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Journal articles on the topic 'Armes navales'
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1
Sarty, Roger. "“The Army Origin of the Royal Canadian Navy”: Canada’s Maritime Defences, 1855-1918." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 30, no. 4 (June 10, 2021): 341–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.41.
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In 1954 army historian George Stanley claimed that naval initiatives from the eighteenth century to the 1870s by the French and British armies in Canada and the local land militia were the true roots of the Royal Canadian Navy. He privately admitted that he was being intentionally provocative. The present article, however, reviews subsequent scholarship and offers new research that strengthens Stanley’s findings, and shows that the Canadian army continued to promote the organization of naval forces after the 1870s. The army, moreover, lobbied for the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910, and supported the new service in its troubled early years. En 1954, l’historien de l’armée George Stanley a affirmé que les initiatives navales entreprises du 18e siècle aux années 1870 par les armées française et britannique au Canada et par la milice terrestre locale étaient les véritables racines de la Marine royale canadienne. Par contre, il a aussi admis en privé qu’il avait été délibérément provocateur. Le présent article passe en revue les études ultérieures et propose de nouvelles recherches qui viennent renforcer les conclusions de Stanley et indiquent que l’armée canadienne a continué de promouvoir l’organisation des forces navales après les années 1870. De plus, l’armée a fait pression en faveur de la fondation de la Marine royale canadienne en 1910, puis elle a appuyé le nouveau service au cours de ses premières années tumultueuses.
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Aranda, Marcelo. "The Jesuit Roots of Spanish Naval Education: Juan José Navarro’s Translation of Paul Hoste for the Academia de Guardias Marinas." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00702003.
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Abstract From its origins in 1540 to its final expulsion in 1767, the far-flung Jesuit network of schools and scholars influenced the development of scientific and mathematical pedagogy in the Spanish Empire. The most important of these schools was the Colegio Imperial of Madrid where young noblemen and members of the Spanish court learned mathematics. Therefore, when Juan José Navarro, an early eighteenth-century Spanish naval officer and reformer, began to teach at the newly founded Academia de Guardias Marinas, he translated French Jesuit Paul Hoste’s L’Art des armées navales into a Spanish manuscript to serve as the basis of a curriculum on contemporary naval tactics. Navarro’s efforts highlight the continuity between the Jesuit science and mathematics of the seventeenth century and the emerging scientific institutions of the Spanish Enlightenment.
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von Heinegg, Wolff Heintschel. "The Protection of Navigation in Case of Armed Conflict." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 18, no. 3 (2003): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735203770223594.
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AbstractThis presentation gives a reassessment of the rules on naval warfare on the background of the fact that most armed conflicts in the post-World War II period have been internal or mixed armed conflicts. In this context the questions concerning the applicability of the traditional rules on naval warfare and the potential area for naval warfare are raised. The paper deals predominantly with the protection of navigation of neutrals.
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Letts, David. "Naval mines: Legal considerations in armed conflict and peacetime." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 902 (August 2016): 543–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000285.
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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the key elements of the legal framework in which naval mines are used both across the spectrum of conflict and during peacetime. The article will also consider the legal issues associated with the use of mines by States in international armed conflict, and address the distinct legal issues which arise in non-international armed conflict, where the emergence of an increasing presence of non-State armed groups has been a hallmark of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The obligations placed upon States in peacetime, and under the law of neutrality, when the use and presence of naval mines is a relevant factor will also be analyzed.
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Storrs, Christopher. "Health, Sickness and Medical Services in Spain's Armed Forces c.1665–1700." Medical History 50, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300010012.
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The early modern era saw important changes in the character of warfare in Europe, including the development of larger, permanent armies and navies. Historians have studied many key aspects of what some call the “military revolution”, whose character and timing have become a matter of debate; but some important features of these emerging military communities remain largely unexplored. One subject which has not attracted the attention it merits is that of the health of soldiers and sailors and of medical provision in the new armies and navies. The issue has not been entirely neglected, either generally, or as it relates to specific states, but focused studies are rare. This is unfortunate, not least because of the importance attached to the issue of sickness and medical provision by contemporaries, and the value of medical provision as a sort of test case by which to measure the effectiveness of medical services and hence to contribute to the “military revolution” debate. For some historians the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw the first significant efforts to develop a structure of military and naval hospitals; for others, however, the extent of illness and the inadequacy of medical support services before the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era suggests that many states failed to meet the organizational challenge posed by the growth of standing armed forces in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. What follows is an investigation of the extent and nature of illness, and the effectiveness of medical provision in the armies and navies of one major player of the period, Spain in the reign of the last Habsburg, Charles II (1665–1700).
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Poprotsky, Igor S. "Training of a Sailor in Romania and Bulgaria as a Modern Experience of Improving the Educational Process in Ukraine." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series “Pedagogy and Psychology” 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52534/msu-pp.6(2).2020.124-136.
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The complex of multi-vector transformations in Ukraine: strengthening defence capabilities, creating conditions for resisting hybrid (military) aggression on the part of the Russian Federation, the country's course of accession to the EU and NATO, which is consolidated in the Constitution, raised the issue of modernisation of education, training and education level of navy sailors for the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyse the military education system of Romania and Bulgaria, in particular the educational standards and curricula for highly qualified naval specialists, in order to implement world practices and experience in the educational activities of higher education institutions in Ukraine. The analysis of scientific literature, components of educational and professional programmes, systematisation and generalisation of information, monitoring of the current system of training of military specialists in the armed forces of Romania and Bulgaria is provided. The analysis of the experience of the content and educational and organisational component of training a naval specialist with higher education is given on the example of specialised higher educational institutions of the Naval Academy “Mircha cel Betryn” and the H.Y. Vаptsаrоv Naval Academy. Using the results of comparing the components of the educational (professional) training programme of a navy sailor, specialist, graduate of higher military educational institutions of Romania and Bulgaria, the study proposed ways to improve the system of higher military education, as well as the introduction of new elements (disciplines) of curricula adapted to NATO standards. The study provides recommendations for further reform of the system of higher military education, including naval education at the Institute of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, based on studying the experience of transforming military education systems in leading countries in accordance with modern models of training military specialists adopted in NATO member states
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MOYAR, MARK. "THE CURRENT STATE OF MILITARY HISTORY." Historical Journal 50, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0600598x.
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Military history is often misconstrued as a field requiring little intellectual skill, in which the historian provides little more than a chronology of generals and battles. Analysis of one hundred of the twenty-first century's best military histories reveals that military history today goes well beyond such subject matter, incorporating social, cultural, and political history. Common areas of inquiry for contemporary historians include the impact of society, culture, and politics on a country's ability to wage war; the social, cultural, and political after-effects of war; the society and culture of military organizations; and the relationship between military organizations and the communities from which they spring. While historians continue to devote considerable attention to the conventional militaries of Europe and the United States, many also are studying small armies, irregular forces, non-state actors, civil wars, and non-Western armed forces. Within the military realm, historians frequently tackle subjects of much greater complexity than the generals-and-battles stereotype would suggest, to include the relationship between technological and human factors, the interdependency of land and naval warfare, and the influence of political direction on the military.
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Muzzopappa, María Eva. "Inteligencia militar en Argentina. Reflexiones desde un archivo naval/ Military intelligence in Argentina. Reflections since a naval archive." URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, no. 21 (November 13, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/urvio.21.2017.2946.
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El rol de las fuerzas armadas, y particularmente, el ámbito de acción de la inteligencia militar constituyen un eje de debate que reaparece en el escenario político argentino, tensionando los límites establecidos al accionar castrense por la legislación vigente. Particularmente, en la última década se ha debatido en torno a lo que se denomina “militarización” de los cuerpos policiales y “policiamiento” de las fuerzas armadas, fenómeno que desdibujaría los roles tradicionalmente asignados a las diferentes instituciones. En un contexto de redefinición global de las actividades de inteligencia, este trabajo indaga un archivo naval que resultó ser el hito a partir del cual la inteligencia militar fue reformulada institucionalmente en Argentina. A partir de este archivo, el trabajo desanda la relación entre las prácticas de inteligencia y la atribución de un rol “policial” para las fuerzas armadas argentinas y retoma el concepto de “policiamiento”, que actualmente alude a la propuesta de intervención de las fuerzas armadas en el enfrentamiento del terrorismo y el narcotráfico, para examinar sus antecedentes históricos como propuesta y práctica política.
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The role of the armed forces, and particularly the scope of action of military intelligence, is an axis of debate that periodically reappears in the Argentine political scene, stressing the limits established for military action by current legislation. Particularly in the last decade there has been debate about what is called “militarization” of police forces and “policing” of the armed forces, a phenomenon that would blur the roles traditionally assigned to different institutions. In a context of global redefinition of intelligence activities, this work explores a naval archive that turned out to be the milestone from which military intelligence was institutionally reformulated in Argentina. From this archive, the work deviates the relationship between intelligence practices and the attribution of a “police” role for the Argentine armed forces and retakes the concept of “policing”, which currently alludes to the proposal of intervention of the forces armed in the confrontation of terrorism and drug trafficking, to examine their historical background as a proposal and political practice.
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Dickie, AK, and RH Coetzee. "Alcohol dependence in the naval service." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 100, no. 2 (June 2014): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-100-166.
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AbstractAlcohol misuse is a significant occupational health issue in the United Kingdom Armed Forces. Dependence associated with alcohol misuse represents the severe end of the clinical and occupational consequences of sustained alcohol misuse. This article aims to explore the diagnosis, management and occupational considerations of alcohol dependence in the Naval Service environment.
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Conway, Stephen. "The mobilization of manpower for Britain's mid-eighteenth-century wars." Historical Research 77, no. 197 (July 1, 2004): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2004.00215.x.
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Abstract This article seeks to assess the size and social composition of the armed forces from Britain and Ireland employed in the wars of 1739–63. The number of men serving in a military or naval capacity was larger than is usually recognized – especially during the Seven Years' War – and the background of such men was much more varied than most general accounts suggest. The ‘middling’ and artisan contribution was far from insignificant, especially in unofficial volunteer formations, but even in the regular armed forces.
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Woodliffe, J. C. "Port Visits by Nuclear Armed Naval Vessels: Recent State Practice." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 35, no. 3 (July 1986): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/35.3.730.
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Lambert, Andrew. "Laughton's legacy: naval history at King's College London*." Historical Research 77, no. 196 (May 1, 2004): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-3471.2004.00210.x.
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Abstract Professor Sir John Laughton (1830–1915) gave King's College London the leading role in the development of academic naval history in Britain. He linked the professional educational interests of the Royal Navy with the academic standards set by the English historical profession, which he had helped to create. After many years of neglect the subject was revived at King's in the nineteen-seventies. In this inaugural lecture, the first Laughton Professor of Naval History reflects on the development of naval history in the twentieth century, the current state of the subject and the problems and opportunities of working with armed forces, processes in which King's College has taken a leading role.
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de Preux, Jean. "Los Protocolos adicionales a los Convenios de Ginebra." Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja 22, no. 143 (October 1997): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0250569x00004180.
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Nuestro planeta tiene actualmente cinco mil millones de habitantes. En 1863, año de la fundación de la Cruz Roja, y en el que se realizaron los primeros esfuerzos de codificación del derecho en los conflictos armados, tenía mil millones. Durante casi un siglo, la Cruz Roja ha fijado, sucesivamente, su atención en los militares heridos en combate, en las víctimas de los enfrentamientos navales, en los prisioneros de guerra y en las personas civiles abandonadas —en tiempo de guerra— a la arbitrariedad de una soberania extranjera.Hoy en día, y sin negar lo que se ha hecho hasta ahora, lo importante es tener una visión diferente, que vaya más allá de ese horizonte y que tenga en cuenta a otras víctimas, las de los conflictos actuates, y también a las víctimas potenciales de los futures conflictos, la población civil. Ello no puede hacerse sin preocuparse igualmente por el comportamiento de los que combaten. Las armas proliferan, mientras que las opiniones divergentes se arraigan y los conflictos armados limitados se multiplican y se prolongan, a menudo, sin perspectivas de solución.Ante los miles de millones que se gastan anualmente en armas, por una parte, y los millones de seres humanos, por otra, sólo nos queda velar por que se evite la hemorragia y se limiten los efectos. Este es el reto de los Protocolos adicionales a los Convenios de Ginebra.
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Nashyvochnikov, Oleksandr, Ihor Yevsieiev, Volodymyr Horielov, and Anatolii Salo. "PROSPECTS FOR BUILDING UP CAPACITIES OF MARITIME COMPONENTS OF THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 2-3 (April 11, 2021): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.02.04.2021.124.
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The purpose of the study is to reveal the ways of developing the capabilities of the naval staff of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in modern conditions. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is that the authors of the article on the basis of open sources consider ways to increase the ship’s composition through the purchase of combat units from partner countries and their joint production.
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Kulnev, V. A., A. M. Shelepov, and O. A. Kruchkov. "The Department of organization and tactics of medical service. Past, present, future." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25995.
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The Department of organization and tactics of medical service, celebrating its 90th anniversary, is a leading department of our alma mater, as well as a leading academic and scientific centre of the Chief Military Medical Directorate of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defence. The department develops applied research tasks in the sphere of organization of medical service and provision of medical services to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime, engages in preparation of directive documents within its profile, analyses efficiency of medical services provided to the armed troops (forces) in daily activities of the medical service and in combat conditions. The department has always taken an active part in the development, preparation and conduct of research command-post and special tactical exercises in conjunction with the medical service of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, as well as in different stages, including the international stage, of the Military Medical Relay Competition jointly with the medical staff of military districts (fleets), branches and services of the Russian Federation Armed Forces. The department is engaged in serious work aimed at training qualified specialists for the overhead structures of the medical service of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, as well as military medics for the army. Over the 90 years of its existence, the department has developed into five new departments: department of military disciplines (operational- tactical training), department of organization and tactics of naval medical service (with a course of naval fighting equipment), department of medical service control automation with a course in military medical statistics, department of military medical supply and pharmacy, department of organization and economics of military healthcare. Among the significant achievements of the Department of organization and tactics of medical service is the development of a number of department-level training courses and academic disciplines some of which have turned (are turning) into independent departments, educational research schools.
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Tatarkov, Dmitriy B. "Comparative Analysis of the Use of the Naval Forces of India and Pakistan During the 1971 War." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 1(2021) (March 25, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-28-35.
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The destructive processes that are observed in the modern world, the crisis of the world order determine a new round of power confrontation both in the line of global and regional actors of world politics. There is an increase in armed confrontation, the desire to solve old, including territorial, problems by force. The study of the historical experience of the armed confrontation between India and Pakistan actualizes the problem of this paper. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize the experience of the use of naval forces during military operations at sea in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, to identify the main factors that influenced the planning of naval operations, the course and results of combat operations at sea. The author used a narrative approach and a historical-comparative method to identify the evolution of ideas about the use of naval forces in the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971. The article highlights and examines the main factors and their impact on the training and use of naval forces during military operations at sea in the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971. Special attention is paid to the assessment of the impact of the political nature of the war, its goals and scale, the views of the military-political and military leadership of India and Pakistan on the training and use of naval forces; the tasks that were solved by the fleets of the parties; the role and place of individual types of forces in solving certain tasks in the theater of operations. To determine factors that directly affect the use of the naval forces of India and Pakistan in the 1971 conflict, the author analyzes the conditions in the Maritime theaters of war, the factors that have characterized the theater, and the impact of conditions in the theater on the planning and implementation of operations. The main sources are archival and analytical materials of the Ministry of Defense of India and the Ministry of Defense of Pakistan, memoirs of war participants.
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Moraru, Liliana, Viorel Ștefan Perieanu, Mihai Burlibașa, Claudia-Camelia Burcea, Mădălina Violeta Perieanu, Mădălina Adriana Malița, Irina-Adriana Beuran, et al. "REPUTED DENTISTS AND / OR SPECIALISTS IN THE ORO-MAXILLO-FACIAL FIELD WHO WORKED IN FRENCH CIVIL AND MILITARY HOSPITALS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)." Romanian Medical Journal 68, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.2.30.
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The First World War was and is considered the most terrible conflagration of all time. Thus, over 65,000,000 soldiers made up the corps of land armies, naval and air forces, combat armies that participated in the conduct of military operations during the First World War. About 8,500,000 people died and more than 21,000,000 were injured. France was one of the countries most affected by this war, its medical services, including dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery, being completely obsolete. Thus, in this material, we tried to describe some important figures of French oral and maxillofacial dentistry and surgery, which were active in French civil and military hospitals during the First World War (1914-1918).
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Annoni, Alessandra. "INTERNATIONAL ACTION AGAINST PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AT SEA OFF THE COAST OF SOMALIA." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230043.
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In recent years the international community has engaged in an unprecedented joint naval effort to combat piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia. This paper examines the legal basis of the multinational police missions deployed in Somali territorial and internal waters and the law applicable to their operations. Subsequently it discusses the scope of domestic criminal jurisdiction to try Somali pirates and armed robbers and the mechanisms for transferring suspects to the authorities of the prosecuting State. The responsibility of States and international organizations for wrongful acts allegedly perpetrated in the course of these counterpiracy operations is also assessed. Stressing the peculiarity of the Somali case and highlighting both the achievements and shortcomings of the missions authorised by the UN Security Council, it is argued that the “Somali strategy” is unlikely to be replicated elsewhere and is particularly unsuitable for the new hotbeds of piracy and armed robbery: the Gulf of Guinea and Indonesia.
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de Preux, Jean. "The Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions." International Review of the Red Cross 27, no. 258 (June 1987): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400025523.
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The world now has a population of 5 billion, as against 1 billion in 1863 when the Red Cross was founded and the codification of the law of armed conflicts was initiated. For almost a century, the Red Cross concerned itself successively with soldiers wounded in action, victims of naval warfare, prisoners of war and civilians abandoned in wartime to the arbitrariness of foreign rule.
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de Preux, Jean. "The Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 320 (October 1997): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400076774.
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The world now has a population of 5 billion, as against 1 billion in 1863 when the Red Cross was founded and the codification of the law of armed conflicts was initiated. For almost a century, the Red Cross concerned itself successively with soldiers wounded in action, victims of naval warfare, prisoners of war and civilians abandoned in wartime to the arbitrariness of foreign rule.
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Gerstenberger, Heide. "Atalanta: Militär gegen Piraterie." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 41, no. 163 (June 1, 2011): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v41i163.356.
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The author discusses the causes, the special forms and the consequences of piracy in the coastal waters of Somalia. She debates the reasons for the decision of the European Union to launch a military operation against piracy. In spite of the fact that the German constitution prohibits the use of armed forces for the prevention of criminal acts German naval forces are taking part in the European military operation „Atalanta“.
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Makarevich, Gleb G. "Maritime strategy of Pakistan: Development and future prospects." Asia and Africa Today, no. 7 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750014631-6.
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The Indian Ocean accounts half of the world's container shipments, two-thirds of oil product shipments and a third of bulk cargo. Pakistan as a significant regional power laying claims to a higher role in regional trade. But it demands effective naval forces capable of resisting both traditional (possible blockade of Pakistan's seaports if an armed conflict with India takes place) and non-traditional threats (piracy in the Strait of Hormuz). The article examines the evolution of Pakistan's naval strategy from the moment of gaining independence to the present day. The article provides a brief historical overview of the development of the country's naval strategy, analyzes the place of the Pakistani Navy in the armed forces, their role in the implementation of the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC), considers Pakistan's initiatives in the field of regional maritime security, as well as the processes of modernizing the fleet. The author believes that the role of the Navy in Pakistan's grand strategy will only increase due to both economic and regional security factors. The author claims that the role of the maritime strategy and the Pakistani Navy in the country's foreign policy will increase, which is explained by the need to ensure maritime security to implement the key economic project of the CPEC, as well to build a regional security system in the Indian Ocean resistant to all types of threats. The author invokes historical methods to analyze the evolution of Pakistani maritime strategy and hermeneutics to consider the current development of the strategy and its prospects.
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Trunov, Philipp. "К вопросу схемы структурных реформ современных вооруженных сил: пример ФРГ." Political Science (RU), no. 2 (2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2021.02.07.
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In the XXIth century armed forces of world countries` face the need to counter the sharply increased range of security threats. The growing number of them are untraditional (have non-military character) and projected from distant regions. An effective answer can be found only by the structural reform of armed forces. During the XXth century the key direction of armed forces` structural reforms was the creation the new (technical) kinds of troops. In the XXIth century structural reform has another key direction, that is the creation of interspecific groupings of troops. Each of them should have its own geographical (near or far from the national borders) and functional (the types of security threats) zone of responsibility. The goal of the article is to explore the realization of the scheme of armed forces` structural reforms on the example of the Bundeswehr. The reason of the choice of Germany is its unique position as the only emerging power among Euro-Atlantic member states. The article explores the features and «narrow places» of the creation by Germany of scheme of perspective armed forces` creation and its realization from 1990-s until mid 2010-s. The author covers the results of the creation of general forces and forces of crisis management in the key kinds of troops (land, naval, air). The article shows the change of trajectory of the Bundeswehr`s development since the second half of 2010-s in the context of long-term plans aimed at the ending of the structural reform. In the conclusion the author shows the importance of the armed forces` institutional reforms for the stats as the whole and Germany and the features of the dynamics of this process for the Bundeswehr.
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Kullaa, Rinna. "The Soviet Union's global ports and flexible web-like naval strategy: Case studies of Antsiranana and Tivat." International Journal of Maritime History 33, no. 1 (March 2021): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871421991163.
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This article contributes to the history of the Soviet Union and global naval history by comparing two examples of naval ports across the European and African continents: Tivat in Yugoslavia and Antsiranana in Madagascar. Comparison of the utilization and construction of these ports reveals how the Soviet network of naval ports did not display a singular rationale, but rather featured a global spider’s-web-like quality. The most marked quality of the Soviet Union's approach to naval construction was the use of nuclear carriers as a flexible tool of geographic and political aims. The goals of Soviet naval strategy were not static but mutated over the decades from the 1960s to the 1980s. In short, the policy was flexible, heavily armed and global. At each port, the Soviet Union and its navy developed a somewhat different relationship to the country and the two examples are in many ways unique; outliers but not peripheral. Their different constructions show the Soviet Union's approach to the Mediterranean as one seaway and the Indian Ocean as another, demonstrating flexibility in each theatre. Yugoslavia, its leadership and populace remained outside of the Soviet bloc for the entirety of the Soviet Union’s existence. Moscow’s attempt to include Yugoslavia in its naval network via Tivat represents a centuries-old geopolitical orientation towards the Balkan peninsula, but not successful socialist politics per se if we understand its goal to be domination over the socialist world. Madagascar on the other hand has a geographically vital position close to Africa and overlooks naval traffic both to the Red Sea as well as to the Gulf while standing at a safe distance to both continents. Moscow’s naval politics can give us an alternative view of the history of different socialisms practised in world politics in Europe and in Africa via maritime networks.
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Millett, Richard L. "The United States and Latin America’s Armed Forces: A Troubled Relationship." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 1 (1997): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166500.
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When Commodore David Porter resigned from the US Navy to accept the post of commander-in-chief of Mexico’s nascent naval forces, he began a tradition of US involvement with Latin American armed forces that has endured to the present day. Porter’s decision was supported by President John Quincy Adams, who hoped that it would both strengthen the US influence in Mexico and act as a curb on possible Mexican efforts to seize Cuba, a prize which the president coveted himself (for details, see Long, 1970). These objectives signaled another enduring heritage: efforts by the United States to use ties with Latin American military institutions to promote agendas that were frequently unrelated to, or even at variance with, national interests in Latin America. This would be especially true whenever the United States perceived itself as competing with other nations for influence in the region. In 1826, the rival was Great Britain; in this century, it was first Germany and then the Soviet Union, but, in all cases, the bottom line was the same: a determination to make Washington’s influence paramount.
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Sharman, J. C. "Power and Profit at Sea: The Rise of the West in the Making of the International System." International Security 43, no. 4 (April 2019): 163–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00346.
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The making of the international system from c. 1500 reflected distinctively maritime dynamics, especially “gunboat diplomacy,” or the use of naval force for commercial gain. Comparisons between civilizations and across time show, first, that gunboat diplomacy was peculiarly European and, second, that it evolved through stages. For the majority of the modern era, violence was central to the commercial strategies of European state, private, and hybrid actors alike in the wider world. In contrast, large and small non-Western polities almost never sought to advance mercantile aims through naval coercion. European exceptionalism reflected a structural trade deficit, regional systemic dynamics favoring armed trade, and mercantilist beliefs. Changes in international norms later restricted the practice of gunboat diplomacy to states, as private navies became illegitimate. More generally, a maritime perspective suggests the need for a reappraisal of fundamental conceptual divisions and shows how the capital- and technology-intensive nature of naval war allowed relatively small European powers to be global players. It also explains how European expansion and the creation of the first global international system was built on dominance at sea centuries before Europeans’ general military superiority on land.
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Roy, S., and M. Khan. "Abdominal hernias: a clinical review of their assessment and management in the Naval Service." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-177.
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AbstractHernias are a relatively common occurrence in the armed forces community and may affect an individual’s fitness for duty and impact on operational capability, particularly in specialist occupations. Their early identification and management will allow appropriate treatment and minimise any impact on operational capability. This article aims to summarise the assessment and management of simple hernias and considers occupational considerations in their management for personnel serving in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines.
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Haines, Steven. "War at sea: Nineteenth-century laws for twenty-first century wars?" International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 902 (August 2016): 419–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000418.
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AbstractWhile most law on the conduct of hostilities has been heavily scrutinized in recent years, the law dealing with armed conflict at sea has been largely ignored. This is not surprising. There have been few naval conflicts since 1945, and those that have occurred have been limited in scale; none has involved combat between major maritime powers. Nevertheless, navies have tripled in number since then, and today there are growing tensions between significant naval powers. There is a risk of conflict at sea. Conditions have changed since 1945, but the law has not developed in that time. Elements of it, especially that regulating economic warfare at sea, seem outdated and it is not clear that the law is well placed to regulate so-called “hybrid” warfare at sea. It seems timely to review the law, to confirm that which is appropriate and to develop that which is not. Perhaps a new edition of theSan Remo Manualwould be timely.
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Fatah-Black, Karwan. "Orangism, Patriotism, and Slavery in Curaçao, 1795–1796." International Review of Social History 58, S21 (September 6, 2013): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000473.
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AbstractThe defeat of the Dutch armies by the French and the founding of the Batavian Republic in 1795 created confusion in the colonies and on overseas naval vessels about who was in power. The Stadtholder fled to England and ordered troops and colonial governments to surrender to the British, while the Batavian government demanded that they abjure the oath to the Stadtholder. The ensuing confusion gave those on board Dutch naval vessels overseas, and in its colonies, an opportunity to be actively involved in deciding which side they wished to be on. This article adds the mutinies on board theCeresandMedeato the interplay between the Curaçao slave revolt of 1795 and the rise of the Curaçaoan Patriot movement in 1796. The mariners independently partook in the battle for the political direction of the island and debated which side they wished to be on in the fight between the French Revolution and the British Empire.
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Pastrana, Alejandro, and Silvia Domínguez. "CAMBIOS EN LA ESTRATEGIA DE LA EXPLOTACIÓN DE LA OBSIDIANA DE PACHUCA: TEOTIHUACAN, TULA Y LA TRIPLE ALIANZA." Ancient Mesoamerica 20, no. 1 (2009): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536109000133.
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AbstractEsta es una síntesis de las principales características organizativas de la secuencia de explotación de la obsidiana verde del yacimiento de La Sierra de Las Navajas (Pachuca), de las culturas teotihuacana, tolteca y azteca. El uso de este vidrio volcánico se relaciona directamente con el desarrollo económico, militar, religioso y comercial de las organizaciones estatales del centro de Mesoamérica. En cada etapa cultural, identificamos los principales procesos de manufactura de instrumentos, armas y objetos religiosos en los talleres del yacimiento, así como la permanencia de los mineros, talladores y cargadores. El análisis diacrónico de la organización de la explotación y la distribución de la obsidiana verde con el desarrollo de la sociedad, nos permite detectar los cambios substanciales en la estrategía de obtención de esta importante materia prima.
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Thangamani, BW. "Defense Budget: Insufficient Allocation for Modernization of Forces." Shanlax International Journal of Management 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/management.v7i3.1438.
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The Indian defense sector is growing at an unprecedented rate in comparison with other leading countries. India is ranked as the 5th largest investor in defense globally. India established itself as the World’s largest arms importer, with 70 percent of its defense procurement coming from foreign companies. The threat from China and Pakistan and their growing defense capabilities have led to a modernization drive; the present government has increased its allocation for capital expenditure to buy fi ghter jets and expand the naval force. In general, several pressing security issues largely determine the direction of India’s security policy and its military spending. First, the insurgency in Kashmir and the related confl ict with Pakistan remain unsolved. Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernization, such as futuristic soldier systems and missile defense systems. However, the allocation of resources has been severely inadequate in the recent past that fails to address the various needs of the armed forces in India. This paper will focus on the distribution of funds between capital and revenue expenditure and its significance.
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Delves, S. "Surgeon General’s Armed Forces Feeding Project: the Institute of Naval Medicine’s reconnaissance visit to Afghanistan." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 95, no. 1 (March 2009): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-95-37.
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Pejic, Igor. "Armed forces modernisation and shifts in the perception of the Chinese threat." Medjunarodni problemi 73, no. 2 (2021): 310–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2102310p.
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Following the principles of realist school of international relations we are analysing the shifts in Chinese military budget, military posture and overall modernization of armed forces before and after the American ?Pivot? to Asia. These results are later compared to the United States? foreign policy and military posture in East Asia that had changed in the past decade. Employing Walt?s theory of balance of threat in the following article we have analyzed the shifts in Chinese military power and how other regional actors? perceptions had changed during the last two decades of the 21st century. China that began internal balancing at the end of the twentieth century wasnot perceived as a threat to American interests in East Asia, which could potentially alter the regional status quo. The United States along other regional countries didnot perceive Chinese growing military power that was primarily land based, as a factor that should be contained. However, things started to change as Beijing assertiveness in South China Sea alerted other regional actors of Chinese growing naval power and political aspirations. As the research results show, the idea that any kind of balancing can lead to revisionism in the unipolar system is only partially correct concept which can be affected by intensity and nature of balancing politics.
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MURPHY, ELAINE. "ATROCITIES AT SEA AND THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR BY THE PARLIAMENTARY NAVY IN IRELAND, 1641–1649." Historical Journal 53, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990501.
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ABSTRACTIn 1643, Robert Rich, the second earl of Warwick, the parliamentary lord high admiral, issued directions for naval officers in the Irish squadron to execute any soldiers seized whilst crossing from Ireland to join royalist armies in England and Wales. An ordinance was duly promulgated by parliament in October 1644 which authorized the killing of Irishmen captured at sea or in England. Thereafter, although a number of captains implemented this policy and put to death mariners, soldiers, and passengers detained on vessels going to and from confederate and royalist ports in Ireland, the killing of maritime captives never became the norm in the war at sea. This article provides a detailed analysis of the atrocities that occurred and the treatment of prisoners taken in the seas around Ireland during the war of the three kingdoms. In particular, this article examines the effect exerted by the threat of retaliatory executions of English seamen held in towns such as Wexford and Waterford on forcing parliament and its naval commanders to moderate their actions.
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Buchan, Russell. "II. THE PALMER REPORT AND THE LEGALITY OF ISRAEL'S NAVAL BLOCKADE OF GAZA." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 1 (January 2012): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000650.
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On 3 January 2009 Israel deployed a naval blockade against Gaza in order to prevent materials entering or leaving Gaza that could be used by Hamas in its ongoing armed conflict with Israel.1 With the humanitarian crisis in Gaza worsening, on 31 May 2010 a flotilla of vessels carrying humanitarian aid expressed its intention to violate the naval blockade and deliver the aid to Gaza. Before violating the blockade and whilst still on the high seas, Israel sought to enforce its blockade and capture the vessels. This occurred largely without incident except in relation to the Mavi Marmara (a vessel sailing under the flag of the Comoros), which resisted capture by the Israeli special forces and continued to sail in the direction of Gaza. As Israel special forces boarded the Mavi violence ensued, with nine crew members of the Mavi being killed and dozens of others injured (principally Turkish nationals). Several members of Israel's special forces were also injured. Israel eventually assumed control of the ship and the crew members were detained and the vessel and its cargo confiscated.
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McLellan, M., and DA Freshwater. "The management of acute seizures in Naval Service personnel." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-167.
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AbstractSeizures are a relatively common Emergency Department (ED) presentation among young adult populations, considered for the purpose of this report as being aged 15-59. Due to the varied aetiologies involved, understanding of the potential causes and their presentation is key to managing these patients. Although seizure incidence within the United Kingdom (UK) Armed Forces population is generally low, it is not negligible. Therefore, awareness of the initial management is required by all those involved in patient care from the Medical Assistant (MA) at the Role 1 facility, through to the senior doctors at Role 3 establishments.All management should be in line with the Clinical Guidelines for Operations (CGOs) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) principles, with resuscitation, seizure control and patient stabilisation taking precedence initially. Ultimately, the use of laboratory testing and imaging at a Role 3 setting will be required to accurately confirm a diagnosis. Information obtained during these assessments may serve to assist the Naval Service Medical Board of Survey (NSMBOS) in determining suitability for continued Service retention and employment.
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Desclèves, Emmanuel. "Craig L. Symonds : Histoire navale de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ; Perrin et ministère des Armées, 2020 ; 1 008 pages." Revue Défense Nationale N° 840, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdna.840.0129.
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Mahmoudi, Said. "Use of Armed Force against Suspected Foreign Submarines in the Swedish Internal Waters and Territorial Sea." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12332013.
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Abstract Sweden’s territorial sea and internal waters have experienced regular intrusions by submerged foreign submarines since the early 1950s. The response of the country to such intrusions is generally well-documented and mainly public. The present article offers an overview of the development of the relevant national legislation, the actual response of the naval forces, and the legal arguments invoked at national level to justify or dismiss use of force in self-defence or under another title. The article discusses the relevance of the immunity that submarines normally enjoy under international law and Sweden’s human-rights obligations, two issues that have been at the centre of the legal discourse. Particular attention is paid to developments since 2014 when a new round of “submarine hunts” started and led to the adoption of new measures both revising the existing laws and strengthening the defence forces.
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Manush, Hristov. "Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0010.
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AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.
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Burrell, R. M. "Arms and Afghans in Makrān: an episode in Anglo-Persian relations 1905–1912." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, no. 1 (February 1986): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00042452.
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When Kipling published that aptly-named poem ‘Arithmetic on the Frontier’ in 1886 his use of the term ‘jezail’ was no more literary device, for the tribesmen of the north-western borderlands were then armed with locally made, muzzle-loading, smooth-bore muskets. A decade later a few European breech-loading rifles began to appear, and by 1907 the military intelligence department estimated that over a quarter of those tribesmen had acquired a modern weapon. It was the Government of India's wish to halt that flow of arms which led to a British naval blockade of the south-eastern coast of Persia from 1909, and the landing of troops in Makrāan during 1910 and 1911.
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Topolnitskyi, Vitalii Volodymyrovych. "SETTLEMENT OF THE ISSUE OF PASSAGE OF SHIPS OF THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE THROUGH THE KERCH STRAIT DURING THE ARMED CONFLICT." Law Bulletin, no. 10 (2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/2414-4207.2019-10.17.
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Hong, Sung-Joon, In Sik Jeong, and Seung-Soo Park. "The Naval Mine Threats Armed with New Technology in the 4th Industrial Revolution and Our Countermeasures." Journal of the KNST 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31818/jknst.2020.09.3.2.147.
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Petreev, Igor V., Sergey A. Zun, and Igor A. Shevchuk. "Naval hygienist Zun Andrey Vadimovich: professionalism, erudition and fidelity to traditions." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma59036.
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We are considering the main aspects of the professional activity of an outstanding naval hygienist, alumnus of the Faculty of residency training for the Naval Service of Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (1964), Candidate of Medical Sciences (1971), Higher Senior Officer (graduate education hygiene) of the Scientific Research Center of the Academy (1975), Associate Professor at the Department of Naval and Radiation Hygiene (2004), retired Colonel of the Medical Service Zun Andrey Vadimovich. Having gained a unique experience in medical practice as the Head of the medical service of a diesel-electric submarine of the Baltic Fleet and having completed his postgraduate studies at the Department of Naval and Radiation Hygiene (Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov), Andrey Vadimovich successfully defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences (graduate education hygiene) on the topic "Hygienic characteristics of the working conditions of specialists working on the fleet shore installations of the Naval Service, working with components of rocket fuel". After this more than 45 years of his professional activity were devoted specifically to the preventive medicine trend hygiene. The main professional achievements of Andrey Vadimovich undoubtedly include the study of the physiological effect of negative air ions in closed premises with conditions of oxygen deficiency, the study of the workplace hygiene of coastal missile systems specialists, as well as the hygienic characteristics of military clothing. Andrey Vadimovich has been also teaching such academic disciplines as naval and radiation hygiene, as well as medical ecology for all categories of Academy students. He is a veteran of the Armed Forces and Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. Andrey Vadimovich considers the success of his son and grandson as the main achievement of his life. His son Sergey followed the path taken by his father and graduated from the Faculty of Residency Training for the Naval Service of Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, also he deployed downrange on submarines, and then became an Associate Professor of the Psychiatry Department at the Academy. The grandson of Andrey Vadimovich, Pavel, graduated from the University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. After he completed his postgraduate studies at the same University, his area of expertise is computer modeling of the circulatory system.
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Yevhen, BORYSOV. "LEGAL REGULATION OF NAVAL FORCES ACTIVITY: WORLD EXPERIENCE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 117, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)04.
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Background. The analysis of the evolution of the regulation of the navy cannot be carried out without considering the reflection of the relevant aspects in the naval historical thought. These scientific researches first of all have no legal orientation and have as their subject the content and nature of the activity of the navy, in particular in measuring its formation and development. At the same time, their generalization and evaluation in the legal dimension would be useful in the context of determining the relationship between historical thought and the development of naval law. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that, despite aspects of the attention of legal historians to the issue of regulatory support of the armed forces, there is no relevant works on the evolution of the legal regulation of the navy. The aim of the article is to correlate global historical thought and legal support for the activities of the navy. To solve this goal, it is necessary to determine the development of relevant historical thought, to characterize its implementation in the works on naval doctrine and strategy, to assess the importance of relevant works for the development of naval law. Materials and methods. In the course of the research historical-legal, comparative, systemic, epistemological, hermeneutic, biographical methods were used. Results. The reflection of aspects of legal regulation of activity of naval forces in works of historians of fleet is investigated. The formation of the history of the navy from the seventeenth century in terms of special research and works on naval tactics and strategy is considered. It is proved that at the first stage these researches had the character of empirical generalization and provision of tactical activity of the sailing and then mechanized fleet, but from the end of the XIX century this experience was gained in the development of a maritime strategy. Conclusion. Historical studies of naval development first emerged at the appropriate scientific level as part of the development of naval tactics and strategies by French, British and American authors, whose works constitute an interconnected universal and universally recognized system of scientific research begun in the late seventeenth century. At the first stage, these studies were in the nature of empirical generalization and ensuring the tactical activities of the sailing and then mechanized fleet. But from the end of the XIX century this experience was gained in the development of a naval strategy, which gained universal character and indisputable authority for the naval forces of the most countries. In addition to use in works on naval tactics and strategy, the history of the navy from the eighteenth century reflected in biographical works, and in the twentieth century the most of the relevant historical works began to have the character of memoirs. Because the world-renowned fundamental works on naval strategy and tactics belong primarily to American and British authors, the domestic dimension of historical scientific research in this area is extremely limited. Thus, these issues require new research. Keywords: naval forces, history of navy, naval law, naval doctrine, naval strategy.
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David, Ricardo Santos. "First World War on Europe and the War Literature in Periods of Great Difficulty." Guará 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/gua.v7i1.5565.
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Nowadays, one hundred years after the greatest sea and trench battles, a question is posed: how could this Great European War change not only the continental configurations, but also the concepts of war and war literature? Until the nineteenth century, many saw war as some heroic act through which men could prove their bravery in an open fight, facing the enemy directly. By means of new weapon technology, death comes invisibly: gas, submarines, long-range artilleries, mines, airplanes, tanks, and machine guns. War strategies are altered and the feeling of a worthy fight in order to defend one’s homeland is ended. In this article, the great disillusion with war will be exemplified in the following romances: Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet in the Western Front (1929); concerning land warfare, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez’s The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1916), as well as Reinhard Göring’s Expressionist drama Seeschlacht (1917).Primeira Guerra Mundial sobre a Europa e a Literatura de Guerra em Períodos de Grandes DificuldadesHoje, cem anos depois das maiores batalhas navais e de trincheiras, cabe a pergunta: como esta Grande Guerra Europeia mudou não somente as configurações do continente, mas também os conceitos de guerra e de literatura de guerra? Até o século XIX, a guerra era vista por muitos como um ato heroico, pelo qual os homens podiam comprovar a sua valentia numa luta aberta, encarando diretamente o inimigo. Com a nova tecnologia de armas, a morte vem de forma invisível: gás, submarinos, artilharias de longo alcance, minas, aviões, tanques e metralhadoras. Muda-se a estratégia bélica e finda o sentimento de uma luta nobre para defender a pátria. Neste artigo, a grande desilusão com a guerra será exemplificada através dos romances Nada de novo no front (1929) de Erich Maria Remarque, Os quatro cavaleiros do Apocalipse (1916) de Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, abarcando a guerra terrestre, assim como o drama expressionista Batalha naval (1917) de Reinhard Göring.
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Sahni, Varun. "Not Quite British: A Study of External Influences on the Argentine Navy." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 3 (October 1993): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00006647.
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Political studies of military institutions in Latin America have tended to lay heavy stress on their external linkages, with a good deal of emphasis being placed upon the ‘differential degrees of dependence upon other countries for supplies, parts, training and equipment by the various service branches’. This particularly the case when scholars attempt to explain why two military institutions differ in their political behaviour and ideological orientation. Thus, we find Lieuwen asserting that[t]he aristocratic tendencies of [Latin American] naval officers… often were moderated by the democratic views of the British and United States officers who were their professional advisers. Conversely, before World War II, authoritarian attitudes of some Latin American armies were reinforced by the influence of German, Spanish, and Italian military missions.
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Patabang, Yunus, Suprayitno Suprayitno, Erpan Sahiri, and I. Made Jiwa. "OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT OF SURABAYA MAIN NAVAL BASE V REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE FACILITY BASED ON ISO 31000 FRAMEWORK." JOURNAL ASRO 10, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v10i3.168.
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Surabaya Main Naval Base V Repair and Maintenance Facility is one of the work units under the auspices of the Indonesian Navy that is tasked with carrying out the maintenance and repair of all major weapons systems of the Indonesian Navy. In carrying out their duties Surabaya Main Naval Base V Repair and Maintenance Facility has a big challenge and even there are various kinds of risks to prepare all the Indonesian Armed Forces defense equipment in accordance with the demands of need. Therefore, in this research, risk management will be carried out at the Surabaya Main Naval Base V Repair and Maintenance Facility Operational based on the ISO 31000: 2018 framework. Based on this framework, risk management will be carried out, namely how to carry out risk assessments in the form of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation for all risks in the operational field. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is also used to carry out in-depth risk management processes. One method used to solve existing problems is to use the House of Risk (HOR) method, which is divided into two stages. Stage 1 HOR focuses on ranking the Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP) value and with the help of the Pareto diagram the cumulative ARP value is obtained to determine the risk event (risk agent) selected, which then requires treatment on a priority scale. The results of this HOR phase 1 are then included in HOR phase 2 to rank the most effective prevention measures based on costs and resources. From the results of the HOR phase 2, further brainstorming was carried out with the Surabaya Main Naval Base V Repair and Maintenance Facility in accordance with the actions chosen for preventive actions that could be immediately carried out.Keywords: House of Risk, Enterprise Risk Management, SNI ISO 31000: 2018.
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Manoilo, Andrei. "Modern approaches of the European Union to creating own armed its forces." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2020): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2020.04.04.
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This article is devoted to the basic principles, stages and features of the formation of a new type of armed forces in the European Union – the pan-European army of the EU. It is noted that over the entire period of its existence, the European Union has not been able to form its own army, although attempts to implement this project have been made repeatedly – in 1999, 2003, 2004, and possibly in 2018 (in connection with the implementation of the EU program of ongoing structured cooperation PESCO). Initially, the European army was supposed to be equipped with units of all combat arms (from aviation to naval ships); its number at the initial stage should have been at least 50–60 thousands military personnel (then it was planned to increase its number to one hundred and even one hundred and fifty thousand people). However, to date, all that the EU has to intervene in armed conflicts is the multinational EU rapid reaction force, consisting of several battalion tactical groups of 1,500 persons each. These forces showed themselves quite well during the EU military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East and Africa (Somalia, Mali, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Central African Republic), but they are clearly not in the full-fledged army of the European Union or even its core pulling. To compensate for these shortcomings, the PESCO program was launched in March 2018, but after two years of its implementation, the results of this program are rather modest. A good effect was achieved only in the field of «military mobility» (logistics); but on the fulfillment of a number of «obligations» of the countries participating in this program, the European Council does not even have rough information (countries refuse to give it).
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Schmitt, Michael N., and David S. Goddard. "International law and the military use of unmanned maritime systems." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 902 (August 2016): 567–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000339.
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AbstractUnmanned maritime systems (UMSs) comprise an important subcategory of unmanned military devices. While much of the normative debate concerning the use of unmanned aerial and land-based devices applies equally to those employed on or under water, UMS present unique challenges in understanding the application of existing law. This article summarizes the technological state of the art before considering, in turn, the legal status of UMSs, particularly under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the regulation of their use under the law of naval warfare. It is not yet clear if UMSs enjoy status as ships under UNCLOS; even if they do, it is unlikely that they can be classified as warships. Nevertheless, their lawful use is not necessarily precluded in either peacetime or armed conflict.
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Strati, Anastasia. "Postscript: Tension in the Aegean – The ‘Imia’ Incident." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 1 (March 1996): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000076.
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In January 1996, tension escalated in the south-eastern Aegean as a result of Turkey's challenge of Greek sovereignty over the Imia rocks. Turkish ‘journalists’ from the newspaper Hurriyet occupied the Greek rocks and took down the Greek flag. This led to a build-up of Turkish and Greek naval forces near the rocks, thus creating a potential source of armed conflict. The tension was reduced after diplomatic intervention by the United States. However, there was a surprising absence of initiative on the part of the European Union in spite of the fact that the external borders of one of its member states had been challenged. The following will be a very brief account of the incident and the arguments of both parties, as evidenced primarily by their respective verbal notes.