putamen and the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi) of the globus pallidus contralateral to the arm tested. Muscimol [a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist] was also used to suppress neuronal activity in these structures. The drugs were injected in the arm area of the putamen, which was identified by m

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Mardius, Ali, Yuni Astuti, and Kibadra Kibadra. "KONTRIBUSI DAYA LEDAK OTOT TUNGKAI DAN DAYA LEDAK OTOT LENGAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN TOLAK PELURU TEKNIK O’BREIN." EDUKATIF : JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN 1, no. 3 (2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v1i3.27.

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The study aims to determine the contribustion of explosive power arm and leg muscles personal or groups with the ability the O’brein technique ini shot put.The research was a guantitative method using corelational research design. The population was athlete track and field UKO University Bung Hatta as much as 40 athlete. Was taken by purposive random sampling as much as 30 athlete. The instrument standing broad jump was used to measure leg muscles explosive power. The instrument medicine ball put tes was used to measure arm muscles explosive power and skil of the technique o’brain was used to

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Kam, Digna de, Hennie Rijken, Toos Manintveld, Bart Nienhuis, Volker Dietz, and Jacques Duysens. "Arm movements can increase leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping in neurologically intact individuals." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 1 (2013): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00510.2012.

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Facilitation of leg muscle activity by active arm movements during locomotor tasks could be beneficial during gait rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. The present study explored the effects of arm movements on leg muscle activity during submaximal recumbent stepping. Healthy subjects exercised on a recumbent stepping machine both with and without arm movements. Activity of five leg muscles was recorded and compared for stepping with and without arm movements. To determine which arm movements are optimal for leg muscle facilitation, subjects were instructed to step with 1) mechanically cou

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Van Gheluwe, Bart, Paul Huybrechts, and Erik Deporte. "Electromyographic Evaluation of Arm and Torso Muscles for Different Postures in Windsurfing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, no. 2 (1988): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.4.2.156.

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This study evaluates the action of 20 selected arm and torso muscles. The subjects were 19 windsurfers of different skill levels. Muscular activity was recorded electromyographically, using surface electrodes. The subjects were standing on a specially devised windsurf simulator in order to keep the different surf postures as standardized as possible. Through two-way ANOVA techniques, the electromyographic activity relative to its maximal isometric value was compared for different muscles, surf postures, and skill levels. Also, differences between the left and right sides of the body were inves

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Liao, Yun-Ting, Toshifumi Ishioka, Kazuko Mishima, Chiaki Kanda, Kenji Kodama, and Eiichiro Tanaka. "Development and Evaluation of a Close-Fitting Assistive Suit for Back and Arm Muscle – e.z.UP®–." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 1 (2020): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0157.

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This paper proposes a close-fitting assistive suit, called e.z.UP®, with a passive actuation mechanism composed of an adjustable structure. The suit can adequately assist the back and arm muscles of a user with the proposed layout of an arm assistive belt and a two-layer structure, respectively. With its lightweight characteristic (i.e., weighing 0.75 kg only), the proposed suit is portable and easy to wear without additional burden. By using the averaged Japanese body data, a simulation was conducted based on a human body model wearing our proposed suit to evaluate the layout of the arm assis

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Gielen, CCAM, and JJD von der Gon. "The Activation of Motor Units in Coordinated Arm Movements in Humans." Physiology 5, no. 4 (1990): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.4.159.

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The motoneuron pool of muscles consists of several subpopulations, each of which receives a different but homogenous activation during isometric and reflex-induced contractions. Studies on the dynamics of motor unit activation of skeletal muscle reveal important characteristics that are not reflected in electromyograms.

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Holmes, Michael W. R., and Peter J. Keir. "Muscle Contributions to Elbow Joint Rotational Stiffness in Preparation for Sudden External Arm Perturbations." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 2 (2014): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2013-0135.

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Understanding joint stiffness and stability is beneficial for assessing injury risk. The purpose of this study was to examine joint rotational stiffness for individual muscles contributing to elbow joint stability. Fifteen male participants maintained combinations of three body orientations (standing, supine, sitting) and three hand preloads (no load, solid tube, fluid filled tube) while a device imposed a sudden elbow extension. Elbow angle and activity from nine muscles were inputs to a biomechanical model to determine relative contributions to elbow joint rotational stiffness, reported as p

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LAN, L., K. Y. ZHU, and C. Y. WEN. "DESIGN OF A THRESHOLD FES CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ARM MOVEMENT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 09, no. 04 (2009): 449–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519409003127.

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The existing functional electrical stimulation (FES) techniques often required to solve the complex "inverse dynamic problem" to calculate the muscle torques for moving along a desired trajectory. According to the threshold control theory of voluntary motor control, a bio-mimetic threshold control strategy for the FES controller is designed and tested in the human arm movement. The arm is modeled as three segments connected by two hinges joints. The movement is driven by seven muscles and limited in the horizontal plane. All muscles are described by a modified Hill-type muscle model. Simulatio

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Trumbower, Randy D., Vengateswaran J. Ravichandran, Matthew A. Krutky, and Eric J. Perreault. "Contributions of Altered Stretch Reflex Coordination to Arm Impairments Following Stroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (2010): 3612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00804.2009.

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Patterns of stereotyped muscle coactivation, clinically referred to as synergies, emerge following stroke and impair arm function. Although researchers have focused on cortical contributions, there is growing evidence that altered stretch reflex pathways may also contribute to impairment. However, most previous reflex studies have focused on passive, single-joint movements without regard to their coordination during volitional actions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stroke on coordinated activity of stretch reflexes elicited in multiple arm muscles following multijoint

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NAGAMI, KUNIATSU. "TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF TENSION AT VOLUNTARY MUSCLE RELAXATION IN HUMAN ARM MUSCLES." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 36, no. 3 (1987): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.36.128.

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Lee, Sang Wook, Katlin Landers, and Michelle L. Harris-Love. "Activation and intermuscular coherence of distal arm muscles during proximal muscle contraction." Experimental Brain Research 232, no. 3 (2013): 739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3784-x.

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OSHIMA, Toru, Tomohiko FUJIKAWA, and Minayori KUMAMOTO. "Mechanical Properties of Robot Arm Operated with Muscle Coordinate System Consisted of Bi-articular Muscles and Mono-articular Muscles. Muscle Contractile Forces and Viscoelastic Properties of Robot Arm." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 66, no. 1 (2000): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.66.141.

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Humphrey, Dennis. "Strength and Endurance of the Upper Arm Muscles." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 10 (1988): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709634.

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Humphrey, Dennis. "Strength and Endurance of the Lower Arm Muscles." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 12 (1988): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709672.

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COLEBATCH, J. G., J. C. ROTHWELL, B. L. DAY, P. D. THOMPSON, and C. D. MARSDEN. "CORTICAL OUTFLOW TO PROXIMAL ARM MUSCLES IN MAN." Brain 113, no. 6 (1990): 1843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/113.6.1843.

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Koukoubis, T. D., L. W. Cooper, R. R. Glisson, A. V. Seaber, and J. A. Feagin. "An electromyographic study of arm muscles during climbing." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 3, no. 2 (1995): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01552388.

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