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1
Martins, José Luiz, Maurício Macedo, and Edna Frasson de Souza Montero. "Anorectal Malformation: State of the Art in Translating Experimental Research to the Bedside." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 29, no. 04 (August 2019): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694743.
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AbstractThe embryology of anorectal malformation (ARM) is a controversial issue. The study in humans is difficult due to the scarcity of fetuses with this anomaly. Therefore, ARM animal models, naturally obtained or induced by drugs, have been employed to understand physiopathology and possible treatments. Pigs, rabbits, rats, and mice have been employed as animal models. Additionally, many drugs have been used with this purpose: Etretinate, Ethylenethiourea, and Adriamycin. The animal more frequently used is the rat because of good reproducibility, low cost, and easy handling. Pig is a good model, but it is expensive, and difficult to handling and lodging. Concerning the drugs, Adriamycin promotes a more severe ARM compared with Ethylenethiourea. The models of ARM are of value in the understanding of the embryologic development. Nowadays, researches are aimed at identifying the molecular mechanism of this process, providing the basis for the application of tissue engineering in future experiments with ARM.
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Barros, Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de, and Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio. "Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 130, no. 3 (2012): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802012000300009.
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Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy.
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Herbaux, Charles, Guillemette Marot, Elisabeth Bertrand, Natacha Broucqsault, Sylvie Zouitna-Galiègue, Christophe Roumier, Nicolas Poret, et al. "B-Cell-Specific Transcription Factor BACH2 Involved in the Clinical Behavior Heterogeneity of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1288.1288.
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Abstract Abstract 1288 Background. Approximately 30% of the patients who fulfil the criteria of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) are diagnosed while asymptomatic, and will not require immediate therapy; these cases are called indolent WM (IWM). However, patients with a disease-related event will be considered for therapy, these cases are called symptomatic or aggressive WM (AWM). The physiopathology of these 2 groups remains unclear, and the mechanisms of progression have not been fully understood so far. We hypothesized that a gene signature that differentiates these two categories could be identified to better understand the underlying mechanisms of progression of WM. Methods. Seventeen patients diagnosed with WM (8 IWM and 9 AWM) were included in this study. We selected tumour cells from the bone marrow (BM) using mononuclear cell isolation, then B cell enrichment (B cell isolation kit, Myltenyi-Biotec, USA). The purity was confirmed by flow cytometry. Total RNA was extracted using the Trizol method. Gene expression profiling was performed using U133A arrays (Affymetrix, USA). Gene expression was normalized using the RMA algorithm. We ranked genes by fold-change of expression levels on a first series of 11 patients (5 IWM and 6 AWM) calculated with the ‘limma’ package in R. Next, we used a supervised classification to establish a gene expression profile to distinguish IWM from AWM. Therewith, we validated this profile on an independent set of 6 patients (3 IWM and 3 AWM). We then performed a pathway analysis using Ingenuity® analysis software. We confirmed gene expression deregulation with qRT-PCR on 3 candidate genes in the first series of patients. Genome-wide detection of copy number alteration and loss of heterozygosity were performed on 13 of the 17 WM cases, using the Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix, USA). Finally, we investigated the functional consequences of the deregulation of these candidate genes in BCWM1 and MWCL1, both B cell lines originated from WM. Survival was studied using a colorimetric method with MTS (Promega, USA). Proliferation was analyzed using incorporation of a nucleoside analog (EdU) into DNA during active DNA synthesis (Invitrogen, USA). Results. The differential analysis has identified 82 probes, corresponding to 48 genes, significantly deregulated and capable of differentiating samples from IWM and AWM in an unsupervised classification. Moreover, with a supervised classification, this gene expression profile accurately classified 94% of the 17 WM samples, including the 6 WM of the independent validation set. The two molecular networks that appeared to play a major role in the physiopathology of IWM versus AWM were the plasma cell differentiation pathway and the AKT pathway. We have then identified 3 key genes in those 2 pathways, BACH2 and CIITA on the one hand and PTEN, respectively. We have then confirmed the deregulation of these gene expression levels by qRT-PCR in 3 IWM and 4 AWM; these 3 genes were over-expressed in IMW relatively to AMW. BACH2 is a B-cell-specific transcription factor known to be a tumour suppressor gene. It was shown that BACH2 reduces proliferation and induces cell death when over-expressed in B lymphoma tumour cells. We have thus pharmacologically over-expressed BACH2 in BCWM1 and MWCL1 and significantly reduced the proliferation and the survival of the two cell-lines. Further studies using BACH2 specific overexpression with lentiviral infection are underway, in vitro. The data will be presented at ASH. In order to further study the mechanisms of deregulation of BACH2 in IWM and AWM, we have conducted a genome wide SNP array study of 13 patients. Among those, 7 patients (4 IWM and 3 AWM) demonstrate a deletion of long arm of chromosome 6 (del6q), the most frequent chromosomal abnormality in WM. BACH2 gene is located on the 6q15 locus. Interestingly, we found that 3 out of the 3 AWM had a del6q that took in the 6q15 region, whereas 3 out of 4 of the IWM had a del6q preserving the 6q15 region. Therefore, haploinsufficiency could participate in the under-expression of BACH2 in aggressive WM; this hypothesis will be verified by using DNA qRT-PCR of BACH2. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, we have identified for the first time a specific gene expression signature that differentiates IWM and AWM. We have exposed several genes from this dataset, including BACH2, which is a candidate to better understand the underlying mechanisms of progression of WM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Butturini de Carvalho, Eduardo, and Ronald Paiva Moreno Gonçalves. "Arterial hypotension in dogs and cats – a review." Clínica Veterinária XXII, no. 127 (March 1, 2017): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2017.xxii.n.127.p.38-50.
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Hypotension is an usual event in small animals clinics, which can impact severely the clinical outcome of patients by causing acute kidney injury or multiple organ failure. It is fundamental to understand the physiopathology of this condition and to know the main diagnosis and therapeutic options to deal correctly with such cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to briefly review the physiopathology of hypotension and to describe the main diagnostic methods, as well as the most recent treatment guidelines. The current goal-based therapy helps the professional to understand the need for an early therapeutic action as soon hypotension is diagnosed. Thus, one expects to decrease or even prevent major sequelae through a rapid return to normal blood pressure in this potentially fatal clinical syndrome.
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Mayrink, J., M. L. Costa, and J. G. Cecatti. "Preeclampsia in 2018: Revisiting Concepts, Physiopathology, and Prediction." Scientific World Journal 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6268276.
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Preeclampsia currently remains one of the leading causes of death and severe maternal morbidity. Although its prevalence is still underestimated in some places due to underreporting, preeclampsia is a disease that health professionals need to know how to deal with and take action. For this reason, the studies about the theme remain along with the advances in their understanding that often implies improvement and change of concepts and conducts. The complexity of its etiology is a challenge and requires further studies for its full understanding. Apparently, poor adaptation of the maternal organism to the conceptus, marked by the nonoccurrence of changes in the uterine spiral arteries, determines a series of systemic repercussions that compound the various forms of preeclampsia presentation. In recent years, the use of acetylsalicylic acid to prevent cases of early onset of the disease has been consolidated and, alongside, studies have advanced the development of accessible and effective methods of identifying women at risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this review is to discuss updates on the occurrence, concept, pathophysiology, repercussion, prevention, and prediction of preeclampsia.
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Allegra, C., and A. Carlizza. "Oedema in Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Physiopathology and Investigation." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 15, no. 3-4 (December 2000): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835550001500307.
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Aim: To review the physiology of the venous system in the leg and the events in the microcirculation of the skin leading to development of the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Method: A review of current literature in the field of CVI has been conducted, with particular reference to the microcirculation and the means of investigating this. Synthesis: Venous valvular incompetence and obstruction in the lower limb causes damage to the microcirculation of the skin. The resulting venous hypertension is resisted by the microcirculation. Cutaneous vasomotion alters, with a prevalence of closing periods of the pre-capillary sphincters, limiting capillary hypertension and resulting in capillary haemoconcentration. This phenomenon promotes drainage of fluids from the interstitial spaces and prevents hypoxic damage to the endothelium. In severe CVI this defence mechanism is overwhelmed, vasomotion declines and arteriolar vasoparalysis occurs. The capillary bed is filled and the intracapillary pressure increases. Reduced microcircula-tory perfusion flow velocity favours capillary plugging by white cells. Leucocyte activation damages the endothelium through the release of proteolytic enzymes, oxygen metabolites and lipid oxidation products. Increased permeability of the endothelium allows passage of fibrinogen and results in a perivascular fibrin cuff. Initially this protects the capillary but later blocks oxygen exchange. These events lead to capillary thrombosis with destruction of capillaries with tissue ischaemia and trophic lesions. Conclusions: The result of venous hypertension in the large veins of the lower limb is damage to the microcirculation of the skin. This leads to lipodermato-sclerosis and eventually ulceration in some patients.
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Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús. "Obesity Phisiopathology: Current Perspectives." Journal of Nutritional Biology 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18314/jnb.v4i1.160.
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Obesity is a global health problem, being considered one of the most serious and prevalent non-communicable diseases of the 21st century. It is currently understood as a multifactorial chronic condition associated with potentially serious complications whose treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, given its huge clinical impact and associated health-carecost. Besides, properly tackling obesity requires a founded knowledge of its specific physiopathology is required. Together withthe rise in adiposity, a series of cellular processes happen, which cause several metabolic changes that drive to a vicious circle ofvisceral fat increase. This process in enhanced by genetic and environmental factors associated to multiple diseases (metabolic,cardiovascular, osteoarticular, etc.) that increase morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to introduce the currentperspectives on obesity physiopathology in a simple and didactic manner, in order to contribute to a better approach by thedifferent professionals that work with obesity in their everyday practice.
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Seifaddini, Rostam, Haleh Tajadini, and Rasool Choopani. "Physiopathology of Dementia From the Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 20, no. 3 (January 19, 2015): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587214566275.
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The most common cognitive disorder that is disabling is dementia. During the medieval period, traditional Persian medicine was an outstanding source of medicine that was used as standard references in medical schools of in the West and Middle East. In ancient manuscripts of traditional Persian medicine, a condition has been introduced similar to dementi ( raoonat and homgh). In this article, by collecting materials of traditional medicine texts on dementia, we aim to provide theories for further studies on this topics, as there is an obvious difference between traditional Persian medicine and modern medicine with regard to dementia; however, since modern medicine has not found a suitable response to treatment for all diseases, reviewing traditional Persian medicine for finding better treatment strategies is wise. Use of all medical potentials approved by the World Health Organization beside classic medicine like traditional medicine and considering the availability and acceptability among people is recommended.
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Sfreddo, Ericson, and Marcelo Teodoro Ezequiel Guerra. "Ligamentum flavum hematoma: a case report and literature review." Coluna/Columna 11, no. 1 (2012): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-18512012000100016.
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The aim is to present a rare case of ligamentum flavum hematoma in the lumbar region, discuss its physiopathology and treatment and review the literature. A woman aged 68 presented with neurogenic claudication due to degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis that evolved into a sudden worsening with cauda equina syndrome. The magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) showed signs of degeneration of the lumbar spine, with a narrow spinal canal from L2 to S1, anterolisthesis L4 L5 and an expansive lesion hyperintense on T1-weighted and hypointense on T2-weighted images considered compatible with hematoma in the topography of the yellow ligament in L1-L2. The patient underwent laminectomy and lumbar fixation. Her evolution was good in the postoperative period and at 18 months of follow-up hse walked alone, despite the pain that is controlled with simple medications. Even though rare, it seems that ligamentum flavum hematoma has a relationship with the degeneration and rupture of small vessels associated with micro trauma to the spine. Its physiopathology is not well defined and treatment is similar to other spine compression processes.
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Batihan, Guntug, Ozan Usluer, and Seyda Ors Kaya. "Rare cause of superior vena cava syndrome: a giant bulla." BMJ Case Reports 11, no. 1 (2018): bcr—2018–226477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-226477.
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Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a group of symptoms caused by obstruction of superior vena cava. External compression caused by benign or malign processes is the most common physiopathology. We aim to present a 29-year-old man with non-productive cough, facial plethora and venous distention of the neck. Right apical tense bulla which was compress superior vena cava was detected and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery applied. Our extensive search found out that only one report of SVCS secondary to bulla is available on Medline.
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Palmieri, A. "Attività del Gruppo di Studio “Traumatologia Cranio-Spinale”." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 10, no. 2_suppl (October 1997): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009970100s276.
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The Study Group of Cranio-Spinal Trauma was founded in 1995. The aim of the Group is to improve the knowledge of physiopathology and biomechanics of traumas and to assess the most effective diagnostic procedures. That's why a strict link with the omologous group of the Italian Society of Neurosurgery has been promoted. The first meeting on “Diagnostic Imaging of Spinal Trauma” has been held in Naples (May 97) with the participation of 150 people; various radiological aspects of lesions as well as legal problems and organization of trauma care have been treated. The Group is now partecipating to the book on “Radiological Guide-Line in Emergency Medicine”.
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Zarrilli, Giovanni, Valentina Angerilli, Gianluca Businello, Marta Sbaraglia, Giulia Traverso, Francesco Fortarezza, Stefania Rizzo, et al. "The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020974.
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A complete understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) physiopathology and related histopathologic lesions is necessary to improve treatment and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Many studies have focused on autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths to try and define any possible specific pattern. Histopathologic alterations are principally found within lungs and blood vessels, and these abnormalities also seem to have the highest clinical impact. Nevertheless, many of the morphological data collected so far are non-specific, fickle, and possibly associated with other co-existing factors. The aim of this minireview is to describe the main histopathological features related to COVID-19 and the mechanism known as “cytokine storm”.
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Cresi, Francesco, and Emanuela Locatelli. "The role of combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH-monitoring in newborn with gastroesophageal reflux disease." Reviews in Health Care 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2010): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v1i1.16.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a relevant problem in first months of life and its early diagnosis and its appropriate therapy represent a real challenge for neonatologists.Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance associated with esophageal pH-monitoring (MII/pH) has been recently introduced to study GERD in infants. This technique, which is safe and with a good compliance, presents an elevated accuracy in identifying refluxes independently from their pH. The main aim of this review is to analyse data in literature on the use of MII/pH in neonates.We have considered recent studies published in PubMed in which MII is used in neonates and infants with GER: 26 studies focus on GER physiopathology and on the advantages of using MII in addition to pH-monitoring, 13 on symptoms associated with refluxes (in particular cardio-respiratory events and apnoeas) and 13 on therapy (5 on body position, 3 on thickened formulas, 1 on fortified milk and 4 on drugs).We underline the role of MII/pH in studying GERD in neonates, in which non acid-refluxes result prevalent, because of the buffering effects of milk, and in which the majority of symptoms arerelated to non-acid or weakly-acid GER. MII/pH can be considered a good technique even in the evaluation of the temporal relation between refluxes and symptoms and in the analysis of the benefits obtained by pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy.The increasing application of MII/pH can help neonatologists to comprehend GER physiopathology, to diagnose GER and GERD and to treat better its symptoms in first months of life.
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Silva, Nivaldo, Anne Christine Januel, Philippe Tall, and Christophe Cognard. "Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas associated with progressive myelopathy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, no. 6 (June 2007): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2007.6.6.6.
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✓The authors report the cases of four patients who presented with progressive myelopathy (one patient had been asymptomatic for 25 years) due to spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). Clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging findings were similar to those of dural AVFs. In contrast to dural AVFs, angiography showed that the lesions were fed by multiple vessels and drained in one case in multiple veins. Perimedullary venous drainage was visible in three of the four cases. All fistulas were cured by embolization; arterial access was used in two cases and venous in two. The authors' aim in this paper is to emphasize the differences between dural and epidural AVFs in terms of their physiopathology and angioarchitecture as well as the therapeutic strategy.
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Soret, Pierre-Antoine, Julie Magusto, Chantal Housset, and Jérémie Gautheron. "In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010036.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Vollebregt, M. M. G., A. Malfroot, M. De Raedemaecker, M. van der Burg, and J. E. van der Werff ten Bosch. "Immunodeficiency in a Child with Rapadilino Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Immunology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/137368.
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Rapadilino syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by a characteristic clinical tableau. It is caused by mutations in RECQL4 gene. Immunodeficiency is not described as a classical feature of the disease. We present a 2-year-old girl with Rapadilino syndrome with important lymphadenopathies and pneumonia due to disseminatedMycobacterium lentiflavuminfection. An immunological work-up showed several unexpected abnormalities. Repeated blood samples showed severe lymphopenia. Immunophenotyping showed low T, B, and NK cells. No Treg cells were seen. T cell responses to stimulations were insufficient. The IL12/IL23 interferon gamma pathway was normal. Gamma globulin levels and vaccination responses were low. With this report, we aim to stress the importance of screening immunodeficiency in patients with RECQL4 mutations for immunodeficiency and the need to further research into its physiopathology.
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Valenza, Gaetano, Nicola Toschi, and Riccardo Barbieri. "Uncovering brain–heart information through advanced signal and image processing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2067 (May 13, 2016): 20160020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0020.
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Through their dynamical interplay, the brain and the heart ensure fundamental homeostasis and mediate a number of physiological functions as well as their disease-related aberrations. Although a vast number of ad hoc analytical and computational tools have been recently applied to the non-invasive characterization of brain and heart dynamic functioning, little attention has been devoted to combining information to unveil the interactions between these two physiological systems. This theme issue collects contributions from leading experts dealing with the development of advanced analytical and computational tools in the field of biomedical signal and image processing. It includes perspectives on recent advances in 7 T magnetic resonance imaging as well as electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and cerebrovascular flow processing, with the specific aim of elucidating methods to uncover novel biological and physiological correlates of brain–heart physiology and physiopathology.
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Ruiz-Real, José Luis, Bruno José Nievas-Soriano, and Juan Uribe-Toril. "Has Covid-19 Gone Viral? An Overview of Research by Subject Area." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120958368.
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When a pandemic outbreak occurs, it seems logical that related scientific production should increase substantially; however, it is important to recognize its interdisciplinary usefulness to find a solution to the problem. The main aim of this research is to analyse the main keywords of the scientific research about COVID-19, by subject area. To discover the influence of certain terms and their transferability, synergies, and future trends, a cluster analysis of the keywords was performed. The results show that Health Sciences dominate the publications with 88.23% of the total volume. As expected, the largest volume of research was dedicated to medical aspects of the disease, like experimental treatments, its physiopathology, or its respiratory syndrome. However, other fields, like Social Sciences (6.07%), Technology (2.68%), Physical Sciences (1.95%), and Arts and Humanities (1.08%), also played an important role in research on COVID-19.
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Milan, Alberto, Giulia Bruno, Ilaria Maffei, Andrea Iannaccone, Agnese Ravera, Domenica Schiavone, and Franco Veglio. "Arterial Hypertension and Multiple Myeloma: Physiopathology and Cardiovascular Risk and ‘Practical’ Indications in Patients Receiving Carfilzomib." Current Hypertension Reviews 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573402114666180611110547.
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The introduction of carfilzomib in the treatment of relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma has allowed a significant increase in survival. The most frequent adverse effect of Carfilzomib treatment is arterial hypertension, even though the exact physiopathological mechanism are still unclear. MM patients, on the other hand, often present significant cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Uncontrolled hypertension is frequently the cause of cardiovascular complications. It has been estimated that up to 50% of subjects in the general population are unaware of their hypertensive condition and only half of those who are aware of this risk factor present good control of blood pressure. Although the management of arterial hypertension is clearly important in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, and is well described by the current guidelines, no clear indications are provided on how to approach and treat specifically MM patients undergoing treatment with proteasome inhibitors. The aim of our work is to summarize a practical approach to the stratification of cardiovascular risk of hypertensive in patients who are candidates for or actively treated with carfilzomib for refractory multiple myeloma (MMR). MM patients eligible for carfilzomib treatment should preliminary undergo a careful cardiovascular risk stratification. Perspective studies will help to better identify the specific risk factors that should be considered and treated in these patients.
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Struillou, Xavier, Hervé Boutigny, Assem Soueidan, and Pierre Layrolle. "Experimental Animal Models in Periodontology: A Review." Open Dentistry Journal 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2010): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601004010037.
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In periodontal research, animal studies are complementary to in vitro experiments prior to testing new treatments. Animal models should make possible the validation of hypotheses and prove the safety and efficacy of new regenerating approaches using biomaterials, growth factors or stem cells. A review of the literature was carried out by using electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science). Numerous animal models in different species such as rats, hamsters, rabbits, ferrets, canines and primates have been used for modeling human periodontal diseases and treatments. However, both the anatomy and physiopathology of animals are different from those of humans, making difficult the evaluation of new therapies. Experimental models have been developed in order to reproduce major periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis), their pathogenesis and to investigate new surgical techniques. The aim of this review is to define the most pertinent animal models for periodontal research depending on the hypothesis and expected results.
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Pérez-García, Selene, Mar Carrión, Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas, Raúl Villanueva-Romero, David Castro, Carmen Martínez, Isidoro González-Álvaro, Francisco J. Blanco, Yasmina Juarranz, and Rosa P. Gomariz. "Profile of Matrix-Remodeling Proteinases in Osteoarthritis: Impact of Fibronectin." Cells 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010040.
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and specialized three-dimensional macromolecular network, present in nearly all tissues, that also interacts with cell surface receptors on joint resident cells. Changes in the composition and physical properties of the ECM lead to the development of many diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a chronic degenerative rheumatic disease characterized by a progressive loss of synovial joint function as a consequence of the degradation of articular cartilage, also associated with alterations in the synovial membrane and subchondral bone. During OA, ECM-degrading enzymes, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), cleave ECM components, such as fibronectin (Fn), generating fibronectin fragments (Fn-fs) with catabolic properties. In turn, Fn-fs promote activation of these proteinases, establishing a degradative and inflammatory feedback loop. Thus, the aim of this review is to update the contribution of ECM-degrading proteinases to the physiopathology of OA as well as their modulation by Fn-fs.
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Rossignol, Julien, Laura Polivka, Leila Maouche-Chrétien, Laurent Frenzel, Patrice Dubreuil, and Olivier Hermine. "Recent advances in the understanding and therapeutic management of mastocytosis." F1000Research 8 (November 22, 2019): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19463.1.
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Mastocytosis is a rare disease due to the abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various tissues. Its clinical presentation is heterogeneous depending on mast cell infiltration and mediators release. In some cases, it is associated with hematological malignancies. Prognosis varies from very good with a life expectancy similar to the general population in indolent forms of the disease to a survival time of just a few months in mast cell leukemia. Although in most cases a somatic KIT D816V mutation is found in tumor mast cells, the physiopathology of the disease is not yet fully understood. Additional germline and somatic mutations may explain this heterogeneity. Treatments aim at blocking effect of mast cell mediators, reducing mast cell activation and tumor burden. New drugs mainly directed against the tyrosine kinase activity of KIT have dramatically changed the quality of life and prognosis of mast cell diseases. Present and future therapeutic strategies are discussed in this review.
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Vidal-González, Judit, Sergi Quiroga, Macarena Simón-Talero, and Joan Genescà. "Spontaneous portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis: new approaches to an old problem." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 13 (January 2020): 175628482096128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756284820961287.
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Portal hypertension is the main consequence of liver cirrhosis, leading to severe complications such as variceal hemorrhage, ascites or hepatic encephalopathy. As an attempt to decompress the portal venous system, portal flow is derived into the systemic venous system through spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSSs), bypassing the liver. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the published reports in relation to the prevalence and physiopathology behind the appearance of SPSS in liver cirrhosis, as well as the complications derived from its formation and its management. The role of SPSS embolization is specifically discussed, as SPSSs have been assessed as a therapeutic target, mainly for patients with recurrent/persistent hepatic encephalopathy and preserved liver function. Furthermore, different aspects of the role of SPSS in liver transplantation, as well as in candidates for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are reviewed. In these settings, SPSS occlusion has been proposed to minimize possible deleterious effects, but results are so far inconclusive.
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Villa, TR, AR Correa Moutran, LA Sobirai Diaz, MM Pereira Pinto, FA Carvalho, AA Gabbai, and D. de Souza Carvalho. "Visual Attention in Children With Migraine: A Controlled Comparative Study." Cephalalgia 29, no. 6 (June 2009): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01767.x.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the visual attention of children with migraine and compare it with a control group. Thirty migrainous children and 30 controls without headache were subjected to a visual attention assessment with Trail Making Tests (TMT) A/B, Letter Cancellation Test, and the Brazilian computerized test Visual Attention Test, third edition. The migraine group was evaluated after 2 days without headache. The migraine group had an inferior performance compared with the control group on TMT A ( P = 0.03) and B ( P = 0.001), and more errors on tasks 1 ( P = 0.032) and 2 ( P = 0.015) of the Visual Attention Test, presenting difficulty with selective and alternate attention. Attention is a neurological function that depends on structures such as the brainstem, cerebral cortex and the limbic system and on neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline. The neurochemical aspects involved in the physiopathology of migraine and attention mechanisms probably predispose these children to visual attention deficits.
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Carmona-Calero, Emilia M., Juan M. González-Toledo, Leandro Castañeyra-Ruiz, Ibrahim González-Marrero, María Castañeyra-Ruiz, Héctor de Paz-Carmona, Agustín Castañeyra-Ruiz, Nélida Rancel-Torres, and Agustín Castañeyra-Perdomo. "Angiotensin II, Vasopressin, and Collagen-IV Expression in the Subfornical Organ in a Case of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH." Advances in Endocrinology 2014 (November 6, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/179795.
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The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disease characterized by hyponatremia and hyperosmolarity of urine where vasopressin and angiotensin II are implicated in the alteration of salt water balance and cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation. The aim of this study is to analyse the expression of substances related with cardiovascular and salt water regulation in the subfornical organ in a case of SIADH. Two brains, one taken from a 66-year-old man with SIADH and the other from a 63-year-old man without SIADH, were used. Immunohistochemical study was performed using anti-angiotensin II, anti-vasopressin, and anti-collagen-VI as primary antibodies. Angiotensin and vasopressin immunoreaction were found in neurons, in perivascular spaces, and in the ependymal layer in the subfornical organ in both cases. However, in the SIADH case, the angiotensin II and collagen-IV expression in the SFO were different suggesting this organ’s possible participation in the physiopathology of SIADH.
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Rabelo, Nícollas Nunes, Hamilton Matushita, and Daniel Dante Cardeal. "Traumatic brain lesions in newborns." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 75, no. 3 (March 2017): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20170016.
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ABSTRACT The neonatal period is a highly vulnerable time for an infant. The high neonatal morbidity and mortality rates attest to the fragility of life during this period. The incidence of birth trauma is 0.8%, varying from 0.2-2 per 1,000 births. The aim of this study is to describe brain traumas, and their mechanism, anatomy considerations, and physiopathology of the newborn traumatic brain injury. Methods A literature review using the PubMed data base, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, The Cochrane Database, Google Scholar, and clinical trials. Selected papers from 1922 to 2016 were studied. We selected 109 papers, through key-words, with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discussion This paper discusses the risk factors for birth trauma, the anatomy of the occipito-anterior and vertex presentation, and traumatic brain lesions. Conclusion Birth-related traumatic brain injury may cause serious complications in newborn infants. Its successful management includes special training, teamwork, and an individual approach.
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Ganceanu Rusu, Ana Roxana, Mititelu Liliana Tartau, Cristian Statescu, Mihaela Boanca, Vladimir Poroch, Raoul Vasile Lupusoru, Nicoleta Dima, et al. "Study of Dynamics of Immunobiochemical Parameters and Pharmacological Interferences in the Metabolic Syndrome." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 6 (July 15, 2018): 1493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.6.6353.
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The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a frequent disorder of the present age, with increased global prevalence, with complex etiopathogenesis and physiopathology, with great impact upon the patients, society and economy and which often is difficult to treat. The main aim of the study was the evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effects of associated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on blood pressure values and markers of oxidative stress in rats with MetS. Material and methods: 9 groups of 6 Wistar rats weighing between 150-200g with uniform gender distribution were subjected to cholesterol diet. During 4 weeks, their exercise capacities were analyzed over a 10-minute interval after administration of the test substances. Results: All groups who received cholesterol showed significant increases in serum cortisol. The group receiving Enalapril noted the highest levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Conclusions: Comparing the results obtained in this study with the literature, it was noted that the administration of ACE and / or NSAIDs significantly improves the process of chronic inflammation.
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Spallarossa, Marialuce, Carola Canevello, Francesca Silvestrini Biavati, and Nicola Laffi. "Surgical Orthodontic Treatment of an Impacted Canine in the Presence of Dens Invaginatus and Follicular Cyst." Case Reports in Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/643082.
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Introduction. “Dens invaginatus” is a dental anomaly which originates from the invagination of the ameloblastic epithelium into the lingual surface of the dental crown during the odontogenesis. It can cause early pulpal necrosis, abscesses, retention or dislocation of contiguous elements, cysts, and internal resorptions. It normally affects the upper lateral incisors. In the following study the authors will discuss the etiology, the physiopathology, and the surgical-orthodontic management of a rare case of impacted canine associated with dens invaginatus and follicular cyst, with the aim of highlighting the importance of taking any therapeutic decision based on the data available in the literature.Case Report. The present study describes a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment of an impacted canine associated with a lateral incisor (2.2) suffering from type III dens invaginatus with radicular cyst, in a 15-year-old patient.Discussion. When treating a dens invaginatus there are different therapeutic solutions: they depend on the gravity of the anomaly and on the association with the retention of a permanent tooth. The aesthetic and functional restoration becomes extremely important when performing a surgical-orthodontic repositioning.
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El Omari, Nasreddine, Karima Sayah, Saad Fettach, Omar El Blidi, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, My El Abbes Faouzi, Rabie Kamal, and Malika Barkiyou. "Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Aristolochia longa Extracts." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (April 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7384735.
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Oxidative stress plays a major role in diabetic physiopathology; hence, the interest of using natural antioxidants as therapeutic tools exists. The aim of this study was the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential of organic extracts from Aristolochia longa roots against key enzymes linked to hyperglycemia. Antioxidant activity was performed using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The α-Glucosidase and β-Galactosidase inhibitory activities were investigated using an in vitro model. Moreover, phytochemical analysis of tested extracts was carried out. The aqueous fraction of this herb exhibited the highest antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS methods, IC50=125.40±2.40 μg/mL and IC50=65.23±2.49 μg/mL, respectively. However, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the strongest inhibitory effect towards α-Glucosidase (IC50=1.112±0.026 mg/mL). Furthermore, the result showed high levels of phenolic content. The results showed that this plant could be a significant source of medically important natural compounds.
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Salviati, Massimo, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Giuseppe Valeriani, Amedeo Minichino, Roberta Panico, Graziella Francesca Romano, Filippo Mazzei, Valeria Testugini, Giancarlo Altissimi, and Giancarlo Cianfrone. "A Brain Centred View of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Tinnitus: From Otology to Hodology." Neural Plasticity 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/817852.
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Introduction. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are frequent among patients affected by tinnitus. There are mutual clinical influences between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders, as well as neurobiological relations based on partially overlapping hodological and neuroplastic phenomena. The aim of the present paper is to review the evidence of alterations in brain networks underlying tinnitus physiopathology and to discuss them in light of the current knowledge of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders.Methods. Relevant literature was identified through a search on Medline and PubMed; search terms included tinnitus, brain, plasticity, cortex, network, and pathways.Results. Tinnitus phenomenon results from systemic-neurootological triggers followed by neuronal remapping within several auditory and nonauditory pathways. Plastic reorganization and white matter alterations within limbic system, arcuate fasciculus, insula, salience network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, auditory pathways, ffrontocortical, and thalamocortical networks are discussed.Discussion. Several overlapping brain network alterations do exist between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. Tinnitus, initially related to a clinicoanatomical approach based on a cortical localizationism, could be better explained by an holistic or associationist approach considering psychic functions and tinnitus as emergent properties of partially overlapping large-scale neural networks.
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Leites, Elvira Pequeno, and Vanessa Alexandra Morais. "The PINK1-Mediated Crosstalk between Neural Cells and the Underlying Link to Parkinson’s Disease." Cells 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061395.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction has a fundamental role in the development of idiopathic and familiar forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial kinase PINK1, linked to familial PD, is responsible for diverse mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, ATP production, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and neuroinflammation. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, novel discoveries have brought forward the concept that a disruption in overall brain homeostasis may be the underlying cause of this neurodegeneration disease. To sustain this, astrocytes and microglia cells lacking PINK1 have revealed increased neuroinflammation and deficits in physiological roles, such as decreased wound healing capacity and ATP production, which clearly indicate involvement of these cells in the physiopathology of PD. PINK1 executes vital functions within mitochondrial regulation that have a detrimental impact on the development and progression of PD. Hence, in this review, we aim to broaden the horizon of PINK1-mediated phenotypes occurring in neurons, astrocytes and microglia and, ultimately, highlight the importance of the crosstalk between these neural cells that is crucial for brain homeostasis.
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Borges Rezende, Carlos Eduardo, Stephanie Rissio, William José Gilioti, and Morgana Moreno Boschi. "Intra and extracranial complications of middle earths: literature review." Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research 11, no. 2 (2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2019.11.00425.
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Otitis media (OM) has several forms and among the main are otitis media (AOM), OM with effusion and chronic otitis media (COM) (cholesteatomatous or not). For the most part, the OM progressed well, but there are risks of complications and sequelae. These are divided into extra and intracranial, the first being the most common, but less lethal. Among the extracranial are: labyrinthine fistula, subperiosteal abscess, mastoiditis, temporozigomatic abscess, Bezold's abscess, parapharyngeal abscess, facial palsy, petrositis and labyrinthitis. Among the intracranial are: meningitis, epidural abscess, subdural empyema, brain abscess, the sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis and otological hydrocephalus. The aim of this study is to identify the main complications of otitis media, distinguishing them from the incidence, degree of morbidity and mortality and analyze the development, management and treatment required for each entity. Brain abscess is the most common entity and subperiosteal abscess is the most common extracranial complication. Labyrinthine fistula occurs most often related to OMC. This has the physiopathology erosion of the bone covering the semicircular canal, usually the lateral semicircular canal. Labyrinthitis results from the spread of infection from the cochlear window membrane and can be presented in two ways: serous or suppurative labyrinthitis. The most common intracranial complication is meningitis, rarely associated with cholesteatoma and most often associated with AOM, of higher incidence in children. CT with contrast is the gold standard when you suspect any complications in patients with otitis media after undergoing a thorough history and physical examination. When the physician knows the possible complications and their signs and symptoms, the diagnosis is early and the prognosis best. Treatment of complications in general is based on patient hospitalization, myringotomy with culture and sensitivity, intravenous antibiotic therapy as early as possible and mastoidectomy in all cases related to COM or recurrent complications.
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Wiedemann, Arnaud, Abderrahim Oussalah, Élise Jeannesson, Jean-Louis Guéant, and Feillet François. "La phénylcétonurie." médecine/sciences 36, no. 8-9 (August 2020): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020127.
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Le pronostic de la phénylcétonurie (PCU) a été transformé par le dépistage néonatal et la prise en charge diététique via un apport contrôlé en phénylalanine. Ce traitement doit être suivi toute la vie durant, ce qui pose des problèmes de compliances importants. Un traitement médicamenteux par saproptérine (ou BH4) est venu apporter une aide à un pourcentage réduit de patients qui répondent à ce médicament. Une enzymothérapie par voie sous-cutanée est disponible aux États-Unis et a obtenue une AMM européenne, mais génère des effets secondaires importants, ce qui en limite l’efficacité. De nouvelles options thérapeutiques de la PCU sont actuellement en développement, en particulier par thérapie génique. Le but de cet article est de faire le point sur la physiopathologie et sur les différentes nouvelles modalités thérapeutiques actuellement en développement.
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Mesguich, Charles, Cyrille Hulin, Axelle Lascaux, Laurence Bordenave, Gerald Marit, and Elif Hindié. "Choline PET/CT in Multiple Myeloma." Cancers 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061394.
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The field of multiple myeloma (MM) imaging has evolved. The International Myeloma Working Group recently recommended performing 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose glucose (18FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with the aim of staging MM patients at baseline and evaluating response to therapy. Novel oncological radiotracers such as 11C-Choline and 18F-Fluorocholine, have been studied in comparison with 18FDG, mostly in MM patients presenting with refractory disease or suspected relapse. Choline-based tracers may overcome some limitations of 18FDG, which include a lack of sensitivity in depicting skull lesions and the fact that 10% of MM patients are FDG-negative. The majority of MM lesions display a higher uptake of Choline than FDG. Also, in many situations, Choline may offer better lesion visualization, with a higher tumor to background ratio; however, various patterns of Choline and FDG uptake have been observed in MM and some limitations, notably as regards liver lesions, should be recognized. Overall, Choline may provide additional detection of up to 75% more lesions. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the potential role of Choline in multiple myeloma, as compared to FDG, encompassing Choline physiopathology as well as data from clinical studies.
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Picher-Martel, Vincent, and Nicolas Dupre. "Current and Promising Therapies in Autosomal Recessive Ataxias." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 17, no. 3 (June 19, 2018): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180419115029.
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Background & Objective: Ataxia is clinically characterized by unsteady gait and imbalance. Cerebellar disorders may arise from many causes such as metabolic diseases, stroke or genetic mutations. The genetic causes are classified by mode of inheritance and include autosomal dominant, X-linked and autosomal recessive ataxias. Many years have passed since the description of the Friedreich's ataxia, the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, and mutations in many other genes have now been described. The genetic mutations mostly result in the accumulation of toxic metabolites which causes Purkinje neuron lost and eventual cerebellar dysfunction. Unfortunately, the recessive ataxias remain a poorly known group of diseases and most of them are yet untreatable. Conclusion: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive clinical profile and to review the currently available therapies. We overview the physiopathology, neurological features and diagnostic approach of the common recessive ataxias. The emphasis is also made on potential drugs currently or soon-to-be in clinical trials. For instance, promising gene therapies raise the possibility of treating differently Friedreich's ataxia, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Wilson's disease and Niemann-Pick disease in the next few years.
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Patra, PK, PK Khodiar, D. Sahu, and GK Sahu. "Alterations in Urinary Microalbumin and Serum Antioxidants in Sickle Cell Disease." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 20, no. 1 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0001.
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ABSTRACT Changes in the level of various biochemical parameters play a significant role in the physiopathology of sickle cell disease (SCD). The aim of this study is to determine the level of urinary micoalbumin and plasma level of ascorbic acid and uric acid in subjects suffering from sickle cell anemia. A total of 30 subjects consisting of both males and females whose age range varied from 10 to 30 years were included in the study. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio invariably increased in all studied subjects as compared with the control subjects. The level of ascorbic acid in the plasma significantly declined in SCD subjects when compared with that of control subjects (p < 0.05). Also, the decrease in level of uric acid in plasma of SCD patients was significant as compared with the control subjects. Significant changes in these biochemical parameters thus could be used as reliable markers in nephropathy in sickle cell patients and thus in the management of the disease. How to cite this article Patra PK, Khodiar PK, Sahu D, Sahu GK. Alterations in Urinary Microalbumin and Serum Antioxidants in Sickle Cell Disease. Indian J Med Biochem 2016;20(1):1-5.
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Ortiz-Guerrero, Gloria, Diana Amador-Muñoz, Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina, Daniel López-Fuentes, and Mauricio Orlando Nava Mesa. "Proton Pump Inhibitors and Dementia: Physiopathological Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences." Neural Plasticity 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5257285.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, mainly encompassing cognitive decline in subjects aged ≥65 years. Further, AD is characterized by selective synaptic and neuronal degeneration, vascular dysfunction, and two histopathological features: extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Dementia and AD are chronic neurodegenerative conditions with a complex physiopathology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Recent clinical studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with risk of dementia, including AD. However, a recent case-control study reported decreased risk of dementia. PPIs are a widely indicated class of drugs for gastric acid-related disorders, although most older adult users are not treated for the correct indication. Although neurological side effects secondary to PPIs are rare, several preclinical reports indicate that PPIs might increase Aβ levels, interact with tau protein, and affect the neuronal microenvironment through several mechanisms. Considering the controversy between PPI use and dementia risk, as well as both cognitive and neuroprotective effects, the aim of this review is to examine the relationship between PPI use and brain effects from a neurobiological and clinical perspective.
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Tundis, Rosa, Monica R. Loizzo, Marco Bonesi, Federica Menichini, FilomenaConforti, Giancarlo Statti, and Francesco Menichini. "Natural Products as Gastroprotective and Antiulcer Agents: Recent Developments." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 12 (December 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301234.
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Peptic ulcer, one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by ulceration in the regions of the upper gastrointestinal tract where parietal cells are found and where they secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin. The anatomical sites where ulcer occurs commonly are stomach and duodenum, causing gastric and duodenal ulcer, respectively. Physiopathology of ulcer is due to an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and local mucosal defensive factors, such as mucus bicarbonate, blood flow and prostaglandins. Several drugs are widely used to prevent or treat gastro-duodenal ulcers. These include H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and cytoprotectives. Due to problems associated with recurrence after treatment, there is therefore the need to seek alternative drug sources against ulcers. In recent years, a widespread search has been launched to identify new gastroprotective drugs from natural sources. The aim of the present review is to highlight the recent advances in current knowledge on natural products as gastroprotective and antiulcer agents and consider the future perspectives for the use of these compounds.
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Lévigne, D., M. Tobalem, A. Modarressi, and B. Pittet-Cuénod. "Hyperglycemia Increases Susceptibility to Ischemic Necrosis." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/490964.
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Diabetic patients are at risk for spontaneous foot ulcers, chronic wounds, infections, and tissue necrosis. Current theories suggest that the development and progression of diabetic foot ulcers are mainly caused by arteriosclerosis and peripheral neuropathy. Tissue necrosis plays a primordial role in the progression of diabetic foot ulcers but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hyperglycemiaper seon the susceptibility of ischemic tissue to necrosis, using a critical ischemic hind limb animal model. We inflicted the same degree of ischemia in both euglycemic and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats by resecting the external iliac, the femoral, and the saphenous arteries. Postoperative laser Doppler flowmetry of the ischemic feet showed the same degree of reduction in skin perfusion in both hyperglycemic and euglycemic animals. Nevertheless, we found a significantly higher rate of limb necrosis in hyperglycemic rats compared to euglycemic rats (71% versus 29%, resp.). In this study, we revealed that hyperglycemiaper seincreases the susceptibility to limb necrosis in ischemic conditions. Our results may help to better understand the physiopathology of progressive diabetic wounds and underline the importance of strict glycemic control in patients with critical limb ischemia.
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De Luca, Renata D., Daiane de B. Fraga, Fernando V. Ghedim, Janaína Kolling, Andrea G. K. Ferreira, Aline A. Cunha, Angela T. S. Wyse, and Alexandra I. Zugno. "Na+,K+-ATPase activity is increased in rats subjected to chronic administration of ketamine." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 23, no. 5 (October 2011): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00596.x.
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De Luca RD, Fraga DB, Ghedim FV, Kolling J, Ferreira AGK, Cunha AA, Wyse ATS, Zugno AI. Na+,K+-ATPase activity is increased in rats subjected to chronic administration of ketamine.Objective: Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into positive, negative and cognitive, and the physiopathology is still been unknown. Na+,K+-ATPase is a protein in its role as a maintainer of fluid balance in all mammals and alterations in this enzyme could cause brain abnormalities. The aim of our study was to investigate the activity of this enzyme in rats submitted to chronic administration of ketamine.Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to sub-anaesthetic doses of the 25 mg/kg ketamine by seven consecutive days and the Na+,K+-ATPase activity was analysed in prefrontal and hippocampus of rats.Results: We observed an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity in prefrontal cortex administration of 25 mg/kg ketamine. However, ketamine has no effect in hippocampus.Conclusion: This evidence indicates that the alteration in Na+,K+-ATPase may be related with glutamatergic system and consequently could be related to the development of schizophrenia.
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Bisogno, Tiziana, Anna Lauritano, and Fabiana Piscitelli. "The Endocannabinoid System: A Bridge between Alzheimer’s Disease and Gut Microbiota." Life 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090934.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia over time. The main clinical hallmarks of the disease (e.g., beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) begin during preclinical AD when cognitive deficits are not yet apparent. Hence, a more profound understanding of AD pathogenesis is needed to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the gut microbiome are increasingly emerging as important players in maintaining the general homeostasis and the health status of the host. However, their interaction has come to light just recently with gut microbiota regulating the eCB tone at both receptor and enzyme levels in intestinal and adipose tissues. Importantly, eCB system and gut microbiome, have been suggested to play a role in AD in both animal and human studies. Therefore, the microbiome gut-brain axis and the eCB system are potential common denominators in the AD physiopathology. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a general overview on the role of both the eCB system and the microbiome gut-brain axis in AD and to suggest possible mechanisms that underlie the potential interplay of these two systems.
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PIZZATTO, Ronaldo, Lucas Lopes RESENDE, Carlos Felipe Teixeira LOBO, Yuri Costa Sarno NEVES, José Albino da PAZ, César Augusto Pinheiro Ferreira ALVES, Claudia da Costa LEITE, and Leandro Tavares LUCATO. "Arteriopathy in pediatric stroke: an underestimated clinical entity." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 79, no. 4 (April 2021): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0105.
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ABSTRACT Background: Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), which was thought to be a rare disorder, is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of neurological morbidity, thanks to new advances in neuroimaging. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the main etiologies of stroke due to arteriopathy in children. Methods: Using a series of cases from our institution, we addressed its epidemiological aspects, physiopathology, imaging findings from CT, MR angiography, MR conventional sequences and MR DWI, and nuclear medicine findings. Results: Through discussion of the most recent classification for childhood AIS (Childhood AIS Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation, CASCADE), we propose a modified classification based on the anatomical site of disease, which includes vasculitis, varicella, arterial dissection, moyamoya, fibromuscular dysplasia, Takayasu's arteritis and genetic causes (such as ACTA-2 mutation, PHACE syndrome and ADA-2 deficiency). We have detailed each of these separately. Conclusions: Prompt recognition of AIS and thorough investigation for potential risk factors are crucial for a better outcome. In this scenario, neurovascular imaging plays an important role in diagnosing AIS and identifying children at high risk of recurrent stroke.
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Muñoz-Prieto, Alberto, Damián Escribano, María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar, Anita Horvatić, Nicolas Guillemin, Stine Jacobsen, José Joaquín Cerón, and Vladimir Mrljak. "Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) Proteomic Analysis of Saliva in Horses with Acute Abdominal Disease." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051304.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) using a tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. The saliva samples from eight horses with AAD were compared with six healthy horses in the proteomic study. Additionally, saliva samples from eight horses with AAD and eight controls were used to validate lactoferrin (LF) in saliva. The TMT analysis quantified 118 proteins. Of these, 17 differed significantly between horses with AAD and the healthy controls, 11 being downregulated and 6 upregulated. Our results showed the downregulation of gamma-enteric smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), latherin isoform X1, and LF. These proteins could be closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa. In addition, there was an upregulation of mucin 19 (MUC19) and the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) associated with a protective effect during inflammation. The proteins identified in our study could have the potential to be novel biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring the physiopathology of the disease, especially LF, which decreased in the saliva of horses with AAD and was successfully measured using a commercially available immunoassay.
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Gaujac, Cristiano, and Regiane Cristina Amaral. "Neurological manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms of Covid-19." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v10i7.5460.
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Background - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel, highly infectious coronavirus and the etiologic agent of Covid-19. The course of Covid-19 can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening symptoms, especially when comorbidities are present. Increasing studies have reinforced the association between SARS-CoV-2 and various neurological manifestations, although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. Objective - The aim of this paper was to briefly describe current findings on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and major CNS and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestations. Methods and Material - This work consists of a literature review based on the study of academic papers. To this end, the Pubmed platform was used to search for scientific articles, using the keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, physiopathology, neuronal symptoms. Results - out of 114,660 articles found, 94 were selected for this review. Conclusions - Periodic reviews collaborate in the constant updating and summarization of findings. Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 on the SN and the link between the systems may lead to earlier and earlier diagnoses of neurological involvement, guide therapeutic management, prevent sequelae, and preserve lives.
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León-Navarro, David Agustín, José Luis Albasanz, and Mairena Martín. "Functional Cross-Talk between Adenosine and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors." Current Neuropharmacology 17, no. 5 (April 5, 2019): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x16666180416093717.
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G-protein coupled receptors are transmembrane proteins widely expressed in cells and their transduction pathways are mediated by controlling second messenger levels through different G-protein interactions. Many of these receptors have been described as involved in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases and even considered as potential targets for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. Endogenous and synthetic allosteric and orthosteric selective ligands are able to modulate GPCRs at both gene and protein expression levels and can also modify their physiological function. GPCRs that coexist in the same cells can homo- and heteromerize, therefore, modulating their function. Adenosine receptors are GPCRs which stimulate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity through Gi/Gs protein and are involved in the control of neurotransmitter release as glutamate. In turn, metabotropic glutamate receptors are also GPCRs which inhibit adenylyl cyclase or stimulate phospholipase C activities through Gi or Gq proteins, respectively. In recent years, evidence of crosstalk mechanisms between different GPCRs have been described. The aim of the present review was to summarize the described mechanisms of interaction and crosstalking between adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors, mainly of group I, in both in vitro and in vivo systems, and their possible use for the design of novel ligands for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Korgali, Esat, Gokce Dundar, Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Melih Akyol, Yusuf Tutar, Semih Ayan, Gokhan Gokce, and Emin Yener Gultekin. "Effect of Strontium Chloride on Experimental Bladder Inflammation in Rat." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369292.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Strontium salts are anti-irritants for chemically induced sensory irritation. Interstitial cystitis is a painful disease without definitive therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of strontium in bladder with experimental interstitial cystitis model. Material and Methods. Rats’ bladders in control group were instilled with NaCl. Second group was instilled with E. coli LPS. Third group was instilled with strontium. Fourth group was initially instilled with strontium and then LPS. Fifth group was instilled with LPS initially and then strontium. Urine of rats was collected at the beginning and end of the study. Results. Histamine and TNF-α changes were statistically significant in the second group but were not significant in the third group. When we compared the histamine levels of second via fourth and fifth groups the changes were statistically not significant. When we compared the TNF-α levels of second via fourth and fifth groups the changes were statistically significant. Conclusions. In our model, strontium did not make any significant changes in histopathology or histamine levels; however, it significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α. Given the role of TNF-α in the physiopathology of interstitial cystitis, these results suggested that further studies are required to evaluate the potential use of strontium in the management of interstitial cystitis.
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Peric, Adriana, Jürgen Weiss, Nicolas Vulliemoz, David Baud, and Milos Stojanov. "Bacterial Colonization of the Female Upper Genital Tract." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143405.
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Bacteria colonize most of the human body, and the female genital tract is not an exception. While the existence of a vaginal microbiota has been well established, the upper genital tract has been considered a sterile environment, with a general assumption that bacterial presence is associated with adverse clinical manifestation. However, recent metagenomic studies identified specific patterns of microbiota colonizing the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and placenta. These results need confirmation and further investigations since the data are only scarce. Bacterial colonization of these sites appears different from the vaginal one, despite evidence that vaginal bacteria could ascend to the upper genital tract through the cervix. Are these bacteria only commensal or do they play a role in the physiology of the female upper genital tract? Which are the genera that may have a negative and a positive impact on the female reproductive function? The aim of this review is to critically present all available data on upper genital tract microbiota and discuss its role in human reproduction, ranging from the technical aspects of these types of analyses to the description of specific bacterial genera. Although still very limited, research focusing on genital colonization of bacteria other than the vaginal milieu might bring novel insights into physiopathology of human reproduction.
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Chambost, Hervé, Christine Biron-Andreani, Pierre-Emmanuel Morange, Christophe Combescure, Alain Marques-Verdier, Claire Berger, Jean-François Schved, et al. "Prevalence and epitope specificity of non-neutralising antibodies in a large cohort of haemophilia A patients without inhibitors." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 105, no. 06 (2011): 954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th10-10-0668.
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SummaryAntibodies (inhibitors and non-neutralising antibodies [NNA]) directed against factor VIII (FVIII) remain the main iatrogenic complication in haemophilia A (HA) patients. Inhibitors reduce FVIII procoagulant properties, whereas NNA are directed against non-functional epitopes. NNA are poorly studied and their prevalence, epitope specificity and physiopathology inadequately defined. The aim of this study was first to evaluate NNA prevalence in a French retrospective multicentric series of 210 patients without inhibitors, then to determine their epitope specificity (against the heavy chain [HC] or the light chain [LC] of FVIII) and particularly to assess the prevalence of anti-B domain NNA using specifically designed x-MAP assays. NNA occurred in 18.1% of patients (38/210) and their prevalence was not influenced by the severity of the disease. Among the 38 patients with NNA, 73.7% had anti-FVIII Abs against the HC, 13.2% against the LC and 13.2% had anti-FVIII Abs against both chains. There is thus a clear immuno-dominance of the HC of FVIII in the epitope profile of NNA, whatever the severity of HA. The proportion of NNA that recognised the B domain was 18.4% (n=7/38). A multivariate analysis did not highlight differences in NNA occurrence between patients treated with recombinant FVIII or with plasma-derived FVIII (19.6% vs. 14.9%, p=0.53).
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Acosta-Cota, Selene de Jesús, Elsa Maribel Aguilar-Medina, Rosalio Ramos-Payán, Ana Karen Ruiz-Quiñónez, José Geovanni Romero-Quintana, Julio Montes-Avila, José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado, Araceli Sánchez-López, David Centurión, and Ulises Osuna-Martínez. "Histopathological and biochemical changes in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-sucrose diet at different times." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 97, no. 1 (January 2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0353.
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The high intake of sweetened drinks is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. These pathologies are directly related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a condition of metabolic syndrome (MS). Due to their increasing worldwide prevalence, experimental animal models have been developed to gain a better understanding of its physiopathology; notwithstanding, few studies have evaluated its progression in association with MS and ingestion of sweetened drinks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the pathophysiologic characteristics of NAFLD related to sucrose concentration and time of ingestion in rats. Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups with free access to either tap water or 30% sucrose, and euthanized at 12, 16, or 20 weeks; and 2 additional groups were given free access to either 40% or 50% sucrose and were euthanized at 20 weeks. Biochemical parameters and levels of serum cytokines were measured, and histology was performed. Ingestion of 30% sucrose induced liver steatosis until 16 weeks (grade 2) and 20 weeks (grade 3). Meanwhile, during 20 weeks, 40% sucrose induced grade 5 of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 50% sucrose induced grade 6 of NASH and fibrosis. This study demonstrated that increasing time of induction and concentration of sucrose ingestion resulted in a higher grade of NAFLD.
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Donati, Abele, Roberta Domizi, Elisa Damiani, Erica Adrario, Paolo Pelaia, and Can Ince. "From Macrohemodynamic to the Microcirculation." Critical Care Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/892710.
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ICU patients need a prompt normalization of macrohemodynamic parameters. Unfortunately, this optimization sometimes does not protect patients from organ failure development. Prevention or treatment of organ failure needs another target to be pursued: the microcirculatory restoration. Microcirculation is the ensemble of vessels of maximum 100 m in diameter. Nowadays the Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging technique allows its bedside investigation and a recent round-table conference established the criteria for its evaluation. First, microcirculatory derangements have been studied in sepsis: they are mainly characterized by a reduction of vessel density, an alteration of flow, and a heterogeneous distribution of perfusion. Endothelial malfunction and glycocalyx rupture were proved to be the main reasons for the observed microthrombi, capillary leakage, leukocyte rolling, and rouleaux phenomenon, even if further studies are necessary for a better explanation. Therapeutic approaches targeting microcirculation are under investigation. Microcirculatory alterations have been recently demonstrated in other diseases such as hypovolemia and cardiac failure but this issue still needs to be explored. The aim of this paper is to gather the already known information, focus the reader’s attention on the importance of microvascular physiopathology in critical illness, and prompt him to actively participate to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.