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Academic literature on the topic 'Armour Plates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Armour Plates"

Pacek, D., P. Kolodziejczak, K. Grzelak, J. Torzewski, and P. Podgorzak. "The protective capability of the laser welded armour steel plates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720906429.

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Despite the intensive development of plastics and composite materials in the case of armours employed to protect vehicles, armour steel remains a material commonly and effectively used. This is especially evident in the base armour of armoured vehicles, where the body is made of welded armour steel plates. However, the area of joining both the weld and the heat affected zone are sensitive areas with the reduced protective capability. In the case of laser welding in comparison with methods such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, it is possible to narrow down the above mentioned areas. The paper presents the results of research on the protective capability of welded zone of armour steel plates with a hardness of 500 HB. In the first part of the work, in order to select the proper parameters for the bonding process, different connection variants were made and their microstructure and selected mechanical properties were analysed. After selecting the best variant of the welding process, samples (200 mm × 200 mm) consisting of two welded plates with dimensions 100 mm × 200 mm were made for testing. The thickness of the plates was selected in such a way that in the areas outside the bonding zone, the lack of complete perforation by the projectiles used in the tests is guaranteed. The samples were shot at the weld location and at different distances from the weld to verify, for the chosen method of joining steel plates, if the welded armour loses its protective capability and, possibly, how wide this area may be.

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Balos, Sebastian, Daniel Howard, Adrian Brezulianu, and Danka Labus Zlatanović. "Perforated Plate for Ballistic Protection—A Review." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040526.

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In recent years, the interest of the scientific community in perforated plates for ballistic protection has increased. Perforated plates do not represent protection by themselves, rather, they are used in the armour systems of armoured vehicles, in conjunction with base armour, since they are intended to induce bend stresses, where a penetrating core fracture occurs. The fragments are subsequently stopped by base armoured vehicle armour. Although for the first time used several decades ago, perforated plates are found to be attractive even today. The main reason is the combination of very convenient properties. Besides high mass effectiveness, they possess a high multi-impact resistance, since their perforations arrest cracks. Therefore, a relatively wide array of materials is suitable for perforated plate fabrication, ranging from alloy steel to some types of cast iron. Being made of metallic materials, raw material costs are relatively low compared to ceramics or composite materials, making them very attractive for present and future armoured vehicles. Finally, armour system consisting of a perforated plate and base plate at some distance, reduce the effectiveness of both shaped charge jets and act as blast mitigators.

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MARCISZ, Jarosław, Bogdan GARBARZ, Tymoteusz TOMCZAK, Aleksandra JANIK, Władysław ZALECKI, Marek BURDEK, Mariusz ADAMCZYK, et al. "Development of technology for the production of a lightweight observation and protective container (LOOK) made of nanostructured ultra-strength steels." Journal of Metallic Materials 73, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.21.2.2.

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The article contains results of research and analyses concerning application of nanostructured bainitic steel in the form of plates for manufacturing of armour components. The presented results of examination of microstructure and properties include a wide range of laboratory experiments and industrial tests, which resulted in the achievement of the assumed functional properties. In the period of 2017-2021, a scientific and industrial consortium consisting of Łukasiewicz – Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy (leader); WITPiS, Tarnów Mechanical Works, Alchemia and Heatmasters Poland carried out a project funded by the POIR 04.01.04 programme aimed to develop the design and to manufacture an observation and protective container with a specified resistance to penetration by armour-piercing projectiles and with a lower mass of steel armouring in relation to that currently produced. The aim of the project was achieved by using armour plates made of nanostructured bainitic steel (nanobainitic), which are characterised by high resistance to high-energy impact concentrated in a small area. The technological tests carried out in the project mainly concerned the development of a new container and industrial technology of armour plates production and their application in the armour of this container. Based on the results of investigation of the semi-industrial scale material, the optimum chemical composition for industrial scale melting and casting was determined. An industrial technology for the production of plates of nano-structured bainitic steel was developed, which includes the following processes: smelting and casting, preliminary heat treatment and ingot hot processing, as well as hot rolling, final heat treatment, and surface treatment. A test batch of the material in the form of 1500×2470 mm armoured plates was fabricated under industrial conditions. The final result of the project is a container armoured with bainitic nanostructured steel plates with implementation documentation and a technology for producing armoured plates from this steel under the technical and technological conditions of domestic steel manufacturers.

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Szudrowicz, Marek. "Material combination to mitigation of behind armour debris after shaped charge jet attack." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202009.

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When a shaped charge jet perforates the steel armour plate, the residual jet is accompanied by a much wider cloud of behind armour debris (BAD) generated by stress wave interactions. BAD plays an important role in the evaluation of survivability of vehicle crew and components in a vehicle. The Behind Armor Debris (BAD) cloud caused by shaped charge jet impact was investigated. In order to simulate different configuration of material to mitigation of debris cloud the thickness of ceramics target tiles, glass and aramid laminate liners in contact with the armour plates was varied.

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Burian, W., J. Marcisz, B. Garbarz, and L. Starczewski. "Nanostructured Bainite-Austenite Steel for Armours Construction." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0210.

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Abstract Nanostructured bainite-austenite steels are applied in the armours construction due to their excellent combination of strength and ductility which enables to lower the armour weight and to improve the protection efficiency. Mechanical properties of the bainite-austenite steels can be controlled in the wide range by chemical composition and heat treatment. In the paper the results of investigation comprising measuring of quasi - static mechanical properties, dynamic yield stress and firing tests of bainite-austenite steel NANOS-BA® are presented. Reported results show that the investigated bainite-austenite steel can be used for constructing add-on armour and that the armour fulfils requirements of protection level 2 of STANAG 4569. Obtained reduction in weight of the tested NANOS-BA® plates in comparison with the present solutions is about 30%.

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Bazela, Rafał. "Selected Issues of Increasing the Fire Effectiveness of Combat Vehicles." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0069.

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AbstractThe research paper reviews selected issues associated with the current state of the armoured (tanks) and infantry fighting vehicle technology, with particular emphasis on the operating effectiveness of elongated sub-calibre projectiles fired from tank guns, which enable full perforation of ca. 500 mm thick armour steel plates. Their efficiency is comparable with the impact of shaped heads with armour steel penetration capabilities, and amounts from 6 to 8 calibres – warhead diameters. Furthermore, the paper discusses a numerical analysis, which shows the velocities of elongated projectiles (of tungsten matrix sinters) required to achieve a determined armour steel penetration depth. In addition, it also presents the performance characteristics of two 100 mm calibre shaped warheads, with copper inserts and apex angles of 51º and 60º.

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Marcisz, Jarosław, Bogdan Garbarz, Władysław Zalecki, Zofia Kania-Pifczyk, Lech Starczewski, and Marcin Gołuński. "OPTIMISATION OF BALLISTIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED BAINITIC STEEL PLATES FOR CONTAINER ARMOUR SYSTEM." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 151, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7325.

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Abstract: An innovative armour system containing plates made of nanostructured bainite steel is under development to improve operating properties of a light armoured observation-protective container (LAOC) providing the 2nd protection level according to STANAG 4569. Armour system solution of the container has been modified because the new plates have different mechanical and technological properties than currently used armour plates. The paper presents results of investigation of material characteristics and firing tests of plates made of nanostructured steel in the semi-industrial scale. To optimise parameters of heat treatment of the plates the kinetics of phase transformation was examined, and mechanical properties were measured, and changes in microstructure in the area of projectile interaction at firing tests were analysed for different variants of treatment. The reported investigations precede the industrial scale production process for plates made of the new grade steel designed for the armour system of LAOC. Optimisation of mechanical properties of the plates has been carried out by selection of such production parameters as chemical composition of the steel, hot working, interprocess heat treatment and temperature and time of final heat treatment (isothermal annealing). Effect of primary segregation of alloying and residual elements on protective properties of the plates is indicated. As a result of applying the annealing temperature in the range of 210-225°C (Ms temperature is ca. 200°C at cooling rate 1-2°C/s) and time in the range of 120-70 hours respectively, the following properties have been achieved: YS0.2 (yield strength) 1400-1500 MPa; UTS (ultimate tensile strength) 2000-2150 MPa; TE (total elongation) 10-13%, impact toughness KV at room temperature 10-16 J and hardness 590-610 HV (53-54 HRC). Microstructure of the plates consists of carbide free lathy nanobainite and 10-21% (volume fraction) of retained austenite. Plates of thickness 6.3 and 7.5 mm and ammunition type of 5.56x45 mm M193 and 7.62x51 mm API BZ have been used in the firing tests. Based on results of firing tests and microstructure examination in the area of projectile interaction the phenomena have been identified indicating high efficiency of ballistic protection of investigated plates, manifested by high ability to absorption and dissipation of projectile energy without susceptibility to cracking. Based on the results of mechanical properties measurements and firing tests a chemical composition of the nanostructured bainitic steel adjusted for industrial production of plates of thickness in the range of 6-8 mm has been developed. An analysis of container armour system mass reduction possibility, basing on results of investigation of the nano-structured bainite steel plates made in the semi-industrial scale, has been carried out. Basing on the analysis of the container construction and operational conditions some sensitive areas of ballistic protection have been specified to be subjected to firing tests. Ballistic examination will be carried out using the container segments representing the selected sensitive areas.

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FRAS, Teresa, and Norbert FADERL. "Influence of Add-On Perforated Plates on the Protective Performance of Light-Weight Armour Systems." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7177.

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The presented experimental investigation, aimed at verification of defeat mechanisms against small-calibre projectiles, provided by 4-mm-thick perforated plates with different material- and geometrical properties, was performed. A regular pattern of punched holes in steel plates increases the possibility of asymmetrical contact between the plate and projectiles which may cause threat destabilization, rotation or fragmentation depending on the impact position. Three tested armour configurations comprise the super-bainitic high-hardness Pavise™ SBS 600P armour steel plates perforated by elongated holes of size 4  12 mm (the first configuration), the martensitic high-hardness Mars® 300P steel plates perforated by circular holes with a diameter of 5 mm (in the second configuration); and in the third configuration, the martensitic Mars® 300 plates perforated by oblong holes (4  10 mm) were used. The performed impact tests proved that the tested add-on plates assured high protection against the impact of 7.62  51 .308 Win P80 hard-core armour piercing (AP) projectiles. It was also observed that the plates caused similar mechanisms of bullet failure.

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GARBARZ, Bogdan, Jarosław MARCISZ, Wojciech BURIAN, Aleksander KOWALSKI, Jacek BOROWSKI, Szymon SZKUDELSKI, Marek WALICKI, and Kamil ZAJĄC. "Methods to Increase the Protective Effectiveness of Add-on Armour made of Perforated Ultra-High-Strength Nanobainitic Steel Plates." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2958.

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The mechanical properties of industrially produced perforated steel plates are obtained by hardening and low-temperature tempering to produce a martensitic microstructure. Another morphological type of steel microstructure that allows for ultra-high strength and, at the same time, a level of ductility that qualifies it for use in armour is nanobainite. Research into nanobainitic steels has led to the development of plates manufacturing technology at a level that can be implemented in industrial production, and has confirmed the high potential of this material for use as additional armour in the form of perforated plates. This paper reports the results of research aimed at developing a technology for the production of perforated armour plates made of nanobainitic steel, with properties competitive with currently available perforated steel plates on the world market with the highest protective effectiveness under conditions of multi-hit firing tests with small and medium calibre ammunition. The tests were performed on 300 260 mm plates, with the nominal thicknesses of 8 mm, 6 mm and 4 mm, produced from industrially melted nanobainitic steel NANOS-BA. The protective effectiveness of nanobainitic perforated plates in a system with a solid armour steel backing plate of 500 HBW hardness was tested by multi-hit firing, according to the procedures set out in the STANAG 4569 and AEP-55 vol. 1 specifications (adapted to the format of tested plates), against selected projectile types assigned to protection levels 2 and 3. Based on the analysis of the results of the firing tests and the macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the perforated plates before and after firing, the optimum perforation method was selected and the most favourable geometrical and dimensional arrangements of the perforations were determined for different plate thicknesses.

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Fras, Teresa. "Experimental and Numerical Study on a Non-Explosive Reactive Armour with the Rubber Interlayer Applied against Kinetic-Energy Penetrators—The ‘Bulging Effect’ Analysis." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123334.

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The study concerns a protection system applied against kinetic-energy penetrators (KEPs) composed of steel plates sandwiching a rubber layer. Laminated steel-elastomer armours represent non-explosive reactive (NERA) armours that take advantage of a so-called ‘bulging effect’ to mitigate KEP projectiles. Upon an impact, the side steel plates deform together with the deforming rubber interlayer. Their sudden deformation (bulging) in opposite directions disturbs long and slender KEP projectiles, causing their fragmentation. The presented discussion is based on the experimental investigation, confirming that the long-rod projectiles tend to fracture into several pieces due to the armour perforation. A numerical simulation accompanies the ballistic test providing an insight into the threat/target interactions. The presented experimental–numerical study explains the principles of the analysed protection mechanism and proves the efficiency of the materials composition making up the laminated non-reactive protection system.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Armour Plates"

Ashton, Mark. "Behaviour of metals as a function of strain-rate and temperature." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10449.

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Five materials, copper (two versions), iron, and armour plate steel (two versions) have been tested at different strain-rates and temperatures. All tests were in compression. The materials were studied to provide experimental data for input into hydrocode models of armour behaviour by the Defence Research Agency, Fort Halstead. A wide selection of metals was examined so that comparisons could be drawn between modelling the behaviour of face centred and body centred cubic metals, and to carry out a broader investigation into how the results obtained were affected by the test methods. Experiments were performed at temperatures from -100°C to 20°C and mean plastic strain-rates from 10-3 to 103 S-l, using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system for high strain-rates and a Hounsfield 50 kN machine for quasistatic conditions. The stress-strain behaviour of the materials as a function of temperature and strain-rate was then determined. The effects of interfacial friction on the measured compreSSlve properties of copper and the armour plate steels have been investigated. Since the coefficient of friction was the critical parameter, ring tests were carried out and the Avitzur analysis applied. In general, the coefficient of friction decreased with increasing strain-rate and temperature. The tested specimen's appearance indicated the same friction trends. Hydrocode modelling of the SHPB system produced corrections to the flow stress, to compensate for interfacial friction, that agree well with those predicted by the Avitzur analysis. Deformed finite element mesh plots analysed in conjunction with barrelled specimens have given a clearer insight into the mechanisms of interfacial friction. The Armstrong-Zerilli constitutive models have been applied to copper, iron and armour plate steel results corrected for thermal softening and specimen-platen interfacial friction. These models have been shown to provide a reasonable description of the materials' behaviour. The research investigation has shown that in order to obtain fundamental stressstrain behaviour of the materials, then corrections must be applied, which can be quite significant. These corrections must take into account the effects of material thermal softening and the specimen-platen interfacial friction.

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Matzinger, Thomas. "An Overview of Body Armor and Single Plate Impact Dynamics." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1808.

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In the past, personal body armor was constructed of simple plates of high- strength alloys. However, with the advancement of modern combat and weaponry, particularly armor-piercing ammunition, personal body armor has evolved into more complex and effective metal, ceramic, and composite structures. This paper lays the groundwork for experimental and modeling methods used to understand the effectiveness of new armor designs. Focusing on the first layer of modern body armor, the ”High Impedance” layer. Experiments measuring the change in velocity of bullets passing through aluminum and titanium plates were conducted. These experiments were then replicated through FEA simulation.

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Kasonde, Maweja. "Optimising the mechanical properties and microstructure of armoured steel plate in the quenched and tempered condition." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11022006-192139.

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Goll, Matthias [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Untermann. "Iron Documents. Interdisciplinary studies on the technology of late medieval european plate armour production between 1350 and 1500 / Matthias Goll ; Betreuer: Matthias Untermann." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1234935368/34.

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Nême, Alain. "Comportement de plaques épaisses à l'impact de cylindres : modélisation du comportement de la plaque." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DENS0007.

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Le blindage des véhicules joue un rôle important pour la sécurité des personnes transportées. Nous donnons, par ce travail, les moyens d'effectuer un premier dimensionnement de l'épaisseur d'un blindage métallique soumis à l'impact normal d'un cylindre également métallique. Avant d'aboutir a ce résultat, nous avons étudié ce problème en développant, sur la base de travaux existants, un modèle analytique simplifie fonde sur l'optimisation d'un champ de vitesse paramétré représentant l'écoulement plastique de la cible autour du projectile. Cependant les résultats peu probants concernant la pénétration dans un massif semi-infini, nous ont conduits à utiliser une simulation numérique (code efhyd2d) afin d'analyser le problème complet de la perforation de plaques d'épaisseurs finies. L'une des principales difficultés était la détermination d'un critère de ruine de la cible. Nous avons choisi de la représenter par une bifurcation d'équilibre. Cette approche est décomposée de sorte qu'il soit possible d'analyser d'autres problèmes de structures que celui de l'impact. Un développement détaillé est dévolu à l'étude des bifurcations d'équilibre de trois matériaux élastoplastique, a savoir l'acier à blindage (26ncd6), le 2017 (au4g) et le 5083 (ag5). Cependant notre validation expérimentale est limitée aux vitesses d'impacts inferieures à 360 m/s. Afin d'être par la suite en mesure de traiter des problèmes comportant des matériaux de faible diffusivité thermique impactes a des vitesses de 1000 a 2000 m/s, nous développons dans cette étude deux types de comportement thermoélastoplastique et thermoélastoviscoplastique isotrope, en accord avec les principes de la thermodynamique macroscopique. De plus nous vérifions que ces lois constitutives représentent correctement les essais de hautes pressions sur aluminium, cuivre et monocristal de zinc. Ce travail est la première étape dans l'identification complète de ces modèles phénoménologiques et leur introduction dans un code de calcul, ainsi que dans le développement du critère de bifurcation (autres types de comportements, étude de la stabilité du champ bifurquant etc. )

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Raguraman, M. "Advanced Methodologies For Designing Metallic Armour Plates For Ballistic Impact." Thesis, 2007. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/603.

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A Primary objective of the present research is the development of robust CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering)-based approaches for designing armour plates subjected to ballistic impact by small-calibre hardened peojectiles with or without a protective sheath. Amongst the challenges in simulation is the capturing of target plate material behaviour at high strain rates with possibilities of adiabatic heating. A comprehensive numerical study carried out has resulted in the identification of simulation guidelines using a commercially available explicit finite element anlaysis solver (viz. LS_DYNA). The interferences thus drawn in terms of modeling approach 9I.e. shell, solid or axisymmetric or a mixed representation). Mesh density and element type, contact condition, and constitutive model 9I.e. discrete strain-rate based, Cowper-Symonds, or Johnson-Cook) with failure criteria are verifiable and greatly beneficial for armour plate design. Confidence in the suggested procedures has been obtained through extensive correlation of numerical results with experimental residual velocities and ballistic limits as well as projectile and target plate failure modes. A wide range of impact velocities has been considered (from a low velocity of about 5m/s to an ordnance range velocity of 800+ m/s). Target plates made of variants of mild steel and aluminium alloys have been studied. The simulation approaches have been applied to single-layered as well as multi-layered target plates. Although a majority of the comparisons has been made against published test results, a new ballistic impact testing facility has been set up in course of the current research and excellent correlation of numerically predicted residual velocities and failure modes has been obtained against the tests carried out for aluminium plate using the latter facility. A unique feature of the current experimental effort is the capturing of the complete trajectory of projectile beginning with oblique impact through subsequent perforation/ricochet. Furthermore, projectiles of various nose-shapes such as ogival, conical, hemispherical and blunt have been employed. The power of simulation has been demonstrated with the help of a number of parametric studies with variables such as plate thickness and material properties, as well as projectile mass and diameter, and obtaining physically consistent results. Additionally, existing semi empirical models for residual velocity and ballistic limit prediction have been reviewed, and new user-friendly models have been proposed based on energy conservation and predominant shear plugging failure mode of target plate. Finally, the goal of applying the present research work as a design tool can be well-served by packaging the knowledge gathered here in the form of a user-friendly guide with a graphical user interface(GUI). To this end, an application using MS windows VC++ utilities has been created with the functionalities of: (a) viewing reference LS-DYNA input data files for selecting typical problems of impact on steel and aluminium plates; (b) computing complete lists of strain rate-based material quantities required in LS-DYNA material models like discrete strain rate-based, Cowper-Symonds and Johnson-Cook by specifying the minimum number of easily available quasi-static properties (such as elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths, etc.), and (c) estimating residual velocities using the semi-empirical relations for steel and aluminium plates derived in the current work.

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Raguraman, M. "Advanced Methodologies For Designing Metallic Armour Plates For Ballistic Impact." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/603.

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Rocha, Pedro Miguel Monteiro da. "Optimisation of light-weight armour plates for energy absorption." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31406.

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Technology advances continue to revolutionise military equipment. The development of new firepower induces an interest in the enhancement of protection gear, both for transportation vehicles and personnel. There has been a significant amount of research of methods to increase protection capabilities without increases in the weight of a given defence system. This dissertation seeks to develop an optimisation tool that results in light-weight armour plates without compromising protection capabilities. A thorough study on the propagation of elastic and plastic stress waves aims for a better understanding of how an armour system behaves upon ballistic impact. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the development of a Python script that provides an efficient approach to model generation in Abaqus. It enables the user to avoid time consuming actions when designing ballistic test models to later simulate through the software. This script is also used to validate the theory behind elastic and plastic stress wave propagation while also being able to access output databases and interpret obtained results. The importance of the script is relevant for the second part of the dissertation, which takes advantage of the Abaqus Python Application Programming interface (API) to perform optimisation procedures automatically. Focusing particularly on the application of the particle swarm optimisation algorithm, this work continuously improves the efficiency and accuracy of the mentioned algorithm by dividing three different optimisation problems into several experiments. Each one of the experiments is carefully defined to highlight the impact of a specific operating parameter of the algorithm. A validation of the stress wave propagation and how it is affected upon contact with layered media is carefully conducted through a series of different analysis approaches. It is shown that the plastic stress wave propagates slower than the elastic one and that plastic deformation affects the properties of the generated stress wave, such as wavelength. The implemented particle swarm optimisation algorithm proved to be an effective approach to problem solving, however, for complex problems the operational parameters must be carefully chosen.
Os avanços na tecnologia continuam a revolucionar equipamentos militares. O desenvolvimento de novas armas de fogo induz interesse no aprimoramento de equipamento de proteção, para veículos de transporte e pessoal. Tem havido uma quantidade significativa de investigação de métodos para aumentar as capacidades de proteção sem aumento de peso de um dado sistema de proteção. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de otimização que resulta em placas de armadura de baixo peso sem comprometer capacidades de proteção. Um estudo cuidadoso acerca da propagação de ondas de tensão elásticas e plásticas procura compreender a forma como um sistema de armadura reage após um impacto balístico. A primeira parte desta dissertação foca-se no desenvolvimento de um código em Python que fornece uma abordagem eficiente à geração de modelos no Abaqus. Isto permite que o utilizador evite ações que consumam tempo ao criar modelos de teste balístico para simular mais tarde através do software. Este código é também usado para validar a teoria por detrás da propagação de ondas de tensão elásticas e plásticas e ao mesmo tempo habilitar o acesso a dados de saída do software e interpretar resultados obtidos. A importância do código é relevante para a segunda parte da dissertação, que tira vantagem da interface de aplicação e programação do Abaqus Python (API) para executar procedimentos de otimização de forma automática. Com foco em particular na aplicação do algoritmo de otimização por enxame de partículas, este trabalho melhora continuamente a eficácia e precisão do algoritmo mencionado através da divisão de três diferentes problemas de otimização em várias experiências. Cada uma das experiências é cuidadosamente definida para destacar o impacto de um parâmetro operacional específico do algoritmo. A validação da propagação da onda de tensão e como é afetada após contacto com um meio material de múltiplas camadas é cuidadosamente estudada através de séries de diferentes análises. É mostrado que a onda de tensão plástica se propaga mais lentamente que a elástica e que deformação plástica afeta as propriedades da onda de tensão gerada, tal como o comprimento de onda. O algoritmo de otimização por enxame de partículas implementado prova ser uma abordagem eficaz para a resolução de problemas, no entanto, para problemas complexos os parâmetros operacionais devem ser escolhidos com cuidado.
Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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Reis, Isaac Bastos Correia. "Optimization of layer configurations for ballistic impact on light-weight armour plates." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/28183.

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The broad field of engineering is facing a paradigm shift where advanced optimization methods and techniques are more often used to solve complex problems. Most of these problems either require the analysis of a large amount of data or the solving of complex calculations, or even both. This dissertation aims to develop an understanding of non-linear optimization algorithms applied to a complex engineering design problem: a multi-layer plate under a ballistic impact. To solve a complex design engineering problem, the most efficient way is to combine non-linear optimization algorithms with a software capable of simulating the model and event. Accordingly, the first part of this document focuses on developing a Python script of the simulation model system using Abaqus API. The usage of an Abaqus Python script to simulate the event allows to generate specific variables and post-processing outputs essential to its posterior integration with optimization algorithms. Nevertheless, the development of a model that simulates a ballistic impact is complex and, thus, a sounding understanding on the physics and mechanics behind such an event are properly discussed. These insights are then used to validate the dynamic response and equilibrium of the simulated model. Furthermore, several modeling strategies are considered and analyzed throughout the first part of this document. The second part of this dissertation aims to acquire a comprehensive understanding of three optimization algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA). The performance and efficiency of each algorithm, as well as numerous programming and optimization strategies, are tested in four different benchmarks. Each benchmark increases in complexity regarding its precedent and they all use the Abaqus Python script previously developed. This dissertation culminates in a multi-objective optimization procedure that uses the most efficient algorithm out of the three algorithms tested in the previous benchmarks. This multi-objective procedure uses every single-objective formulation, variables and constraints from the previous benchmarks which results in a highly non-linear problem. The results from this complex optimization problem are analyzed using and discussed.
O amplo ramo da engenharia enfrenta uma mudança de paradigma, na qual métodos e t écnicas avançados de otimização são cada vez mais usados para resolver problemas complexos. A maioria desses problemas requer a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ou requer a resolução de cálculos complexos, ou até mesmo ambos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver um estudo compreensivo de algoritmos de otimização, aplicados a um problema complexo de projeto de engenharia: uma placa com multiplas camada sob um impacto balístico. Para resolver um problema complexo de engenharia de projeto, a forma mais eficiente consiste em combinar algoritmos de otimização não-linear com um software capaz de simular o modelo e o evento. Assim, a primeira parte deste documento é focada no desenvolvimento de um código em Python do modelo de simulação através da API do Abaqus. O uso de um código Python para simular o evento permite gerar variáveis específicas e resultados de pós-processamento que são essenciais para sua posterior integração com algoritmos de otimização. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de um modelo que simule um impacto balístico é complexo e, portanto, uma compreensão intrínseca sobre a física e a mecânica de tal evento é discutido adequadamente. Esses conhecimentos adquiridos são posteriormente usados para validar a resposta dinâmica e o equilíbrio do modelo simulado. Além disso, várias estratégias de modelagem são consideradas e analisadas ao longo da primeira parte deste documento. A segunda parte desta dissertação visa adquirir uma compreensão abrangente de três algoritmos de otimização não-lineares: otimização por enxame de partículas (PSO), algoritmo genético (GA) e recozedura simulada (SA). O desempenho e a eficiência de cada algoritmo, bem como numerosas estratégias de programação e otimizaçãoo, são testados em quatro benchmarks. Cada benchmark aumenta em complexidade em relação ao seu precedente e todos usam o código Python do modelo em Abaqus previamente desenvolvido. Esta dissertação culmina num processo de otimização multi-objetivo que utiliza o algoritmo mais eficiente dos três algoritmos testados nos benchmarks anteriores. Este procedimento multi-objetivo utiliza todas as formulações, variáveis e restrições das formulações dos benchmarks anteriores, o que resulta num problema altamente não linear. Os resultados desse complexo problema de otimização são analisados e discutidos.
Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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Kasonde, Maweja. "Optimising the mechanical properties and microstructure of armoured steel plate in quenched and tempered condition." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23576.

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The effect of the chemical composition, austenitisation temperature and tempering temperature and time on the mechanical properties and on the ballistic performance of martensitic steel armour plates was studied. It was established in this study that the mechanical properties and the ballistic performance of martensitic steels can be optimised by controlling the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. However, it was observed that for a given chemical composition of the steel the heat treatment parameters to be applied to advanced ballistic performance armour plates were different from those required for higher mechanical properties. Such a contradiction rendered the relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic performance questionable. Systematic analysis of the microstructure and the fracture mechanism of some martensitic armour plate steels was carried out to explain the improved ballistic performance of steels whose mechanical properties were below that specificied for military and security applications. It was inferred from phase analysis and its quantification by X-ray diffraction, characterisation of the martensite using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy that the retained austenite located in the plate interfaces and on grain boundaries of the martensite was the main constituent resisting localised yielding during ballistic impact on thin steel plates. A part of the kinetic energy is transformed into adiabatic heat where a reaustenitisation of the plate martensite and the formation of new lath martensite was observed. Another part is used to elastically and plastically deform the ballistic impact affected region around the incidence point. Dislocation pile-ups at twinned plate interfaces suggest that the twin interfaces act as barriers to dislocation movement upon high velocity impact loading. The diameter of the affected regions, that determines the volume of the material deforming plastically upon impact, was found to vary as a function of the volume fraction of retained austenite in the martensitic steel. Upon impact, retained austenite transforms to martensite by Transformation Induced Plasticity, the “ TRIP ” effect. High volume fractions of retained austenite in the martensitic steel were found to yield low values of the ratio yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) and a high resistance against localised yielding and, therefore, against ballistic perforation. A Ballistic Parameter was proposed for the prediction of ballistic performance using the volume fraction of retained austenite and the thickness of the armour plate as variables. Based on the martensite structure and the results of the ballistic testing of 13 armour plate steels a design methodology comprising new specifications was proposed for the manufacture of armour plates whose thicknesses may be thinner than 6mm.
Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
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Books on the topic "Armour Plates"

Ankylosaurus and other armoured and plated herbivores. London: Franklin Watts, 2015.

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Eugene, Medvedovski, American Ceramic Society Meeting, and Ceramic Armor and Armor Systems Symposium (2003 : Nashville, Tenn.), eds. Ceramic armor and armor systems: Proceedings of the Ceramic Armor and Armor Systems Symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, 2003 in Nashville, Tennessee. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 2003.

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Webb, Tim. The armour-plated ostrich: The hidden costs of Britain's addiction to the arms business. West Wickham: Radical Writing, 1998.

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Eugene, Medvedovski, American Ceramic Society Meeting, and International Symposium on Ceramic Armor and Armor Systems (2nd : 2005 : Baltimore, Md.), eds. Ceramic armor and armor systems II: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society : Baltimore, Maryland, USA (2005). Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 2006.

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International, Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (33rd 2009 Daytona Beach Fla ). Advances in ceramic armor V: A collection of papers presented at the 33rd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 18-23, 2009, Daytona Beach, Florida. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley/John Wiley, 2010.

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International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (32nd 2008 Daytona Beach, Fla.). Advances in ceramic armor IV: A collection of papers presented at the 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008, Daytona Beach, Florida / editor, Lisa Prokurat Franks ; volume editors, Tatsuki Ohji, Andrew Wereszczak. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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Lisa, Prokurat Franks, Ohji T, Wereszczak Andrew, and American Ceramic Society, eds. Advances in ceramic armor IV: A collection of papers presented at the 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008, Daytona Beach, Florida / editor, Lisa Prokurat Franks ; volume editors, Tatsuki Ohji, Andrew Wereszczak. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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W, McCauley James, Ceramic Armor Materials by Design Symposium (2001 : Wailea, Maui, Hawaii)., and Pac Rim International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Glass (4th : 2001 : Wailea, Maui, Hawaii)., eds. Ceramic armor materials by design: Proceedings of the Ceramic Armor Materials by Design Symposium held at the Pac Rim IV International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Glass, November 4-8, 2001 in Wailea, Maui, Hawaii. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 2002.

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Armor Ceramics Symposium (8th 2010 Daytona Beach, FL.). Advances in ceramic armor VI: A collection of papers presented at the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 24-29, 2010, Daytona Beach, Florida. Edited by Swab Jeffrey J, Mathur Sanjay, Ohji T. (Tatsuki), American Ceramic Society, and International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (34th : 2010 : Daytona Beach, Fla.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Kaigun sōkō gijutsushi: Senkan Fuji, Mikasa kara Yamato made. Tōkyō: Keiyūsha, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Armour Plates"

Doherty, Kevin, Richard Squillacioti, Bryan Cheeseman, Brian Placzankis, and Denver Gallardy. "Expanding the Availability of Lightweight Aluminum Alloy Armor Plate Procured from Detailed Military Specifications." In ICAA13: 13th International Conference on Aluminum Alloys, 541–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118495292.ch79.

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Doherty, Kevin, Richard Squillacioti, Bryan Cheeseman, Brian Placzankis, and Denver Gallardy. "Expanding the Availability of Lightweight Aluminum Alloy Armor Plate Procured from Detailed Military Specifications." In ICAA13 Pittsburgh, 541–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48761-8_79.

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Jiang, Weiran, Alyssa Bennett, Nickolas Vlahopoulos, and Geng Zhang. "A Reduced-Order Modeling Based Design and Optimization for a Lightweight Multilayer Armor Plate Against Blast and Impact." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 79–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34123-7_9.

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"Plates." In Roman Imperial Armour, 181–88. Oxbow Books, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dt0h.24.

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"armour-plated | armor-plated, adj." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/8308120980.

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"armour plate | armor plate, n." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/2973740632.

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Falter, H. D., D. Ciric, E. B. Deksnis, P. Massmann, K. Mellon, A. Peacock, M. Akiba, et al. "COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVELY COOLED DIVERTOR DUMP PLATES WITH BERYLLIUM AND CFC ARMOUR." In Fusion Technology 1994, 291–94. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-82220-8.50041-8.

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Hošek, Jiří. "Omówienie wyników badań metalograficznych znalezisk z Lubrzy / Discussion of results metallographic examination of finds from Lubrza." In Castrum Lubenov. Tragiczne dzieje średniowiecznej wieży w Lubrzy / Castrum Lubenov. The tragic history of the medieval tower in Lubrza, 285–301. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo; Muzeum Archeologiczne Środkowego Nadodrza, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/lubenov2022.14.

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This chapter follows up on the results of the archaeometric survey of selected metal objects from Lubrza, discussing the applied manufacturing techniques within the given categories of artefacts, and attempts to assess both the methods and level of processing of these finds in the broader context of the manufacturing traditions of the time. The five copper alloy objects analysed by XRF were made from sheet metal, which was in the 13th and 14th centuries commonly made from brass and red brass. This corresponds to a small set of finds from Lubrza, where three objects were made of brass (strap mount, belt mount, belt end), one of red brass (belt mount) and one of copper (chape). The manufacturing techniques of these objects were customary at the time: cutting or stamping the required shape, punching holes, riveting, forming in a die, trimming and aligning or smoothing by grinding, filing etc. A total of ten iron objects were examined metallographically. An axe-head has a steel edge welded onto the iron body of the blade. The same applies to a knife and a sickle. In the case of the axe-head and knife, this represents the most common way to manufacture such objects in the 13th and 14th centuries. Sickles were also commonly produced this way, although carburised specimens are also encountered with the same frequency. Two heads of crossbow bolts were examined. One of them was forged from phosphoric iron, and the other was forged from a heterogeneous metal containing phosphoric iron as well. Bolt heads made of plain iron or heterogeneous metal (with steel) are the most common, but the finds from Lubrza cannot be considered completely non-standard specimens. A spike head combines steel and phosphoric iron, but it is difficult to make any comparison, as this category of weapons has not been studied so far. A horseshoe was made of phosphoric iron, which was not the most common solution. This raises the question whether the choice of the material was intentional. In the case of a spur and a stirrup, the use of phosphorus-rich iron can be considered a standard approach, since the material for these objects was apparently not subject to any specific selection. Finally, plate of a coat-of-plates armour, also made of phosphoric iron, can be considered uncommon compared to other corresponding segments of armours of that period. What we clearly see at Lubrza is the almost systematic use of phosphoric iron, even in cases where iron (or unsorted material with a predominance of iron) with none or low phosphorus content was otherwise commonly used (the axe-head, knife, sickle, armour plate). The reason for this could be a shortage of phosphorus-free iron. However, this greatly complicates considerations about the deliberate use of phosphoric iron for objects such as bolt heads or horseshoes.

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Tria, Djalel Eddine. "Advanced Multi-Layered Protective Systems for Defeating High Energy Projectiles." In Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nicsp220009.

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This study aims to investigate experimentally and numerically the ballistic trauma absorption of different armor ceramics with aramid composite reinforcement. The studied ceramic materials include homogeneous alumina oxide, with different Al2O3 contents, alumina-mullite and reaction-bonded boron carbide (RBBC) ceramics where their composition, structure, and main mechanical properties are examined and analyzed. Likewise, the penetration behavior of a 7.62x39 mm Mild Steel Cored (MSC) bullet from an AK round and 7.62x51 Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) bullets was studied, since the selected armors are often subjected to such particular threats in personal body armor systems. Three dimensional FE models of the bullets and armor plates were developed to study the penetration behavior of the bullets, the fracture pattern of ceramics and to predict the Back Face Deformation (BFD) of the considered armors. It was found that the studied armors have been proved to have very acceptable protection levels due to the measured ballistic trauma, which was in accordance with standard NIJ-0101.06. Also, despite the total erosion of the 7.62x51 mm FMJ bullet during the penetration process, it has the highest recorded ballistic trauma. Blunting and mushrooming of the 7.62x39 mm MSC bullets leads to decreasing of its intrusion in the armor plates. The combination of the constitutive relations and the FE algorithms has successfully matched details of impact tests for the bullets and the armor plates that lead to the explanation of the dispersion of the BFD measures for each impact situation. The propagation of radial and circumferential cracks, fracture conoid formation has been well predicted for alumina ceramics. The highest BFD values were shown in the RBBC ceramics with the absence of residual fracture conoid after the impact.

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"Plate Armour." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 1068. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_160679.

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Conference papers on the topic "Armour Plates"

CLEMENTZ, STEFAN, EWA LIDÉN, and OLOF ANDERSSON. "THE HIT POINT DEPENDENCE IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LONG ROD PROJECTILES AND EXPLOSIVE REACTIVE ARMOUR." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36156.

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Long rod projectiles interacting with explosive reactive armour consisting of two flyer plates sandwiched around a high-explosive material is studied numerically and experimentally to understand the influence of hit point on the fracture and deformation behaviour of the projectile. The results shows that fracture, deformation and consumption of the projectile occurs mainly due to interaction with the plate moving in the same direction as the projectile. As the time span of this interaction is sensitive to the hit point, the hit point dependence should be taken into account when considering using explosive reactive armour as protection.

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Pavei, M., S. Dal Bello, H. Groeneveld, D. Marcuzzi, and A. Rizzolo. "Molybdenum armour layer on copper plates: Manufacturing technologies and tests of prototypes." In 2013 IEEE 25th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (SOFE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sofe.2013.6635391.

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Xiong, Ran, Bin Zhang, and Yongshi Xu. "Simulation on the Equivalent Relation Between Different Armour Plates Penetrated a Tungsten Sphere." In 2015 International Conference on Materials, Environmental and Biological Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mebe-15.2015.95.

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Singh, Umesh Kumar, and Avanish Kumar Dubey. "Study of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Armour Grade Aluminium Alloy Plates." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8349.

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Abstract In present research work, friction stir welding of armour grade aluminium alloy, which is having excellent strength to weight ratio, has been done at low heat input rate (rotational speed of 600 rpm, travelling speed of 75 mm/min) and tool tilt angle of 2.5°. Tungsten carbide tool with a shoulder diameter of 15 mm was used to produce the joint. Tensile strength and microhardness of welded sample were measured at three different locations i.e. at the start, middle and end of the weld. The lowest value of tensile strength was obtained at the start of the weld while the maximum tensile strength was observed at middle of the weld and having the value of 378.672 MPa which is 82.32% of base metal along with 15.26% elongation. There is a large gap between the lower and the maximum value of tensile strength. The middle of the weld has less fluctuation in microhardness value as compared to the start and end of the weld. While the maximum value of microhardness was obtained on the advancing side at the start of the weld with the value of 187.4 Hv. Microstructural image shows the presence of craters and segregation in the weld surface. XRD result signify the presence of intermetallic compound Al12Mg17 in the welded zone.

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RYAN, SHANNON, JULIAN BERK, ALON WEISS, NATAV YATOM, MICHA VARDY, SANTU RANA, STEWART GREENHILL, and SVETHA VENKATESH. "ADAPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL OPTIMISATION FOR SAMPLE-EFFICIENT ARMOUR DESIGN." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36177.

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We present a Bayesian optimisation methodology intended to support a human expert in the design of armour systems for which limited prior knowledge/data exists and within a limiting, pre-defined experimental budget. We apply the methodology to design an armour configuration consisting of multiple plates, with multiple materials, at varying orientations and spacing, for protection against 12.7 mm APM2 and 20 mm FSP threats. The full-factorial design matrix for the defined solution space exceeds 17,500 possible solutions. With an objective to minimise system weight, we identify a solution within 102 ballistic tests (44 design iterations) that provides a weight reduction of 11.4% over expert-designed reference configurations and a mass efficiency of 1.5 relative to a monolithic RHA Class 1. The value of the demonstrated methodology is expected to increase with increasing armour (or threat) complexity.

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KREST’AN, JAN, RADEK RIDKY, STANISLAV ROLC, and JAROSLAV BUCHAR. "RESPONSE OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS TO RPG-7 THREAT." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36157.

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The paper deals with the problem of RPG-7 (rocket propelled grenade) impact on the brick wall with SLAT armour. The scenario when the warhead is deactivated on SLAT armour, continue to move with some reduced velocity and interact with brick masonry wall is solved. The detonation of the explosive without jet formation is also considered. Experimental and numerical study of the brick masonry walls interaction with such was performed. Unreinforced walls and walls reinforced by using of steel add-on plates have been tested. Numerical simulations were carried out to estimate the response and damage of reinforced and unreinforced brick masonry walls subjected to RPG-7 threat based on the transient dynamic finite element program LSDYNA. The numerical simulation was used for the evaluation of the effect of the steel add-on plate thickness on the ballistic resistance of the masonry wall to the RPG -7 threat.

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Iovea, M., M. Cerit, A. Tunç, J. D. Stephenson, and K. Gündoğdu. "Development of a non-destructive testing system for the automated inspection of ceramic armour plates and parts." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL ADVANCES IN APPLIED PHYSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE CONGRESS & EXHIBITION. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0058244.

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Choi-Rokas, Hyegjoo, Todd Garlie, and K. Blake Mitchell. "Theoretical Framework for the Sizing of Body Armor Plates to Optimize Fit." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001898.

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The development of optimized fitting body armor is critical to the fightability and protection of our warfighters and first responders. Body armor systems generally worn by warfighters consists of three protective portions: rigid plates, a soft armor insert, and a carrier/vest. Rigid plates are inserted into the front, back, and sides of the body armor to provide a higher level of protection for the wearer, while the soft armor is positioned behind the plates and in areas of the body where a lower level of protection is acceptable or required for mobility and comfort. Previously, a comprehensive fit mapping study on the family of armor plates to investigate the relationship between the coverage, anthropometry and mobility relative to size specifications of torso and side plates was conducted (Choi et. al., 2017). There is a delicate tradeoff between covering more (i.e., a greater area of protection) while not degrading the wearer’s mission performance (primarily their mobility). However, some level of mobility degradation is unavoidable. Choi et. al. (2017)'s results quantitatively defined the impact of coverage on mobility, visualized the mobility degradation as coverage increase, and set the allowable mobility degradation to be 10%. The coverage corresponding to the allowable mobility degradation was then converted into anthropometric dimensions. Accommodation envelopes for the current U.S. Army torso plates, relative to the male and female US Army population, were reported. Final size tariffs were calculated using the front plate. A sizing system for the back plate and/or side plates were not developed.This current study explores a theoretical framework for ballistic rigid plate size optimization for the front, back and side plates. When the protection coverage is maximized with minimal mobility degradation, the system would be considered optimized. For this study, minimal mobility degradation was set to 10%. For the front plate, Choi et. al. was revisited to retrieve the maximum width and length while limiting the mobility degradation to 10%. Chest Breadth, was measured using the ANSUR II (Gordon et. al., 2014) procedure, and Suprasternale -Tenth Rib Length was used to derive the width and length of plates, respectively. Then, a specification of the front ballistic plate, given anthropometric characteristics of the current U.S. Army population was developed from a reverse engineering approach. Theoretical accommodation envelopes for each front plate size were then developed and plotted against the current ANSUR II data. Once the front plate sizing system was developed, anthropometric characteristics of cases within each accommodation envelope per size were investigated to develop the required size specifications for the back plate. The width of the back plate shares the width of the matching front plate, but the length takes into account the back length, from the Cervicale -Tenth Rib Length. Size specifications for the side plates were also developed. Given that the front and back plates are worn together; the maximum width of the side plate is defined by the surface availability at the location of the tenth rib level. The side plate length is defined using the distance between Tenth Rib and the Axilla. A theoretical size system for a family of rigid armor plates is presented in a series of tables as well as bivariate plots. A detailed process for plate size prediction and the interaction between the front, back and side plates is presented.

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Cakir, Tanju, R. Orhan Yildirim, and Bilgehan Ogel. "Optimisation of Ceramic/Steel Composite Armour of a Constant Thickness." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58627.

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Impact resistance of ceramic/steel composite armour against 7.62 mm AP (armour piercing) projectile is examined analytically, numerically and experimentally. Total armour thickness is taken to be constant. Ceramic tile thickness and steel plate thickness are changed to observe the effect of the variation of the thickness ratio on the impact behaviour of ceramic/steel armour. Results show that the impact behaviour of ceramics is related to the ceramic tile thickness and back plate thickness. It is found that there is an optimum ceramic/steel thickness ratio which provides the best protection against a specified threat for a constant total armour thickness.

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Li, Peng, Hyegjoo Choi-Rokas, Blake Mitchell, Asbed Tashjian, and Matthew Hurley. "An iterative and anthropometrically driven approach to body armor plate design for females." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003349.

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The opening of combat arms positions to females, combined with innovative manufacturing processes allowing for increased curvature in rigid ballistic plates, allows the opportunity to design a body armor plate designed specifically for the female body. The current US body armor plates were developed from male torso shapes. This paper presents an iterative design and development process of female specific armor plates, based on the US Army anthropometric survey data (Gordon 2014) and rapid evaluation of prototyping designs.To understand the variation of female torso shapes, a female torso shape classification scheme was developed (Li, 2023), identifying nine torso groups for the US Army female population. For each shape group, a mean shape was generated from all torso surfaces within that group. Those nine torso shape groups were further categorized into three ‘curvature’ groups, based on angular measurement of the front profiles of each mean shape, as this will define the vertical curvature of a plate. Then two mean torso surfaces, a medium and a large bust shape were selected to target the prototype plate design for. Test plates were 3D printed but did not have equivalent weight as an ESAPI. Once the first plate shape was 3D printed, a design-fit evaluation-redesign cycle was initiated. A fit evaluation was performed to identify the design flaws. Then, those findings were documented and applied to the next round design, repeating this cycle four times. During each evaluation cycle, the current prototype, previous prototype versions, if applicable, and a 3D printed currently fielded plate were tested together. During the fit evaluation, the test participants’ (TPs) bra size was recorded but no measurements were taken. Based on TP’s bra size and prototype preferences, a fit table was created to correlate body size and bust shape to plate shape.The first round of fit evaluations involved the medium curvature plate and TPs (mostly with medium bust shapes). It was found that the TPs felt the top edge of the plate created pressure on the body, causing discomfort. We reduced the peak height of the prototyping plate by 20 mm to create the second iteration of the prototype. The second prototype was an improvement, however some could still feel the top edge of the plate. For the third iteration, the top and bottom plate edges were curved out to alleviate the pressure from the top edge, however, the fit test from this round indicated the curvature of the plate seems too flat. Hence the fourth prototype was developed by reducing the peak height only 10 mm from the first design with curved out edges on the top and bottom; it showed the best acceptability by all medium bust sized TPs. For future development, the accommodation envelope of the fourth iteration prototype will be evaluated so that we can delineate the anthropometric range of the central size in the target population, based on their breast size. Then, the large curvature plate will be evaluated to accommodate large breasted females (approximately 24% population according to the angular analysis of the front torso profile). Author contributions: P.L., H. C-R. and B. M. designed research plan and wrote the abstract. P.L. and H. C-R performed data analysis and fit evaluation, A.T and M.H did detail design and prototyping.References:Gordon, C. C., Blackwell, C. L., Bradtmiller, B., Parham, J. L., Barrientos, P., Paquette, S. P., Corner, B. D., Carson, J. M., Venezia, J. C., Rockwell, Belva M., Mucher, M., and Krietensen, S., (2014), “2012 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Sum-mary Statistics”, Technical Report NATICK/TR-15/007, US Army Soldier Systems Com-mand, Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.Li, P., Mitchell, B., (2023), A shape classification scheme for female torso, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 106, 2023, 103904, ISSN 0003-6870,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103904

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Reports on the topic "Armour Plates"

Hummer, Charles R. Inductance of Parallel Plates in Electromagnetic Armor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448001.

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Stanton, Brian, William Coburn, and Thomas J. Pizzillo. Armor Plate Surface Roughness Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432918.

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Meitzler, Thomas J., Gregory Smith, Michelle Charbeneau, Euijung Sohn, Mary Bienkowski, Ivan Wong, and Allen H. Meitzler. Crack Detection in Armor Plates Using Ultrasonic Techniques (PREPRINT). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489006.

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Celmins, Aivars K. Fuzzy Modeling of Armor Plate Bending by Blast. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226388.

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Adams, Sunny, and Madison Story. Architectural survey of eight Ohio Army National Guard armories, 1971–1977. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47092.

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This document is an architectural survey of eight armories, seven field maintenance shops (FMS; three detached and four attached to the armory), and ten metal storage buildings utilized by the Ohio Army National Guard (OHARNG), located across the state of Ohio. The armories and OMS were constructed or received extensive renovation and additions between 1971 and 1977, while the majority of the metal storage buildings were constructed in the 1980s. This survey satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) as amended and was used to recommend the eligibility of these buildings and structures for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It is the recommendation of this report that two armories; Alliance Armory (1976) and Xenia Armory (1975) and one associated support building; Xenia motor storage building (1975) are significant under National Register of Historic Places criteria and retain enough integrity to be individually eligible for the NRHP. Volume II of this report is published separately and contains the ERDC-CERL architectural survey forms.

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Pirie, Douglas, Bradd Schwichtenberg, Thomas J. Bender, Jeff Wiggin, George Young, and Jack McKellar. Design Guidance for Selectively Placed Quarrystone Revetment Armor Layers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1003870.

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Sheets and Alexander. PR-201-114508-R01 Evaluation of Composite Systems for Subsea Pipeline Repairs. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010157.

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This project evaluates the use of composite materials for reinforcing corroded subsea pipelines. All repair work was done underwater and pipe samples were pressurized during the duration of testing. After the designated hold period of 10,000 hours (approximately 420 days), the samples were removed from service and subjected to destructive testing involving different combinations of internal pressure, axial tension, and bending. The study involved the participation of four composite repair manufacturers including Air Logistics, Armor Plate, Inc. Neptune Research, Inc., and Walker Technical Resources. These manufacturers provided materials, personnel for performing the installations, and financial contributions to the study.

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Czupryna, Gary, Rhonda D. Levy, and Harris Gold. Selective dissolution and recovery of depleted uranium from armor plate. Final report, 26 June 1986-5 May 1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5941506.

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Fuelberth, August, Madison Story, Adam Smith, and Megan Tooker. Historic architecture and landscape inventory for Gordon Lakes Golf Club, Fort Gordon, Georgia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46892.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 of the NHPA requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. Fort Gordon is located in northeast Georgia, directly west of Augusta-Richmond. It was first established as Camp Gordon during WWII for infantry and armor training. It has been known as Fort Gordon since 1956. This report provides historic context and recommends eligibility determinations for 24 buildings, structures, and landscapes associated with the Gordon Lakes Golf Club constructed between 1975 and 2009. The report recommends two Real Property landscapes (the Golf Driving Range and 18-Hole Golf Course including Gordon Lake) and one structure (Gordon Lake Dam) are eligible for the NRHP. The other 21 buildings and structures are recommended Not Eligible. Consulting with the Georgia State Historic Preservation Officer, this work fulfills Section 110 requirements for these buildings, structures, and landscapes.

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Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - Fixing armour plate partitions 1st basement - 11 August 1964. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-011536.

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