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Journal articles on the topic 'Armour layer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Agung, Ida Bagus. "PENGARUH DURASI SERANGAN GELOMBANG TERHADAP TINGKAT KERUSAKAN LAPIS LINDUNG PEMECAH GELOMBANG." Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 1, no. 1 (2015): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jst.v1i1.471.

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this research tetrapodÂ have been utilized for breakwaterÂ cover layer or armour layer. The effect of wave duration on the armorÂ layer tetrapod stability wasÂ studied. The models were runÂ in the irregular wave flume, where Bretschneider spectrum may be generated attackingÂ the breakwater. The waves were set to break before reaching the breakwater. The test was conducted until the damage level of armour layer reached more than 5 %. The result of the research showed that waves duration and the highÂ of the wave attack affect the stability of armour layer, especially when the waveÂ was Rayleigh

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2

MAYSTRENKO, Anatoliy L., Volodymyr I. KUSHCH, Evgeniy A. PASHCHENKO, Vitaliy G. KULICH, Olecksiy V. NESHPOR, and Sergiy P. BISYK. "Ceramic Armour for Armoured Vehicles Against Large-Calibre Bullets." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 11, no. 1 (2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0279.

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Modelling the armour-piercing bullets B-32 calibre 12.7 mm penetration into the double-layer ceramic-composite armour has been performed for the armour blocks of two designs. The first one is a layer of ceramic square tiles supported by the glass or polyamide fabric. Modelling and subsequent ballistic tests have shown that the conical Hertz crack localized in the ceramic tile is formed. The tile is destroyed from the spread of radial cracks, and the entire armour unit becomes unable to sustain the repeated hit of the bullet. In the second case, the armour block consists of the discrete epoxy-f

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3

Van den Bosch, Ilse, Erik Ten Oever, Pieter Bakker, and Markus Muttray. "STABILITY OF INTERLOCKING ARMOUR UNITS ON A BREAKWATER CREST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.11.

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The hydraulic stability of single layer, interlocking armour units on low crested and submerged breakwaters was investigated in 2D hydraulic model tests. Displacements of armour units and rocking were monitored and have been applied as indicators for the armour layer stability on the crest, front and rear slope. The effect of freeboard, packing density and wave steepness on the armour layer stability have been investigated. The stability of interlocking concrete armour units on low crested and submerged structures is qualitatively different from rock armour. About 40% to 50% larger armour unit

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4

Santos, João Alfredo, Francisco Pedro, Mário Coimbra, et al. "3-D Scale Model Study of Wave Run-Up, Overtopping and Damage in a Rubble-Mound Breakwater Subject to Oblique Extreme Wave Conditions." Defect and Diffusion Forum 396 (August 2019): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.396.32.

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A set of scale-model tests carried out to enlarge the range of wave steepness values analysed in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a gentler slope breakwater’s trunk armour and roundhead, is presented in this paper. A stretch of a rubble mound breakwater (head and part of the adjoining trunk, with a slope of 1(V):2(H)) was built in a wave basin at the Leibniz University Hannover to assess, under extreme wave conditions (wave steepness of 0.055) with different incident wave angles (from 40º to 90º), the st

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Latham, John-Paul, Eleni Anastasaki, and Jiansheng Xiang. "A FEMDEM NUMERICAL MODEL STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND STRUCTURES ARMOURED WITH CONCRETE ARMOUR UNITS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.posters.37.

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A new method for the numerical creation of random single-layer systems of concrete armour units is illustrated. The armour layer pack is created by a FEMDEM solver that ensures mechanical equilibrium between all concrete units and rocks of the underlayer. The local and average packing density together with geometric constraints indicative of randomness and interlocking are assessed using analysis tools and shown to be in accordance with unit designer requirements. This solids modelling research is an essential pre-requisite to future simulation of the armour layer response to wave loading and

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Bakker, Pieter, Tiemen de Hoop, and Markus Muttray. "STABILITY OF XBLOCPLUS ARMOUR LAYERS AFTER INITIAL DAMAGE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.16.

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XblocPlus is an interlocking single layer armour unit that is placed with uniform orientation. The unit is applied with a large safety margin. Physical model test were performed without damage up to stability numbers of Hs/dDn=5.5 whereas a design stability number of Hs/dDn=2.5 has been adopted. The behaviour of an XblocPlus armour layer after initial damage is has been investigated by physical model tests with broken and manually removed model units. XblocPlus armour layers (with uniform orientation) respond differently to initial damage than interlocking armour units with random orientation.

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Lu, Jiang Ren, Xin Li Sun, Xing Hui Cai, San Qiang Dong, and Guo Liang Wang. "Numerical Study on the Ballistic Impact on Lightweight Composite Armour." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 824–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.824.

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A lightweight sandwich composite armours has been established by comparing the ballistic resistance of the potential component materials. The ballistic-resistance properties of the armours under impacting by the bullet with 12.7mm diameter are also numerically investigated by using finite element software LS-DYNA. Numerical modeling is used to obtain an estimate for the ballistic limit velocity (V50) and simulate penetration processes. The focus is placed on the energy absorption capabilities of different component layers with same density per unit area. The influence of stacking sequence and

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8

Burcharth, Hans Falk, Thomas Lykke Andersen, and Josep R. Medina. "STABILITY OF CUBIPOD ARMOURED ROUNDHEADS IN SHORT-CRESTED WAVES. A COMPARISON BETWEEN CUBIPOD AND CUBE ARMOUR STABILITY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.39.

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The paper presents a comparison of the stability of concrete cube armour and Cubipod armour in a breakwater roundhead with slope 1:1.5, exposed to both 2-D (long-crested) and 3-D (short-crested) waves. The model tests were performed at the Hydraulics and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark. The model tests showed that Cubipod armour is more stable than cube armour when exposed to longer waves (steepness approx. 0.025) and has equal stability to cubes in shorter waves. The Cubipod armour layer contained due to its high porosity approximately 6-17% less concrete t

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9

Young, Martin, John Hayman-Joyce, and Seok Hyeon Kim. "USE OF SINGLE LAYER CONCRETE ARMOUR UNITS AS TOE REINFORCEMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.48.

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Detailing and optimization of the toe reinforcement is presented as a case study from the construction of the 5.2km long main breakwater for the new Colombo South Harbour in 18m water depth. During the breakwater design the environmental constraints on supply of large rock armour were recognized, and CORE-LOC™ single layer concrete armour units were selected for the primary armour protection. During construction, supply of relatively small quantities of 8-12t rock for use in the toe reinforcement became an issue, and use of CORE-LOC™ units placed on the flat rock armour apron as an alternative

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10

Lemos, Rute, João A. Santos, and Conceição J. E. M. Fortes. "Damage Evolution Prediction during 2D Scale-Model Tests of a Rubble-Mound Breakwater: A Case Study of Ericeira’s Breakwater." Modelling 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/modelling4010001.

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Melby presents a formula to predict damage evolution in rubble-mound breakwaters whose armour layer is made of rock, based on the erosion measured in scale-model tests and the characteristics of the incident sea waves in such tests. However, this formula is only valid for armour layers made of rock and for the range of tested sea states. The present work aims to show how the Melby methodology can be used to establish a similar formula for the armour layer damage evolution in a rubble-mound breakwater where tetrapods are employed. For that, a long-duration test series is conducted with a 1:50 s

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11

Wei, Rongzhi, Xiaotian Li, Murilo Augusto Vaz, and Anderson Barata Custódio. "Finite Element Modelling of Pressure Armour Unlocking Failure in Unbonded Flexible Risers." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 3 (2025): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030411.

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Flexible pipes can be subjected to extreme bending load during installation and in situ operations, as well as high pressure from oil and gas field production fluids. Although field experience shows that the unlocking of the pressure armour layer is a rare failure mode, its consequences are potentially catastrophic. To investigate the unlocking mechanism of the pressure armour layer, a 3D nonlinear finite element model is developed, which contains three layers: a pressure armour layer with a “Zeta” shape cross-section, a polymer layer, and an analytical cylindrical surface representing the rad

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Abtew, Mulat Alubel, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, and Yan Hong. "Dynamic Impact Surface Damage Analysis of 3D Woven Para-Aramid Armour Panels Using NDI Technique." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060877.

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The effects of the yarn composition system inside 3D woven high-performance textiles are not well investigated and understood against their final ballistic impact behaviour. The current study aims to examine the ballistic impact performances of armour panels made of different 3D woven fabric variants through postmortem observations. Four high-performance five-layer 3D woven fabric variants were engineered based on their different warp yarn compositions but similar area density. A 50 × 50 cm2 armour system of each variant, which comprises eight nonbonded but aligned panels, namely, 3D-40-8/0 (o

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Reedijk, Bas, Tamara Eggeling, Pieter Bakker, Robert Jacobs, and Markus Muttray. "HYDRAULIC STABILITY AND OVERTOPPING PERFORMANCE OF A NEW TYPE OF REGULAR PLACED ARMOR UNIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.111.

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The XblocPlus is a new type of interlocking single layer armour units that is placed with uniform orientation. This is novel and different from all other single layer, interlocking armouring systems. The hydraulic stability of the XblocPlus breakwater armour unit was tested in 2D and 3D hydraulic model tests. Wave overtopping tests were performed to determine the roughness coefficients of the EurOtop overtopping formula for the XblocPlus. Model tests on a rubble mound breakwater with XblocPlus armour included 2D tests with a 1:30 seabed slope and with 1:2 and 3:4 breakwater slopes and 3D model

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Johnson, Andrew Allan, Guy Bingham, and Candice Majewski. "Laser sintered body armour – establishing single layer stab protection." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 1 (2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0173.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the minimum thickness required to provide stab protection in accordance with the United Kingdom Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) standards while testing a series of laser sintered (LS) planar specimens using instrumented test apparatus. Design/methodology/approach Planar test specimens were LS in single-layer thicknesses ranging from 1.00 to 15.00 mm in four material powder categories – DuraForm® virgin, DuraForm 50/50 mix, DuraForm EX® virgin and DuraForm EX 50/50 mix. All specimens were tested using instrumented drop test app

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Jacobs, Robert, Pieter Bakker, Ineke Vos-Rovers, and Bas Reedijk. "XBLOC-PLUS â€“ DEVELOPMENT OF A REGULAR PLACED INTERLOCKING ARMOUR UNIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.45.

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Randomly placed single layer interlocking concrete armor units are currently the most advanced and cost-efficient option for the protection of breakwaters. The key feature of these units is the random orientation of the units, which requires the crane operator to assess the orientation of each individual unit during block placement. DMC noticed the desire for a block which can be placed in a regular pattern as this will increase the placement rates. Apart of this, regular placement of armor units can also be preferred for aesthetical reasons. Fifteen years after the introduction of Xbloc, DMC

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16

Baird, William F., D. D. Davidson, Billy Edge, Orville T. Magoon, Charles I. Rauw, and Donald Treadwell. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BERM TYPE BREAKWATERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (1988): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.178.

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The standard design for a rubble-mound breakwater as reported in recent text books and manuals has consisted of a core of rubble quarry-run that is protected from wave action by two layers of relatively large quarried stone or concrete units. Filter layers of intermediate size stone are recommended beneath the armour layer to prevent loss of the core material through the armour. The pioneering work of Hudson provides coefficients for a formula that allowed widespread use of this design concept throughout the world. A breakwater of this form tends to require the smallest volume of stone; howeve

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Castillo, Carmen, Rafael Molina, Rebeca Gómez, and Enrique Castillo. "A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR DAMAGE ACCUMULATION IN BREAKWATERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.posters.19.

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Rehabilitation and maintenance studies are a great concern for Port Authorities and other Administrations.  For a complete risk analysis, probability of failure due to instability of the armour layer must be analyzed and therefore a knowledge on its deterioration rate is needed.  Breakwater armour stability is highly variable and difficult to quantify for many variables are involved in the problem.   Breakwater armour stability is stochastic in nature as both loading and armour conditions are. There is uncertainty in armour placing and shape and in loading b

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18

Leng, Sioh Ek. "Functional Graded Material with Nano Coating for Protection." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.93.

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Ceramic composite armour in general utilises a front layer of dense ceramic, typically backed by a second layer of metal. Thereby creating a sharp interface that is the weakest link within the material system and would result in cracking of the ceramic prematurely and hence not able to provide the requisite protection. One promising possibility has been found is the use of functionally gradient materials as armour materials. In such materials, the high hardness of ceramics is combined with the ductility of metals. Laboratory scale experiments were being performed to exhibit the potential of th

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Chabera, P., A. Boczkowska, A. Morka, et al. "Comparison of numerical and experimental study of armour system based on alumina and silicon carbide ceramics." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 2 (2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0040.

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Abstract The main goal of this numerical and experimental study of composite armour systems was to investigate their ballistic behaviour. Numerical simulations were employed to determine the initial dimensions of panel layers before the actual ballistic test. In order to achieve this aim, multivariate computations with different thicknesses of panel layers were conducted. Numerical calculations were performed with the finite element method in the LS-DYNA software, which is a commonly used tool for solving problems associated with shock wave propagation, blasts and impacts. An axisymmetric mode

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20

van der Wal, Rogier, Erik Carton, and Frits Hilvers. "The performance of armour steels with pre-layers against fragment simulating projectiles." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818304015.

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Armour steels have proven to be promising solutions for protection against fragments from threat weapons. The area to cover for ship bulkheads is usually large, so cost of the raw material is an important driver. For new ships, additional mass can be compensated for in the design. Past research by TNO and other workers has shown that the ballistic limit V50 of armour steels against fragments is increased significantly by adding a front or pre-layer. This layer can be a variety of materials ranging from cardboard to glass. In TNO’s Laboratory for Ballistics Research a test program was conducted

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Chabera, P., A. Boczkowska, A. Morka, T. Niezgoda, A. Oziębło, and A. Witek. "Numerical and experimental study of armour system consisted of ceramic and ceramic- elastomer composites." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (2014): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0094.

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Abstract The paper presents numerical and experimental results in the study of composite armour systems for ballistic protection. The modelling of protective structures and simulation methods of experiment as well as the finite elements method were implemented in LS DYNA software. Three armour systems with different thickness of layers were analyzed. Discretization for each option was built with three dimensional elements guaranteeing satisfactory accuracy of the calculations. Two selected armour configurations have been ballistically tested using the armour piercing (AP) 7.62 mm calibre. The

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Smith, Seth, Tom Shand, and Colin Whittaker. "EVALUATION OF REPAIR METHODS FOR DAMAGED ROCK ARMOURED SLOPES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 38. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.38.

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When repairing a structure that consists of undersized rock armour, it is common design practice to utilise larger, more stable rock; however, a growing shortage of quarry sites and high-density development along coastal fringes (which limits site accessibility) has increased costs and difficulties sourcing and placing larger rock. Case studies by Stemm and Sorbello (2021), and Bakker (2023) demonstrate that Concrete Armour Units (CAU) can (in some cases) be preferable to rock armour, based on: cost, embodied carbon, and site constraints. However, dissimilar units (CAU, or larger rock sizes) w

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23

Franco, Leopoldo, Yuri Pepi, Stefano de Finis, Verdiana Iorio, Giorgio Bellotti, and Claudia Cecioni. "ROUGHNESS FACTOR FOR MULTI-LAYER ARMOUR AS OVERTOPPING ESTIMATOR." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.25.

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Nowadays one of the most challenging problem for engineers is to adapt existing coastal structures to climate changes. Wave overtopping is highly sensitive to the increasing extreme water depths due to higher storm surges coupled with sea level rise. One way to face these problems for rubble mound breakwaters is to add one or more layers to the existing armour. Prediction of wave overtopping of coastal structures is presently obtained from empirical formulae in EurOtop (2018). For the case of overtopping over multi-layer armour, no validated method exists, so prediction must be based upon assu

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Mouton, le Fras, Alexander Flemming, Michael Bates, and Chris Broeckhoven. "The relationship between generation gland morphology and armour in Dragon Lizards (Smaug): a reassessment of ancestral states for the Cordylidae." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 4 (2018): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181032.

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Abstract To substantiate the claim of a relationship between generation gland morphology and degree of body armour in cordylid lizards, we studied the nine species in the genus Smaug. We predicted that well armoured species in this clade will have multi-layer generation glands, and lightly armoured species two-layer glands. Gland type was determined using standard histological techniques after sectioning a glandular patch of one adult male per species. A total of 133 specimens were examined for data on tail and occipital spine lengths (which were used as indicators of armour). We found that sp

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Namaee, Mohammad Reza, and Jueyi Sui. "Impact of armour layer on the depth of scour hole around side-by-side bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 3 (2019): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0010.

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Abstract In the present study, experiments were conducted in a large-scale flume to investigate the issue of local scour around side-by-side bridge piers under both ice-covered and open flow conditions. Three non-uniform sediments were used in this experimental study. Analysis of armour layer in the scour holes around bridge piers was performed to inspect the grain size distribution curves and to study the impact of armour layer on scour depth. Assessments of grain size of deposition ridges at the downstream side of bridge piers have been conducted. Based on data collected in 108 experiments,

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Kędzierski, P., A. Morka, G. Sławiński, and T. Niezgoda. "Optimization of two-component armour." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 1 (2015): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0020.

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Abstract The paper presents research on optimization of two-layer armour subjected to the normal impact of the 7.62x54 B32 armour piercing (AP) projectile. There were analysed two cases in which alumina Al2O3 was supported by aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 or armour steel Armox 500T. The thicknesses of layers were determined to minimize the panel areal density whilst satisfying the constraint, which was the maximum projectile velocity after panel perforation. The problem was solved through the utilization of LS-DYNA, LS-OPT and HyperMorph engineering software. The axisymmetric model was applied to

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Demir, Furkan, Alperen Mulayim Korkmaz, Berkay Erler, et al. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ARMOUR UNITS AND PLACEMENT METHODS ON WAVE LOADS ACTING ON CROWN WALLS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.79.

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Numerous previous experiments aimed to clarify and predict the detailed mechanism of wave forces on crown walls of mound breakwaters. However, a comprehensive study has not yet been conducted for cases involving different placement methods and packing densities of armour units. This study examines how various placement methods and packing densities of tetrapod and Antifer units, in combination with natural rocks in the armour layer design, influence the distribution of wave forces on the crown walls. Physical model tests were carried out using 1:1.5 and 1:2 face slopes, allowing for modificati

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Zhao, Xiao Dong, Xue Song Xu, Xiao Xiao Li, and Xing Chen. "Stability Experiment of Revetment Blocks for Regulation Project of Mulan Creek River." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.789.

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The anti-scour velocity of revetment blocks for flood control project of Mulan Creek river was studied through flume experiments. The results show that the revetment stability is related to the surface smoothness of revetment blocks. If they are paved smoothly, the incipient velocity of the blocks is greater than 4.0m/s, otherwise it is smaller than 3.2m/s. Hence, the smooth armour layer of revetment blocks are more stable than the others. According to distributions of flow velocities during flood in the river, the armor block types for different reaches of Mulan Creek river are suggested.

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Kulakov, N. A., and A. N. Lyubin. "Features of composite armour design." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 5, no. 1 (2011): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69841.

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The article examines the design of protection composite armour panel. This panel consists of two parts. The first part is a layer of cylindrical shape with crushing ceramics elements. The second part is a metal plate. The metal plate is a place for crushing elements. This protection panel is used for bullet protection of a car.

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Cuimbra, Salestiano, Haryo Dwito Armono, and Wahyudi. "Hydraulic Stability of BPPT – lock on Breakwater Head." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012026.

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Abstract Breakwater is one of the coastal buildings built by humans to protect coastal areas such as ports, settlements, and tourist attractions from wave attacks. This test aims to determine the condition damage of BPPT – lock in one- and two-layers placements in the head of the rubble mound breakwater. The method used to conduct this research was physical model test and carried out at laboratory of Balai Teknologi Infrastruktur Pelabuhan dan Dinamika Pantai (BTIPDP) Yogyakarta – Indonesia. The armour unit model used BPPT–locks were 66.048 grams or equivalent to 2.268 tons in prototype and te

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Donnelly, James, Pieter Bakker, Bas Reedijk, and Yang Zi Qian. "XBLOC-PLUS: THE INTERLOCKING, PATTERN PLACED AND EFFICIENT ARMOUR UNIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.18.

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Most breakwaters are built with randomly placed single layer armour units as these are most cost-efficient. Most single layer blocks require random unit orientations, which requires the crane operator to assess the orientation of each individual unit during placement. DMC noticed the desire for an interlocking block which can be placed in a regular pattern as many crane operators find it easier to place units uniformly, which requires less intuition. Fifteen years after the introduction of Xbloc, DMC introduces a new interlocking breakwater armour unit called XblocPlus which is placed with uni

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32

Chen, Weiqiu, Alberto Marconi, Marcel R. A. van Gent, Jord J. Warmink, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Berms and Roughness on Wave Overtopping at Rock-Armoured Dikes." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6 (2020): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060446.

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The average overtopping discharge is an important parameter for the design and reinforcement of dikes. Rock armour on the waterside slopes and berms of dikes is widely used to reduce the wave overtopping discharge by introducing slope roughness and dissipation of energy in the permeable armour layer. However, methods for estimating the influence of a rock berm and roughness of rock armour at dikes on the average overtopping discharge still need to be developed and/or validated. Therefore, this study aims to develop empirical equations to quantify the reductive influence of rock armour on wave

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Kerpen, Nils B., Alexander Schendel, Henry Forgan, Dirk Jan Peters, Erik Zigterman, and Torsten Schlurmann. "STABILITY OF BURIED SCOUR PROTECTION IN SHALLOW COASTAL WATERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.42.

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Physical model tests were conducted to verify the stability of a conceptual scour protection design placed around monopiles in varying water depth and under combined wave and current load. The tests were performed in a 3D wave-current basin at Ludwig-Franzius-Institute, Leibniz University Hannover in a model scale of 1:35. As a unique boundary condition compared to previous studies, the scour protection around the monopile was placed below a mobile sand bed. Before waves and current could act on the scour protection, the overlaying sand layer had to be eroded. The scouring process of this sand

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Kobylkin, I. F., and V. V. Shakirzyanova. "Numerical Simulation of Projectile Penetration into Laminated Transparent Armour." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (130) (February 2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2020-1-16-28.

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The paper shows that the main reasons behind a laminated glass panel failing while penetrated by a high-velocity projectile are the high stresses in the region affected by the projectile and tensile stresses at the interface that are caused by the glass layers bending. For all the glass layers but the frontal one, intense fracturing does not start at the interface with the previous layer but at the interface with the subsequent layer, in the region of the tensile stresses generated by the current layer bending. The fracturing propagates towards the impact. A low-strength adhesive layer between

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35

Fras, Teresa. "Experimental and Numerical Study on a Non-Explosive Reactive Armour with the Rubber Interlayer Applied against Kinetic-Energy Penetrators—The ‘Bulging Effect’ Analysis." Materials 14, no. 12 (2021): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123334.

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The study concerns a protection system applied against kinetic-energy penetrators (KEPs) composed of steel plates sandwiching a rubber layer. Laminated steel-elastomer armours represent non-explosive reactive (NERA) armours that take advantage of a so-called ‘bulging effect’ to mitigate KEP projectiles. Upon an impact, the side steel plates deform together with the deforming rubber interlayer. Their sudden deformation (bulging) in opposite directions disturbs long and slender KEP projectiles, causing their fragmentation. The presented discussion is based on the experimental investigation, conf

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36

Burcharth, Hans F., and Torben Brejnegaard-Neilsen. "THE INFLUENCE OF WAIST THICKNESS OF DOLOSSE ON THE HYDRAULIC STABILITY OF DOLOSSE ARMOUR." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (1986): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.130.

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The paper presents results from experiments with Dolosse having the same mass and volume but with different waist thickness to height ratios. The armour was exposed to irregular waves simulating one storm with increasing wave heights and the effect of waist to height ratio on the hydraulic stability was studied. A low packing density of approximately 0.65 was used corresponding to a two-layer armour with high porosity. From the results it is concluded that the hydraulic stability of Dolos armour is not very sensitive to variations in the waist to height ratio. Only for damage levels exceeding

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37

Paman, Ashish, Govindan Sukumar, B. Ramakrishna, and Vemuri Madhu. "An optimization scheme for a multilayer armour module against 7.62 mm armour piercing projectile." International Journal of Protective Structures 11, no. 2 (2019): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419619860533.

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This study presents a methodology to find the optimal sequence and thicknesses of individual material layers in a multilayer armour module. The methodology is demonstrated with application to three different metal alloys: Armox-500T, Ti-6Al-4V and Al-2024. Numerical simulations are performed first to study the ballistic impact behaviour of these three materials using AUTODYN-3D code. The results of numerical simulations are compared with experimental results for validating the numerical models. Thereafter, a three-layer armour module consisting of these three materials is optimized to defeat 7

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Kik, Rémon, Jeroen P. Van den Bos, Jonas Maertens, Henk Jan Verhagen, and Jentsje W. Van der Meer. "NOTIONAL PERMEABILITY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.84.

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Different layer design of a rock slope and under layers has a large effect on the strengths on the rock slope itself. In the stability formula developed of VAN DER MEER [1988] this effect is represented by the term Notional Permeability with symbol P. A more open, or permeable, structure underneath the armour layer has the ability to dissipate more wave energy and therefore requires less weight of the armour layer. The influence of this parameter is thus very important in economic sense. Up until now only three configurations have been tested. In practice often intermediate structures were des

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39

Anastasaki, Eleni, John-Paul Latham, and Jiansheng Xiang. "Numerical test for single concrete armour layer on breakwaters." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime Engineering 169, no. 4 (2016): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmaen.2014.25.

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TAKAGAKI, Kiyokazu, Ahn SUNGMO, Hochan LEE, et al. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SINGLE LAYER ARMOUR UNIT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 72, no. 2 (2016): I_889—I_894. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.72.i_889.

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41

Aberle, Jochen. "Measurements of armour layer roughness geometry function and porosity." Acta Geophysica 55, no. 1 (2007): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-006-0036-5.

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42

Hawass, Ahmed, Hosam Mostafa, and Ahmed Elbeih. "Multi-layer protective armour for underwater shock wave mitigation." Defence Technology 11, no. 4 (2015): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2015.04.006.

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43

Duplan, Yannick, Dominique Saletti, and Pascal Forquin. "Identification of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Projectile-Core Steel by Using Shear-Compression Specimens." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020216.

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Armour-Piercing (AP) projectiles constitute a major threat to be considered for the design of bi-layer-armour configurations constructed using a ceramic front plate backed with a composite/metal layer. When they are not made of tungsten-carbide the cores of these projectiles are made of hard steel, and are the main part that defines the penetration performance of the projectile. However, due to specific testing difficulties, the dynamic behaviour of these high-strength steel AP projectiles has not been investigated in sufficient detail. In this study, a detailed experimental investigation of t

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Reis, Maria Teresa, Joao Alfredo Santos, Conceicao Juana Fortes, et al. "WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING IN RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS UNDER OBLIQUE WAVE INCIDENCE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.23.

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The existing data gaps triggered the interest in developing the present experimental work, whose main goal is to contribute to a new whole understanding of the phenomena to mitigate future sea level rise impacts in European coastal structures, including the run-up and overtopping characterization on rough and permeable slopes. The key point is to extend the range of wave steepness values in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a sloping breakwater's trunk armour and roundhead. Recorded Presentation from the

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45

Martínez, Jorge Gutiérrez, Maor Bezner, Auke Molenkamp, et al. "PHYSICAL EVALUATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY OF AN ECO-ENGINEERED ARMOURING UNIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.35.

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ECOncrete®‘s Coastalock is an ecologically designed armour unit, providing an alternative and/or a complement to traditional armour layers with ecologically enhanced armouring that provides shoreline stabilization, while also creating well-defined local ecosystems that mimic natural rock pools. The 2D physical model tests performed at TU Delft focused on the stability, reflection and overtopping of a slope with regularly placed single layer Coastalock armour. The 2V:3H slope had an impermeable core, no wave breaking on the foreshore and no rock toe. The stability was seen to double, with stabi

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46

Utami, W., H. D. Armono, Wahyudi, and M. H. Sutanto. "Hydraulic Stability of Concrete Armour Unit: A 2D Physical Model Study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1198, no. 1 (2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1198/1/012016.

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Abstract Coastal structures designed to protect against erosion caused by wave action, storm surge, and currents are called revetment. The revetment armour layer design is the critical component of the stability of the structure. Structural failure could occur due to a faulty armour unit’s weight design. The stability test of the BPPT Lock primary layer unit for revetment will be conducted in this study. This study employs an experimental approach to evaluate revetment models in the laboratory using three different structural slope configurations and BPPT Lock primary layer units. It was shown

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Kulakov, N. A., and A. N. Lyubin. "Research of the Punch Interaction with Composite Protective Panel." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 2, no. 1 (2008): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69550.

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The work examines the structure of a protection composite panel consisting of a crushing layer (ceramic discrete elements of a cylindrical shape) and a restraining layer below (metallic leaf). This protection panel can be used for an armour-piercing bullet protection of the car. Here is the strength calculation of ceramic elements and metallic protective layer dynamic interaction under bullet impact. The problem was solved under a variety of protection panel parameters in order to define their proper values.

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48

Wolters, Guido, and Marcel Van Gent. "OBLIQUE WAVE ATTACK ON CUBE AND ROCK ARMOURED RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.34.

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Stability formulae for armour layers of rubble mound breakwaters are usually being applied assuming perpendicular wave attack. Often it is assumed that for oblique wave attack the reduction in damage compared to perpendicular wave attack is small. This seems however a very conservative assumption. Wave basin tests at Deltares provide information to assess the effects of oblique waves on the stability of rock slopes and cube armoured rubble mound breakwaters. This includes cubes in a single layer and cubes in a double layer. The results show that the few available formulae that include wave obl

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Lemos, Rute, Vera Pina, João Alfredo Santos, Conceição Fortes, Maria Teresa Reis, and Antje Bornschein. "Wave RUN-UP Measurements under very oblique wave incidence." Revista Recursos Hídricos 42, no. 1 (2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5894/rh42n1-cti9.

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Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project, the so-called RODBreak experiment was conducted in the multidirectional wave basin at the Marienwerden facilities of the Leibniz University Hannover (LUH). A stretch of a rubble-mound breakwater was built in the wave basin with a very gentle slope. Its armour layer was made of Antifer cubes, at the roundhead and adjoining trunk, and of rock, at the rest of the trunk. A set of tests was carried out to extend the range of wave steepness values analysed in wave run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on obliqu

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Jensen, Bjarne, Erik Damgaard Christensen, and B. Mutlu Sumer. "WAVE INTERACTION WITH LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS ON AN IMPERMEABLE SLOPING BED." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.23.

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The present paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the flow between large roughness elements on a steep sloping impermeable bed during wave action. The setup is designed to resemble a breakwater structure. The work is part of a study where the focus is on the details in the porous core flow and the armour layer flow i.e. the interaction between the two flow domains and the effect on the armour layer stability. In order to isolate the processes involved with the flow in the porous core the investigations are first carried out with a completely impermeable b

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