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1
Sukiasyan, Astghik Rafikovna. "Effect of drought on the antioxidant activity of corn from various soil and climatic regions." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 26, no. 3 (2018): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2018-26-3-315-325.
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The antioxidant activity of an annual plant Maize Zea of the Armenian population, which grew in various soil-climatic regions of Armenia, was studied. Antioxidant activity by four biochemical parameters was evaluated, the quantitative changes of which under conditions of simulated drought (mild and severe) were determined. Maize Zea of the inbred line B73 was used as the biological control in the experiments. During the experiments, it was found that the Hushakert plant samples have an increased concentration of malonic dialdehyde and flavonoids. In the biological material of corn from Teghut, high concentration values for the restoration of iron and polyphenols by antioxidants are established. The increase in drought from a moderate to the severe biological control of B73 as well as from Armenian maize samples caused the activation of an antioxidant protection system in all four indices was established. This makes it possible to expand the use of maize as a plant indicator, and can be considered as functional foods, as they are a good source of natural antioxidants.
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Sukiasyan, A. R. "Influence of heavy metals content in water of small rivers used for irrigation of maize of Armenian population." Theoretical and Applied Ecology, no. 4 (2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2018-4-040-045.
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Hou, Fei, Zhao-Hong Ni, Meng-Ting Zou, et al. "The Effects of Alternative Foods on Life History and Cannibalism of Amblyseius herbicolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)." Insects 13, no. 11 (2022): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111036.
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The development, survivorship, fecundity, and cannibalism of the predatory phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), fed six different alternative foods (Oulenziella bakeri, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, almond pollen (Prunus armeniaca), apple pollen (Malus pumila), maize pollen (Zea mays)), and natural prey (Tetranychus urticae) were determined in the laboratory. Our findings indicated that A. herbicolus that fed on all six alternative foods could normally complete its developmental and reproductive cycles. The shortest pre-adult developmental duration was observed when A. herbicolus fed on almond pollen (4.91 d) as well as T. urticae (4.90 d), and the longest when it fed on maize pollen (6.24 d). Pre-adult survival rates were higher when the predator fed on almond pollen (0.99), maize pollen (0.96), and O. bakeri (0.93). The highest fecundity was observed when A. herbicolus fed on apple pollen (28.55 eggs/female), almond pollen (26.06 eggs/female), and O. bakeri (26.02 eggs/female) in addition to T. urticae (48.95 eggs/female), and the lowest when it fed on maize pollen (7.84 eggs/female). The highest value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was obtained when A. herbicolus fed on O. bakeri (0.202 d−1) in addition to T. urticae (0.210 d−1), followed by almond pollen (0.163 d−1), and the lowest was when it fed on maize pollen (0.064 d−1). Cannibalism of conspecific eggs by adults of A. herbicolus did not occur when O. bakeri and T. urticae were provided. The cannibalism rate of the predatory mite was the lowest when fed on almond pollen, T. putrescentiae, and A. ovatus and the highest on apple pollen. Above all, when fed on O. bakeri and almond pollen, and with no or low cannibalism rate, A. herbicolus had the best development, survivorship, fecundity, and population parameters. Therefore, O. bakeri and almond pollen could be potential alternative foods for mass rearing programs of A. herbicolus or to support its population in the fields.
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Mkrtchyan, L. G. "THE ARMENIAN POPULATION OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AT THE END OF THE 19TH – THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, no. 4 (2022): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-4-68-76.
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The paper is devoted to the dynamics of the Armenian population in the Middle Volga region (Ulyanovsk, Penza, Samara oblasts and the Republic of Tatarstan) over a long historical period: from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century. The sources of the study are the materials of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire (1897), the All-Union Population Censuses (1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989) and the All-Russian Population Censuses (2002 and 2010). The author defines the most important stages in the formation of the Armenian diaspora on a regional scale. At the end of the XIX century. the Armenian population of the region was rather small and amounted to several dozen people. A noticeable increase in the Armenian population in the Middle Volga region was observed in the 1920s due to mass migration during the Genocide. At this stage, the organizational formation of the Armenian diaspora in the Middle Volga began, the first national-religious association was created in Samara. During the Soviet period, the number of the Armenian population of the Middle Volga region gradually increased mainly due to labor migrations. At the end of the 20th century, the growth rate of the Armenian population of the Middle Volga region increased significantly due to mass forced migrations. For most of the studied period, the Armenian population of the Middle Volga region was dominated by residents of the Samara (Kuibyshev) oblast: in 2010, their share exceeded 60.0%. The modern period of development of the Armenian diaspora in the Middle Volga region is characterized by a high level of self-organization of the community, which facilitates the adaptation of new settlers, their integration into the host community.
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Bodurian, Ágota, and Stela Drăgulin. "The Role of the Hungarian Roman Catholic Church Community Song in the Transformation Process of the Armenian Liturgical Repertoire in Transylvania." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 66, no. 2 (2021): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2021.2.18.
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"This article presents and briefly discusses the transformation process of the Armenian liturgical repertoire in Transylvania, through the prism of contemporary descriptions and manuscript sources dating from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As known, most of the Armenian population settled in the Transylvanian area in the seventeenth century. In time, there followed a gradual and definitive assimilation into the native Hungarian (Szekler) population, during which Transylvanian Armenians lost their mother tongue. Schools with Armenian as the language of instruction gradually closed, and the Armenian liturgy also underwent major changes following the adherence of Armenians to the Roman Catholic Church. Currently the Armenian language and culture are on the verge of extinction, most Armenian churches open only on pilgrimage days, once a year. The Armenian population retains only the language of the liturgy and some traditions (more of a gastronomic nature), which in fact represents the danger of the disappearance of everything that this ethnic group has built beneficially in the service of the community over the centuries. Keywords: Armenian, Transylvania, liturgical music, religious folk songs, Frumoasa, Gheorgheni"
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Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Anahit Hovhannisyan, and Zaruhi Khachatryan. "Genetic Structure of the Armenian Population." Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 64, S1 (2016): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00005-016-0431-9.
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Gzoyan, Edita. "Women Survivors of the Armenian Genocide: Liberation and Relief at the Aleppo Rescue Home." Central and Eastern European Review 13, no. 1 (2019): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/caeer-2020-0003.
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Abstract Genocide perpetrated against the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was both gender-oriented and age-oriented. The Armenian male population was generally killed before or at the beginning of deportation, while women and children, as well as being massacred, were also subjected to different forms of physical and sexual violence during the death marches. Children were also forcibly transfered to the enemy group, while women were abducted or forcibly married. The experiences and fates of Armenian women and children offer a perspective on how complex and multi-faceted the phenomenon of genocide is. Based on the surveys of rescued Armenian women kept in the archives of the League of Nations, this article will present the fate of women during and after the Armenian Genocide.
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Asatrian, Garnik. "Armenian Demonology: A Critical Overview." Iran and the Caucasus 17, no. 1 (2013): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130103.
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The paper is a critical study of the Armenian demonic nomenclature of the ancient and later periods, covering the Classical and Middle Armenian texts and modern dialects, including Western Armenian traditions, which were alive until the first decades of the 20th century among the population of the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire.The author presents a full list of the Armenian demons of different periods, critically revising the origin of their names and functions on a comparative background.
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Machowska, Monika. "Los Angeles: The Capital of the Armenian Immigrant Community in the Twenty-First Century." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 47, no. 3 (181) (2021): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.21.032.14452.
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This article is an introduction to the subject of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles, both within the broader context of the diaspora and a narrower one, presenting an analysis of the mutual relations between the Armenian community and the city. In the twenty-first century, Los Angeles has become home to the second largest urban population of Armenians in the world after Yerevan. It consists of three main groups: descendants of the first immigrants, refugees from the Middle East, and most recently, the so-called “Soviet” Armenians and immigrants from the Republic of Armenia. The construction of the Armenian Americans Museum will begin in the near future. The mission of the institution will be to document the experience of Armenian migration and to support the maintenance of ethnic identity among the next generations of the diaspora. In Glendale, an ethnoburb of Los Angeles, Armenian Americans make up 40 percent of the population. A significant proportion of the administrative decision-makers there come from the Armenian diaspora. The city is not only the informal second capital city for the Armenian global community, but also an incubator for its cultural project; in particular, it is a center of the Armenian music industry.
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Bisharyan, M. S., D. N. Arutyunyan, M. R. Bagdasaryan, and A. L. Sargsyan. "POLYMORPHISM OF SEVEN MICROSATELLITE STR-LOCI INCLUDED IN THE STANDARD SET CODIS, ESS AND ISSOL FOR THE NATIVE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA." Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine 5, no. 1 (2019): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2019-5-1-25-28.
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The aim of the work was to study polymorphism of microsatellite STR loci vWA, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, D16S539, D13S317, D7S820 included in CODIS, ESS and ISSOL standard core loci for Armenian population. Correspondence of frequencies of examined loci to the Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium was revealed. To distinguish genetic variability of STR loci we examined vWA, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, D16S539, D13S317, D7S820STR loci of Armenian population residing in the territory of Armenia and compared with data of Caucasian-American population presented in the Promega Technical Manual Allele Frequencies for Caucasian-Americans protocol. This comparative study revealed significant differences for tested populations. The results indicate that this set of polymorphic STR loci provides some polymorphic information. Therefore, prior to the usage of new DNA markers included in CODIS, ESS and ISSOL standard core loci into forensic casework, as well as DNA paternity and relationship testing, studies should be performed on Armenian populationto establish polymorphism of microsatellite STR loci specific for Armenian population.
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Muradian, Gaiane. "Falsification of Historical Figures (The Armenian Population in Turkey before and after the Genocide)." Armenian Folia Anglistika 16, no. 2 (22) (2020): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2020.16.2.131.
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The argument and objective of the present case study is to prove, through the scientific method of analysis, that the online news medium Azerbaijani Vision (en.azvision.az), applying history falsification (negationism and revisionism) referring to the 1915 Armenian Genocide in general, and to the historic figures on the number of Ottoman Armenian population before and after the Genocide in particular, leverages technology to produce and disseminate false and fabricated figures about the mentioned data of Armenian population within the frames of its anti-Armenian propaganda. My assumption will be that the false model of history serves its function for a certain while because societies eventually enter a period when distorted representations stop serving the intended ends and impartial and unbiased research starts seeking the truth.
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Atun, Ata. "Armenian population in Eastern Anatolia around 1915: a brief history of Armenian hoaxes." International Journal of Academic Research 5, no. 3 (2013): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-3/b.12.
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Tatoyan, Robert. "The Issues of the Number of Western Armenians and Ethnic Composition of the Population of Western Armenia at Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)." International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 6, no. 1 (2021): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0015.
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References to the issues of the number of Western Armenians and the ratio of Armenians to other ethnic groups in Western Armenia on the eve of the Armenian Genocide occupy a special place in the context of processes related to drafting a peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire and Armenia’s delineation after WWI. These issues were tackled by diverse Armenian official and non-official organizations struggling for the formation of an integral Armenian state, as well as Turkish authorities manipulating, inter alia, also demographic arguments against the Armenian claim for Western Armenia and the Entente Powers (particularly the United States of America and Great Britain) needing statistical data for deciding the fate of the Ottoman Empire. In the post-war processes the long-distance controversy of the Armenian and Turkish sides over the issues in question can be figuratively characterized as one of the stages – “battles” of the “statistical war” that emerged after 1878, i.e. following the entry of the Armenian Question into the international diplomatic agenda. This article aims to present and analyse the statistics on the number of Western Armenians and the ratio of Armenians in Western Armenia to other ethnic groups on the eve of the Armenian Genocide presented by Armenian and Turkish delegations at Paris Peace Conference, as well as data circulated by the US and British diplomacy. It will try to explain the connection between the delineation of Armenia and the number of Western Armenians, the demographic composition of Western Armenia on the eve of the Armenian Genocide. The calculations of the number of Western Armenians have had a certain effect on deliberations around demarcation of the border between the Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire in the context of post-war world regulation.
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Abrahamyan, Lusine. "In Preparation for the Armenian Genocide in Trapizon: Early Phase and Activation." Ցեղասպանագիտական հանդես 10, no. 2 (2022): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/jgs.0032.
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The article examines the anti-Armenian policy of the Young Turks’ government in the province of Trapizon after the 1908 revolution. A series of anti-Armenian activities and anti-Armenian propaganda were carried out by the government and local Muslim fanatics, that had a negative impact on both the social and economic life of Trapizon Armenians. Based on the primary sources, the paper discusses some elements of persecutions against the Armenian population of Trapizon, those related to planning, organization, implementation, and the involvement of the state. The Armenian Genocide was the logical continuation of that policy, which entered the activation phase when Behaeddin Shakir, a member of the Central Committee of the Young Turks’ party, the president of the Special Organization, arrived in Trapizon.
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Gzoyan, Edita G. "From War Crimes to Crimes against Humanity and Genocide: Turkish Responsibility after World War I." Genocide Studies International 15, no. 2 (2023): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi-2022-0020.
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On 24 May 1915, the Triple Entente powers of Britain, France, and Russia issued a joint declaration that qualified the massacres, imprisonments and violence inflicted on the peaceful Armenian population as “crimes against humanity and civilization.” The concept of crimes against humanity was further developed and explained by the Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties (hereinafter: Commission), which was formed during the Paris Peace Conference to investigate violations of the laws and customs of war and prosecute war criminals. This article traces the evolution of discussions held within the Commission regarding the atrocities committed by the Ottoman Turkish government against its Armenian population, which technically fell outside the jurisdiction of the crimes specified in these talks, as the atrocities were committed not against the population of a belligerent state but, rather, against their own nationals. These discussions played a major part in the development of international criminal law; particularly of the concept of crimes against humanity. The Armenian Memorandum and the list of perpetrators of the Armenian atrocities were also presented to the Commission, which (together with other data and information collected) identified the crimes committed against the Armenian population by the Ottoman authorities, thus defining the concept of crimes against humanity and the acts that fell within its scope. Although post-World War I efforts for justice are generally assessed as a failed effort, crimes against humanity first materialized as a term in international law during this period and its development was based on the Armenian atrocities, which provided a critical basis for the International Military Tribunal's later convictions and contributed to the concept's evolution into its present-day significance.
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Khudaverdyan, Anahit Yu. "Non-metric dental analysis of a Bronze Age population from the Armenian Plateau." Anthropological Review 76, no. 1 (2013): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2013-0013.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the biological distance between populations from the Armenian highland, Georgia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia on the basis of the frequency of non-metric dental traits. It is well known that these traits are characterized by high inter-population differentiation, low sexual dimorphism, and their recording is affected by relatively small intra and inter-observer error. These traits are successfully used in the description and explanation of ethno-genetic processes. Comparative analysis was performed on 30 populations, and the frequency of non-metric dental traits in all populations was determined by principal component analysis. Based on our bio-distance results, we suggest there was a degree of genetic proximity among inland populations of the Armenian Plateau and Transcaucasian area at the beginning of the Bronze Age. The Armenian Plateau and Georgian samples and all those from Kalmykia (Pit Grave culture), the Ukraine (Tripolye culture), the Urals (Sintashtinskaya, Timber Grave cultures), the Volga region (Pit Grave, Balanovo, Fatianovo, Potapovsky cultures) and Central Asia (Gonur- Depe) exhibited close affinities. This conclusion is consistent with that reported by other bio-distance studies examining non-metric cranial traits and Armenian Plateau samples.
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Papazyan, Kristina L. "G. H. Chalkhushyan – Organizer of Charity in Nakhichevan-on-Don in the Late 19th - early 20th Century." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (210) (June 28, 2021): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-2-79-82.
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The article is dedicated to Grigory Chalkhushyan, public figure, lawyer, city Duma speaker, Vice-consul of the Armenian Republic on the Don, chairman of the Armenian Charitable Society. He selflessly served for the benefit of the local Armenian society and was repeatedly awarded the sincerest words of gratitude. Being a well-known lawyer, he conducted significant public affairs free of charge, and devoted a lot of time to schools, of which he was the chairman of the parent committees permanently. Grigory Khristoforovich initiated assistance to the Armenian population that suffered from pogroms, persecutions, and mass murders in the late 19th and early 20th century.
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GÜLLÜ, Ramazan Erhan. "Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sürecinde Osmanlı Devleti ile Ermeni Patrikhanesi Arasındaki İlişkiler." Asia Minor Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17067/asm.1134125.
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The Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate was the religious and political leadership authority of the Ottoman Armenians. In view of this status, the patriarchate was undoubtedly one of the important actors in the Armenian issue. Incidences during the process of the emergence and developments of the Armenian issue occasionally led to confrontations between the patriarchate and the state, and sometimes even with other powers of the Armenian population. The patriarchate, that acted as an intermediary authority for the two parties regarding both the state’s expectations and demands of the Armenian population, also served as a mediating and balance enforcing authority. In view of this, the patriarchate was confronted with many problems. Although the legal status of the patriarchate did not change with the Constitutional era, the political process during this period had a major impact on the patriarchate. This study will be examining the patriarchate’s expectations from the state and mutual relations since the beginning of the Constitutional era, and attempt to reveal the outcome of developments during the war on the state-patriarchate relations. In addition to patriarchate’s relations with the state before and during the war, the stance of the Etchmiadzin Catholicosate towards the patriarchate and the state’s expectations from the patriarchate will be among the main topics of this study.
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Košťálová, Petra. "Situation administrative et économique dans les zones frontalières de l’Empire Ottoman." Archiv orientální 82, no. 1 (2014): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.82.1.21-58.
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The article deals with the administrative and economic situation on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire, with a central focus on the functioning of state institutions, the impact of central power on the provinces, and the local conditions. The study is focused on historical text analysis and the reconstruction of the past. The analysis is based on primary sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, originating from the region of Eastern Anatolia, near Lake Van,) and written by Armenian chroniclers from the School of Bitlis, as well as others. Texts of chroniclers are invariably embedded in the social and historical context of that period and they provide a specific point of view of the Armenian religious minority living in the Ottoman Empire and Persia (millet-i Ermeni), characterized by dhimmi status, dhimmi mentality and its confessional identity (the Armenian Apostolic Church). Chronicle texts focus especially on the population of the Christian reaya (a subjected population) and their everyday lives. The socio-economic structures, which determine the everyday reality and, metaphorically, the way of thinking of the community, are studied as well as the importance of the Armenian Church (Hayastaneayts Arakhelakan Yekeghetsi), whose autonomy played a significant role in the construction of the Armenian nation and in the transmission of collective memory and traditions.
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Tatoyan, Robert. "On the Question of the Armenian Death Toll as a Result of Smyrna Catastrophe." Ցեղասպանագիտական հանդես 10, no. 2 (2022): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/jgs.0033.
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This article attempts to calculate the Armenian death toll because of the 1922 Smyrna catastrophe, based on a comparative analysis of data from the main Armenian and foreign sources. For this aim the article presents and analyses: a) Historiography related to the studied question; b) Data from the most important sources on the total death toll (Greeks, Armenians and representatives of other Christian denominations), on the basis of which conclusions are made about the most probable, in our opinion, total death toll; c) Data on the numbers of the Armenian population of the city of Smyrna and its environs on the eve of the Armenian Genocide; as well as on the numbers of Armenians gathered in Smyrna on the eve of the capture of the city by the Kemalists in September 1922; d) Data on the numbers of Armenians who died because of the Smyrna catastrophe; e) Data on the numbers of Armenian refugees evacuated from Smyrna and its environs and received asylum in Greece and other countries; these data are compared with data on the numbers of the Armenian population of the western regions of Asia Minor before the Smyrna catastrophe, as of 1921; f) Question of losses among Armenians of military age, detained in Smyrna and its environs and deported to the hinterland of Turkey. According to our calculations, about 5,000-5,500 Armenians died because of the Smyrna catastrophe, of which about 4,000 died because of fire and massacres, and about 1,000-1,500 (15-45 years old men) lost their lives in captivity and exile. Armenian victims accounted for about a quarter of the total death toll (20-22,000).
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Stepanyan, Gevorg S., Naira V. Hambardzumyan, and Armen T. Marukyan. "THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMENIAN CHARITABLE SOCIETY OF BAKU." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 21, no. 1 (2025): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.32653/ch21165-73.
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This study investigates the activities of the Armenian Charitable Society in the Baku Governorate and broader Transcaucasia during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on its primary areas of operation. The research aims to systematize the activity of Armenian charitable societies, particularly the Baku Armenian Charitable Society, in relation to their objectives of preserving Armenian identity within Baku city and the Baku province. Furthermore, it examines the establishment and maintenance of the Society’s subsidiary institutions, including schools, hospitals, libraries, orphanages, nursing homes, and aid distribution points for the needy. These institutions were established and sustained through the philanthropic efforts of Armenian intellectuals and affluent individuals. Employing historical-analytical methods, this study draws upon a wide array of primary and secondary sources. These include the Acts of the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, bulletins and activity reports of the Baku Armenian Charitable Society and its library’s reference materials, archival holdings from the National Archives of the Republic of Armenia, and extensive periodical press from the Society’s period of activity. Additionally, the research incorporates relevant monographs, scholarly articles, and contemporary accounts. The findings indicate that the Baku Armenian Charitable Society played a crucial role in safeguarding the identity and promoting the overall development of Armenians within Baku province. The Society engaged in cultural and educational initiatives among the Armenian population, provided financial support to Armenian writers, artists, teachers, orphans, widows, disaster victims, and refugees. It also offered scholarships to Armenian students attending European and Russian universities, as well as those at the Tiflis Nersisyan School and the Echmiadzin Gevorgyan Lyceum. The activities of the Baku Armenian Charitable Society concluded in May 1920.
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Fittante, Daniel. "But Why Glendale? A History of Armenian Immigration to Southern California." California History 94, no. 3 (2017): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2017.94.3.2.
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Despite its many contributions to Los Angeles, the internally complex community of Armenian Angelenos remains enigmatically absent from academic print. As a result, its history remains untold. While Armenians live throughout Southern California, the greatest concentration exists in Glendale, where Armenians make up a demographic majority (approximately 40 percent of the population) and have done much to reconfigure this homogenous, sleepy, sundown town of the 1950s into an ethnically diverse and economically booming urban center. This article presents a brief history of Armenian immigration to Southern California and attempts to explain why Glendale has become the world's most demographically concentrated Armenian diasporic hub. It does so by situating the history of Glendale's Armenian community in a complex matrix of international, national, and local events.
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Smyrnov, Igor Georgiyovych, and Tetiana Iliodorivna Shparaga. "POTENTIAL OF ARMENIAN HERITAGE IN UKRAINE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM: REGIONAL AND MARKETING ASPECT." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 47 (2019): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.28-44.
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Goal. To reveal the potential of the Armenian heritage in Ukraine for the development of tourism in order to popularize among the population of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Armenians of Ukraine, the Ukrainian tourist product. The methodology consisted in regional-marketing processing of literature and statistical material collected by the authors on the tourist potential of the Armenian heritage in Ukraine and bringing it to the table for further analysis. Scientific novelty. The objects of Armenian religion, culture, architecture have been preserved in Ukraine to this day, but in tourist scientific literature their use in tourism is not sufficiently reflected, in particular, only one article on this subject, printed in 2014, can be noted, accordingly, this material needs a modern interpretation considering Russian occupation of Crimea, where there are significant Armenian monuments. Results. The largest centers of Armenian "civilization" in Ukraine and their main objects (in Lviv, Kamyanets-Podilskyi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Golovanivsk, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy, Russia-occupied Yalta) are described, as well as regional-marketing analysis of the potential of the Armenian heritage in Ukraine for tourism development is made. The practical significance is to draw the attention of Ukrainian tourist organizations to the possibilities of developing Ukrainian-Armenian tourism relations through a comprehensive description of the most significant objects of the Armenian heritage in Ukraine.
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Melkonyan, Ashot. "Comparative Study on Consequences and Degree of Conviction of the Armenian Genocide and the Crimes Committed in Darfur." ISTORIYA 16, no. 1 (147) (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840034557-1.
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A study of various cases of genocides indicates that the ethnic, racial, religious and national groups subjected to the crime face with extremely severe demographic, socio-economic, political and legal, cultural, moral and psychological consequences. Accordingly, the study of the consequences of genocides is no less important than the study of the crimes themselves. The article analyzes the main consequences of the Armenian Genocide and the crimes in Darfur. The research combines historical-comparative and analytical methods to achieve the goals and objectives set by the authors. A wide variety of sources were used, both primary & secondary, especially for the case of Darfur the interdisciplinary researches of specialists were used. A comparative analysis of the Armenian Genocide and the Darfur crimes reveals the commonalities and differences of the consequences of the crimes for the Armenian people and the African population of Darfur region. It is obvious that despite the almost century-long period separating the two cases, both groups underwent and suffered serious demographic losses, which led to heavy consequences from the point of view of their further development. Furthermore, in both cases, criminal regimes, in parallel with extermination and deportation, destroyed settlements, damaged and carried out appropriation of private and communal property of victim groups. As a consequence of the Darfur crisis, hundreds of thousands of refugees found shelter in camps of neighboring countries.When it comes to Armenians, the Armenian genocide led to the formation of the Armenian diaspora in different countries where survivors had settled. From a practical viewpoint, both crimes haven’t been properly convicted. The perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide were sentenced to capital punishment by the Turkish military tribunal. As for the Darfur crisis, during the investigation the crimes committed against black population were qualified by the ICC as ethnic cleansing, which differs significantly from the actual circumstances and motives of the Armenian Genocide.
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Voskanyan, K. V., S. A. Papoyan, M. A. Manukyan, and N. S. Hovsepyan. "ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL QUESTIONNAIRE (PCQ) IN ARMENIAN LANGUAGE (A PILOT STUDY)." Modern Psychology 4, no. 2 (9) (2021): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/sbmp/2021.4.2.365.
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The article represents the main peculiarities of the process of PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire) adaptation. A pilot study is performed to test the reliability and validity of Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) on the Armenian population. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is a personal resource, which is linked with positive individual and organizational outcomes (performance, well-being, attitudes, etc). The study tested the validity between PsyCap and other constructs, such as Big Five personality traits, self-regulation (V. Morosanova), success motivation (T. Ehlers) and system of values (Schwartz). The components of PCQ were examined using correlation analysis on a sample Armenian employee. The results show that the Armenian version of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool and as a practical implication, PCQ is reliable to be used in the Armenian organizational context.
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Bakhchinyan, Artsvi. "An Excerpt from Kud Mkhitarian’s Unpublished Memoires “Episodes from Armenian Golgotha”." Ցեղասպանագիտական հանդես 10, no. 1 (2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/jgs.0030.
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The publication presents an excerpt from the unpublished memoirs, “Episodes from the Armenian Golgotha. 1912–1937” by Kud Mkhitarian - the chapter “Catholicos Sahak again in Aleppo.” Kud Mkhitaryan (1877-1940) in 1903–1919 worked at the Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia as the secretary of the Catolicos Sahak II Khabayan. In his memoires, in particular, he presented Catolicos’s activities on the background of political events in the Ottoman Empire. The presented excerpt presents Catholicos Sahak’s trip to Aleppo in May-July 1915, quotes from his correspondence with various figures, in which he testifies to the deportation and massacres of the Armenian population. Mention is made of the names of the Armenian creative intelligentsia – victims of the Genocide, as well as evidences of attempts to forcibly Islamize Armenians.
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Artinian, Juan Pablo. "Between The Local and the Global South: Diaspora’s Politics for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Argentina 1965-2015." International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 6, no. 2 (2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0025.
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Historiography has analyzed the recognition of the Armenian genocide using cultural and geopolitical coordinates belonging to both Western and Non-Western societies. However, the North-South dimension of this event and its effect on the diaspora has been neglected by most of the approaches taken by Armenian studies. In this article, I will analyze how the Armenian diaspora in Argentina advocated for recognition of the Armenian genocide from 1965 to 2015. This community is not only significant in terms of population – it is the largest in the Global South – but also because its contribution to the struggle for remembrance and recognition of the Armenian genocide is unique. Argentina is one of the few countries in which the genocide has been recognized by the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. In this article, I will analyze the specific dynamics of the Armenian-Argentine community’s local activism and its contribution to the global recognition of the genocide.1 The commemoration on April 24 in the official Argentine calendar, the recognition of the extermination of Armenians as genocide by Francis I, Roman Catholicism’s first Argentinean Pope, demonstrate the importance of the interaction between the local and global.
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Petrosyan, Aida. "Demographic Consequences of the Syrian Conflict for the Armenian Community of Syria." Oriental Courier, no. 3 (2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310028206-4.
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The paper looks into demographic consequences of the Syrian conflict for the Armenian community. The first section studies the dynamics of the number of Armenians living in Syria from the period of when the community was established (1915–1920s) till 2011. It also outlines some issues related to collecting and systematizing population data both in Syria in general and within the Armenian community particularly. The second part of the paper deals with the geography of the Armenian community and the number of Armenians living in different Syrian cities and towns. It is stressed that during the 20th century the geography of the Armenian presence narrowed due to “weakening” of Armenian communities in some Syrian towns or villages. The third section focuses on some of the main demographic consequences of the conflict in Syria for the Armenian community. It is highlighted that due to mass emigration during the war the number of Armenians living in Syria has dropped nearly three times. A sharp decline like that is a great challenge to preserving the community especially since a big share of the Armenians who emigrated are of young age. Also, the decline in number has affected the potential of the Armenian organizations and institutions in Syria. Another major challenge due to Armenian emigration is the transformation of the traditional ethno-confessional image of some of the Syrian cities and towns (mainly Aleppo) which can affect the relations between different ethno-confessional groups in Syria.
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Dzhaman, Yaroslav, and Vasyl Dzhaman. "Tourism objects and development of Armenian ethnographic excursion route in polyethnic Chernivtsi." Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету : Географія, no. 838 (November 11, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2022.838.61-71.
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Retrospective-chorological specificities of the appearance of Armenian ethnic element on the territory of Bukovyna and the City of Chernivtsi were disclosed. Population dynamics within the Armenian ethnic community of Chernivtsi based on the censuses held within 1774 – 2001 and said community’s participation in economic, public and political life of the city, as well as in cultural and educational activity were analyzed. Armenians for the first time appeared in Bukovyna as far back as in times of the Kiev Rus and the Principality of Galicia and Volyn as international traders. The first Armenian settlers lived in Chernivtsi beginning from the «pre-Austrian» time, and their community was always compact usually covering areas around and praying in the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Cross that had the Armenian St George’s Altar until they built their own cathedral. It was in 1783 that the Armenian catholic religious community for the first time appeared in Chernivtsi. The first Armenian residents of Chernivtsi were predominantly engaged in trade, or were doctors, engineers, landowners, manufacturers and highly ranked state officers. With time, the houses of the Chernivtsi Armenians concentrated in a new «Armenian block», that is, in the area of present-day Armenian Street, Jacob von Petrovich Street, Ukrainian Street and the Armenian Lane. The block had the Armenian Catholic Church built in its center in 1869-1875 to become a focus of the spiritual life of Bukovynian Armenians, and later the center was added by the parochial house and the Armenian bursa for school goers. The Register of Objects of Cultural Heritage and the Present of Armenian Community of Chernivtsi was developed and the point-based assessment of their tourism attractiveness was introduced. The quantitative relative assessment of tourism attractiveness of 26 objects of cultural heritage totally made 78 points, while the mapping of the same allowed for disclosure of specificities of their territorial disposition and development of optimal Armenian excursion route. Following the significance, spatial distribution and territorial structure, we distinguished between localized (items and centers), linear and spatial elements of the Armenian ethnographic space. The items are represented by tourism objects of aesthetic, scientific and historical value, e.g., buildings where outstanding persons either lived, studied or worked; Roman Catholic Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross with the Armenian St George’s Altar; social maintenance establishments (former Armenian bursa); monuments (Jacob von Petrovich) and the sites of memory. The centers are tourism objects of Armenian culture represented by functioning institutions and establishments, such as Armenian Church, Sunday school, national/cultural associations. The linear elements are the city streets (Armenian Street, personalized Jacob von Petrovich Street and Karol Mikuli Street), and the spatial (area) elements are conditioned by the fact of ethnic groups’ compact settlement. The hugest concentration of the Armenian ethnic tourism objects is found in the area around the Armenian Church (13 objects possessing 33 points of total attractiveness). Keywords: Armenian ethnic community; cultural heritage; ethno-tourism objects; excursion route; city of Chernivtsi.
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Der Sarkissian, Alissa, and Jill D. Sharkey. "Transgenerational Trauma and Mental Health Needs among Armenian Genocide Descendants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (2021): 10554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910554.
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The trauma of a genocide can be transmitted to subsequent generations though familial mental health, sociopolitical trauma, and cultural narratives, thereby impacting mental health and well-being. Understanding specific mechanisms that are unique to each ethnic group impacted by genocide illuminates cultural, sociopolitical, and individual factors related to the transmission. For the Armenian community, the unresolved historical loss of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, with the threat of acculturation for such a large diasporic population, a continued denial by the perpetrators, as well as subsequent generations’ refugee experiences, may further exasperate the impact of transgenerational trauma from the genocide. This literature review explores the mental health needs of Armenian youth in the current sociopolitical context and provides implications for how schools and communities may use this knowledge to inform supports that center Armenian community healing. Future directions for research are also discussed.
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Batiev, Levon V. "Nakhichevan Armenian Colony on the Don (1779-1870)." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 1 (2023): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i1.498.
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The article is devoted to the study of the Armenian colony of New Nakhichevan on the Lower Don with an emphasis on institutional aspects, which should help in solving the general task of analyzing the mechanisms and methods of effective self-organization of ethno-cultural groups in a foreign environment in different times.
 The author assumes that the system of self-government, formed on the basis of Catherine the II’s letter of grant, was an important tool for ensuring the identity and preserving the ethno-cultural specificity of the residents of Nakhichevan-on-Don and five Armenian villages of the Armenian district.
 A characteristic feature of its public administration was its formation on an ethnic basis – it united the Armenians (urban and rural residents) who had migrated from the Crimea. The legal basis of the colony was, in addition to the all-Russian laws, the Armenian “rights and customs”. At the same time, from the very first years of the colony’s foundation there started a process of its quite close integration into the all-Russian system of administration as well as gradual limitation of the granted privileges and benefits in other issues. Limitation of independence of the colony occurred in connection with the gradual unification of urban governance, and it was also associated with an increase in the Orthodox (Russian) population of the city. Full and final transition to the all-Russian model occurred in the era of “great reforms”.
 Nevertheless, until the February Revolution of 1917 and the radical democratization of suffrage (“four-tail”) the Armenian element entirely dominated the city authorities. After the complete loss of influence in the city Duma, the Armenian community had to create the “Nakhichevan on the Don Armenian Community” in the form of national-cultural autonomy in order to preserve its ethnic identity.
 The self-government of Nakhichevan provided internal stability and the possibility to preserve the ethno-cultural identity. The rapid socio-economic development of the region and the ethno-demographic changes inevitably led to assimilation processes. The loss of autonomy and actual dominance in Nakhichevan-on-Don by the Armenian part of the population only accelerated these processes.
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Pritchard, Jonathan K. "Deconstructing maize population structure." Nature Genetics 28, no. 3 (2001): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/90026.
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Yengimolki, Ahmad. "The Emergence of a New Identity." Journal of Religious Minorities under Muslim Rule 1, no. 2 (2023): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27732142-bja00007.
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Abstract This present study aims to challenge simplistic views of division and boundaries between Muslims and Christians. It delves into the cultural and artistic relationship between the Safavid ruling elite and the newly arrived Armenians in seventeenth-century Isfahan. The primary goal is to understand how the Armenian population merged with the predominantly Muslim community of Isfahan. An insightful perspective is gained by examining the Armenian architecture in Isfahan, where Armenians adapted and appropriated local architectural elements, creating a sense of belonging and shared identity. To gain a comprehensive understanding, the study delves into the wider cultural and political context of Isfahan during that time, drawing from a diverse array of European, Persian, and Armenian sources. By adopting this inclusive approach, the study explores the complex interplay of Christian and Muslim, as well as Safavid and Armenian elements within Isfahani society, thereby shedding light on the multifaceted identities at play.
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Arakelyan, Arsen, Yervand Hakobyan, and Ani Melkonyan. "Distribution Chemotherapy Response Modulating Genetic Polymorphisms in Armenian Population." Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia 17 (September 2017): S385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2017.07.234.
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Ենգոյան, Փայլակ. "Հայաստանի «փափուկ ուժի» քաղաքականության մշակութային-քաղաքակրթական ակունքները". Bulletin of Yerevan University D: International Relations and Political Sciences 13, № 1 (37) (2022): 34–45. https://doi.org/10.46991/bysu:d/2022.13.1.034.
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The Armenian and Chinese civilizations are among the oldest in the world. Despite the difference in geographical location, scale and population, thesetwo nations have common ideas about international life, and, in particular, the use of soft power both in foreign policy and directed “inward” to preserve identity and cohesion on the grounds of the national culture. At present, the vast majority of the Armenian people are in a completely different social and cultural environment. The issue arises about preserving the Armenian identity among the Diaspora, its culture, language, religion and the cohesion of the entire Armenian nation. In this regard, it is necessary to use the successful experience of China, which has relatively recently used soft power in its foreign policy. One of the main tools of such a policy of the PRC is the propaganda of its unique civilizational value system, which is carried out with different methods and with the help of the foreign diaspora as well.
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Dolbee, Samuel. "The Desert at the End of Empire: An Environmental History of the Armenian Genocide*." Past & Present 247, no. 1 (2020): 197–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz055.
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Abstract In the contentious historiography of the Armenian genocide, the desert has been acknowledged by almost everyone as the endpoint of the deportations of hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Armenian citizens in 1915 and the years that followed. Those who use the term ‘genocide’ suggest that this action was tantamount to a death sentence, while those who oppose the term claim that the desert exculpates the Ottoman state. This article unpacks the meaning of the Jazira region — one of the arid regions to which Armenians were sent — and suggests how Ottoman officials used the desert to kill and Armenians used it to survive, mostly as part of nomadic groups among whom they were somewhere between slaves and family members. The desert even came to shape the humanitarian rescue campaign in the wake of the genocide and World War I, as organizations worked to remove Armenian children from the desert and, subsequently, to transform the desert itself by establishing Armenian agricultural colonies. Yet some Armenians stayed, and remain to this day in the Jazira calling themselves Armenian Muslims in honor of their heritage. The desert not only shaped Armenian suffering and survival. The marginal environment also incubated a population of imperial survivors, whose existence did not fit comfortably with post-Ottoman national divisions, or the historiographies influenced by them.
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Danielyan, Taron, Hermine Baburyan, and Svetlana Barseghyan. "ARMENIAN CHILDREN’S FICTION IN “HASKER” AND “AGHBYUR” MAGAZINES DURING WORLD WAR I." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 24 (2023): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2023-2-24-149-167.
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The given article is the first study of the Armenian children’s literature on the military theme, presented in the Armenian children’s and youth periodicals of Tiflis in 1914–1918. The similarities and differences between the children’s literature on these topics and the artistic reflection of the war in the magazines “Aghbyur” (“Source”) and “Hasker” (“Spikes”) are revealed. In the course of the analysis it has been disclosed that during World War I, military topics did not become dominant from a quantitative point of view, but materials of different genres and formats on the military topic were published in each issue of the magazines. Of the 258 pieces of fiction published in the Armenian children’s magazines “Aghbyur” and “Hasker”, 78 pieces (29.4 %) were on the topic of war. Along with this, we analyzed three chronotopic positions associated with the continuum of the surrounding reality: the Armenian environment, the environment of the Russian Empire and the foreign environment. The content and ideological emphases of the published works on the military theme were aimed at developing patriotic and humanistic feelings in children. However, the genocide of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire has left a mark on the nature of the perception of patriotism: the preservation of the historical homeland of the Armenian people in the memory of the new generation and the hope of returning back to their native lands.
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Abrahamyan, L. "SPORT MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS AND THE ISSUES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 63 (June 16, 2023): 49–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8046069.
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Volatile and uncertain environment creates significant challenges for traditional organizational structures and managerial approaches. Sport management is one of the key areas requiring a special focus, especially taking into consideration current key trends of digitalization, human capital development, population’s mindset and personal priorities changes. Additionally special need for innovations in sport management are created by Armenian specific context and national priorities in this field. The aim of this article is to identify special aspects of innovations’ management within Armenian sports sector. The paper studies specific prerequisites and environment for design and implementation of strategic change in terms of Armenian sport management. Armenia’s current context, namely socio-economic future growth and digitalization strategy are considered as key prerequisites for a developed innovative approach towards managing the national sports sector. Key areas for innovation in sport management are outlined. Need for incorporating the innovation management component into professional development programs in Armenia is stressed. Conducted research pays special attention to the need for adequate managerial framework as a major enabler for innovation management’s adoption in Armenian sport industry. The comprehensive framework is outlined for more efficient innovative management in Armenian sports sector. The proposed comprehensive framework consists of three interconnected blocks, namely, Collaborative Problem Solving; Agile Development and Implementation; Human Capital Enhancement. The research stresses need for both organizational and personnel skills being developed for supporting strategic change in Armenian sport industry. Professionals and researchers in the field of innovations in sport management, thinktanks, professional associations, public authorities, international sport institutions, may use the conducted research. Further research lies in the field of expanded stakeholder analysis including wider groups considering innovation management for Armenian sports sector; another issue for further research is design and adapting inter-disciplinary toolkits for supporting innovation management in Armenian sport industry.
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Dadrian, Vahakn N. "THE ARMENIAN QUESTION AND THE WARTIME FATE OF THE ARMENIANS AS DOCUMENTED BY THE OFFICIALS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE'S WORLD WAR I ALLIES: GERMANY AND AUSTRIA–HUNGARY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 1 (2002): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802001034.
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The wartime fate of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian minority continues to be controversial. The debate in the main revolves around the causes and nature of that fate. Some historians have alleged that what is involved is centrally organized mass murder—or, to use contemporary terminology, genocide. This school of thought maintains that the Ottoman authorities were waiting for a suitable opportunity to undertake the wholesale liquidation of the empire's Armenian population, and the outbreak of World War I provided that opportunity. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, or Unionists), who controlled the Ottoman government, they argue further, did in fact undertake this liquidation under cover of the war.1 Others, however, dispute these assertions, especially that of genocidal intent. This group maintains that Armenian acts of disloyalty, subversion, and insurrection in wartime forced the central government to order, for purposes of relocation, the deportation of large sections of the Armenian population. According to this argument, apart from those who were killed in “intercommunal” clashes—that is, a “civil war”—the bulk of the Armenian losses resulted from the severe hardships associated with poorly administered measures of deportations, including exhaustion, sickness, starvation, and epidemics. In other words, this school of thought holds that the Ottoman Empire, in the throes of an existential war, had no choice but to protect itself by resorting to drastic methods; therefore, the tragic fate of the Armenians must be understood in the context of the dire conditions of World War I.2 These views are encapsulated in the formula that the noted Middle East historian Bernard Lewis has used—namely, the desperate conditions of “an embattled empire.”3
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Aliyev, Zaur. "Resettlements of Armenians in Erivan 1828-1917." Scientific Bulletin 1 (2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/nmnd5900.
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In the scientific article locating Armenian population to northern Azerbaijan from Iran, Southern Azerbaijan and Ottoman Empire by tsar Russia are dealt with greatly. Deliberately transferred Armenian population was located mainly in the regions as Iravan, Nakhchivan and Garabakh. As a result the situation in these areas was changed in favor of the Armenians artificially. In this article we tried that, could show the changes of population placed in Iravan province and the changes of the population placed in geographically Iravan province and by years dynamic changes of population. In the article during the XIX century the matter of placing other ethnos to our territories by Russia are mentioned. So, beginning from the first years of XIX century with the occupation of Southern Caucasus by Russia by steps up to the end of the century as the result of the departing policy in the territories of Azerbaijan, especially in the Erevan province historically formed ethnic scenery was changed by force.
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Atanesyan, Arthur V. "The Factor of Influence of Armenia's Post-Protest Political Elites on Armenian-Russian Relations: Problems, Opportunities And Risks." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990015657-4.
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The actual issue of the Armenian-Russian relationship as mirrored through domestic power changes in Armenia after the «Velvet Revolution» in the spring of 2018, is raised and discussed in the paper through the event analysis as well as public perceptions. Despite the significantly increased level of negative perceptions and criticism from the broad strata of society, on June 20 of 2021, the same post-protest elites have been re-elected to the Armenian parliament and made up the majority. Accordingly, the political course of Armenia in the near future will remain unchanged, and its study, in particular, in the context of relations with the Russian Federation, is extremely relevant. We focus here on the role and image of the Armenian post-protest elites, including Armenian prime-minister N. Pashinyan, in maintaining/transforming the traditional Armenian-Russian strategic relations in the new conditions. Leaving aside the emotional component of the issue which has become a quite popular component of the public discourse in Armenian and Russian societies, the authors try to trace the reasons for the decline in trust in the Russian Federation as an ally in Armenian society before and after the «Velvet revolution» through the identification of deep, long-term factors and patterns. Besides, one of the main objectives of the study is to characterize the behavioral models and actions of Armenia’s post-protest elites associated with Armenian-Russian relations and creating an anti-Russian rather than the pro-Russian image of the post-protest elites in Armenia, including the image of prime minister Pashinyan. By identifying public perceptions in Armenia before and especially after the «Velvet Revolution» regarding the assessment of the effectiveness of Armenian-Russian relations and the role of post-protest elites in them, the authors, in particular, conclude that the perception of the positive image of the Russian Federation as an ally correlates with the negative image of Pashinyan and the factor of post-protest elites. On the other hand, the anti-Russian perceptions of a staidly widening group of the Armenian population are not always correlated with either positive or negative image or the factor of Pashinyan and have other, deeper roots.
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Petrosyan, Gegham. "Historical Rethinking of Relations with the First Republic of Armenia and the United States of America: The Dilemma of Orientation and Expectations." Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 2, no. 2(5) (2023): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/jops/2023.2.5.076.
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This article examines the features of relations with the First Republic of Armenia and the United States of America in the context of the dilemma of orientation and expectations of the Armenian political elite and society. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of the influence of interethnic conflicts on the Armenian population and political elite after the February Revolution of 1917 on the territory of the Russian Empire. The main attention is paid to identifying general and specific elements in the process of restoring independent Armenian statehood at the end of May 1918. The scientific novelty lies in the study of transformative processes and the long break of independent Armenian statehood, the people’s and liberation struggle, as well as the geopolitical developments in the region in the context of the clash of both diplomatic and military, political and economic interests. As a result, after lengthy negotiations, on February 25, 1919, the assembly was presented with a single demand of the Armenians for recognition of the Armenian state. The characteristic features of such decisions are highlighted and described, on the basis of which it was proposed to transfer Armenia under the guardianship of the Entente and transfer its mandate to one of the countries for at least twenty years. It is emphasized that the Armenian delegations expressed their desire to transfer the patronage (mandate) of a united, independent and free Armenia to the United States of America or the newly formed League of Nations.
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Okkenhaug, Inger Marie. "Scandinavian Missionaries, Gender and Armenian Refugees during World War I. Crisis and Reshaping of Vocation." Social Sciences and Missions 23, no. 1 (2010): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489410x488521.
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AbstractSingle Scandinavian women, professionally trained as nurses or teachers, left for Turkish Armenia with a religious calling to proselytize and work with relief. In practical terms, however, they became part of the Armenian population's fight for survival during war and genocide. Encountering the Ottoman government's war against its Armenian population, Scandinavian mission work was transformed to performing illegal rescue operations. But the missionaries' careers, relief workers and war witnesses in the Ottoman Empire did not only have an effect on their professional lives, the closeness to Armenian society also shaped their private lives. Des femmes scandinaves célibataires, formées comme infirmières ou enseignantes, partirent pour l'Arménie turque en réponse à une vocation religieuse pour aller évangéliser et travailler dans l'aide humanitaire. Pratiquement, toutefois, ces femmes devinrent partie intégrante de la lutte pour la survie de la population arménienne face à la guerre et au génocide. Avec la guerre de l'Empire ottoman contre sa population arménienne, la mission scandinave se mua en une opération illégale de sauvetage. Non seulement la carrière de missionnaires et travailleuses humanitaires de ces femmes ainsi que leur expérience comme témoins de la guerre dans l'Empire ottoman eurent un impact sur leur vie professionnelle, mais leur proximité avec la société arménienne transforma également leur vie privée.
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Avanesyan, Iskuhi. "POGROMS IN GANDZAK (KIROVABAD) AS ANOTHER MANIFESTATION OF GENOCIDAL POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN." Armenian Folia Anglistika 21, no. 1(31) (2025): 221–31. https://doi.org/10.46991/afa/2025.21.1.221.
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the context of the nationwide movement in Nagorno-Karabakh in 1988, the anti-Armenian policy in Azerbaijan took the form of a large-scale and regular violence. The pogroms against Armenians organized on 27-29 February 1988 in the city of Sumgait (Azerbaijan) marked the beginning of a new stage of discriminatory policy against Armenians, which was to organize regular mass pogroms against Armenians. The next waves of Sumgayit crimes took place in November 1988 in Gandzak (Kirovabad) and nearby Armenian-populated areas, and in January 1990 in Baku. The purpose of this article is to highlight the pogroms committed by Soviet Azerbaijan in 1988 against the Armenian population of Gandzak (Kirovabad) and their consequences. The research suggests that the pogroms organized against the Armenians in Gandzak (Kirovabad) and nearby settlements in 1988 were motivated by national hatred and aimed at the physical destruction of a specific nation, the Armenians. The research shows that the pogroms against Armenians in Gandzak (Kirovabad) were organized with the cooperation of local authorities and law enforcement agencies, and the aim of the pogroms was to kill and deport Armenians. The methodological basis of the article is the methods of analysis, research of facts, and comparison of various materials. As a result of the study, we conclude that Azerbaijan committed a crime against the Armenian population of its republic during the Soviet years - ethnic cleansing, which was also a manifestation of Armenianophobia.
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Dementiev, Vitaliy. "Confessional structure of the population of the Russian empire at the turn of the 19–20 centuries: statistical and geographical analysis." Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, no. 4 (2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s221979310027418-2.
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The study of the confessional structure of the population in the post-Soviet space using geographical methods is currently a rare phenomenon. One of the reasons is the extreme lack of reliable statistical data reflecting the confessional structure of the population. Far from every population census conducted over the past decades in the former Soviet republics included questions about the religious affiliation of the population. The results of the first All-Russian population census, which was conducted in 1897, were used as a key source of statistical information. The article presents the results of a statistical and cartographic analysis of the territorial structure of the confessional composition of the population of the Russian Empire at the level of provinces and regions with some refinements at the county level. This information most fully reflects the religious diversity of the Russian Empire at different territorial levels. According to the results of the census, the following religions existed in the Russian Empire: Orthodoxy with co-religionists, Old Believers, Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, Armenian Gregorianism, Armenian Catholicism, Reformed, Mennonites, Anglicans, Baptists, Karaites, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, paganism, etc.
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Yaramishyan, Vitya. "SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL PREREQUISITES OF THE FORMATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AND MENTALITY OF THE INDIGENOUS ARMENIAN POPULATION OF ARTSAKH." Modern Psychology 7, no. 2(15) (2024): 84–95. https://doi.org/10.46991/sbmp/2024.7.2.084.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses several psychological features in the formation of national identity, mentality, and core beliefs, using the example of Armenians from Artsakh. Based on research conducted with individuals born and living in Artsakh over the past three decades, it identifies the historically and culturally rooted factors that, according to the author, have a significant impact on the formation of national identity, national consciousness, and thought processes in times of crisis. As noted by Armenian and foreign researchers, since ancient times, the people of Karabakh have been known for their bravery, courage, resourcefulness, resilience, honesty, incorruptibility, and unwavering loyalty in their behavioral choices. Nature and history in Artsakh have shaped a community belonging to the Armenoid anthropological type, one that, spread throughout the world, can be easily recognized by its dynamism, self-sacrificing bravery, inclination toward courage, resilience that borders on tenacity, convictions that verge on stubbornness, and a patriarchal approach in family life. These admirable traits of the people of Artsakh seem to embody the ancient Armenian virtues. Passed down through generations, these human qualities have hardened and shaped the unique and distinctive character of the Armenian population of the region.
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Ambartsumyan, K. R. "THE PROBLEM OF REFORMING THE ARMENIAN VILAYETS OF TURKEY IN THE POLITICS OF THE LEADING POWERS IN 1908-1914." History: facts and symbols, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2021-29-4-51-60.
Full textAbstract:
The current problem of the South Caucasus and Russian-Turkish interaction requires constantly to look back to the historical past, where the roots of all Caucasian ethno-territorial conflicts lie. In this regard, the problem of reforming the Armenian vilayets of the Ottoman Empire is urgent for modern international relations. Neither the genocide, nor the current difficulties of the Armenian-Turkish relations can be adequately considered without studying the situation around Armenia at the beginning of the 20th century.Above all, the author examines the problem of reforming the Armenian regions of the Ottoman Empire, taking into account the interests of the leading powers and is placed in the context of the pre-war peace and bloc confrontation. The main research approach of the study is neorealism, which makes the basis of international relations not only states with their interests, but also alliances of states. In addition to the published musical correspondence of Russian diplomats, the work uses sources of personal origin: the memoirs of S. D. Sazonov - the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, the memoirs of the American Ambassador G. Morgenthau, the diary of the Dutch inspector Louis Konstan Westenenk, archival documents with A. Mandelstam's report on reform projects were introduced into scientific circulation. The study released that the most persistent and consistent position on the reforms of the Armenian vilayets was taken by Russia, which sought to secure the Caucasus, adjacent to Turkey. Refugees were striving from the vilayets to the Russian part of Armenia, therefore, calming down the Armenian population in the Turkish part would contribute to stability in the Caucasian outskirts. However, there was no unanimity in the Entente on the Armenian issue, the outbreak of the First World War prevented the implementation of the project prepared on the eve of the war, as a result, everything turned into genocide for the Armenian people.
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Nabywaniec, Stanisław. "Armenians in Poland from the 14th century to the first years of the 21st century." Textus et Studia, no. 1/2(17/18) (July 16, 2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.05103.
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The first groups of Armenians arrived in Red Ruthenia, Podolia, and Kyiv Ruthenia as early as in the 11th century as part of the first wave of exiles before the Seljuk invasion. At the same time the first Armenian settlements in these Polish lands were established. However, a significant development tendency of the Armenian settlement can only be mentioned concerning the reign of Casimir the Great, who also contributed to the raise of the Armenian church in Lviv to the rank of a cathedral. The greatest development of the Armenian settlement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. At the end of the 17th century, Armenian settlements stretched along the entire south-eastern border of the Republic of Poland. The Armenian colonies in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth played an important role in the organization of eastern trade. A trade route connecting the East with the West ran through the territory of the Republic of Poland. Apart from economic activity, Armenians played a significant role in the field of diplomacy. All Armenian colonies in the territory of the Republic of Poland enjoyed autonomy. The outbreak of the war in 1939 meant that Poles and Armenians shared the tragic fate. World War II dispersed the Polish Armenians. Some of them – mainly Armenians from the city of Kuty and its surroundings – were murdered in 1943–1944 by the Ukrainians, with the approval of the Germans. Others were taken to Soviet camps or sent to Central Asia. Few Armenians remained in Lviv. Polish Armenians who survived lived in postwar Poland. After the political transformation that took place in Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, new emigrants from Armenia come to Poland. According to the 2002 national population and housing census, 262 citizens of the Republic of Poland declared themselves as Armenians.
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Margaryan, David Levaevich, Andrei Georgievich Pavlov, and Aleksandr Sergeevich Petrunin. "From Persecution to Identity: Transformation of Armenian Communities in the Middle East in the Context of Political and Social Change." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2025): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2025.1.73649.
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This article examines the origins of the emergence of Armenian communities in the Middle East in the 20th century, including the reasons that influenced the decision of the Young Turk state to switch to a large-scale persecution and genocide in 1915 throughout the Ottoman Empire against its Armenian population. The purpose of the work is to consider the main stages, factors and reasons that influenced the formation of Armenian communities in the Middle East. The study is based on the civilizational approach and the principle of constructivism; the principles of historicism and objectivity. It is noted that the impetus that led to the creation of the Armenian diaspora was the Armenian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire; initially, this policy was based on the ideology of pan-Islamism, but as a result of socio-political changes, the policy of persecution began to rely on pan-Turkism. The article highlights the economic, political, religious and ethnic reasons for the policy of genocide and forced assimilation, which became the basis for the further powerful rise of the national identity of Armenians in the host countries, which subsequently became the foundation for the formation of the entire diaspora. It is noted that the process of forming renewed diasporas developed in two directions: either refugees joined the already established diaspora structures, or founded completely new diasporas consisting exclusively of Armenians who fled from the Ottoman Empire. It is also specified that the main goal of the Armenian diaspora at the analyzed stage is the preservation of culture and language, as well as the education of youth within the framework of their own traditions: despite persecution, legal difficulties and socio-economic problems, Armenian refugees settled in a number of Middle Eastern countries.
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Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide." International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, no. 3 (1986): 311–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800030506.
Full textAbstract:
The protracted Turko-Armenian conflict, marked by intermittent massacres, was violently resolved during World War I. By governmental decree the bulk of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was uprooted from its ancestral territories and was committed to a process of deportation that became a process of destruction. The provinces in the interior of Turkey with heavy concentrations of Armenians were thus completely denuded of their indigenous population.Volumes have been produced regarding the instruments and dimensions of this destruction. The carnage was attested to by multitudes of Armenian survivors; by German, Swiss, and American missionaries; and by European and American consuls in the provinces and their ambassadors in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. The testimony of Austrian and German officers of all ranks who fought in and directed that war alongside the Turks as political and military allies is even more striking.