Academic literature on the topic 'Armenian genocide'
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Journal articles on the topic "Armenian genocide"
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Tatoyan, Robert. "The Issues of the Number of Western Armenians and Ethnic Composition of the Population of Western Armenia at Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)." International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 6, no. 1 (November 13, 2021): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0015.
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References to the issues of the number of Western Armenians and the ratio of Armenians to other ethnic groups in Western Armenia on the eve of the Armenian Genocide occupy a special place in the context of processes related to drafting a peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire and Armenia’s delineation after WWI. These issues were tackled by diverse Armenian official and non-official organizations struggling for the formation of an integral Armenian state, as well as Turkish authorities manipulating, inter alia, also demographic arguments against the Armenian claim for Western Armenia and the Entente Powers (particularly the United States of America and Great Britain) needing statistical data for deciding the fate of the Ottoman Empire. In the post-war processes the long-distance controversy of the Armenian and Turkish sides over the issues in question can be figuratively characterized as one of the stages – “battles” of the “statistical war” that emerged after 1878, i.e. following the entry of the Armenian Question into the international diplomatic agenda. This article aims to present and analyse the statistics on the number of Western Armenians and the ratio of Armenians in Western Armenia to other ethnic groups on the eve of the Armenian Genocide presented by Armenian and Turkish delegations at Paris Peace Conference, as well as data circulated by the US and British diplomacy. It will try to explain the connection between the delineation of Armenia and the number of Western Armenians, the demographic composition of Western Armenia on the eve of the Armenian Genocide. The calculations of the number of Western Armenians have had a certain effect on deliberations around demarcation of the border between the Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire in the context of post-war world regulation.
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Papazian, Sabrina. "The Cost of Memorializing: Analyzing Armenian Genocide Memorials and Commemorations in the Republic of Armenia and in the Diaspora." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.534.
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In April of 1965 thousands of Armenians gathered in Yerevan and Los Angeles, demanding global recognition of and remembrance for the Armenian Genocide after fifty years of silence. Since then, over 200 memorials have been built around the world commemorating the victims of the Genocide and have been the centre of hundreds of marches, vigils and commemorative events. This article analyzes the visual forms and semiotic natures of three Armenian Genocide memorials in Armenia, France and the United States and the commemoration practices that surround them to compare and contrast how the Genocide is being memorialized in different Armenian communities. In doing so, this article questions the long-term effects commemorations have on an overall transnational Armenian community. Ultimately, it appears that calls for Armenian Genocide recognition unwittingly categorize the global Armenian community as eternal victims, impeding the development of both the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora.
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Geukjian, Ohannes. "The Politicization of the Environmental Issue in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh's Nationalist Movement in the South Caucasus 1985–1991." Nationalities Papers 35, no. 2 (May 2007): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990701254334.
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This research examines and analyzes how the politicization of the environmental issue in Armenia led to the emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh (N-K) nationalist movement in Azerbaijan as the USSR went into terminal decline in 1991. It is important to stress that the Karabakh movement that emerged in Armenia in February 1988 with a clear agenda on serious ecological problems escalated quickly in the subsequent weeks and months to demand the preservation of the cultural identity of Karabakh Armenians in Azerbaijan. Air pollution of Yerevan, Ashdarag, Yegheknatsor, and later Sdepanavan and Ghapan was a significant threat to the existence of the Armenian people. For the Armenians, air pollution was ecological genocide, and cultural discrimination against Karabakh Armenians was cultural genocide. The Armenians associated ecological and cultural genocides with the 1915 genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenian nation. This study shows that initially the Karabakh movement did not have political goals. However, as it intensified with an enormous consciousness it transformed to a nationalist movement with a political and ecological agenda. This study also analyzes ethnic mobilization by activists in Armenia and the emergence of the N-K nationalist movement from 1985 to 1991 in light of Soviet nationalities policy and the window of opportunity caused by the political transformation at the center (Moscow). The activists of the environmental and nationalist movements were the same.
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Goekjian, Gregory F. "Diaspora and Denial: The Holocaust and the “Question” of the Armenian Genocide." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1998): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.7.1.3.
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The Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide have been considered comparable events ever since the term “genocide,” coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1944, was used at Nuremberg. The comparison leads to the recognition of differences between the two genocides, differences often used by revisionist historians to deny the very substance of genocide to the Armenian case. I want to argue that these differences are real, but that they are structural, not substantive, and that the impact of structural difference may be understood through an examination of the relationship among modern historiography, genocide, and diasporization. Put simply, the Holocaust constituted a symbolic end to the Jewish diaspora, whereas the Genocide is the symbolic origin of the Armenian diaspora. In actuality, of course, an enormous and powerful Jewish diaspora remains after the Holocaust, and Armenia had a significant diaspora for centuries before the Genocide. But whereas the Holocaust resulted in the creation of a concentrated, modern center for Jewish historical discourse, the Armenian Genocide erased that center, creating a “nation” that has had to exist in exile and memory—in diaspora
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Gzoyan, Edita. "The League of Nations and Armenian Refugees. The Formation of the Armenian Diaspora in Syria." Central Eastern European Review 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/caeer-2014-0004.
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Abstract The League of Nations played an important role in securing the Armenian community after the 1915 genocide of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey. Nonetheless, the Armenian Question, which had a definite political accent during the First and Second Assembly of the League of Nations, remained unresolved. Afterwards, the League reformulated its policy towards the Armenian case, which involved an explicit shift from a political to a humanitarian point of view. The humanitarian actions had a number of different aspects: the liberation of the Armenian Genocide survivors from Turkish and Islamic institutions, the provision of Nansen passports to Armenian refugees, the settlement of Armenian refugees in Soviet Armenia and the establishment of Armenian communities in Syria and Lebanon. This article touches upon these initiatives, concentrating on the settlement of the Armenians in Syria. The League of Nations elaborated a massive program for the settlement of Armenian refugees there, which laid a foundation for the establishment of the huge Armenian diaspora in that country.
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Marsoobian, Armen T. "Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh." Genocide Studies International 15, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi-2023-0009.
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The propaganda efforts of the authoritarian Aliyev regime in Baku and the general Western ignorance of the history of the South Caucasus have contributed to the lack of meaningful response to the genocidal aggression that Azerbaijan has inflicted on the indigenous Armenians of Artsakh, known to many as Nagorno-Karabakh. The humanitarian crisis created by the Azeri blockade of the Lachin Corridor is only the most recent step in a process of cleansing the region of its Armenian population, a process that began in the early years of the twentieth century. The Ottoman Turkish genocide of Armenians in 1915–1923 is not a distinct event of the past but a process whose ideology is central to the Azeri-Turkish genocidal violence perpetrated against Armenians in the present. An integral component of the processes of genocide is cultural heritage destruction as noted by Raphael Lemkin. The erasure of most signs of the indigenous Armenian presence on its historic homeland was particularly pronounced in the decades following the Armenian Genocide and continues today. Cultural erasure went hand in hand with Turkish state genocide denial and the rewriting and mythologizing of its national narrative. Azerbaijan has been following a similar playbook since the collapse of the Soviet Union. These genocidal processes of denial, heritage destruction, and the rewriting of history are what I describe as “genocide by other means.”
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I, Aram. "The Armenian Genocide: From Recognition to Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01401001.
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For centuries prior to the Armenian Genocide the Armenian Church was the spiritual, cultural, and social center of Armenian life in the Ottoman Empire. The genocide attacked the Church in order to destroy the broader community. The Church suffered greatly in the Genocide. Still of major concern today, is the expropriation and neglect of the Church’s extensive property in modern-day Turkey. The churches, other buildings and the lands on which they sit have tremendous importance to Armenians around the world. They are necessary to the functioning and recovery of the Armenian Church that is central to Armenian life and identity. As part of a reparations process for Armenians, the return of Church properties is crucial and is justified.
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Yonucu, Deniz, and Talin Suciyan. "From the Ottoman Empire to Post-1923." Critical Times 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-8517751.
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Abstract The author of The Armenians in Modern Turkey, historian Talin Suciyan, puts the Armenian genocide survivors at the center of her research to provide a new perspective on the history of the Turkish Republic. Suciyan analyzes the experiences and lives of its Armenian population several decades after the genocide. In this interview, Deniz Yonucu speaks with Suciyan on her research and innovative anthrohistorical approach to understanding the paths that led to the annihilation of Armenians, the effects of the genocide in modern Turkey, and the importance of focusing attention on the experiences of survivors after catastrophic experiences of genocides. The survivor as described in this interview is neither a wretched of the earth, who is forced to live a tortured life, nor a subaltern whose voice cannot acquire speech. The survivor instead is an existence whose past, present and future is constantly denied, and therefore robbed from her.
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Poghosyan, Narek. "Eliticide: The Main Examples." Ցեղասպանագիտական հանդես 10, no. 1 (May 20, 2022): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/jgs.0026.
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The issue of the annihilation of the elite and the intelligentsia plays an important role in the context of genocides, massacres, as well as the deprivation and control of the intellectual potential of a given nation or state. There have been cases throughout history, when elites have been deliberately targeted in order to exterminate different racial, ethnic, religious groups or commit cultural genocide. Due to this circumstance the topic received the attention of the author of the term “Genocide” Raphael Lemkin, who considered the destruction of the intelligentsia and the elite from the social, physical and cultural aspects of genocide. However, it is interesting, that the destruction of the intelligentsia and the elite did not receive a specific definition for a long time until the term “eliticide” or “elitocide” was introduced in 1992. And since the phenomenon of eliticide is comparatively little studied, in this article we tried to present and to analyze its most obvious examples – the destruction of the elite of the Armenian intelligentsia during the Armenian Genocide, the eliticide carried out by Nazi Germany in Poland, as well as cases of eliticide in Tibet, Cambodia, Burundi, Bangladesh, Bosnia. The extermination of the elite during the Armenian Genocide was widespread, although the most famous is the arrest and murder of Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople on April 24 1915. And the peculiarity of this genocide is that the eliticide was an integral part of the extermination of Armenians on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, therefore it is considered as a separate stage of the genocide. And unlike the eliticide committed during the Armenian Genocide, the extermination of the elite in Poland, Tibet, Burundi, Bangladesh and Bosnia was not in the context of the complete annihilation of the targeted ethnic or religious group, but in the context of erasing the identity of the group and cultural genocide. And the extermination of the intelligentsia during the Cambodian genocide was more in the context of the anti-intellectual campaign.
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Gasparyan, Naira. "Armenian Genocide Prerequisites in Travel Memoirs (With special reference to Noel Buxton and Harold Buxton’s accounts)." Armenian Folia Anglistika 13, no. 1-2 (17) (October 16, 2017): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2017.13.1-2.187.
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The findings of our linguocognitive research on a sound historical perspective establish a number of undeniable facts which will elucidate the situation of Armenians in Western Armenia in the pre-genocidal period.
The linguistic material of Noel and Harold Buxtons’ accounts for the British Parliament, Travel and Politics in Armenia, published in 1914, has been studied with the application of a set of methods and approaches: the cognitive method of investigation combined with those of linguostylistic and linguocultural analyses on the extralinguistic basis and the method of purposive sampling. The book is an undeniable source of eyewitness facts which confirm the existing prerequisites for the 1915 Armenian genocide.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Armenian genocide"
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Harris, Jason. "Stumbling blocks geopolitics, the Armenian genocide, and the American Jewish community /." Waltham, Mass. : Brandeis University, 2008. http://dcoll.brandeis.edu/handle/10192/22928.
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Vartabedian, Sarah Balthrop V. William. "Commemoration of an assassin representing the Armenian Genocide /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1338.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Communication." Discipline: Communication Studies; Department/School: Communication Studies.
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Kateb, Vahe Georges. "Australian press coverage of the Armenian genocide, 1915-1923." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/215/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wollongong, 2003.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 13, 2005). Ill., maps, and facsims. in print version are lacking in electronic version. Includes bibliographical references.
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Herron, Michael Francis. "Denial of the Armenian genocide in American and French politics." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/29892/.
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The dissertation seeks to address three sets of questions: Why have the United States and France become involved in the issue of the Armenian genocide several decades after the genocide? How and why do the American and French debates have different outcomes? What conclusions can be drawn from these differences? It examines how the unresolved conflict between the competing Turkish narrative of denial and the Armenian narrative affirming the reality of the genocide has led the Armenian diaspora and the Turkish state to influence political actors in the United States and France to support their arguments for and against the reality of the genocide. This thesis focuses on the debates in the United States in 2007 and 2010 on a Congressional Resolution to recognise the genocide. It also traces the progress of French legislation from French official recognition of the genocide in 2001 to the passage of legislation to criminalise denial of the Armenian genocide in 2012, ultimately ruled unconstitutional by the French Constitutional Council. The contribution to knowledge this thesis makes is to demonstrate that recognition of genocide is a political question that involves more than the perpetrators and victims. Just as genocide does not only involve these two actors, recognition of genocide also involves other states and societies. Just as bystander states have to think about what they do when a genocide is being perpetrated when it comes to recognition they have to evaluate what to do, particularly when they have been involved from the outset.
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McParland, Janet. "The Social Functions of Memory and the International Politics of Recognition: The Case of the Armenian Genocide." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42214.
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Turkish denial of the Armenian Genocide is the most persistent case of institutionalized genocide denial in recorded history (Stanton, 2010). Through conducting a multimodal critical discourse analysis based on Foucauldian theories of power and exploring the socio-political dimensions of cultural trauma, memory, and photography, this thesis examines genocide denial in the case of the Armenian Genocide and seeks to understand why the ways in which we choose to remember the past matters. Genocide denial provides a compelling case for identifying how discourses legitimize power, politically, judicially, and globally. By applying a highly theoretical lens, I will consider how history is a highly political project of memory upheld by systems of power, while considering the role of eyewitness narration and documentation. It is in this tension between postmodern conceptualization of the regulatory function of discourse and the existence of historical fact that my thesis situates itself. My research will be informed primarily by Foucauldian (1982, 1995, 2003) theories of power and discourse; the unique role of witness photography in times of atrocity (P. Balakian, 2015; Batchen & Prosser, 2012; Clarke, 1997); and theories of trauma and memory (Alexander, 2004; Halbwachs & Coser, 1992; Herman, 1997; Wertsch & Roediger III, 2008).
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Maslo, Ron. "The Armenian Diaspora Influencing International Relations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43342.
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This thesis explores the Armenian diaspora’s behavior concerning the issue of recognition of the Armenian genocide through lobbying within the US and EU. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to grasp a deepened understanding of diasporic lobbying, while focusing on the Armenian case, as a case enabling further scholarly deepening for the field of IR. In order to achieve an understanding of the Armenian diaspora, the appropriated behavior through lobbying and the trajectorial changes concerning the recognition of the Armenian genocide, the paper puts forward historical process tracing, comparative research and qualitative content analysis. These methods are utilized as a means for tracing the events contributing to the construction of the diaspora. They also establish the lobby’s influence on ‘host-states’ and the understanding of internalized norms granting policy changes for the cause of recognizing the Armenian genocide, this is done through the concepts of identity, norms and recognition.
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Yacoubian, Hrag. "North American nurses' transnational relief efforts during the Armenian Genocide of 1915 -1923." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62995.
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During the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923, nurses from the United States of America and Canada traveled to Turkey, Armenia and the surrounding region to render humanitarian assistance to the victims and survivors of the Turkish atrocities. Yet, there is inadequate knowledge on the important roles these nurses played and their experiences and motivations are not fully understood. This thesis aims to add new historical knowledge to existing literature about transnational and humanitarian relief work by North American nurses, to shed light on larger social trends and human experiences and to expand our historical understanding of the Armenian Genocide through their encounters with victims, refugees and orphans.
This thesis explored the past editions of the American Journal of Nursing, the Canadian Nurse and The Globe from 1915 to1923. The findings revealed that North American nurses were significantly involved in humanitarian and relief efforts in very difficult circumstances during the Armenian Genocide. They were functioning under mostly secular organizations, such as the American Red Cross, and the Near East Relief, yet often they were significantly influenced by their Protestant Christian backgrounds. Despite the tremendous hardship encountered, many nurses chose to remain in Turkey and to serve those in need of their relief efforts. US and Canadian nurses worked together and in close proximity and their humanitarianism was transnational in nature. In addition to relief work, the nurses established nursing schools and hospitals, which served both as source of help and new resources for education and employment for Armenian survivors. The thesis concludes with recommendations for future studies involving documents to expand upon the beginning of the understanding North American nurses’ involvement and the meaning of transnational relationships during the Armenian Genocide.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
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Taylor, Jessica L. "Through the Eyes of the Post: American Media Coverage of the Armenian Genocide." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1862.
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Many historians refer to the Armenian Genocide of 1915 as the first genocide of the twentieth century. In the context of the first global war, the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire were systematically persecuted and many eliminated while the world watched. Yet today, American memory and conception of the Armenian Genocide is remarkably different from similar historical events such as the Holocaust. The Armenian Genocide and America's reaction to it is a forgotten event in American memory.
In an attempt to better understand this process of forgetting, this thesis analyzes the Washington Post's news coverage of the Armenian Genocide. By cataloguing, categorizing, and analysizing this news coverage, this thesis suggests Americans had sufficient information about the events and national reaction to it to form a memory. Therefore, the reasons for twenty-first century collective loss of memory in the minds of Americans must be traced to other sources.
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Camarero, Artur Attarian Cardoso. "No relógio 19:15, passados mais de 100 anos em guerra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-05042018-121946/.
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Esta dissertação de início trata das particularidades do processo de mobilização pelo trabalho da imigração armênia no Distrito de Presidente Altino, localizado no município de Osasco, em relação com a capital paulista. Esse processo tem como referencial histórico de mobilização o Genocídio Armênio perpetrado pelo Império Otomano durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), intepretada aqui a partir da mobilização geral (Gaudemar, 1981), momento histórico em que todos os esforços estão voltados para a produção, fazendo da guerra uma constante necessária à acumulação de capitais. Tentamos problematizar os desdobramentos históricos da relação social capitalista que foram transformando os sentidos da acumulação de capitais ao longo do século XX, bem como a dinâmica das personificações daí resultantes, até o contemporâneo capitalismo baseado na reprodução ficctícia do valor. Partindo da pesquisa histórica de trajetórias de mobilização aliada a observações feitas em trabalhos de campo, foram realizadas viagens à Argentina, Uruguai no intuito de apresentar as contradições perceptíveis entre a identidade armênia dessas localidades visitadas e a identidade observada em viagem à Armênia.This dissertation deals with the particularities of the process of mobilization for the work of Armenian immigration in the District of Presidente Altino, located in the municipality of Osasco, in relation to the capital of São Paulo. This process has as a historical reference for mobilization the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire during World War I (1914-1918), interpreted here using the concept of general mobilization (Gaudemar, 1981), historical moment in which all the efforts are directed to the production, requiring constant war to the accumulation of capital. We have tried to problematize the historical unfoldings of the capitalist social relationship that have been transforming the meanings of capital accumulation throughout the twentieth century, as well as the dynamics of the personifications resulting therefrom reaching the contemporary capitalism based on the fictional reproduction of value. Starting from the historical research of mobilization trajectories allied to observations made in field research. Travels were made to Argentina, Uruguay in order to present the perceptible contradictions between the Armenian identity of these visited localities and the identity observed during the travel to Armenia.
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Smythe, Dana Renee. "Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0625101-231057/unrestricted/smythe0720.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Armenian genocide"
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Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. The Armenian Genocide. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21955-1.
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Yeghiayan, Eddie. The Armenian genocide. Città del Vaticano: Libreria editrice vaticana, 2015.
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Demirdjian, Alexis, ed. The Armenian Genocide Legacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56163-3.
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America, Armenian Assembly of, ed. Armenian genocide resource guide. Washington, D.C. (122 C St., NW, Suite 350, Washington 20001): Armenian Assembly of America, 1988.
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Kühne, Thomas, Mary Jane Rein, and Marc A. Mamigonian, eds. Documenting the Armenian Genocide. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3.
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Ternon, Yves. The Armenians: History of a genocide. 2nd ed. Delmar, N.Y: Caravan Books, 1990.
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Adalian, Rouben Paul. Remembering and understanding the Armenian genocide. Yerevan, Armenia: National Commission of the Republic of Armenia on the 80th Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide, 1995.
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Papazian, Edgar. Scaleless: Approaching the Armenian genocide. Portland, OR: Edgar Papazian, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Armenian genocide"
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Theriault, Henry C. "Taner Akçam as Scholar-Activist and Armenian-Turkish Relations." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 211–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_11.
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AbstractAn important debate in the field of comparative genocide studies emerged about 15 years ago. Should scholars of genocide disconnect themselves from the political and even ethical dimensions of engagement with past genocides and prevention of future genocides? In other words, does being a proper scholar require disinterest, or is it permissible—and even laudable—for a scholar of genocide to take ethical stands and to advocate for intervention against ongoing genocides, justice—however defined—for past cases, and prevention of genocide in the future?The stakes were very high and, as in any academic context, there were numerous factors, possibly including personal ones. Nonetheless, the question of whether scholarship must be engaged or disinterested precipitated a rupture in the membership of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) and led to the formation of the International Network of Genocide Scholars (INoGS) in the mid-2000s. The latter group espoused the view that activist scholarship favoring a particular ethical, policy, or related position, is necessarily tainted by the scholar’s agenda and thus poor scholarship. Many in the former group maintained the position that not taking ethical and policy stands on issues of justice for past genocides, intervention against ongoing genocides or processes that are leading to genocide, and prevention of future genocides is in effect to act as bystanders. Their silence, moreover, enables ongoing and future genocides and perpetuates the suffering of victims of past genocides and the denials and lack of rectification efforts that is their typical affliction.
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Kieser, Hans-Lukas. "Refocusing on—Crimes Against—Humanity." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 187–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_10.
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AbstractThis chapter contrasts the terms genocide and democratic social contract. It not only takes seriously the exterminatory rejection of human rights-based polities in the pursuit of social engineering by génocidaires, but also—in the vocabulary of Enlightenment—positively emphasizes the prime concern of a society based on “the common good” as democratically agreed on in a social contract. Related to its key argument, the chapter brings ancient and modern religion from the margins to center stage in genocide studies. By examining genocidal intent in the holy scriptures, it underlines (ethno)religious categorizations in genocides. It exposes the tension between such categories and the age-old faith in the sacredness of life in general and the dignity of human life in particular, on which human rights and democratic social contracts are based. Genocides may sign enduring “scapegoat-based” social pacts. As crimes against humanity, however, they are above all failures in concluding valid social contracts.
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Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Since the Centennial: New Departures in the Scholarship on the Armenian Genocide, 2015–2021." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 273–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_14.
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AbstractAfter the explosion of writing on the Armenian Genocide in the centennial year, 2015, scholars have steadily produced new research and writing on the events of 1915–1916 in the late Ottoman Empire that have deepened our understanding of the trajectories and tragedies of those years. While a comprehensive review of everything published would require a small monograph, this chapter will review several important but diverse recent contributions: Hans-Lukacs Kieser, Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018); Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi, The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019); Ümit Kurt, The Armenians of Aintab: The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021); and Harry Harootunian, The Unspoken Heritage: The Armenian Genocide and its Unaccounted Lives (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2019).The chapter will begin with a review of the historiography on the Armenian Genocide as of 2015. Scholarship produced during the last twenty-five years has essentially routed the denialist interpretation and established a firm foundation for understanding the ethnic cleansing, forced assimilation, property confiscations, and mass killing of Armenians and Assyrians as a genocide. The work of Raymond Kévorkian, Taner Akçam, Fatma Müge Goçek, Hilmar Kaiser, Hans-Lukas Kieser, Richard Hovannisian and his students, among them Stephan Astourian, and many Turkish, Kurdish, and Armenian colleagues in Turkey has been essential. The Workshop for Armenian/Turkish Scholarship (WATS) has been an ongoing effort on the part of a number of scholars—Armenian, Turkish and other—to investigate the causes, circumstances and consequences of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, overcoming the politics of recognition and denial. The historical record has been made, although political and polemical campaigns against truth and accurate and evidenced historical knowledge continue both in Turkey and elsewhere.The chapter will explore what is new, and whether the paradigm established by 2015 has changed, been amplified, and significantly improved. It will address the significant contributions made since 2015, beyond the “WATS consensus,” which was basically in place by the centennial year and formed the basis for my book “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else:” A History of the Armenian Genocide (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015).
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Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna, and interviewed by Seda Altuğ. "The Armenian Genocide." In Authoritarianism and Resistance in Turkey, 169–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76705-5_17.
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Bloxham, Donald, and Fatma Müge Göçek. "The Armenian Genocide." In The Historiography of Genocide, 344–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297784_14.
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Payaslian, Simon. "The Armenian Genocide." In The History of Armenia, 125–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230608580_6.
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Pomieciński, Adam. "The Armenian genocide." In Memory and Religion from a Postsecular Perspective, 69–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264750-6.
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Maksudyan, Nazan. "Mediatized Witnessing, Spectacles of Pain, and Reenacting Suffering: The Armenian Genocide and Humanitarian Cinema." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 73–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_5.
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AbstractFocusing on the conception, production, distribution (and disappearance) of Ravished Armenia (1919) and Alice in Hungerland (1921), two silent films on the Armenian Genocide from a gendered perspective, this chapter combines media history (“technologies of witnessing”) with the history of global humanitarianism. These two oldest movies on the genocide were shot with the initiative of the Near East Relief in order to raise donations and international awareness through the reenactment of suffering, sensationalization of violence, and victimized Armenian bodies. Both films enjoyed a short-lived fame and revenue, followed by disappearance and subsequent oblivion. The early humanitarian cinematic representation of the Armenian genocide sheds light on the ferocious mediatization and marketing strategies of humanitarian agencies, specifically as to how they targeted the corporal bodies of their lead orphan actresses, Arshalouys Mardigian and Esther Razon, through extensive bodily interventions, enormous workload, and reenactment of suffering.
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Aleksanyan, Anna. "The Victims of “Safety”: The Destiny of Armenian Women and Girls Who Were Not Deported from Trabzon." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 23–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_3.
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AbstractGiven its proximity to the Russian border, the city of Trabzon was a strategic port for the Young Turk government against the backdrop of war with Russia. While there is an extensive body of literature about Trabzon during the Armenian Genocide, the experiences of Armenian women and girls who stayed in the city remain unexamined. This chapter draws on the Trabzon trials and survivor testimonies to explore their experiences.While Trabzon Armenians received an official order of deportation, on June 26, 1915, the Vali Cemal Azmi made an “exemption” for Armenian women in later stages of pregnancy and for children “when the parents so desired.” Girls up to 15 years old and boys up to 10 years old remained and were placed in large houses throughout the city. After four years, all male children disappeared, and the girls who survived mostly did so in Turkish households to which they were given as gifts or sold to serve as a wives, servants, or sex slaves.In 1919, the Turkish Courts-Martial brought the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide to trial in Constantinople. Cemal Azmi, Yenibahçeli Nail, who was the Committee on Union and Progress secretary for Trabzon, and five officials who worked with him stood before the court. The charges against them included organizing and implementing the massive annihilation of the Trabzon Armenians, the plunder of their property, the rape and murder of women and children, and the drowning of around 50 pregnant women in the Black sea. There were 20 sessions of the Trabzon trial, held between March 26 and May 20, 1919, during which witnesses and survivors testified. Among them were Misses Siranush Manukian, Philomene Nurian, Sofia Makhokhian, Aruseak Gylchian, Miss Arabian, and other women who witnessed mass drownings, were survivors of rape, forced marriages, and forced prostitution. The trial was extensively covered by both the Armenian and the Turkish press, whose representatives were present at the daily hearings. Close examination of these women's testimonies and other shreds of evidence of this trial shows how gendered the Armenian genocide was and how women were targeted for both their gender and national identity.
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Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna. "Cohabitating in Captivity: Vartouhie Calantar Nalbandian (Zarevand) at the Women’s Section of Istanbul’s Central Prison (1915–1918)." In Documenting the Armenian Genocide, 39–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36753-3_4.
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AbstractVartouhie Calantar Nalbandian (1893–1978), the only Armenian woman known to have been arrested by the Ottoman Turkish authorities in Istanbul in the spring of 1915, was born in Bursa to a Russian Armenian father and an Ottoman Armenian mother. One of the first generation of Armenian girls who received a European university education, Vartouhie sent letters home from Lausanne that would change the course of her life. In 1915, the Ottoman police raided the family home as Tavit Kalantar had been a high-level educator in Armenian schools. They found Vartouhie’s letters to her parents and her father’s papers, which they claimed included incriminating evidence. In August 1915, a military tribunal convicted Vartouhie and her father of propagating Armenian separatist ideology. They served two-and-a-half years in Constantinople’s Central Prison and, thanks to their Russian citizenship, were released after the Bolsheviks signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with the Central Powers, requiring “prisoners of war” to be freed.Vartouhie published her prison memoirs in 16 installments in the feminist journal Hay Gin (Armenian Woman), the first prison memoir by a woman in the Middle East and one of the very few for the Ottoman Empire. In 1921, Vartouhie emigrated to the US, where she married Zaven Nalbandian, a high-level Armenian Revolutionary Federation member who participated in Operation Nemesis. In 1926, they published an important book in Armenian on the pan-Turkic movement under the penname Zarevand. In 1971, the newly minted sociology professor Vahakn Dadrian translated their book into English as United and Independent Turania: Aims and Designs of the Turks. Their historical and political analysis, the first study of the Armenian Genocide in the United States, argues that Turkish irredentism had been a real threat for Armenians who stood in the way of the unification of Turkic peoples under one state. This chapter writes a hitherto unknown feminist and historian into Armenian, Turkish, and Ottoman historiographies as well as genocide and prison studies.