Journal articles: 'Armour Plates'

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Pacek, D., P. Kolodziejczak, K. Grzelak, J. Torzewski, and P. Podgorzak. "The protective capability of the laser welded armour steel plates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720906429.

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Despite the intensive development of plastics and composite materials in the case of armours employed to protect vehicles, armour steel remains a material commonly and effectively used. This is especially evident in the base armour of armoured vehicles, where the body is made of welded armour steel plates. However, the area of joining both the weld and the heat affected zone are sensitive areas with the reduced protective capability. In the case of laser welding in comparison with methods such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, it is possible to narrow down the above mentioned areas. The paper presents the results of research on the protective capability of welded zone of armour steel plates with a hardness of 500 HB. In the first part of the work, in order to select the proper parameters for the bonding process, different connection variants were made and their microstructure and selected mechanical properties were analysed. After selecting the best variant of the welding process, samples (200 mm × 200 mm) consisting of two welded plates with dimensions 100 mm × 200 mm were made for testing. The thickness of the plates was selected in such a way that in the areas outside the bonding zone, the lack of complete perforation by the projectiles used in the tests is guaranteed. The samples were shot at the weld location and at different distances from the weld to verify, for the chosen method of joining steel plates, if the welded armour loses its protective capability and, possibly, how wide this area may be.

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Balos, Sebastian, Daniel Howard, Adrian Brezulianu, and Danka Labus Zlatanović. "Perforated Plate for Ballistic Protection—A Review." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040526.

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In recent years, the interest of the scientific community in perforated plates for ballistic protection has increased. Perforated plates do not represent protection by themselves, rather, they are used in the armour systems of armoured vehicles, in conjunction with base armour, since they are intended to induce bend stresses, where a penetrating core fracture occurs. The fragments are subsequently stopped by base armoured vehicle armour. Although for the first time used several decades ago, perforated plates are found to be attractive even today. The main reason is the combination of very convenient properties. Besides high mass effectiveness, they possess a high multi-impact resistance, since their perforations arrest cracks. Therefore, a relatively wide array of materials is suitable for perforated plate fabrication, ranging from alloy steel to some types of cast iron. Being made of metallic materials, raw material costs are relatively low compared to ceramics or composite materials, making them very attractive for present and future armoured vehicles. Finally, armour system consisting of a perforated plate and base plate at some distance, reduce the effectiveness of both shaped charge jets and act as blast mitigators.

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MARCISZ, Jarosław, Bogdan GARBARZ, Tymoteusz TOMCZAK, Aleksandra JANIK, Władysław ZALECKI, Marek BURDEK, Mariusz ADAMCZYK, et al. "Development of technology for the production of a lightweight observation and protective container (LOOK) made of nanostructured ultra-strength steels." Journal of Metallic Materials 73, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.21.2.2.

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The article contains results of research and analyses concerning application of nanostructured bainitic steel in the form of plates for manufacturing of armour components. The presented results of examination of microstructure and properties include a wide range of laboratory experiments and industrial tests, which resulted in the achievement of the assumed functional properties. In the period of 2017-2021, a scientific and industrial consortium consisting of Łukasiewicz – Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy (leader); WITPiS, Tarnów Mechanical Works, Alchemia and Heatmasters Poland carried out a project funded by the POIR 04.01.04 programme aimed to develop the design and to manufacture an observation and protective container with a specified resistance to penetration by armour-piercing projectiles and with a lower mass of steel armouring in relation to that currently produced. The aim of the project was achieved by using armour plates made of nanostructured bainitic steel (nanobainitic), which are characterised by high resistance to high-energy impact concentrated in a small area. The technological tests carried out in the project mainly concerned the development of a new container and industrial technology of armour plates production and their application in the armour of this container. Based on the results of investigation of the semi-industrial scale material, the optimum chemical composition for industrial scale melting and casting was determined. An industrial technology for the production of plates of nano-structured bainitic steel was developed, which includes the following processes: smelting and casting, preliminary heat treatment and ingot hot processing, as well as hot rolling, final heat treatment, and surface treatment. A test batch of the material in the form of 1500×2470 mm armoured plates was fabricated under industrial conditions. The final result of the project is a container armoured with bainitic nanostructured steel plates with implementation documentation and a technology for producing armoured plates from this steel under the technical and technological conditions of domestic steel manufacturers.

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Szudrowicz, Marek. "Material combination to mitigation of behind armour debris after shaped charge jet attack." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202009.

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When a shaped charge jet perforates the steel armour plate, the residual jet is accompanied by a much wider cloud of behind armour debris (BAD) generated by stress wave interactions. BAD plays an important role in the evaluation of survivability of vehicle crew and components in a vehicle. The Behind Armor Debris (BAD) cloud caused by shaped charge jet impact was investigated. In order to simulate different configuration of material to mitigation of debris cloud the thickness of ceramics target tiles, glass and aramid laminate liners in contact with the armour plates was varied.

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Burian, W., J. Marcisz, B. Garbarz, and L. Starczewski. "Nanostructured Bainite-Austenite Steel for Armours Construction." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0210.

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Abstract Nanostructured bainite-austenite steels are applied in the armours construction due to their excellent combination of strength and ductility which enables to lower the armour weight and to improve the protection efficiency. Mechanical properties of the bainite-austenite steels can be controlled in the wide range by chemical composition and heat treatment. In the paper the results of investigation comprising measuring of quasi - static mechanical properties, dynamic yield stress and firing tests of bainite-austenite steel NANOS-BA® are presented. Reported results show that the investigated bainite-austenite steel can be used for constructing add-on armour and that the armour fulfils requirements of protection level 2 of STANAG 4569. Obtained reduction in weight of the tested NANOS-BA® plates in comparison with the present solutions is about 30%.

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Bazela, Rafał. "Selected Issues of Increasing the Fire Effectiveness of Combat Vehicles." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0069.

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AbstractThe research paper reviews selected issues associated with the current state of the armoured (tanks) and infantry fighting vehicle technology, with particular emphasis on the operating effectiveness of elongated sub-calibre projectiles fired from tank guns, which enable full perforation of ca. 500 mm thick armour steel plates. Their efficiency is comparable with the impact of shaped heads with armour steel penetration capabilities, and amounts from 6 to 8 calibres – warhead diameters. Furthermore, the paper discusses a numerical analysis, which shows the velocities of elongated projectiles (of tungsten matrix sinters) required to achieve a determined armour steel penetration depth. In addition, it also presents the performance characteristics of two 100 mm calibre shaped warheads, with copper inserts and apex angles of 51º and 60º.

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Marcisz, Jarosław, Bogdan Garbarz, Władysław Zalecki, Zofia Kania-Pifczyk, Lech Starczewski, and Marcin Gołuński. "OPTIMISATION OF BALLISTIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED BAINITIC STEEL PLATES FOR CONTAINER ARMOUR SYSTEM." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 151, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7325.

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Abstract: An innovative armour system containing plates made of nanostructured bainite steel is under development to improve operating properties of a light armoured observation-protective container (LAOC) providing the 2nd protection level according to STANAG 4569. Armour system solution of the container has been modified because the new plates have different mechanical and technological properties than currently used armour plates. The paper presents results of investigation of material characteristics and firing tests of plates made of nanostructured steel in the semi-industrial scale. To optimise parameters of heat treatment of the plates the kinetics of phase transformation was examined, and mechanical properties were measured, and changes in microstructure in the area of projectile interaction at firing tests were analysed for different variants of treatment. The reported investigations precede the industrial scale production process for plates made of the new grade steel designed for the armour system of LAOC. Optimisation of mechanical properties of the plates has been carried out by selection of such production parameters as chemical composition of the steel, hot working, interprocess heat treatment and temperature and time of final heat treatment (isothermal annealing). Effect of primary segregation of alloying and residual elements on protective properties of the plates is indicated. As a result of applying the annealing temperature in the range of 210-225°C (Ms temperature is ca. 200°C at cooling rate 1-2°C/s) and time in the range of 120-70 hours respectively, the following properties have been achieved: YS0.2 (yield strength) 1400-1500 MPa; UTS (ultimate tensile strength) 2000-2150 MPa; TE (total elongation) 10-13%, impact toughness KV at room temperature 10-16 J and hardness 590-610 HV (53-54 HRC). Microstructure of the plates consists of carbide free lathy nanobainite and 10-21% (volume fraction) of retained austenite. Plates of thickness 6.3 and 7.5 mm and ammunition type of 5.56x45 mm M193 and 7.62x51 mm API BZ have been used in the firing tests. Based on results of firing tests and microstructure examination in the area of projectile interaction the phenomena have been identified indicating high efficiency of ballistic protection of investigated plates, manifested by high ability to absorption and dissipation of projectile energy without susceptibility to cracking. Based on the results of mechanical properties measurements and firing tests a chemical composition of the nanostructured bainitic steel adjusted for industrial production of plates of thickness in the range of 6-8 mm has been developed. An analysis of container armour system mass reduction possibility, basing on results of investigation of the nano-structured bainite steel plates made in the semi-industrial scale, has been carried out. Basing on the analysis of the container construction and operational conditions some sensitive areas of ballistic protection have been specified to be subjected to firing tests. Ballistic examination will be carried out using the container segments representing the selected sensitive areas.

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FRAS, Teresa, and Norbert FADERL. "Influence of Add-On Perforated Plates on the Protective Performance of Light-Weight Armour Systems." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7177.

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The presented experimental investigation, aimed at verification of defeat mechanisms against small-calibre projectiles, provided by 4-mm-thick perforated plates with different material- and geometrical properties, was performed. A regular pattern of punched holes in steel plates increases the possibility of asymmetrical contact between the plate and projectiles which may cause threat destabilization, rotation or fragmentation depending on the impact position. Three tested armour configurations comprise the super-bainitic high-hardness Pavise™ SBS 600P armour steel plates perforated by elongated holes of size 4  12 mm (the first configuration), the martensitic high-hardness Mars® 300P steel plates perforated by circular holes with a diameter of 5 mm (in the second configuration); and in the third configuration, the martensitic Mars® 300 plates perforated by oblong holes (4  10 mm) were used. The performed impact tests proved that the tested add-on plates assured high protection against the impact of 7.62  51 .308 Win P80 hard-core armour piercing (AP) projectiles. It was also observed that the plates caused similar mechanisms of bullet failure.

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GARBARZ, Bogdan, Jarosław MARCISZ, Wojciech BURIAN, Aleksander KOWALSKI, Jacek BOROWSKI, Szymon SZKUDELSKI, Marek WALICKI, and Kamil ZAJĄC. "Methods to Increase the Protective Effectiveness of Add-on Armour made of Perforated Ultra-High-Strength Nanobainitic Steel Plates." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2958.

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The mechanical properties of industrially produced perforated steel plates are obtained by hardening and low-temperature tempering to produce a martensitic microstructure. Another morphological type of steel microstructure that allows for ultra-high strength and, at the same time, a level of ductility that qualifies it for use in armour is nanobainite. Research into nanobainitic steels has led to the development of plates manufacturing technology at a level that can be implemented in industrial production, and has confirmed the high potential of this material for use as additional armour in the form of perforated plates. This paper reports the results of research aimed at developing a technology for the production of perforated armour plates made of nanobainitic steel, with properties competitive with currently available perforated steel plates on the world market with the highest protective effectiveness under conditions of multi-hit firing tests with small and medium calibre ammunition. The tests were performed on 300 260 mm plates, with the nominal thicknesses of 8 mm, 6 mm and 4 mm, produced from industrially melted nanobainitic steel NANOS-BA. The protective effectiveness of nanobainitic perforated plates in a system with a solid armour steel backing plate of 500 HBW hardness was tested by multi-hit firing, according to the procedures set out in the STANAG 4569 and AEP-55 vol. 1 specifications (adapted to the format of tested plates), against selected projectile types assigned to protection levels 2 and 3. Based on the analysis of the results of the firing tests and the macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the perforated plates before and after firing, the optimum perforation method was selected and the most favourable geometrical and dimensional arrangements of the perforations were determined for different plate thicknesses.

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Fras, Teresa. "Experimental and Numerical Study on a Non-Explosive Reactive Armour with the Rubber Interlayer Applied against Kinetic-Energy Penetrators—The ‘Bulging Effect’ Analysis." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123334.

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The study concerns a protection system applied against kinetic-energy penetrators (KEPs) composed of steel plates sandwiching a rubber layer. Laminated steel-elastomer armours represent non-explosive reactive (NERA) armours that take advantage of a so-called ‘bulging effect’ to mitigate KEP projectiles. Upon an impact, the side steel plates deform together with the deforming rubber interlayer. Their sudden deformation (bulging) in opposite directions disturbs long and slender KEP projectiles, causing their fragmentation. The presented discussion is based on the experimental investigation, confirming that the long-rod projectiles tend to fracture into several pieces due to the armour perforation. A numerical simulation accompanies the ballistic test providing an insight into the threat/target interactions. The presented experimental–numerical study explains the principles of the analysed protection mechanism and proves the efficiency of the materials composition making up the laminated non-reactive protection system.

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Mubashar, A., Emad Uddin, S. Anwar, N. Arif, S. Waheed Ul Haq, and MAK Chowdhury. "Ballistic response of 12.7 mm armour piercing projectile against perforated armour developed from structural steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 10 (October 23, 2018): 1993–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718808317.

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This study investigates ballistic response of a developed perforated armour plate against 12.7 mm armour piercing tracer projectile. Experimental as well as numerical studies were carried out and the penetration of the projectile through a base aluminium plate was determined with and without the perforated armour plate. The armour piercing projectiles were able to penetrate the base armour plate in successive impacts. However, the combination of the perforated and base armour plates was able to stop the penetration of the armour piercing projectile. A finite element method-based numerical model was developed to investigate the defeating phenomenon of perforated and base armour plate combination. It was observed that the asymmetric impact of the projectile core did not produce large enough bending to fracture the core. However, the high hardness of the developed perforated plate was able to shatter the projectile core in multiple fragments which were then unable to penetrate the base armour plate. Craters of varying depths were observed on the impact side of the base armour plate. The research showed that the selected structural steel can be successfully used for ballistic protection.

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Janjatovic, Petar, Sebastian Balos, Igor Radisavljevic, Miroslav Dramicanin, Olivera Eric Cekic, and L. Sidjanin. "Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.14010.

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In this study, the performance of austempered compacted graphite iron was evaluated to find its suitability as perforated plates used in add-on armour. Perforated compacted graphite plates were subjected to austenitisation at 900 °C for 2 h followed by austempering at 275 and 400 °C for 1 h. The basic plate was fixed at 400 mm away from the perforated plate and armour and then piercing incendiary projectile was shot from a distance of 100 m. It was observed that both 7 mm and 9 mm perforated plates austempered at lower temperature of 275 °C producing higher hardness and lower ductility were effective in fracturing the penetrating core, thereby significantly decreasing the chances of penetrating the basic plate.

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Williams, MGG, GR Turner, M. Lee, BD Smith, DJ Carr, C. Malbon, and E. Nelson. "Performance of police personal protective equipment challenged with a military grenade." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 92, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x18785859.

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Police body armour in the United Kingdom (UK) is designed to provide protection from edged weapons and low-velocity pistol ammunition. Recent events have raised concern about whether UK police body armour and associated personal protective equipment (PPE) provides protection from military threats such as improvised explosive devices (IED) and grenades. In this paper PPE worn by specialised police officers was assessed for its protective performance from a specified grenade threat. The major cause of injury suffered by police officers challenged by a modern military grenade would be from the associated fragmentation which perforated coveralls, boots, helmet and soft body armour, but not hard armour plates.

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Marks, Ryan, Stephen Grigg, Davide Crivelli, Matthew Pearson, Mark Eaton, Iestyn Llŷr, Martin McHugh, Tracy Wotherspoon, and Rhys Pullin. "Development of an automated assessment technology for detecting damage in body armour." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 20 (April 15, 2020): 4116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220919454.

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Hard ballistic body armour plates are designed to withstand the impact of a bullet and protect the wearer, if this happens the armour is clearly damaged and so is retired from service. Mishandling, however, such as dropping the armour, may cause minor and difficult to detect damage which compromises the effectiveness of the plate. Current methods of inspection involve shipping the plates to a central location, performing a thorough inspection and returning them to service if uncompromised; this is costly and requires redundancy of equipment for when not in service. Acousto-Ultrasonics is a method of structural health monitoring in which ultrasonic waves are excited in a structure by a transducer and receivers record the response, any deviation from a baseline measurement give an indication of damage within the structure. Within this paper the development and testing of a novel handheld prototype device is presented, which gives a simple yes/no answer to if there is damage on the plate. This inspection is quick and easy to perform by unskilled personnel. Low profile sensors have been utilised combined with a novel flexible circuitry with built in memory, which does not compromise the effectiveness of the armour.

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Wang, B., and S. M. Chou. "The behaviour of laminated composite plates as armour." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 68, no. 3 (August 1997): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)00032-5.

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V. Balaguru, V. Balasubramanian, and P. Shivkumar. "Tensile properties of shielded metal arc welded ultrahigh hard armour steel joints." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.2.0029.

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The present generation Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs) are constructed using Rolled homogenized armour (RHA) grade steels closely confirming with AISI 4340 specifications. However, in future Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs), the overall weight of ATVs has to be reduced enormously and hence, the designers have prescribed to employ Ultra High Hard Armour (UHA) steels for the construction. Welding is considered to be one of the important fabrication methods in ATVs construction. However, welding of UHA steels is highly challenging due to higher hardness and higher carbon content. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is among the most widely employed welding process in the construction of ATVs since it is more versatile and cost-effective. Armour grade steels are welded conventionally using Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) consumables to eliminate the serious problems of hydrogen induced cracking. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ASS welding consumables on tensile properties and hardness of UHA steel joints made by SMAW process. UHA steel plates having 15 mm thickness were welded by SMAW process using five different ASS consumables (having different Creq/Nieq ratio). Tensile properties (unnotched and notched) of the welded joints were evaluated. From this investigation, it was observed that the joint welded using ASS consumable (having higher Creq/Nieq ratio) exhibited superior tensile properties as result of the evolution of ferrite phase with vermicular and globular morphology in the austenite matrix at weld metal region.

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Jennings, Rosalind M., C. Malbon, F. Brock, S. E. Harrisson, and D. J. Carr. "Preliminary study into the skeletal injuries sustained to the spine from posterior non-perforating ballistic impacts into body armour." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000893.

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IntroductionThe aim of this paper was to examine any injuries from posterior behind armour blunt trauma ballistic impacts directly over the spine onto typical hard body armours. Due to the spine being close to the surface of the skin and a lack of any previous specific research into this topic, this study was designed to gain preliminary insight into the mechanisms involved and injuries caused. Pigs were chosen as the closest representative of human spine, tissue and skin, although their spines are deeper under the surface than humans. Baseline spine and ribs shots were conducted to ensure that the study was effective.MethodThis study used a 65 kg cadaveric pig eviscerated torso and 7.62 NATO ammunition (7.62×51; L2A2; mean velocity=838 m/s, SD=4 m/s) impacting hard body armour plates over the spine. Injuries were inspected, and sections were removed for X-ray and micro-CT assessment.ResultsThere was no visible soft tissue damage under the impact point on the armour over the spine, and no bony injuries were reported. Baseline rib shots resulted in multiple rib fractures; some showed minimal displacement of the bone. Baseline spine shot resulted in damage across the spine involving spinal cord and bone.ConclusionNo injuries were noted from the spinal impacts, and the rib shots resulted in injuries consistent with those previously reported. The anatomical differences between pigs and humans does not preclude that bony injuries could occur in a human from these types of spinal ballistic impacts.

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Keeble, Emily, and Michael J. Benton. "Three-dimensional tomographic study of dermal armour from the tail of the Triassic aetosaur Stagonolepis robertsoni." Scottish Journal of Geology 56, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-026.

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The aetosaur Stagonolepis robertsoni was the first reptile to be named from the Late Triassic Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation of Morayshire. Its characteristic rectangular armour plates have been reported in isolation and in association with skeletal remains. Here we present for the first time a three-dimensional reconstruction of the armour plates around the tail in association with caudal vertebrae and a chevron, to give direct evidence of the body outline. The caudal vertebral column was surrounded by eight bony osteoderms, paired paramedian dorsal and ventral plates, and a pair of lateral osteoderms on right and left. The tail shape was subcircular, broader than high. The osteoderms overlap like roofing tiles, the posterior margin of each overlapping the osteoderm following behind. The success of these scans suggests that computed tomography scanning could reveal excellent detail of all the Elgin reptiles in the future.Supplementary material: Three-dimensional models of the two fossil specimens are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4824183

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Trajkovski, Jovan, Robert Kunc, and Ivan Prebil. "Parametric analysis study of blast loaded armour V-plates." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617727808.

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KUBIK, Adam. "Medieval lamellar armour plate from the Penjikent. A contribution to the study of Mongol armour." Historia i Świat, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2020.09.05.

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This article analyses the lamellae discovered in the Tajik village of Kuktoš in the territory of the mediaeval part of the city of Penjikent, published by F.Š. Aminov in Petersburg in 2017 and currently held in archives of the Historical Museum of Ancient Penjikent. This item, which dates to the pre-Mongol, most likely Karakhanid, period, provides an opportunity to look again on some already published finds of lamellar plates from Central Asia. It gives a chance to look again on the problem of the armour used by Mongols during their conquest of Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Ranaweera, Prabhani, Dakshitha Weerasinghe, PLN Fernando, Sudharshan N. Raman, and Damith Mohotti. "Ballistic performance of multi-metal systems." International Journal of Protective Structures 11, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 379–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419619898693.

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Ballistic resistance enhancement of armours and structures has been a prominent area of research over the years. Monolithic metallic plates have been the preferred choice for armours against high-velocity projectiles. High-strength steel is a popular choice for such systems. However, the high areal density deters in accommodating such systems in practical applications which require lightweight products. On the contrary, multi-metallic systems produced by the combination of low-density materials with similar or superior ballistic resistance as their monolithic counterparts have become attractive candidates in defence applications. However, only a limited number of comprehensive studies on the ballistic performance of multi-metal multi-layered targets are available in the literature. Moreover, these studies have drawn contradictory conclusions on the optimum arrangement of different layers and materials within the systems. In addition, existing knowledge in this area is scattered in the literature and there is a need to collate them to enhance the development of multi-metal multi-layered ballistic-resistant plate systems in order to be optimised for ballistic-related armour. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the effect of different metals, thickness, fracture mechanisms, feasibility of the connection types and the order of the metallic plates within targets on the ballistic performance.

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Lazar, Tomaz, Primoz Mrvar, Martin Lamut, and Peter Fajfar. "Armour plates from Kozlov rob – analyses of two unusual finds." Materiali in tehnologije 50, no. 5 (October 18, 2016): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2015.242.

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Dikshit, S. N. "Influence of Hardness on Perforation Velocity in Steel Armour Plates." Defence Science Journal 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.50.3356.

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Raguraman, Jagadeesh, and Deb. "Development of an Experimental Facility for Impact Testing of Armour Plates." International Journal of Aerospace Innovations 1, no. 1 (March 2009): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/175722509787549516.

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Dikshit, S. N. "Ballistic Behaviour of Tempered Steel Armour Plates under Plane Strain Condition ." Defence Science Journal 48, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.48.3896.

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Shen, Zhengxiang, Hu Chen, Du Wang, Shuqiang Yuan, Dingyue Cheng, and Guorong Zhu. "Failure Behaviours of Steel Projectiles with Localised Melting Against Armour Plates." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13338.

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The surface remelting technology of high energy beam can locally weaken the case for controlled fragmentation, which may affect the survivability of the impacting projectiles. Failure behaviours of steel projectiles with melted layers grid normally perforating armour plates was investigated. The results reveal that shear fracture mainly occurs in the nose region of projectiles due to high loading, and the melting zone of projectiles can keep integrity with no damage, which means the survivability of projectile can be assured. Furthermore, an analytical model was proposed to the structural analysis of projectile, which is in accordance with the test results.

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Manes, A., F. Serpellini, M. Pagani, M. Saponara, and M. Giglio. "Perforation and penetration of aluminium target plates by armour piercing bullets." International Journal of Impact Engineering 69 (July 2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.02.010.

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Bassim, M. Nabil, S. Boakye-Yiadom, and Manon Bolduc. "Microstructural Evolution from Shaped Charge through Steel Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.344.

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A set of 18 armour steel plates were stacked on top of each other and subjected to shape charges that went through the plates and created a hole that decreased in diameter as it went through consecutive plates. Afterwards, the plates were examined and the hardness near the hole and away from the hole was taken to determine the effect of the passing of the shaped charge through the plates. Also, specimens from the walls of the holes were taken to determine changes in the microstructure due to the shock wave and the resulting excessive heating from the shape charge. It was observed that the shock wave produced significant changes in the microstructure resulting in the appearance adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). These ASBs persisted in holes in plates placed further down the stack (up to 8thin the stack). More complex microstructural mechanisms are thought to take place as opposed to erosion from the flow of the molten metal through the holes in the plates.

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Chabera, P., A. Boczkowska, A. Morka, P. Kędzierski, T. Niezgoda, A. Oziębło, and A. Witek. "Comparison of numerical and experimental study of armour system based on alumina and silicon carbide ceramics." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0040.

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Abstract The main goal of this numerical and experimental study of composite armour systems was to investigate their ballistic behaviour. Numerical simulations were employed to determine the initial dimensions of panel layers before the actual ballistic test. In order to achieve this aim, multivariate computations with different thicknesses of panel layers were conducted. Numerical calculations were performed with the finite element method in the LS-DYNA software, which is a commonly used tool for solving problems associated with shock wave propagation, blasts and impacts. An axisymmetric model was built in order to ensure sufficient discretization. Results of a simulation study allowed thicknesses of layers ensuring assumed level of protection to be determined. According to the simulation results two armour configurations with different ceramics have been fabricated. The composite armour systems consisted of the front layer made of Al2O3 or SiC ceramic and high strength steel as the backing material. The ballistic performance of the proposed protective structures were tested with the use of 7.62 mm Armour Piercing (AP) projectile. A comparison of impact resistance of two defence systems with different ceramic has been carried out. Application of silicon carbide ceramic improved ballistic performance, as evidenced by smaller deformations of the second layer. In addition, one of armour systems was complemented with an intermediate ceramic-elastomer layer. A ceramic-elastomer component was obtained using pressure infiltration of gradient porous ceramic by elastomer. Upon ballistic impact, the ceramic body dissipated kinetic energy of the projectile. The residual energy was absorbed by the intermediate composite layer. It was found, that application of composite plates as a support of a ceramic body provided a decrease of the bullet penetration depth

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Jamniczky, Heather A., Amie Le, Tegan N. Barry, and Sean M. Rogers. "Freshwater influence is associated with differences in bone mineral density and armour configuration in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0120.

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Threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) exhibit a well-documented reduction in plate number associated with adaptation to freshwater environments. We tested the hypothesis that changes in plate number are accompanied by changes in plate bone mineral density and plate shape, reflecting the presence of a complex plate “armour” phenotype and a complex adaptive response to different selective pressures in changing habitats. We used traditional and novel morphometric techniques to characterize armour traits from stickleback occupying three marine habitats and one tidally influenced freshwater stream in southwestern British Columbia. Stickleback inhabiting marine environments share a conserved plate phenotype that includes a full complement of highly mineralized plates that exhibit a characteristic density profile along the plate. Stickleback inhabiting tidally influenced fresh water display an average reduction in plate number along with increased variation in number and reduced total mineralization despite maintenance of a marine-like density profile. Further, we found that although mineralization and armour shape are correlated with size, after accounting for size variation in both traits remains attributable to habitat. Our results hint at an important role for development in structuring phenotypic variation during the process of adaptive change in stickleback.

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Yang, Yu Zhong, and Jian Bin Xin. "The Influences of Lateral Confinement on Ballistic Performance of TiC-TiB₂ Composites under the Impact of Long-Rod Kinetic-Energy Projectiles." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.230.

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Based on using combustion synthesis under high gravity to prepare TiC-TiB2 composite, the ceramic armour targets were achieved by the heat-shrunk laternal, cover and back confinements of steel sleeves and plates. Ballistic testing showed that under the impact of long-rod tungsten alloy projectile, the low-carbon-steel sleeve failed to laterally confine the ceramic due to its inadequate residual strength, resulting in poor ballistic performance of the ceramic, whereas the medium-carbon-steel sleeve had a sufficient residual strength to support lateral confinement of the ceramic as the long-rod tungsten alloy projectile makes room in the ceramic for its penetration, the confined ceramic could present its real ballistic performance, and the results of ballistic testing promised lateral confinement and cover confinement of high-strength metal would be beneficial to the improvement in ballistic performance of ceramic armour.

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Zhao, Zhong Min, Long Zhang, Yi Gang Song, and Xue Gang Huang. "Lateral Confinement and Ballistic Performance of TiC-TiB₂ Composites." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.126.

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Based on using combustion synthesis under high gravity to prepare TiC-TiB2 composite, the ceramic armour targets were achieved by the heat-shrunk lateral, cover and back confinements of steel sleeves and plates. Ballistic testing showed that under the impact of long-rod tungsten alloy projectile, the low-carbon-steel sleeve failed to laterally confine the ceramic due to its inadequate residual strength, resulting in poor ballistic performance of the ceramic, whereas the medium-carbon-steel sleeve had a sufficient residual strength to support lateral confinement of the ceramic as the long-rod tungsten alloy projectile makes room in the ceramic for its penetration, the confined ceramic could present its real ballistic performance, and the results of ballistic testing promised lateral confinement and cover confinement of high-strength metal would be beneficial to the improvement in ballistic performance of ceramic armour.

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Siva Kumar, K., D. J. Singh, and T. Balakrishna Bhat. "Studies on Aluminum Armour Plates Impacted by Deformable and Non-Deformable Projectiles." Materials Science Forum 465-466 (September 2004): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.465-466.79.

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Gangopadhyay, P. K., and P. K. Das. "Selection of Electrodes for Welding of Armour Plates and Procedure for Approval." Indian Welding Journal 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v21i2.148372.

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Santamaria Ferraro, Evaristo, Marina Seidl, Tom De Vuyst, and Norbert Faderl. "High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164649.

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The terminal ballistics effects of Intermetallic Reactive Materials (IRM) fragments have been the object of intense research in recent years. IRM fragments flying at velocities up to 2000 m/s represent a realistic threat in modern warfare scenarios as these materials are substituting conventional solutions in defense applications. The IRM add Impact Induced Energy Release (IIER) to the mechanical interaction with a target. Therefore, the necessity of investigations on IIER to quantify potential threats to existing protection systems. In this study, Mixed Rare Earths (MRE) fragments were used due to the mechanical and pyrophoric affinity with IRM, the commercial availability and cost-effectiveness. High-Velocity Impacts (HVI) of MRE were performed at velocities ranging from 800 to 1600 m/s and recorded using a high-speed camera. 70 MREs cylindrical fragments and 24 steel fragments were shot on armour steel plates with thicknesses ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm. The influence of the impact pitch angle (α) on HVI outcomes was assessed, defining a threshold value at α of 20°. The influence of the failure modes of MRE and steel fragments on the critical impact velocities (CIV) and critical kinetic energy (Ekin crit) was evaluated. An energy-based model was developed and fitted with sufficient accuracy the Normalised EKin crit (E˜kincrit) determined from the experiments. IIER was observed in all the experiments involving MRE. From the analyses, it was observed that the IIER spreads behind the targets with velocities comparable to the residual velocities of plugs and shattered fragment.

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Sultan, M., B. Elsarnagawy, A. Elsebaie, and A. Ghani. "EFFECT OF Mg CONTENT ON PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF Al- Mg ARMOUR PLATES." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.1986.57064.

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van der Wal, Rogier, Erik Carton, and Frits Hilvers. "The performance of armour steels with pre-layers against fragment simulating projectiles." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818304015.

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Armour steels have proven to be promising solutions for protection against fragments from threat weapons. The area to cover for ship bulkheads is usually large, so cost of the raw material is an important driver. For new ships, additional mass can be compensated for in the design. Past research by TNO and other workers has shown that the ballistic limit V50 of armour steels against fragments is increased significantly by adding a front or pre-layer. This layer can be a variety of materials ranging from cardboard to glass. In TNO’s Laboratory for Ballistics Research a test program was conducted to study the effect of high pressure laminate, polymer and fire insulation pre-layers at the V50 and well above the ballistic limit. The high velocities are typically associated with fragments from relevant threats for warships. Fragment simulating projectiles were fired on armour steel plates of varying type and thickness with these pre-layers and measured the residual velocity and resulting hole sizes. The tests resulted in clear dependencies of the residual velocity as a function of impact velocity and pre-layer (type and thickness). Analysis of the data showed that there are several counteracting effects interacting when a pre-layer is applied to armour steel. The failure mechanism of the steel as well as the hardness and thickness of the pre-layer seem to influence the outcome of this interaction and hence the response of the steel to various pre-layers. The results of this research will be used in the design of fragment and blast resistant bulkheads for future naval ships.

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Trzciński, Waldemar, Karol Zalewski, Zbigniew Chyłek, and Leszek Szymańczyk. "Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of a Model Reactive Armour without Metal Plates." Central European Journal of Energetic Materials 19, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22211/cejem/150827.

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Othman, Mohd Zaid, Qasim H. Shah, Muhammad Akram Muhammad Khan, Tan Kean Sheng, M. A. Yahaya, Amir Radzi Ab Ghani, Md Fuad Shah Koslan, Jestin J., and Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi. "Numerical Simulations of V-Shaped Plates Subjected to Blast Loadings: A Validation Study." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 11 (August 18, 2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n11p203.

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A series of numerical simulations utilizing LS-DYNA was performed to determine the mid-point deformations of V-shaped plates due to blast loading. The numerical simulation results were then compared with experimental results from published literature. The V-shaped plate is made of DOMEX 700 and is used underneath an armour personal carrier vehicle as an anti-tank mine to mitigate the effects of explosion from landmines in a battlefield. The performed numerical simulations of blast loading of V-shaped plates consisted of various angles i.e. 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° and 180°; variable mass of explosives located at the central mid-point of the V-shaped vertex with various stand-off distances. It could be seen that the numerical simulations produced good agreement with the experimental results where the average difference was about 26.6%.

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Masri, Rami, and David Durban. "Ballistic limit predictions for perforation of aluminium armour plates by rigid nose-pointed projectiles." International Journal of Impact Engineering 131 (September 2019): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.05.006.

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Gąsiorek, Piotr, and Katarzyna Vončina. "New Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) from Amber Mountain (Northern Madagascar)." Evolutionary Systematics 3, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.3.33580.

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A moss sample from the local biodiversity hotspot in lowland rainforest in the vicinity of Amber Mountain, Madagascar, yielded the discovery of twoEchiniscusC.A.S. Schultze, 1840 species, of which one is new to science.Echiniscussuccineussp. nov.is related to other members of thespinulosusgroup, but differs from them by the highly complicated structure of the dorsal plates, with intricately thickened parts of the armour forming ornamented pattern. The validity of the intraporal dark rings as a taxonomic trait is discussed in the context of the recovered intraspecific variability for the new taxon. Besides, rareEchiniscusafricanusMurray, 1907 is reported for the first time from the island.

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Moloshnikov, Sergey. "MIDDLE DEVONIAN COCCOSTEID PLACODERMS FROMTHE VORONEZH REGION (GIVETIAN OF THE PAVLOVSK QUARRY) BY MATERIALS IN THE COLLECTION OF EARTH SCIENCE MUSEUM." LIFE OF THE EARTH 44, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3047.0514-7468.2022_44_3/334-342.

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Remains of coccosteid placoderm fishes (Placodermi: Euarthrodira: Coccosteidae) from the Ardatovka Beds (Givetian, Middle Devonian) of the Pavlovsk Quarry, Voronezh Region (the territory of the Central Devonian field) are briefly described. This material is currently stored at the Earth Science Museum of Moscow State University. Only disparate data on coccosteids and their close relatives (determinations at a level of high taxa), known from this territory, appeared in the literature to date. Bones and their fragments of the trunk armour are mainly presented in the collection. Only one fragment of the nuchal (occipital) bone of the head armour is exhibited. The coccosteid bones from Middle Devonian of the Pavlovsk Quarry are morphologically closer to plates of Livosteus (Gross), known from the Givetian of the Main Devonian field; but there are some differences, such as a ventral sensory groove on the anterior medio-ventral bone, a slightly developed posterior lateral corner of the posterior ventro-lateral and others. These remains are preliminary identified as Livosteus aff. L. grandis (Gross). These new materials supplement the data on the morphology and distribution of coccosteids from the East European platform.

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Pind, Lea Hillebrenner. "Ringbrynje fra Aarhus." Kuml 61, no. 61 (October 31, 2012): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v61i61.24502.

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Ring mail from AarhusDuring the almost two millennia which elapsed from the introduction of ring mail into Europe via the Roman army in the 3rd century BC until body armour went out of general use in the course of the 17th century, ring mail has played a surprisingly major role, despite the weakness of its presence in the archaeological record. When the Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century AD, ring mail became the dominant form of armour for almost a millennium. The most commonly occurring piece, the hauberk (fig. 1), appeared with a range of variations from the Roman Empire until long after the general use of armour ceased. The introduction of plate armour in the 14th century led to flexible ring mail developing from general to more specialised use: to protect the parts of the body and joints which non-flexible iron plates were unable to cover and as a supplement to cheap types of armour such as the brigandine (fig. 2). When armour technology had, in general, reached the limit of its usefulness in the 17th century, and in step with a decline in the art of making ring mail apparent through the centuries, this form of armour largely went out of use in Europe. In the Middle East and in Africa it acquired a more ceremonial role, as a status symbol for powerful chieftains, and with no real link to its origin as body armour.Even though the construction of ring mail is easy to explain – four rings are joined together with a fifth and these quintets are then linked together with further rings (fig. 3) – the practical execution of the technique is rather more difficult as, when the rings are correctly assembled, ring mail is only flexible in one direction (fig. 4). As the rings themselves can be made in several different ways – from wire hammered out from ingots or as cut strips of sheet iron or perhaps drawn through a swage or stamped out whole from sheet iron – and they can be assembled in various ways – either riveted, forge-welded or just butted together – this gives many possible permutations for the construction of ring mail. These factors make a useful contribution when determining the type and date of archaeological finds of ring mail.There are five archaeological records of ring mail from Aarhus. The major excavation in Bispetorv yielded two small pieces (fig. 5). These are dated stratigraphically to the 10th century, but they are too small for their original function to be ascertained. The example from 21 Graven (fig. 6) is a long, narrow piece which was probably used to cover an armpit or similar in association with plate armour, but it is not possible to give this a more precise date than the High or Late Middle Ages. Other finds from Aarhus include a brigandine sleeve (fig. 7), dated to the end of the 16th century on the basis of its appearance and construction. The example from 27 Volden (fig. 8) is a well-made ring mail collar, dated to the second half of the 16th century on the basis of European parallels and the quality of its craftsmanship.Ring mail has not, however, completely disappeared. It has enjoyed a veritable renaissance in recent times with butchers, zoo keepers and marine biologists who dive with sharks and other piscine predators. Ring mail’s flexibility and toughness has saved many limbs from bites and cuts in modern times, just as it shielded many limbs from ugly wounds in the past.Lea Hillebrenner PindMoesgård Museum

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Dushenko, Anton Anatol’evich. "Sabaton Excavated at the Palace of the Ancient Town of Mangup." Античная древность и средние века 49 (2021): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2021.49.015.

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This research addresses a sabaton, or an armour element protecting the foot, excavated in the western area of the prince’s palace of Mangup. The artifact is composed by seven cross-curved iron plates. The sabaton was attached to the shoe with strings, as evidenced by the through-holes in its central and lateral parts. The only archaeological analogy to the sabaton from Mangup is the two sets of plates for foot-protection from the collective burial of the participants of the battle of Visby (Sweden) in 1361. A significant number of analogies appeared among the manuscript miniatures and tombstones of Mediaeval Europe and Renaissance paintings and sculptures. According to the analysis of the analogies, the artifact in question is a knightly sabaton of the European pattern typical for the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The archaeological context allowed the one to date the find within the period of the functioning of the Mangup palace in 1425–1475. The most probable date for the sabaton to get into the cultural layer is 1475, when the Ottomans besieged and assaulted Mangup. This statement may be confirmed by the finds of other weapons and layers of fire, recorded in the western part of the palace. The paper presents assumptions about the personality of the owner of the sabaton. This person was one of the defenders of the town and, apparently, was wealthy enough to purchase or order expensive armour. The owner of the sabaton possibly was a local noble, a soldier of the 300 “Wallachians” known from written sources, or one of the Genoese nobles who fled to Mangup after the fall of Kaffa.

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Deb, A., M. Raguraman, N. Gupta, and V. Madhu. "Numerical Simulation of Projectile Impact on Mild Steel Armour Plates using LS-DYNA: Part I: Validation." Defence Science Journal 58, no. 3 (May 24, 2008): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.1664.

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Maweja, Kasonde, Waldo Stumpf, and Nic van der Berg. "Characteristics of martensite as a function of the Ms temperature in low-carbon armour steel plates." Materials Science and Engineering: A 519, no. 1-2 (August 2009): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.04.061.

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Breeze, J., E. A. Lewis, and R. Fryer. "Determining the dimensions of essential medical coverage required by military body armour plates utilising Computed Tomography." Injury 47, no. 9 (September 2016): 1932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.06.010.

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Patel, Shivdayal, and Murlidhar Patel. "The efficient design of hybrid and metallic sandwich structures under air blast loading." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 24, no. 3 (March 2022): 1706–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10996362211065748.

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A novel hybrid composite honeycomb sandwich structure (HCHSS) and metallic honeycomb sandwich structure (MHSS) were developed to obtain realistic and blast resistance parameters for the consideration of blast loading. Hybrid composite square honeycomb sandwich structure (HCSHSS) and metallic honeycomb sandwich structure with different cores such as square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular were modelled to obtain the target protection level (lowest deflection) for the vehicle armour structure. The Johnson-Cook and Donadon failure criteria were incorporated into finite element analysis (FEA) for MHSS and HCSHSS, respectively. For the progressive damage modelling of the HCSHSS, the Donadon criterion was implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit software as a user-defined subroutine. The HCSHSS showed the fibre failure, matrix failure and delamination modes of failure in composite laminates and the plastic deformation failure of the core and metal plates. The HCSHSS was shown to have excellent blast worthiness properties in comparison to the MHSS. The metallic circular honeycomb sandwich structure (MCHSS) was shown to have the minimum deflection of the top and bottom face plates as compared to the square, hexagonal and octagonal honeycomb sandwich structures. A novel HCSHSS has obtained the minimum deflection for both the top and the bottom face plates in comparison to the other MHSS.

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MOLOSHNIKOV, Sergey. "FINDS OF THE DUNKLEOSTEID PLACODERMS (PISCES, PLACODERMI) IN THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA (CENTRAL DEVONIAN FIELD)." LIFE OF THE EARTH 43, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1995.0514-7468.2020_43_1/67-76.

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The Dunkleosteidae Stensiö family includes large predatory Paleozoic armour fishes. Their remains are rare in the Devonian deposits of the European part of Russia (Central Devonian field). The finds of both Eastmanosteus Obruchev and Dunkleosteus Lehman genus representatives and indefinte dunkleosteids were detected in the area. currently there is a collection of some dunkleosteid remains at the Earth Sciences Museum of Moscow State University. The materials were collected in two localities in 2007-2008 years by the author. Plates of the head and trunk shields, preliminarily determined as Eastmanosteus aff. E. pustulosus (Eastman), were found in the sandy clay deposits of the Ardatovka Horizon (Givetian, Middle Devonian) in the Pavlovsk Quarry, Voronezh Region. An incomplete anterior ventro-lateral plate of Dunkleosteidae gen. et sp. indet., similar to the same plates of the Dunkleosteus-species, was discovered in the sandy deposits of the Zadonsk Horizon (Lower Famennian, Upper Devonian) in the Lime Factory Quarry not far from Livny Town, Orel Region. The brief description of the new findings supplementing the data on the Middle-Late Devonian dunkleosteids of the Central Devonian field is given.

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Chen, Xiangrui, Shan Gao, Weiwei Liu, Weibo Song, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, and Alan Warren. "Taxonomic descriptions of three marine colepid ciliates, Nolandia sinica spec. nov., Apocoleps caoi spec. nov. and Tiarina fusa (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Bergh, 1881 (Ciliophora, Prorodontida)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, Pt_3 (March 1, 2012): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.026302-0.

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The morphology of three marine colepid ciliates, Nolandia sinica spec. nov., Apocoleps caoi spec. nov. and Tiarina fusa (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Bergh, 1881, isolated from Chinese coastal waters, was investigated. N. sinica spec. nov. may be separated from its congeners by the structure of its armour plates, each of which may have up to five reniform windows. A. caoi spec. nov. is characterized by its large body with broad anterior end and by having 10–12 long, sharp posterior spines. New data and an improved diagnosis are supplied for Tiarina fusa (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) Bergh, 1881, which has a spindle-shaped body, about 16 ciliary rows and a single adoral organelle. Sequence similarities with other available colepid species were determined.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Armour Plates'

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