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Erouihane, Nabil. "La « construction des armes navales » en France de 1871 à 1961 : naissance et restructuration d’un système politico-industriel." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30006.
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De 1871 à 1961, la Marine française connut des mutations de tous ordres qui furent à l'origine de l'émergence d'un nouveau système de production d'armes navales. Cette transformation fut causée par un besoin continu de renforcement de la flotte, par des innovations technologiques successives et rapides et par le triomphe du capitalisme industriel. Elle aboutit à la mise en place d’une superstructure institutionnelle et humaine nouvelle, le complexe militaro-naval, qui fonctionnait avec sa propre logique. De la IIIe à la Ve République, la construction des armes navales passa, donc, de pratiques industrielles centrées sur les traditionnels arsenaux et établissements de la Marine aux commandes de navires de guerre confiées à l'industrie privée. Bénéficiant du concours du Parlement, la Marine arrivait à augmenter continuellement les crédits pour ses achats d’armes. La première guerre mondiale perturba légèrement ce mode de fonctionnement qui reprit ses habitudes à la fin des années 1920. La seconde guerre mondiale le toucha plus durement, notamment par les destructions physiques des usines, mais il accomplit une renaissance dans les années 1950. Les hommes qui étaient aux commandes des administrations et des entreprises concernées ne cessèrent de collaborer durant toute cette période jusqu’à devenir très proches, et rendre le travail encore plus efficace. Cependant, à la fin des années 1950, avec les difficultés chroniques que connaissaient les chantiers privés ainsi que le nécessaire développement de la technologie nucléaire navale, la Ve République fit le choix d’abandonner le complexe militaro-naval, en supprimant les commandes aux chantiers privés pour recentrer la construction de ses navires sur ses arsenauxFrom 1871 to 1961, the French Navy underwent changes of all kinds which were at the origin of the emergence of a new system of production of naval weapons. This transformation was caused by a continuous need to strengthen the fleet, by successive and rapid technological innovations, and by the triumph of industrial capitalism. From the 3rd to the 5th Republic, the construction of naval weapons therefore passed from industrial practices centered on the traditional arsenals and factories of the Navy, to the command of warships entrusted to private industry
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Shirer, Richard H. Corral Diego R. "Intelligence database support for naval arms control /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School; Available from the National Technical Information Service, 1991. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA246430.
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Thesis (M.S. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1991.Thesis advisor(s): Tritten, James J. "December 1991". DTIC descriptors: arms control, climate, computers, data bases, defense systems, disks, intelligence, military doctrine, models, navy, political science, security, theses, USSR. DTIC identifiers: data bases, software engineering, computer programs, arms control, theses. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76).
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Shirer, Richard H., and Diego R. Corral. "Intelligence database support for naval arms control." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43750.
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Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimitedThe database contained in this thesis was put together from unclassified sources. It is stored on computer disk using the Lotus 123 software program and is easily updated and manipulated. This database was created to provide support to U.S. Naval arms con
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Brown, Paul Curtis. "Naval arms control : a post-Cold War reappraisal." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28389.
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Ellis, Sandra Nichols. "Naval technology transfer and arms trade: the Brazilian connection." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23079.
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Technology transfer and acquisition have become hotly debated and controversial policy issues. Examination of U.S. policy toward transfer of naval technology to Brazil raises questions of American national security and the validity of the Brazilian requests. Research reveals a history of dependence on the U.S. Navy and that the Brazilian naval industry also lags behind its military counterparts in domestic production, purchasing most naval equipment from abroad. This paper examines the dependence of the Brazilian Navy on foreign navies and investigates the naval industry production problems. The U.S./Brazilian relationship reveals a partnership that could be reinforced by making U.s. technology transfer policies more flexible
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Jones, Frank Curtis. "Naval trends in ASEAN : is there a new arms race? /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307397.
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Kuehn, John Trost. "The influence of Naval Arms limitation on U.S. Naval innovation during the interwar period, 1921 - 1937." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/259.
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Harmon, Neil Andrew. "Russian conventional arms transfers since 1991 : implications for U.S. Naval Forces." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390105.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, March 2001.Thesis advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail, ; Rocker, Fredrick. "March 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76). Also available online.
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Gil, Ana Filipa da Costa. "Projectar com o lugar. Indústrias criativas. Escola de artes cénicas do Ginjal." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2892.
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Tese de Mestrado em ArquitecturaO seguinte Relatório de Projecto Final de Mestrado tem como tema principal, Projectar com o Lugar, tendo como área de intervenção, os Estaleiros Navais Hugo Parry & Son, edificado industrial ribeirinho, sediado no Ginjal, Cacilhas. Numa primeira aproximação ao tema do Lugar, usou-se o Método Fenomenológico, procedendo-se a uma análise do local, tal e qual como se apresenta e foi feito um levantamento histórico do local, de modo a ser compreendido temporalmente e espacialmente face às suas práticas e costumes. Num segundo nível, o Lugar foi estudado sob o ponto vista do seu espírito, estrutura e significado, para que houvesse um entendimento da sua importância na prática da arquitectura e ao longo da criação projectual. O estudo focou-se essencialmente no território escolhido, numa área de estudo que compreende a malha urbana ribeirinha do Ginjal e a área de intervenção, que corresponde à própria delimitação territorial dos antigos Estaleiros. Num terceiro nível, foi desenvolvida a proposta de intervenção sobre os Estaleiros, propondo um processo projectual de reabilitação, renovação e requalificação, subordinado a um programa educativo e cultural, inserido no contexto de uma Escola de Artes Cénicas. Por fim, com um conjunto de peças desenhadas e com o presente relatório, conclui-se o processo de trabalho com os resultados previstos que proponho, como reparo crítico ao actual Estudo Estratégico da Quinta Almaraz/Ginjal, em vigor para a presente realização do Plano Pormenor Quinta Almaraz/Ginjal.
The following Report of the Master Degrees Final Project has the main theme of Planning with the Place, with the intervention area of the Shipyard Hugo Parry & Son, built in the industrial riverside, headquartered in Ginjal, Cacilhas. In a first approach to the subject's place, its used the Phenomenological Method, to analyze the site according to its landscape just like it is done and presents a historical survey of the site in order to be understood temporally and spatially, their practices and customs. On a second level, the place is studied from the viewpoint of its spirit, structure and meaning so that, there is an understanding of its importance in the practice of architecture and along to the project-creation. The study will focus primarily with the chosen territory, an area of study that includes the urban riverside of Cacilhas and then with the target area, which includes the actual territorial boundaries of the old Naval Shipyard. The third level is developed on the proposed intervention with the Shipyard Hugo Parry & Son, proposing a conceptual process of rehabilitation, renovation and upgrading. It will be subjected to an educational program of cultural dissemination, within the context of a School of Performing Arts. Finally, with a set of drawings and with this report, the work process with the expected results that I propose is concluded, as a critical repair to the current Strategic Study of Almaraz/Ginjal, which is the actual basis for the realization of the Detail Plan of Almaraz/Ginjal.
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Keefer, Scott Andrew. "Great Britain and naval arms control : international law and security 1898-1914." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/319/.
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This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing instead that legalized arms control provided a realistic means of limiting armaments. This thesis explores how a great power employed treaties to complement maritime security strategies. A powerful world government was not advocated and was unnecessary for the management of naval arms control. While law could not guarantee state compliance, the framework of the international legal system provided a buffer, increasing predictability in interstate relations. This thesis begins with an account of how international law functioned in the nineteenth century, and how states employed international law in limiting armaments. With this framework, a legal analysis is provided for exploring the negotiations at the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, and in the subsequent Anglo-German naval arms race. What emerges is how international law functioned by setting expectations for future behaviour, while raising the political cost of violations. Naval arms control provided a unique opportunity for legal regulation, as the lengthy building time and easily verifiable construction enabled inspections by naval attachés, a traditional diplomatic practice. Existing practices of international law provided a workable method of managing arms competition, without the necessity for unworkable projects of world government. Thus failure to resolve the arms race before 1914 must be attributed to other causes besides the lack of legal precedents.
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Faltas, Sami. "Arms markets and armament policy : the changing structure of naval industries in Western Europe /." Dordrecht ; Boston ; Lancaster : Kluwer academic, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374238560.
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Lenssen, Franz-Josef. "An analysis of Naval officer accession supply historical factors and future trends/." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA237495.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Mehay, Stephen L. Second Reader: Eitelberg, Mark J. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on 19 October 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Officer personnel, naval personnel, manpower, mathematical prediction, statistical analysis, medical personnel, demography, labor markets. Author(s) subject terms: Officer supply models, regression analysis, applications, new contracts, accessions, officer recruiting. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84). Also available in print.
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Cave, Gary L. "Development and control of robotic arms for the Naval Postgraduate School Planar Autonomous Docking Simulator (NPADS)." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4614.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThe objective of this thesis was to design, construct and develop the initial autonomous control algorithm for the NPS Planar Autonomous Docking Simulator (NPADS). The effort included hardware design, fabrication, installation and integration; mass property determination; and the development and testing of control laws utilizing MATLAB and Simulink for modeling and LabView for NPADS control. The NPADS vehicle uses air pads and a granite table to simulate a 2-D, drag-free, zero-g space environment. It is a completely self-contained vehicle equipped with eight cold-gas, bang-bang type thrusters and a reaction wheel for motion control. A "star sensor" CCD camera locates the vehicle on the table while a color CCD docking camera and two robotic arms will locate and dock with a target vehicle. The on-board computer system leverages PXI technology and a single source, simplifying systems integration. The vehicle is powered by two lead-acid batteries for completely autonomous operation. A graphical user interface and wireless Ethernet enable the user to command and monitor the vehicle from a remote command and data acquisition computer. Two control algorithms were developed and allow the user to either control the thrusters and reaction wheel manually or simply specify a desired location.
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Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja Ann Jozef. "International environmental law and naval war : the effect of marine safety and pollution conventions during international armed conflict." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2608/.
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The cornerstone of modern International Environmental Law is the prohibition of transfrontier pollution, according to which States have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States, or of areas beyond national jurisdiction. In addition, there is now a substantial body of international treaties laying down detailed regimes for various environmental sectors. Recent international conflicts have raised fundamental questions about the relationship between International Environmental Law and armed conflict. The notion that the rules of general International Environmental Law continue to apply during armed conflict is now well accepted. But the principles which are usually cited, remain at a very high level of abstraction. This thesis examines the extent to which international law has developed more detailed rules to protect the environment in international armed conflict. After a discussion of the main legal issues, the thesis concentrates on the marine environment, examining the relationship between naval warfare on the one hand, and multilateral environmental treaties on marine safety and prevention of marine pollution on the other. It concludes that the majority of these treaties do not apply during armed conflict, either because war damage is expressly excluded, or because the treaties do not apply to warships. As for the treaties that are in principle applicable during armed conflict, the analysis shows that, under international law, belligerent and neutral States have the legal right to suspend those treaties, wholly or partially. Finally, the author concludes that very few of the treaties considered take the new law of armed conflict into account, and that there remains a need for more detailed rules on environmental standards for military operations.
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Ribeiro, Anderson Clayton Nascimento. "Avaliação da soldagem do aço naval AH36 microligado soldado pelo processo arco submerso com um e dois arames." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-16112015-002331/.
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Diversas pesquisas em processos de soldagem para construção naval concentram-se em reduzir peso, aumentar a eficiência de energia, melhorar a resistência à corrosão e à tenacidade, bem como reduzir custos e tempo na construção dos navios. O aço naval microligado, AH36, apresenta boa correlação entre estrutura, propriedades mecânicas e soldabilidade. Estas características se devem principalmente a redução dos teores de carbono em função do uso de elementos microligantes como V, Nb e Ti, e do tipo de processo de obtenção das chapas pelo processo termomecânico seguido de resfriamento acelerado (em inglês: Thermomechanical control process -TMCP). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a soldagem do aço naval AH 36 pelo processo de arco submerso com um e dois arames. Para tanto foram empregados os ensaios mecânicos de tração, de dobramento e de dureza. A tenacidade foi determinada pelo ensaio de Charpy com entalhe em V. Para caracterização metalográfica foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas: Microscopia óptica (MO) e Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que as juntas soldadas apresentaram limite de resistência máxima de 561 MPa, com rompimento localizado no metal de base. No ensaio de microdureza foi observado que a região de crescimento de grão da zona afetada pelo calor, no experimento com a técnica Tandem, apresentou-se a região mais rígida das juntas analisadas, também o valor de microdureza no metal de solda foi 10% maior que no metal de base. Os resultados dos ensaios de impacto Charpy V mostraram que a temperatura de transição dúctil frágil do metal de base é de -30ºC. Da mesma maneira, o menor valor de energia absorvida foi para região do metal de solda. Através da análise da micrografia foi possível identificar diferentes morfologias de ferrita, a presença de perlita e pequenas regiões de martensita, bem como a presença de agregados MA.Several researches in welding processes for shipbuilding has been focusing on reducing weight, increasing energy efficiency, improving corrosion resistance and toughness as well as reducing costs and time in the construction of ships. The microalloyed steel AH36 shipbuilding presents a good correlation among structure, mechanical properties and weldability. These features are mainly because reduction in carbon content due to the use of microalloying elements such as V, Nb and Ti, together with the process of steel plates by thermomechanical control process (TMCP), Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the welding of shipbuilding steel AH 36 by submerged arc process with one and two wires. It was utilized tests such as: tensile, bending and hardness tests. The toughness was determined by Charpy V-Notch test. The metallographic characterization was carried out by the following techniques: optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Rays diffraction. The results showed that the tensile test for welded joints presented maximum resistance limit of 561 MPa, and the rupture was located in the base metal. Microhardness test showed that the region of coarse grain of heat affected zone, in the tandem submerged arc welding (SAW), presented the hardest region of the welded joint, also the microhardness value in the weld metal was 10% greater than the metal base. Charpy V notch test tests depicted a ductile brittle transition temperature at about -30 ºC. In the same way, the lowest absorbed energy was identified in the weld metal region. Through microstructure characterization it was possible to identify different morphologies of ferrite, pearlite and the small presence of martensite, as well as, the presence of aggregates MA.
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Fauche, H. "Somali pirates take to the high seas: expediency or long-term pirate strategy?" Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001260.
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Abstract
In 2008 the highest number of attacks recorded against ships in the world was
reported to have taken place off the coast of Africa. These attacks were carried out at
greater distances from land, along the east coast of Africa, than ever before. In this
article the extent of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the African context
and underlying causes of piracy and armed robbery against ships off the coast of
East Africa will be presented. The objective is to analyse incidents and the land and
sea based causes in East Africa to account for the shift in strategy from attacking
ships in territorial waters to attacking ships on the high seas. A secondary aim is to
determine, in view of the shifting background to the attacks, the responsibilities of
navies and other role players in the process of countering such attacks. The article
suggests that states need to review national legislation related to maritime security
and that all state role players in the maritime domain need to cooperate more
efficiently.
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Gow, Ian T. M. "Katō Kanji and interwar naval arms limitation : the Japanese navy in politics and politics in the Japanese navy." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15119/.
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Kearsley, Harold John. "A theory on maritime power for the not-aligned not-nuclear naval powers, with Sweden and Ireland as case studies." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU027042.
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The study examines the maritime power of states not allied with either superpower and not dependent upon nuclear weapons for any portion of their defence. They are the Not-aligned, Not-nuclear, Naval (N-Cubed) states. A review of post 1945 naval theory is undertaken and a unique view of maritime power for N-Cubed states is presented. The changing maritime environment is detailed and the fact that conflict can be expected at any time, from violent peace to war, is established. Although land warfare is dominant, a navy's unique utility is presented. Based upon past precedents, seven naval missions are identified. An input/output model is used in examining the relationship between various 'inputs' or maritime characteristics with the 'output', naval missions and their hardware. A unique method of navy classification using technological level, size and power projection capability, is employed. Two European case studies, spanning a large technological spectrum and insuring the model is a valid tool to investigate different states, are employed. Sweden and Ireland's 'inputs' and the process by which they are transformed into specific naval missions or 'outputs' are examined. They were chosen because of their common European base but differing inputs and naval force structure. The investigation assesses their ability to meet mission commitments with an evaluation of gaps. The idea that European states can act as role models for other N-Cubed states is explored. The conclusions are that N-Cubed states are unique and require a unique theory on maritime power. The input/output model is an excellent guideline with flexibility in dealing with differing states. It suggests needs that many states are not dealing with. There exists much waste in economic, material and human resources which could be trimmed to a more cost-effective and responsive maritime defence structure.
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Busuttil, James J. "Naval weapons systems and the contemporary law of war : selected topics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307388.
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Mériaux, Jacques. "Histoire de la poste navale : acheminement et distribution du courrier dans la marine de guerre française : 1792-1992." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30045.
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Le premier reglement concernant l'acheminement du courrier dans la marine de guerre francaise date de 1792. Jusqu'en 1914, de nombreux autres textes furent publies, tendant a ameliorer la desserte postale des unites navales en temps de paix ou en operations exterieures , parallelement, se developpa l'action de la marine de guerre dans l'assistance postale aux pecheurs de terre-neuve. Pendant la guerre de 1914-1918, le premier service officiel de poste navale de temps de guerre fut cree en mediterranee, avec tout un reseau de bureaux navals. Des systemes voisins de temps de guerre fonctionnerent pendant la seconde guerre mondiale puis a l'occasion d'operations exterieures (indochine, afrique du nord, suez). Dans l'entre-deux-guerres furent crees les premiers etablissements postaux permanents de la marine, mais ce n'est qu'en 1963 qu'un service de poste navale ubiquitaire fonctionna officiellement comme structure de temps de paix dans le cadre general de la poste aux armees. Des etudes comparatives montrent que cette poste navale est tout a fait comparable aux organisations similaires des autres puissances maritimes dont l'evolution a pourtant ete tout a fait differenteThe first regulation relating to mail delivery in the french navy dates back to 1792. Until 1914, many further texts were published with the aim to improve postal dispatching towards the naval units, either in peacetime or during overseas operations ; over the same period the navy became increasingly involved in postal assistance to the newfoundland fishermen. During world war i, the first official wartime naval post service was set up in the mediterranean sea with un important network of naval post offices. Similar wartime systems worked during world war ii, then whenever overseas operations were carried out (indochina, north africa, suez). During the interwar period, the first permanent post offices of the navy were established ; nevertheless, it was in 1963 only that an ubiquitous navy postal service officially worked as a structure in peace time, within the general framework ot the army post service. Comparative studies bear to evidence that this naval post service can be totally compared to the similar organizations of the other naval powers even though their evolution was, on the whole, quite different
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Decker, Gilles. "The Anglo-German naval arms race and domestic politics in the United Kingdom and Germany from 1898 to 1914." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC005.
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La course aux armements navals anglo-allemande fut un des facteurs clés dans le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale. En particulier, les années comprises entre 1906 et 1912 ont vu une compétition intense entre les deux pays dans la construction de vaisseaux de ligne modernes - des croiseurs lourds blindés - après que le Dreadnought fut lancé par les Britanniques. Tant que l'Allemagne n'était pas prête à accepter la suprématie navale britannique et que la Grande-Bretagne ne voulait pas la céder, la compétition dura jusqu'à ce qu'une des deux parties cède par essoufflement économique. L'Allemagne a essayé de traduire son pouvoir économique en force militaire mais échoua à cause de son système de fiscalité moins efficace qu'en Grande-Bretagne. Le fait que le trésor britannique pouvait imposer et augmenter aussi bien des impôts directs qu'indirects tandis qu'en Allemagne seuls les états fédéraux pouvaient le faire, démontre que le système constitutionnel britannique était plus flexible que l'allemand, permettant au gouvernement de Londres de mobiliser plus de ressources financières pour contrer l'Allemagne dans les dépenses navalesThe Anglo-German naval race was one of the decisive factors in the outbreak of World War I. In particular, the years between 1906 and 1912 witnessed an intense head-to-head competition between the two powers in the building of modern capital ships, that is, battleships and large armoured cruisers, after Dreadnought had been launched by the British. So long as Germany was not prepared to accept British naval supremacy and Britain was not prepared to yield it, the competition was bound to go on until economic exhaustion compelled one side to give up. Germany tried to translate its wealth into military power, but the inefficient nature of its taxation system prevented it from doing so. The fact that Britain's Treasury had the power to both levy and increase direct and indirect taxes, while in Germany only state governments had it shows that Britain's more democratic constitutional system meant that London could react to Germany's naval challenge by punishment, mobilizing a greater share of financial resources for naval spending than Berlin
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Fifield, Jo Ann M. "A multivariate analysis of retirement intentions of enlisted Naval Reservists." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FFifield.pdf.
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Nino, Berttony da Silva. "Um retrato do marginal brasileiro mediante o trabalho do ator com as personagens de Pl?nio Marcos em ?Navalha na carne"." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19869.
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Esta disserta??o apresentada tem como objeto de investiga??o o trabalho do ator na constru??o das a??es f?sicas, conforme a metodologia desenvolvida por Constantin Stanislavski em sua an?lise da a??o dram?tica, denominada ?m?todo da a??o f?sica?, aplicada ?s quest?es da representa??o c?nica do marginal brasileiro, segundo o olhar ?cruel? e realista/naturalista do dramaturgo Pl?nio Marcos. Partindo das circunst?ncias dadas pelo universo Pliniano, a inten??o ? contribuir para a reflex?o sobre o trabalho do ator na cena com as personagens marginais de ?Navalha na carne?, destacando alguns aspectos importantes, que auxiliem na constru??o deste mundo ficcional. Deseja-se criar condi??es para a forma??o de um ator que potencialize na cena as contradi??es e conflitos desta obra. A investiga??o pretende partir do estudo te?rico-pr?tico como hip?tese metodol?gica, produzindo reflex?o cr?tica a partir do processo criativo do ator com a realiza??o de um experimento c?nico centrado na t?cnica psicof?sica deste pedagogo russo. Assim, pretende-se lan?ar um olhar sobre o ?m?todo das a??es f?sicas? com foco na sua ?ltima grande contribui??o para a atua??o, notadamente o procedimento da an?lise ativa, ao fazer uma leitura a partir de ?Navalha na carne? por meio deste exerc?cio c?nico criativo, ampliando os estudos que se ocupam da arte do ator. Esta pesquisa faz uma explana??o geral sobre a trajet?ria de Stanislavski at? seu encontro com a a??o f?sica, ao mesmo tempo que, destaca os desencontros de entendimento do seu trabalho pelo mundo. Stanislavski desenvolveu inicialmente o ?m?todo? tendo como pano de fundo, a est?tica realista - uma rela??o de di?logo entre realidade e a cena ? atrav?s de uma estiliza??o que cria uma realidade teatral, e consequentemente, art?stica, e n?o de forma literalmente naturalista atrav?s de um mimetismo integral. Ou seja, o trabalho de representa??o na est?tica realista do teatro deve ser elaborado a fim de criar uma realidade teatralizada. Stanislavski entende que teatro ? conven??o, j? que o trabalho do ator sobre si pr?prio deve estimular essa segunda natureza, a c?nica.
This thesis presented is to research the actor's work in the construction of physical actions, according to the methodology developed by Constantin Stanislavski in his analysis of dramatic action, called "method of physical action", applied to questions of scenic representation of the Brazilian marginal, according to the look "cruel" and realistic / naturalistic Plinio Marcos playwright. Based on the circumstances given by Pliniano universe, the intention is to contribute to the reflection on the actor's work on the scene with the marginal characters in "Razor in the Flesh", highlighting some important aspects, to assist in the construction of this fictional world. You want to create conditions for the formation of an actor that leverages the scene the contradictions and conflicts of this work. The research aims from the theoretical and practical study as a methodological hypothesis, producing critical reflection from the creative process of the agent with the realization of a scenic experiment focused on psychophysical technique of this Russian pedagogue. Thus, we intend to have a look at the method of physical actions focusing on his last great contribution to the work, especially the procedure of active analysis by doing a reading from "Razor in the Flesh" through this creative scenic exercise, extending the studies concerning the actor's art. This research is a general explanation about the trajectory of Stanislavski to his encounter with the physical action, while, highlights the inconsistencies of understanding of his work around the world. Stanislavski initially developed the "method" having as a backdrop, the realist aesthetic - a dialogue relationship between reality and the scene - through a style which creates a theatrical reality, and consequently, artistic, not literally naturalistic way through an integral mimicry. That is, the representation of work in realistic theater aesthetics should be developed in order to create a theatrical reality. Stanislavski believes that theater is convention, since the actor's work on himself should encourage this second nature, scenic.
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Reis, Giana Fonseca. "A construção de identidade no discurso militar-naval das escolas de aprendizes-marinheiros." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNISUL, 2014. http://www.riuni.unisul.br/handle/12345/472.
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Previous issue date: 2014Este trabalho procura compreender a posição sujeito assumida pelos alunos do curso de Aprendizes-Marinheiros dentro de uma Escola da Marinha. A proposta de pesquisa tem por base teórica a Análise do Discurso desenvolvida por Pêcheux, na França, nos anos 60. A questão da identidade profissional será investigada, através dos textos produzidos pelos alunos, em três diferentes momentos da aprendizagem nesta escola militar - o ingresso, a promoção a grumete e a formatura de marinheiro. É através do domínio do jargão marinheiro e da identificação com a ideologia militar que o marinheiro se sente pertencente a esta formação ideológica/discursiva
The dissertation objective is to comprehend the subject position occupied by the students from the Navy School which is responsible by graduating seaman-recruit. The purpose of this research is based on the French Discourse Analysis developed by Pêcheux during sixtieth decade, as well as by Eni Orlandi in Brazil from eightieth decade to nowadays. The professional identity question will be investigated by means of texts produced by the students during about three different moments of seaman-recruit learning in this military school: the ingress, the promotion and finally the graduation. The seaman-recruit feels himself included in this ideological and discursive formation due to the fact of dominating the seaman slangs and the military discourse identification as well
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Santos, Sandra Leopoldina Chemello dos. "O processo interacional no discurso construído em Navalha da Carne, de Plínio Marcos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14444.
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Previous issue date: 2007-04-11The aim of this work is to identify some linguistic resources used in a face to face interaction process during conversation. So, we used the oral language from Plínio Marcos' fiction dialogue as corpus, Navalha na Carne, and we applied the same methodology used before in order to analyse spontaneous speech. The basis of the research was The Analysis of Conversation, however, Sociolinguistics is also used. Based on theoretical perspective, we observed how the planning and replanning possibilities, the building of knowledge, the treatment forms, the social status, the power indexes, as well as the reasons that can lead to the loss and maintenance of face were used during communication so that the interaction would succeed
Nossa analise tem o objetivo de identificar alguns dos recursos lingüísticos usados na condução do diálogo durante o processo de interação face-a-face. Para isso, usamos como corpus de língua oral um diálogo de ficção de Plínio Marcos, Navalha na carne, e a ele aplicamos a mesma metodologia usada para a análise da fala espontânea. A linha de pesquisa utilizada é a da Análise da Conversação, contudo a Sociolingüística também se fará presente em nossa análise. A Análise da Conversação tem o objetivo de descrever o comportamento verbal dos interlocutores durante a interação, visando a compreender como se processa a organização do ato conversacional (Preti, 1991:16). A Sociolingüística consiste em mostrar a variação da estrutura lingüística e da estrutura social e, talvez, mesmo, um relacionamento possível causal em uma direção ou em outra. (Bright, apud Preti, 1982). Sob essa perspectiva teórica, apresentaremos as estratégias utilizadas pelos falantes, em nosso caso pelas personagens, para que interação obtenha sucesso
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Kim, Duk-Ki. "Geo-strategic approaches to co-operative maritime security in northeast Asia : with particular reference to naval arms control, maritime confidence-building measures and maritime co-operation measures." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:10446.
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The purpose of this study is to design a co-operative maritime security structure for Northeast Asia through the application of naval arms control and disarmament measures (both structural and operational), maritime confidence-building measures (MCBMs) and maritime cooperation measures (MCMs). In order to construct an analytical framework for such an application it is necessary to introduce sub-objectives. The first is to explore the options for providing co-operative maritime security, such as naval arms control. MCBMs and MCMs, and to assess the value of their contribution to the general co-operative maritime security framework. The second is to examine the particular points of the major regional powers' maritime security policies with a view to considering their relevance to the construction of a system of co-operative maritime security in Northeast Asia. The third is to delineate the regional geo-strategic security environment conducive to Northeast Asian co-operative maritime security in the framework of the various types of measures. The final part examines the potential conditions for the application of co-operative maritime security measures and suggests a priority of application on the basis of the regional maritime security environment. In the last decade, the United States and Russia have been forced to change their defence policies, trim their budgets, curtail operations overseas, and re-evaluate their fundamental purposes. Nonetheless, the medium powers, such as China and Japan, continue to build and deploy naval weapons and vessels that others find threatening. Unless they reconsider their positions toward co-operative maritime security, they may miss a critical opportunity to bring stability to the high seas. In Northeast Asia, the main boundary and territorial disputes are maritime in nature, e.g. Russia-Japan (South Kuril IslandslNorthern Territories), Korea-Japan (the Tok Islandsffakeshima), China-Japan (the Senkaku Islandsffiaoyu Tao), as well as Taiwan and, in the South China Sea, the Paracel Islands/Xisha Qundao (Vietnam-China), and the Spratly IslandslNansha Qundao (China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Philippines and Brunei). Multilateral security activities cannot replace formal diplomatic/legal negotiations to settle maritime boundary and territorial disputes, but co-operative maritime security measures may be particularly valuable in minimising the risk of conflict in such circumstances. Among the MCBMs, the most promising areas involve modifying existing INCSEA agreements, and establishing or expanding measures of transparency, such as compliance with the UN or an eventual regional arms register and the regular issue of credible official Defence White Papers. In the current context of strategic uncertainty and maritime force development in Northeast Asia, information exchange measures and communication measures may be the most valuable MCBM, applicable region-wide. Co-operative maritime security measures can offer a number of benefits. The main goals of MCMs are cost reduction through shared efforts or by joint operations for humanitarian purposes, joint development of marine resources, the protection of SLOCs and prevention of sea pollution. MCMs can also be used as confidence-building measures in themselves to maintain communication when tensions heighten. MCMs indicate that neighbouring countries can work together to look after certain problems at the regional or subregional level. This can help not onJy to deter potential adversaries but also to assure extraregional countries that no direct threat would be posed to their sea-borne trade. With functional and operational approaches, MCMs cover marine pollution, search and rescue, illegal activities, including drug smuggling, piracy and fisheries infringement. The first area of naval arms control to be considered covers constraints on naval activities as operational naval arms control measures. General operational arms control measures could be used to cover other naval activities, or they could serve as a model for similar agreements in other areas. The provisions for notification of dangerous activities, for instance, could be broadened to include mandatory notification of all naval exercises. After the 1972 Incidents at Sea Agreement, the United States and Russia developed stabilising rules of behaviour as their navies came into contact with each other across the world's oceans. With the expansion of naval forces in Northeast Asia and the increased likelihood of accident and miscalculation, one could make a case for the negotiation of regional INCSEA agreements, particularly on a bilateral basis. Such agreements already exist in the North Pacific: Canada and Russia, the US and Russia, Russia-Japan and Russia-ROK. The United States and China have also signed a related agreement on maritime consultation. Operational measures at sea could be implemented by imposing restraints on naval activities and geographical limitations. Structural measures, as the second aspect of naval arms control, consist of quantitative and qualitative approaches. A quantitative approach based on ratios would inevitably affect the relative size of forces of different countries. Such agreements are difficult to achieve because of differences in geostrategic goals and asymmetries of naval forces in the region. This thesis argues that the development of co-operative maritime security measures to the point where they become a significant aspect of the regional maritime security framework in Northeast Asia will not be easy. It is a very diverse region, where there are quite different security perceptions and maritime territorial and legitimacy conflicts which require resolution. There is also little tradition of security co-operation, at least on a multilateral basis. The maritime issues themselves are generally complicated, and the practical and operational factors involved in the establishment of effective co-operative maritime security regimes are extremely demanding. Maritime confidence-building measures offer the greatest potentiaL as an initial step. As subsequent steps, maritime co-operation measures and naval arms control measures could be followed. The important question is whether or not the application of co-operative security models can be brought to the point where they can enable the effective management of the increasing complexities and uncertainties which characterise the emerging maritime environment in Northeast Asia. Current fiscal constraints might clearly provide an opportunity for Northeast Asian countries not only to consider more closely their threat perceptions but also to pursue regional co-operative maritime arrangements which rely more on mutual understanding and less on a naval arms build-up.
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Strub, Philippe. "La renaissance de la marine française sous la quatrième république (1er janvier 1945-novembre 1953)." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010518.
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En janvier 1945, il ne reste rien de l'outil naval performant dont la France disposait en 1939 la flotte de surface est obsolète; l'aéronautique navale est exsangue; les centres d'études n'existent plus; les bases navales sont dévastées. Fin 1953, le chef d'état-major général de la marine brosse un tableau plutôt optimiste de l'arme qu'il dirige : les premières unités navales lancées après-guerre doivent entrer prochainement en service et le gouvernement a approuvé la mise en chantier annuelle, de 1954 à 1956, de 30. 000 tonnes de bâtiments; l'aéronautique navale renaît de ses cendres; les centres d'études se hissent au niveau de ceux des marines anglo-saxonnes. Seul le bilan des bases navales n'est pas satisfaisant. Neuf années auront été nécessaires pour arriver à ce résultat. Cette thèse en fait le récit. La première partie traite de l'élaboration d'un statut naval, la deuxième de l'évolution des structures de la marine, la dernière de la reconstruction des bases navales
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Almeida, Alcione Gomes de. "A ESTÉTICA DE PLÍNIO MARCOS EVIDENCIADA EM DOIS PERDIDOS NUMA NOITE SUJA, NAVALHA NA CARNE E BALADA DE UM PALHAÇO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3252.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-29This dissertation presents an interpretive and comparative study of the theater performances Dois Perdidos Numa Noite Suja, Navalha na Carne and Balada de um Palhaço, from Plínio Marcos. The main objective is to highlight the uniqueness of aesthetic creation performed by the author, as well as its importance in the Brazilian theatrical scene in plans of content and form. It is observed that the proposed analysis assumes that the works raise distinct ontological and universal issues on the humanity, sometimes half hidden in the textual surface of prosaic appearance. Thus, it is appropriate to deal with aspects that enable interaction with Plinian artistic production, such as the ease of language, composition of characters and texture conflict. Individual examination of the dramatic text is followed by a more specific comparison between them in order to better highlight its characteristics, composed of similarities and differences, which in different ways express immeasurable artistic quality. This the research follows the deductive nature of methodology, bibliographic and documentary, in which the theoretical support account: with articles published at the time of presentation of the parts of Plinio Marcos; theoretical scope of literature and theater, among them: Artaud (1999), Bakhtin (1981, 2002, 2003), Bonfitto (2002), Bornheim (2007) Dort (2010), Magaldi (1994), Nietzsche (1994), Prado (2001), Rosenfeld (1982, 1985, 2008), Szondi (2001), Virmaux (1978). It should be noted the incidence of the theoretical concepts in the analysis of the object of the research parts, which is founded by the fabric of the dramatic text, because it includes not here to study the staging of the shows.
Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo interpretativo e comparativo das peças Dois Perdidos Numa Noite Suja, Navalha na Carne e Balada de um Palhaço, de Plínio Marcos. O objetivo principal é evidenciar o ineditismo da criação estética realizada pelo autor, bem como a sua importância no cenário teatral brasileiro, nos planos do conteúdo e da forma. Observa-se que, a análise proposta parte do princípio de que as obras suscitam distintos temas ontológicos e universais à humanidade, por vezes semi-ocultos na superfície textual de aparência prosaica. Desta forma, é pertinente o tratamento de aspectos que viabilizem a interação com a produção artística pliniana, tais como a desenvoltura da linguagem, composição das personagens e tessitura dos conflitos. O exame individual dos textos dramáticos é seguido de um cotejo mais específico entre eles, a fim de melhor ressaltar suas características, compostas de semelhanças e diferenças, que por caminhos distintos expressam imensurável qualidade artística. Para a realização da pesquisa segue-se a metodologia de cunho dedutivo, bibliográfico e documental, em que o aporte teórico conta: com artigos publicados à época das apresentações das peças de Plínio Marcos; teóricos do âmbito da literatura e do teatro, dentre eles: Artaud (1999), Bakhtin (1981, 2002, 2003), Bonfitto (2002), Bornheim (2007), Dort (2010), Magaldi (1994), Nietzsche (1994), Prado (2001), Rosenfeld (1982, 1985, 2008), Szondi (2001), Virmaux (1978). Cumpre ressaltar a incidência dos conceitos teóricos na análise das peças, objeto do corpus de pesquisa, que se fundamenta pela tessitura do texto dramático, pois não se contempla aqui o estudo da encenação dos espetáculos.
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Leppos, Denise Aparecida de Paulo Ribeiro. "Quando a “navalha é afiada”, o povo não entra em cena : uma análise dos discursos proibidos no teatro de Plínio Marcos, na censura oficial e na imprensa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9167.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dans cette recherche, nous nous proposons d’investiguer les raisons pour lesquelles l’oeuvre du dramaturge Plínio Marcos a été censuré durant la Dictature Civil-Militaire brésilienne. Pour répondre à cette question, nous en formulons d’autres à propos des dires qui nous permettent de comprendre les motifs et les conditions des silenciements manifestés dans certains discours, comme : qui le dit ? ; comment cela est dit ? ; quand cela est dit ? ; à qui cela est dit ? ; où cela est dit ? ; pour quoi cela est dit ? ; etc. Nous travaillons avec la présupposition d’avoir directement et indirectement une incidence du contexte autoritaire dans les productions du dramaturge brésilien sous la forme de censure des oeuvres et même dans les propres relations entre les personnages de ses pièces, et encore dans sa répercussion dans la critique publiée dans la presse de cette période. A partir du postulé discursif selon lequel ce n’est pas tout le monde qui peut dire n’importe quoi dans n’importe quelle circonstance, nous avons analysé trois types de matérialité : i) ses textes dramatiques produits dans la période dictatoriale ; ii) les documents officiels émis (des avis et des rapports) par les agences répressives, à savoir : DOPS, Système National d’Information (SNI) et les procès de censure préalable présents dans l’Archive Miroel Silveira – AMS ; iii) des textes et des critiques véhiculés dans la presse écrite qui ont traité de l’oeuvre et/ou de sa censure. Fondés dans l’Analyse du Discours française, face à une approche des correspondances entre constitution, formulation et circulation, nous cherchons à décrire et à interpréter discursivement les relations entre Théâtre, Censure et Presse en observant les propriétés et régularités discursives de ceux qui étaient considérés des dires subversifs dans le milieu artistique. Il est important de souligner que nous circonscrivons notre recherche aux moments où la relation théâtre/police est ressorti. Envisageant d’achever notre objectif, nous organisons cette thèse selon les types de manifestation prédominante de la censure : ordre religieux, ordre morale et ordre politique. Ainsi, notre recherche se soutient dans la compréhension de la relation entre la production des effets de sens dans la constitution du discours artistique du théâtre brésilien contemporain, en observant les discours dans ses différentes matérialités dans un groupe de transformations historique et sociales en conditions répressives de production.
Nesta pesquisa, nos propomos a investigar as razões pelas quais a obra do dramaturgo Plínio Marcos foi censurada durante a Ditadura Civil-Militar brasileira. Para responder a essa nossa indagação, formulamos outras questões sobre os dizeres que nos permitiram compreender os motivos e as condições dos silenciamentos manifestados em certos discursos, como: quem diz?; como diz?; quando diz?; para quem diz?; onde diz?; por que diz?; etc. Trabalhamos com o pressuposto de que há direta e indiretamente uma incidência do contexto autoritário nas produções do dramaturgo brasileiro, sob a forma de censura das obras e nas próprias relações entre as personagens de suas peças, e, ainda, em sua repercussão na crítica publicada na mídia deste período. A partir do postulado discursivo segundo o qual não é qualquer um que pode dizer qualquer coisa em qualquer circunstância, analisamos neste trabalho três tipos de materialidades: i) os textos dramáticos do referido dramaturgo que foram produzidos no período ditatorial; ii) os documentos oficiais emitidos (pereceres e relatórios) pelas agências repressoras, a saber: DOPS, Sistema Nacional de Informações (SNI) e os processos de censura prévia presentes no Arquivo Miroel Silveira (AMS); iii) textos e críticas veiculados na mídia impressa que trataram da obra e/ou de sua censura. Fundamentados na Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, mediante uma abordagem das correspondências entre constituição, formulação e circulação, buscamos descrever e interpretar discursivamente as relações entre Teatro, Censura e Mídia, observando as propriedades e regularidades discursivas daqueles que eram então considerados dizeres subversivos no meio artístico. Vale ressaltar que delimitamos a nossa pesquisa aos momentos em que a relação teatro/política se sobressaiu. Com vistas a alcançar nosso objetivo, organizamos esta tese conforme os tipos de manifestação predominante da censura, quais sejam: ordem religiosa, ordem moral e ordem política. Assim, nossa pesquisa foi sustentada na compreensão da relação entre a produção dos efeitos de sentido na constituição do discurso artístico do teatro brasileiro contemporâneo, observando o discurso em suas diferentes materialidades num conjunto de transformações históricas e sociais em condições repressivas de produção.
FAPESP: 2015/23138-3
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Hérault, Paul. "L'internationalisation des chaînes de valeur dans l'industrie de défense : le cas du naval." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED005.
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L’internationalisation des chaînes de valeur fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches macroéconomiques ou ciblées sur des secteurs majoritairement civils. En se concentrant sur l’industrie de défense, cette thèse évalue comment ce processus de fragmentation fonctionnelle et géographique peut s’appliquer à un secteur hautement régulé par les Etats et dont les échanges internationaux sont très strictement encadrés.Cette recherche apporte plusieurs estimations du niveau d’internationalisation de l’industrie navale de défense française, à partir de données originales de Naval Group. Si les programmes relatifs à la dissuasion nucléaire sont très peu internationalisés, de nombreux facteurs concourent à l’internationalisation de la filière : exigences de contenu local et transferts de technologie des clients étrangers, intégration de technologies civiles ou duales, stratégies d’internationalisation. Enfin, le recours au concept de modularité permet de montrer que l’évolution du processus productif s’accompagne souvent d’une évolution de l’architecture des produitsMany research works have already been dedicated to the internationalization of value chains. Whereas this research is often performed through macroeconomics or focused on civilian sectors, this thesis examines how the process of functional and geographic unbundling can apply to such a regulated sector as the defense industry, where exports are strictly controlled by states.Based on original data provided by Naval Group, this dissertation set out several estimates of the internationalization level of French navy programs. Although programs related to nuclear deterrence remain almost exclusively « made in France », many factors contribute to the internationalization of value chains in the naval industry: transfer of technology, local content requirements, integration of commercial or dual-use technologies, internationalization corporate strategies. Referring to the concept of modularity, this thesis reveals that changes in production process can foster innovation in product architecture
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Kwak, Gerrit Werner. "Developing marine pollution awareness among new recruits at SAS Saldanha Naval Gymnasium: a training needs analysis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003895.
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This dissertation focuses on the marine pollution awareness training needs of newly recruited SAN employees. It uses Training Needs Analysis (TNA) as a tool to gain a better understanding of what knowledge, skills and attitude (KSA) recruits should have about the marine environment and if their level of competency meets the requirement to effectively and efficiently contribute to the sustainable use of the maritime environment in which they will be deployed. Ultimately, their individual and collective abilities will be a determining factor in the strategic intent of the SAN to be unchallenged at sea. The absence therefore of a Marine Pollution Awareness Training Programme (MPTAP) within the Basic Military Training (BMT) curriculum of new recruits at SAS SALDANHA Naval Gymnasium necessitated a TNA. Based on prior research on training conducted by subject matter experts both internal and external to the SAN it was decided to conduct a TNA on the KSA‟s required in terms of marine pollution awareness amongst newly recruited members. The literature provided discusses education, training, development of employees and focuses then on the role and importance of TNA‟s. Information was gathered from various subject matter experts, archival records, policy documents, internet-based resources and newly recruited naval learners consisting of a sample of 25 new recruits. Theory was used to determine the KSA expected from naval employees in terms of marine pollution awareness. Data obtained from each of the research resources was coded and grouped in order to establish themes. This allowed the researcher to determine what KSA‟s recruits should have about the marine environment and if their level of competency meets the requirement to effectively and efficiently contribute to the sustainable use of the maritime environment in which they will be deployed. The researcher therefore found that first priority in terms of KSA‟s should be given to a basic legal understanding of the regulatory framework that is applicable on marine pollution. This understanding will form the foundation for recruits to have the ability to know “what to do when” during observed transgressions. The legal understanding in combination with the Sector Education Training Authority (SETA) unit standards will help new recruits to be skilful when applying safe working practices thereby ensuring their own and others' safety. Ultimately, a basic but well entrenched knowledge about marine pollution together with applied skills on how to use the knowledge should influence the attitude of new recruits in a positive manner. The researcher concluded that there is a need on the macro, meso and micro level for a MPATP amongst new recruits at SAS SALDANHA. It is recommended that since this research appears to establish the first empirical confirmation of the training need amongst new recruits, it will require further research in terms of curriculum design, curriculum implementation and the evaluation thereof. It would therefore be in the best interest of the SAN to ensure the integration of a MPATP into the planning phase of future BMT Curriculum‟s. It would also be advisable to communicate this intent with all the relevant stakeholders in order to ensure alignment with governmental organisations as well as the private sector where these new recruits can be employed based on their newly acquired competencies.
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Briede, Teresa N. "Conceptual data model for administrative functions of a typical naval ship, to include: Personnel, Training, Ship Secretary, Welfare and Recreation, Command Career Counselor, Public Affairs Officer, Educational Services Officer, Master at Arms, and Legal." Thesis, Monterey, California: U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34996.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedThis thesis examines a method for optimizing the effectiveness bf existing sealift fleets given a limited budget. A brief background of U.S. military mobility is presented. Relevant cost categories of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) and prepositioned forces are determined by looking at the life-cycle of sealift ships. A methodology for determining an optimal fleet mix is presented. Two models for optimizing the direct costs of mobilizing the RRF and prepositioned forces are developed. The first model is based upon a single trip to the war zone. The second model develops the possibility that sealift ships may make multiple trips to the war zone and return to U.S. seaports. Methodologies for determining an optimal fleet mix are presented.
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Smallwood, Amy Lynn. "Shore Wives: The Lives of British Naval Officers’ Wives and Widows, 1750-1815." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1216915735.
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健呉, 保井, and Kengo Yasui. "現代国際法における海上経済戦の規律 : 武力紛争下の第三国船舶に対する攻撃に至らない干渉の法的枠組み." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115594/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115594/?lang=0.
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本論文は全ての形態の武力紛争における海上経済戦についての国際法による規律を取り扱う。国際的武力紛争において、海上経済戦は慣習海上経済戦規則に基づく交戦国の一方的行為として、第三国船舶に対する干渉が許容される。他方で、慣習海上経済戦規則はその性質及び慣行から非国際的武力紛争には適用できない。従って、非国際的武力紛争における海上経済戦を既存の法的枠組みにおいて正当化できない。This thesis deals with the rule of maritime economic warfare by international law in all forms of armed conflict. In international armed conflict, maritime economic warfare is authorized by customary rule of maritime economic warfare as a unilateral act by belligerent state. On the other hand, customary rule of maritime economic warfare cannot apply to non-international armed conflict because of its nature and practice. Consequently, maritime economic warfare in non-international armed conflict does not justify under the existing legal framework.
博士(法学)
Doctor of Laws
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Magasich-Airola, Jorge. "Ceux qui ont dit "Non": histoire du mouvement des marins chiliens opposés au coup d'Etat de 1973." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210614.
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L’opposition au coup d’État de 1973 au sein des forces armées chiliennes a été significative. En effet, un nombre symptomatique d’officiers, tout comme un nombre considérable des membres de la troupe, ont répondu « Non » à l’ordre de renverser le gouvernement légitime. Ces militaires légitimistes ont été particulièrement actifs dans la Marine, institution qui vit un conflit entre sa structure archaïque et le statut social de technicien acquis par les marins. Ce derniers perçoivent, avant d’autres secteurs de la société, le danger d’un coup d’État et vont tenter de s’organiser, tout d’abord pour informer les autorités et ensuite pour tenter de le faire avorter. Notre objectif est de retracer l’histoire du mouvement des marins légitimistes et notre hypothèse de travail est que le coup d’État de 1973 n’est pas l’œuvre de l’armée mais d’une fraction de celle-ci.
Nous avons consulté quatre catégories de sources :
1) La presse :6 quotidiens et 2 hebdomadaires opposés au gouvernement d’Allende; 4 quotidiens, 2 hebdomadaires et un bimensuel proches du gouvernement ou de gauche.
2) Les essais, documents politiques, témoignages et mémoires, particulièrement les mémoires des quatre amiraux organisateurs du coup d’État.
3) Les procès entamés contre les marins dès la fin du gouvernement d’Allende, dont les 6.000 pages du célèbre procès 3926 contre les marins de la flotte.
4) Nous avons interviewé 30 marins, ce qui correspond à environ un tiers des marins condamnés par les tribunaux navals sous la dictature. En outre, nous avons interviewé, des militants, des avocats, un procureur, un général de l’aviation opposé au coup d’État, un officier de la Marine opposé au coup d’État et un officier de la Marine favorable au coup d’État. Au total 52 interviews qui totalisent un bon millier de pages.
L’introduction présente le sujet et explique sa pertinence :les réunions entre les marins et les dirigeants politiques restent un événement souvent cité dans l’historiographie qui justifie le coup d’État.
Le ch. I est un travail de compilation sur l’histoire des révoltes de marins au XXe siècle, pour identifier les éléments communs entre elles.
Le ch. II tente de situer la Marine chilienne dans son contexte historique et social, rappelant les conflits qui ont secoué la force navale et sa réorganisation lors du début de la Guerre froide et décrivant le contenu de l’enseignement donné à l’École navale des officiers.
Le ch. III décrit la vie sociale dans la Marine de 1970 –l’année de l’élection présidentielle– surtout les relations difficiles entre la troupe et les officiers. Celles-ci se manifestent à travers des réactions contradictoires au résultat de l’élection. Pendant les premiers mois du gouvernement d’Allende, un nombre croissant d’officiers manifeste son opposition, alors que des « hommes de mer » (la troupe) s’organisent pour le défendre.
Les ch. IV et V couvrent la période qui va de 1971 jusqu’à la première tentative de coup d’État le 29 juin 1973 (el Tanquetazo). Elle est marquée d’une part par l’adhésion de la plupart des officiers aux thèses putschistes, et d’autre part, par un notable développement des groupes de marins antiputschistes. Nous décrivons les relations structurelles entre les officiers et civils conjurés et l’établissement des relations entre des groupes de marins et certains partis politiques de gauche. Ce travail décrit la réunion secrète où plusieurs groupes de marins, tentent d’établir une coordination et discutent s’il faut agir avant que le coup d’État ne soit déclenché ou seulement en réaction à celui-ci.
Le chapitre VI couvre les cinq « semaines décisives » qui s’écoulent entre la tentative de putsch du 29 juin et l’arrestation des marins de la flotte, le 5 août 1973. Dans la Marine, la préparation du coup d’État arrive à sa phase finale, avec un affairement perceptible. Beaucoup de marins craignent d’être forcés à y participer. Dans ce contexte, le groupe de marins de la flotte formule une ébauche de plan d’occupation des navires et organise des réunions avec des dirigeants de gauche pour tenter une action qui ferait avorter le coup d’État imminent. Nous avons pu retracer ce plan ainsi que les célèbres réunions avec les dirigeants du PS, du MAPU et du MIR, grâce à plusieurs témoignages de marins et de « civils » présents dans ces réunions.
Le chapitre VII décrit la période entre l’arrestation des marins et les semaines qui suivent le coup d’État, décrivant les premières tortures, la difficile situation du gouvernement d’Allende, qui attaque en justice les marins « infiltrés », et le débat politique et juridique suscité par les arrestations et tortures, un des derniers débats démocratiques.
Le chapitre VIII expose la poursuite des procès sous la dictature. Parmi les avocats pro deo qui se contentent d’une timide défense pour la forme, nous avons trouvé une défense exceptionnelle des marins sur le plan politique :« le devoir de tout militaire est de défendre le gouvernement légitime », affirme l’avocate Lidia Hogtert, une dame de 75 ans, qui, en 1975, ose défier la justice militaire. En 1988, à la fin de la dictature, lorsque l’ancien secrétaire du MAPU Oscar Garretón se présente devant la justice navale, le cas connaît un nouveau retentissement :après plusieurs condamnations par des tribunaux militaires, Garreton obtient une victoire complète à la Cour Suprême. Il est acquitté de toute accusation pour « sédition et mutinerie ».
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Bartone, Christopher M. "Royal Pains: Wilhelm II, Edward VII, and Anglo-German Relations, 1888-1910." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1341938971.
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Blysa, Gustav. "Kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan : Lätt infanteritaktik under brittiska markoperationerna i Falklandskriget." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4006.
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Denna undersökning har studerat ett lätt infanteriförbands användning av kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan under en amfibieoperation samt vilka aspekter som påverkade möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning p.g.a. operationens amfibiska karaktär. Fallet har utgjorts av Parachute Regiments två bataljoner som under Falklandskriget utkämpade tre slag vid Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon och Wireless Ridge. Som analysverktyg har använts Robert Leonhards teori om den kombinerade bekämpningens tre principer. Indikatorer på principerna har varit syften med verkan hämtade ur teorin om de grundläggande förmågorna. Två av slagen befanns endast delvis kännetecknas av Leonhards två första principer, principerna om kompletterande system och dilemman. Den tredje principen om fördelaktig terräng uppfylldes inte. Det tredje slaget regementet utkämpade kännetecknades helt igenom av Leonhards två första principer medan den tredje delvis beaktades. Undersökningen konstaterar att kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan kan utvecklas av ett lätt infanteriförband under en amfibieoperation. Dock ledde ofördelaktig disponering av förbandet i de aktuella fallen till att kombinerad bekämpning tidvis omöjliggjordes. Leonhards tredje princip tenderade att förringas. De specifikt amfibiska aspekterna avseende möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning utgjordes främst av tillgången till fartygsartilleri, kraven på helikoptertransporterbart fältartilleri samt bristen på lätta trossfordon.This dissertation has investigated how a light infantry force has used combined arms during an amphibious operation, specific factors related to the operations character affecting the possibility to develop combined arms have also been highlighted. The case chosen for the study was Parachute Regiments actions during the three battles of Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge during the Falklands War. As a analytical tool Robert Leonhard’s theory about the three principles of combined arms was used together with indicators borrowed from the theory about the warfighting functions purposes of fires. Two of the battles were found to be only partially characterized by Leonhard’s first two principles, complementary systems and dilemmas. The third principle about favorable terrain was neglected. The third battle was throughout characterized by the first two principles and to a larger extent than the former by the third principle. The dissertation concludes that light infantry can use combined arms during amphibious operations. The battles studied were, however, often characterized by unfavorable disposition of the force which affected the possibilities to use combined arms. Leonhard´s third principle was usually neglected. The most important amphibious aspects affecting the possibilities to combined arms were found to be naval gunfire support, light field artillery and the scarcity of light all-terrain vehicles.
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Castro, Tiago Machado de. "Bombardeiros na Índia: os homens e as artes da artilharia portuguesa (1498-1557)." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6805.
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Tese de mestrado, História Marítima, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2011Esta dissertação pretende apresentar os primeiros resultados de uma investigação pessoal acerca dos homens e dos ofícios da artilharia na idade moderna portuguesa. O trabalho desenvolvido até esta parte permitiu reunir e seriar numa base de dados, um vasto conjunto de fontes e de artigos relacionados com os bombardeiros. O excerto dessa investigação que aqui se apresenta ocorre durante o período de 1498 a 1557, ou seja desde a viagem de Vasco da Gama até ao final do reinado de D. João III. Os lugares e armadas portuguesas na costa ocidental da Índia são o nosso espaço geográfico seleccionado. É dentro deste espaço que através da análise de perfis biográficos compostos a partir da documentação recolhida, tentaremos apresentar o aspecto prático das vivencias dos artilheiros, acabando nalguns casos por lhe conceder um rosto. Pretende-se, para além das pessoas envolvidas, perceber as condições dos seus percursos no serviço régio e as suas interligações dentro da mesma arte. Antecedendo o caso indiano apresentamos um conjunto de diversos tipos de documentos referentes à ligação do bombardeiro com o estado. Este conjunto pretende ser nuclear de qualquer investigação sobre bombardeiros ao serviço de Portugal no período moderno. Aplica-se no caso presente à Índia, mas consideramo-lo extensível a qualquer um dos espaços onde a presença portuguesa se tenha feito sentir. Como resultado de investigação propomos dois aspectos principais: uma descrição das hierarquias dos artilheiros, tanto em Lisboa, como no Estado da Índia; a possível jornada de um indivíduo contratado para o serviço da coroa portuguesa como artilheiro e as suas opções ao longo do caminho
ABSTRACT: The following dissertation presents the first series of results of a personal investigation on the subject of crafts and men of the Portuguese modern age artillery. As a result of this personal endeavour, a database, consisting of documents and articles on artillerymen, has been built. The chronological segment for this presentation is between 1498 and 1557. This dates encompasses Vasco da Gama´s first voyage to India and the end of King John III‘s reign. The Portuguese fortresses and Armadas of the western Indian coast will be our main area of interest. Some biographical profiles, composed of the information that has been compiled, will hopefully reflect some of the practical aspects of the way of life of the constables and bombardiers in India. Furthermore we will try to understand their conditions and trajectories in the crown‘s service and their interconnections inside these same crafts. Prior to the presentation of the Indian case, we describe the types of documents that define the artillerymen‘s relationship with the state. The information contained in this chapter is intended to be the nucleus of further investigations regarding bombardiers at Portugal‘s service in the modern age. In this particular dissertation this is applied to the situation in India, but in our opinion extensive to any place where the Portuguese presence was felt. As result of our investigation two main aspects emerge: a proposed description of the artillerymen‘s hierarchy, both in Lisbon and in the Estado da Índia and the likelyhood of an individual joining the Portuguese crown service as an artilleryman and the options presented to him along the way.
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Roe, David. "The United States and Arms Control: Anglo-American Competitive Cooperation at the 1935 London Naval Conferece." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15331.
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This work considers the strategic value of the 1935 London Naval Conference to the United States Navy and the American Government. It addresses longstanding historiographical debates on interwar American foreign policy, including the nature of isolationism under the Roosevelt Administration, the degree of Anglo-American cooperation in the 1930s, and the strategic vision of the United States Navy in the Pacific in the interwar period. Taking into account in equal degrees the perspectives of the uniformed naval officers and the civilian diplomats in the State Department, this thesis will argue that American participation in the 1935 London Naval Conference shows a degree of international participation and a commitment to the international order that is often overlooked by historians in this field.
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Lameiro, Cláudia Crespo. "Contribuições para a Implementação de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental no Depósito Munições Nato de Lisboa / Serviço de Armas Navais." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/1808.
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A proteção do meio ambiente e a promoção de um desenvolvimento sustentável têm assumido um papel estabelecido e de crescente importância junto das organizações que, conscientes das suas fragilidades e pressionadas pela opinião pública, têm adotado sistemas voluntários de ação ambiental.
A presente dissertação tem por base um estágio curricular que decorreu no período de outubro de 2013 a junho de 2014, numa Unidade Militar sob dependência da Marinha Portuguesa, o Depósito Munições Nato de Lisboa / Serviço de Armas Navais (DMNL/SAN). O estágio teve como objetivo principal a conceção e implementação de um sistema de gestão ambiental (SGA) com base no referencial internacional NP EN ISO 14001:2012. De acordo com o normativo foram definidos e implementados procedimentos e práticas de forma a dar cumprimento ao estabelecido nos requisitos - 4.1. (Requisitos Gerais), 4.2. (Política Ambiental), 4.3. (Planeamento) e 4.4. (Implementação e Operação).
Assim, procedeu-se à revisão bibliográfica de conceitos subjacentes ao sistema de gestão ambiental e ao diagnóstico ambiental de referência, de modo a compreender os requisitos necessários para a conceção, desenvolvimento e implementação do SGA.
Numa segunda fase foram identificados os aspetos ambientais significativos, realizado o levantamento de requisitos legais, estabelecidos objetivos e metas ambientais, desenvolvendo documentação necessária ao SGA. Para tal, foram realizadas reuniões, primeiramente de enquadramento da Unidade Militar e apresentação das instalações e atividades desenvolvidas. Ao longo do estágio foram também feitas reuniões para apresentação do trabalho desenvolvido e definição de objetivos e atividades necessárias à implementação do SGA.
Na definição dos aspetos ambientais foram realizadas várias visitas às instalações nas quais houve contacto com os trabalhadores associados a cada tarefa de modo a compreender as atividades desenvolvidas e possíveis impactes. Com o objetivo de sensibilizar e contextualizar toda a guarnição, militares e civis, foram dinamizadas ações de formação e sensibilização no âmbito do desenvolvimento sustentável e gestão ambiental.O SGA do DMNL/SAN encontra-se em fase de implementação, sendo necessário proceder à realização de auditorias e revisão do sistema, bem como legalizar o registo da Unidade no portal da Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, o qual não foi concretizado face a questões temporais e hierárquicas internas.
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林永生. "The organizational performance study for maintenance factories of armed forced promoting ISO 9001:an example of a naval facility." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91331214733511542433.
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碩士大葉大學
事業經營研究所
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ISO 9000 series standard have already been a tendency of world, as well is the product of the essential condition to enter the market of Euro. Up to 2000, more than 150 nations adopt the ISO 9000 conduct and actions of series the application that identify is standard; Exceed 460,000 of business enterprises or buildups, and pass the third party to identify the identification of the organization. In 1992, Ministry of National Defense ordered CSIST, CLC to start pushing the ISO 9000 into and promote, and enhance the system of production repair and maintenance, and promote the quality, and make the facilities of hardware of the every form material of weapon is by the quality manage to be used as, and the developping should have its effect. This research is regarding certain factory of repair and maintenance of navy as the research individual cases, be used as the idea the research the structure with the " PZB modle of service quality perception margin", and refer to the quality management eight principles and BSC measure the index sign, and construct the suitable form of this research, and visit the management and employee of the individual cases. Analyze the quality to measure with the factor an and main factor, and method that refer to the " Kano 2D of qualities modle ", the customer of is to the latent viewpoint that the quality want face, and continuously be used as the quality the research of reference improving to pan out the manifestation with the " the customer be satisfied with the coefficient analysis": 1. the right professional of customer maintain the of pay attention to far higher than attitude of repair and maintenance personnel and active of type service . 2. the stratum of management and employee of the individual cases of research is right in writing of procedure of pay attention to the degree higher, the whole take part in a time it. 3. through the important degree- approval of customer analysis comparison, big and part of qualities want? quality of repair and maintenance service that show research individual cases still contain ameliorative space that promote. 4. the quality that repair and maintenance service want an item" quality of charm" that at most did not appear with the " certainly quality" to have the result of encourage to approval of customer. Key Words : ISO 9000 quality management system, PZB model, Kano model
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Oikle, James F. "Budget execution exercise for use in the Financial Management in the Armed Forces course at the Naval Postgraduate School." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/21181.
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O'Hara, Michael Patrick. "The Navy as a Political Instrument: Freedom of Navigation Operations 1958-2013." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8JS9QCZ.
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Through the Freedom of Navigation Program, established in 1979, the United States exercises diplomatic and military options for disputing maritime claims it judges to be inconsistent with customary international law and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Yet, despite the United States’ universal commitment to freedom of navigation and the law of the sea, it has behaved inconsistently from 1979-2013. This dissertation examines the variation and asks under what conditions the United States demonstrates its refusal to acquiesce to maritime claims—either by issuing a diplomatic protest or driving a warship through the disputed waters. This dissertation introduces a new dataset of every coastal state in the world over this 34-year period, coding each type of maritime claim made by every coastal state in the world, whether the United States disputes that particular claim, and whether the United States takes some kind of diplomatic or operational action to dispute it. The mixed-method analysis proceeds with a large-n quantitative analysis that sets up a qualitative case study on the Strait of Hormuz. The dissertation begins and concludes with a discussion of current conditions in the South China Sea and the United States activity in this disputed region.
This study finds that territorial and usage claims are twice as strongly correlated with operational assertions as a response than diplomatic protests. More specifically, coastal states that require foreign ships to obtain permission prior to entering their territorial sea are most highly correlated with operational assertions. When the United States disputes a maritime claim, military powers and wealthy states are no more likely to receive Freedom of Navigation operations (FONOPS) than others. Moreover, bilateral trade relationships and polity type hardly seem to matter. Similarly, neither the number of ships nor diplomatic representation increases the likelihood of FONOPS. Rather, a coastal state’s possession of nuclear weapons significantly increases the likelihood of receiving an operational assertion—especially if that states has made a declaration upon ratification of UNCLOS.
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Carvalho, Fernando Jorge Monteiro de 1956. "Criatividade e tecnologia : (re)design dos processos de produção serigráfica, novos projetos para a sua exposição e divulgação : novas formas de projetar a comunicação redescobrindo tecnologias tradicionais." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/33927.
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1º vol.- 179 p ; Anexo I: Múltiplo serigráfico em Portugal, análise da produção. - 139 p ; Anexo II: Nova abordagem na comunicação ao múltiplo serigráfico. - 155 p ; Anexo III: Papel Japonês com aditivos, apenas consultável na BibliotecaDesign has a key role combining development and conception in communication activities and creative industries. Therefore, investigation and theoretical studies have been developed concerning philosophers, designers, artists and authors, approaching the single artistic and communication derived object as a massification object. The relationship between Creativity and Technology allows that each one reinforces its qualities, and values the produced objects, developing an investigation that combines alternative transversal technology; integrating in the communication object different components. The interdisciplinary characteristics of Design and Graphic Production shared with other sectors allow promoting cultural, social, historical, political and scientifical values, integrated in the works of communication and artistic production. The study providing used methodology and integrated projects of different designers and artists, observed in their relations with the different processes, such as Drawing, Design and Graphic and Artistic Production, engaging comparative technological involvements with diverse processes of Experimentation, consent to extend the knowledge developed in the objects created in this context. New approaches in the serigraphic production processes (re)design, projecting exhibitions and communication, throughout studies carried on with design students, transforming canvas into production and project making, in close collaboration with designers and plastic artists, from which we select, in a first instant, seven projects, is what exemplifies the essential importance of the current investigation, which brings together Creativity and Technology, five of which were published completed. The association and involvement between the presented project with Scientifical Institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations, in Portugal and abroad, provide a dimension that justifies the ultimate objective in the opening of experimental spaces, as well as the creation of new interest areas, which in time will allocate the exportation of the Graphic Production, Design, Communication and Multiple Production Arts results
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Kalecká, Karolína. "Modernizace rakousko-uherského válečného námořnictva v letech 1897-1914." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371347.
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The goal of this study is to describe the way Austria-Hungary followed to create and develop a modern navy in 1897-1914, and to determine, which factors were decisive in creating the final composition of the fleet. As the base for the research, a number of works related to the subject were studied, but far more important was detailed research of primary sources located in Austrian State Archives. The main line of the research as well as of this study follows negotiations on navy's budgets because of the assumption that the very base for building ships and developing the navy are financial resources. Among the more important subtopics are the way the navy had to award producers form both state, Austria and Hungary, with adequate portion of contracts, the Austro-Italian naval arms race, and the structure of the Austro- Hungarian fleet. The research revealed, that the ideal fleet as imagined by the commanders of the navy was a product of theories concerning a decisive battle and naval supremacy then widely widespread, and of the rivalry with Italy. However, the extent to which the ideal could have been followed, depended on the economic situation of both states; in the process of discussing and voting navy's budgets, the decisive word belonged to governments, not to delegations. The way the navy had...