Journal articles: 'Arms length'

1

Amirkhanyan, Anna A., Hyun Joon Kim, and Kristina T. Lambright. "Closer Than “Arms Length”." American Review of Public Administration 42, no. 3 (May 2, 2011): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074011402319.

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Godage, Isuru S., Gustavo A. Medrano-Cerda, David T. Branson, Emanuele Guglielmino, and Darwin G. Caldwell. "Dynamics for variable length multisection continuum arms." International Journal of Robotics Research 35, no. 6 (September 3, 2015): 695–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364915596450.

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Predebon, John. "Illusion of Length in Acute- and Obtuse-Angle Figures." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.259.

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The apparent expansion and contraction of the length of the arms of an obtuse (160°) and an acute (20°) angle were measured as a function of the relative lengths of the arms. 20 subjects reproduced the apparent length of the fixed-length (50-mm) horizontal lower arm of the angle. The length of the oblique arm was varied from 10 to 90 mm in 20-mm steps. The expansion of the obtuse-angle horizontal arm and the contraction of the acute-angle horizontal arm decreased as a function of the length of the oblique arm. The acute-angle illusion did not reverse from apparent contraction to apparent expansion for the longer oblique arms. These results are relevant to assimilation theories of visual-length distortions; they suggest that the assimilatory processes mediating the angle-length illusion are confined mainly to spatial regions near the vertex of the angle.

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Shulman, Seth. "Harvard starts own marketing venture at "arms length"." Nature 335, no. 6188 (September 1988): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335291b0.

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Batstone, Eric. "Arms’-Length Bargaining: Industrial Relations in a French Company." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 36 (September 2015): 73–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2015.36.4.

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Curtis, C. A., A. J. Lukaszewski, and M. Chrzastek. "Metaphase I pairing of deficient chromosomes and genetic mapping of deficiency breakpoints in common wheat." Genome 34, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-085.

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Metaphase I pairing of deficient chromosomes was analyzed in a set of 'Chinese Spring' (CS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) plants with varying lengths of deficiencies in the long arm of chromosome 4A (6, 8, 11, 17, 23, 34, 36, 39, and 50% missing), the long arm of chromosome 5B (49% missing), and the long arm of chromosome 2B (33% missing). Pairing in homologous chromosomes between deficient and complete arms was greatly reduced even by small differences in arm length. In deficiency homozygotes and in an isochromosome derived from a deficient 4AL arm, pairing of the two deficient arms was high and approached that of two complete arms. In plants where deficient and complete arms competed for pairing partners, pairing was exclusively between arms of the same length. These results suggest that in wheat, pairing initiation sites are distributed throughout at least the distal halves of the arms and that the alignment of telomeres may be critical for pairing success. Genetic mapping of the deficiency breakpoints was confounded by misdivision of unpaired chromosomes and abnormal transmission rates. Genetic distances between centromeres and breakpoints appeared to be proportional to metaphase I pairing frequencies.Key words: bread wheat, deficiency, chromosome pairing competition, mapping, telomere, pairing initiation.

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Shinozaki, Shinya, Hiroshi Moriyasu, and Konari Uchida. "Shareholder Composition and Managerial Compensation." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 51, no. 5 (October 2016): 1719–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109016000636.

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Stock options are used only sparingly in Japan. Japanese firms are more likely to adopt new stock option plans when they are more (less) owned by arms-length investors (stable and controlling shareholders). Those firms have significantly more independent boards and pay higher dividends surrounding the adoption year than their industry peers. These results suggest that firms adopting stock options endeavor to meet demands for good governance practice from arms-length shareholders and to follow good governance practices in other dimensions. The coexistence of arms-length, stable, and controlling shareholders generates a situation in which stock options are not widely used in Japan.

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Heuser, Richard. "At arms' length revisited: Why radial makes even more sense." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 77, no. 5 (March 23, 2011): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.23070.

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9

Hoyt, James, and Faizul Huq. "From arms‐length to collaborative relationships in the supply chain." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 30, no. 9 (November 2000): 750–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030010351453.

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10

de Haan, Victor. "Mach–Zehnder fiber interferometer test of the anisotropy of the speed of light." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, no. 9 (September 2009): 999–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p09-062.

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Two optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometers were constructed in an environment with a temperature stabilization of better than 1 mK per day. One interferometer consisted of a length of 12 m optical fiber in each arm, with the main direction of the arms perpendicular to each other while the other consisted of a length of 2 m optical fiber in each arm, where the main direction of the arms are parallel, and served as a control. In each arm, 1 m of fiber was wound around a ring made of piezo material, enabling the control of the length of the arms by means of an applied voltage. The influence of the temperature on the optical phase difference between the interferometer arms was measured. The temperature change induced a variation of the interaction region of the optical fiber couplers. Further, the influence of rotation of the interferometers at the Earth surface on the observed phase differences was determined. For one interferometer (with the long and perpendicular arms), it was found that the phase difference depends on the azimuth of the interferometer. For the other one (with the short and parallel arms), no relevant dependence on the azimuth has been measured.

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Khemir, Haifa, Bahoueddine Tangour, and Fathi Moussa. "In SilicoStudy of Spacer Arm Length Influence on Drug Vectorization by Fullerene C60." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/374218.

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This work studies theoretically the effect of spacer arm lengths on the characteristics of a fullerene C60-based nanovector. The spacer arm is constituted of a carbon chain including a variable number of methylene groups (n= 2–11). To improve the ability of the fullerene carriage, two arms are presented simultaneously through a malonyl bridge. Then the evolution of selected physicochemical parameters is monitored as a function of the spacer arm length and the angle between the two arms. We show here that while the studied characteristics are almost independent of the spacer arm length or vary monotonically with it, the dipole moment and its orientation vary periodically with the parity of the number of carbon atoms. This periodicity is related to both modules and orientations of dipole moments of the spacer arms. In the field of chemical synthesis, these results highlight the importance of theoretical calculations for the optimization of operating conditions. In the field of drug discovery, they show that theoretical calculations of the chemical properties of a drug candidate can help predict itsin vivobehaviour, notably its bioavailability and biodistribution, which are known to be tightly dependent of its polarity.

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Onel, Melis, Fidan Sumbul, Jin Liu, Ruth Nussinov, and Turkan Haliloglu. "Cullin neddylation may allosterically tune polyubiquitin chain length and topology." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 5 (February 20, 2017): 781–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160748.

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Conjugation of Nedd8 (neddylation) to Cullins (Cul) in Cul-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) stimulates ubiquitination and polyubiquitination of protein substrates. CRL is made up of two Cul-flanked arms: one consists of the substrate-binding and adaptor proteins and the other consists of E2 and Ring-box protein (Rbx). Polyubiquitin chain length and topology determine the substrate fate. Here, we ask how polyubiquitin chains are accommodated in the limited space available between the two arms and what determines the polyubiquitin linkage topology. We focus on Cul5 and Rbx1 in three states: before Cul5 neddylation (closed state), after neddylation (open state), and after deneddylation, exploiting molecular dynamics simulations and the Gaussian Network Model. We observe that regulation of substrate ubiquitination and polyubiquitination takes place through Rbx1 rotations, which are controlled by Nedd8–Rbx1 allosteric communication. Allosteric propagation proceeds from Nedd8 via Cul5 dynamic hinges and hydrogen bonds between the C-terminal domain of Cul5 (Cul5CTD) and Rbx1 (Cul5CTD residues R538/R569 and Rbx1 residue E67, or Cul5CTD E474/E478/N491 and Rbx1 K105). Importantly, at each ubiquitination step (homogeneous or heterogeneous, linear or branched), the polyubiquitin linkages fit into the distances between the two arms, and these match the inherent CRL conformational tendencies. Hinge sites may constitute drug targets.

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Lukaszewski, Adam J. "The Development and Meiotic Behavior of Asymmetrical Isochromosomes in Wheat." Genetics 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1155.

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To determine which segments of a chromosome arm are responsible for the initiation of chiasmate pairing in meiosis, a series of novel isochromosomes was developed in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These isochromosomes are deficient for different terminal segments in the two arms. It is proposed to call them “asymmetrical.” Meiotic metaphase I pairing of these asymmetrical isochromosomes was observed in plants with various doses of normal and deficient arms. The two arms of an asymmetrical isochromosome were bound by a chiasma in only two of the 1134 pollen mother cells analyzed. Pairing was between arms of identical length whenever such were available; otherwise, there was no pairing. However, two arms deficient for the same segment paired with a frequency similar to that of normal arms, indicating that the deficient arms retained normal capacity for pairing. Pairing of arms of different length was prevented not by the deficiency itself, but rather, by the heterozygosity for the deficiency. Whether two arms were connected via a centromere in an isochromosome or were present in two different chromosomes had no effect on pairing. This demonstrates that in the absence of homology in the distal regions of chromosome arms, even if relatively short, very long homologous segments may remain unrecognized in meiosis and will not be involved in chiasmate pairing.

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14

Bruns, Axel, and Adam Swift. "g4c2c: A Model for Citizen Engagement at Arms’ Length from Government." JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v3i1.47.

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The recognition that Web 2.0 applications and social media sites will strengthen and improve interaction between governments and citizens has resulted in a global push into new e-democracy or Government 2.0 spaces. These typically follow government-to-citizen (g2c) or citizen-to-citizen (c2c) models, but both these approaches are problematic: g2c is often concerned more with service delivery to citizens as clients, or exists to make a show of ‘listening to the public’ rather than to genuinely source citizen ideas for government policy, while c2c often takes place without direct government participation and therefore cannot ensure that the outcomes of citizen deliberations are accepted into the government policy-making process. Building on recent examples of Australian Government 2.0 initiatives, we suggest a new approach based on government support for citizen-to-citizen engagement, or g4c2c, as a workable compromise, and suggest that public service broadcasters should play a key role in facilitating this model of citizen engagement.

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Benvignati, Anita M. "Industry Determinants and "Differences" in U.S. Intrafirm and Arms-Length Exports." Review of Economics and Statistics 72, no. 3 (August 1990): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2109356.

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FUJIMOTO, Rika, Toshihiko OSAKABE, Masumichi SAITO, Nobuyuki KUROSAWA, and Masaharu ISOBE. "Minimum Length of Homology Arms Required for Effective Red/ET Recombination." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 73, no. 12 (December 23, 2009): 2783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90584.

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Kim, Soo W. "The Effect of Information Technology on Arms‐Length Buyer‐Supplier Relationship." Asian Journal on Quality 9, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15982688200800027.

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18

Heuser, Richard R. "At arms' length: Should we teach radial and brachial access techniques?" Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 49, no. 1 (January 2000): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-726x(200001)49:1<38::aid-ccd7>3.0.co;2-f.

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Kakogawa, Atsushi, Taiki Nishimura, and Shugen Ma. "Designing arm length of a screw drive in-pipe robot for climbing vertically positioned bent pipes." Robotica 34, no. 2 (June 6, 2014): 306–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357471400143x.

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SUMMARYThis paper presents a method for designing the arm lengths of a screw drive in-pipe robot with a pathway selection mechanism to pass through bent pipes. The robot comprises a front-rotating unit (rotator), middle-steering unit, and rear-supporting unit (stator). Each unit has elastic arms, which can be elongated by springs and can be pushed against the inner wall of the pipe. The robot can travel and steer not only in straight pipes but also in bent pipes and T-branches. When the robot passes through such pipes, its mobility depends on whether the arms can touch the inner wall because the robot will lose the driving force if one of the arms cannot reach the inner wall. This is especially important in vertically positioned pipes, where the robot will fall down if it is unable to reach. In this paper, we focus on the cross-section of the bent pipes, arm length, spring stiffness, and mass of the robot to clarify the mobility of the robot in these types of pipes. A method for determining the initial arm length on the basis of simple quasi-statics is proposed and experimental verification is conducted.

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Zhao, Tao, Di Liu, and Zhiheng Li. "Correlated evolution of sternal keel length and ilium length in birds." PeerJ 5 (July 26, 2017): e3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3622.

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The interplay between the pectoral module (the pectoral girdle and limbs) and the pelvic module (the pelvic girdle and limbs) plays a key role in shaping avian evolution, but prior empirical studies on trait covariation between the two modules are limited. Here we empirically test whether (size-corrected) sternal keel length and ilium length are correlated during avian evolution using phylogenetic comparative methods. Our analyses on extant birds and Mesozoic birds both recover a significantly positive correlation. The results provide new evidence regarding the integration between the pelvic and pectoral modules. The correlated evolution of sternal keel length and ilium length may serve as a mechanism to cope with the effect on performance caused by a tradeoff in muscle mass between the pectoral and pelvic modules, via changing moment arms of muscles that function in flight and in terrestrial locomotion.

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de Haan, Victor. "Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder fiber interferometer test of the anisotropy of the speed of light." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, no. 10 (October 2009): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p09-080.

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Two optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometers were constructed in an environment with a temperature stabilization of better than 1 mK per day. One interferometer with a length of 2 m optical fiber in each arm with the main direction of the arms parallel to each other. A path (length 175 mm) filled with atmospheric air is inserted in one arm. Another interferometer with a length of 2 m optical fiber in each parallel arm acts as a control. In one of the arms in each interferometer, 1 m of fiber was wound around a ring made of piezo material enabling the control of the length of the arms by means of a voltage. The influence of rotation of the interferometers at the Earth's surface on the observed phase differences was determined. For one interferometer (with the air path) it was found that the phase difference depends on the azimuth of the interferometer. For the other one no relevant dependence on the azimuth has been measured.

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Barnadi, Yudi, Yanyan Agustian, and Fuad Hasan. "Improvement Branch Line Coupler Isolation in S Band Frequency." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.33 (December 9, 2018): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.33.23563.

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In this paper, the research was conducted to investigate the effects of optimization dimension to the isolation value of the Branch line coupler. The isolation is very important because it affects to the performance of the duplexer. The smaller value the better isolation performance of the duplexer. This research is carried out by modifying the length and width of the channels of the impedance of the Coupler. In this experiment, Branch-Line coupler is designed in the form of microstrip and fabricated using the FR-4 substrate that has a dielectric constant of 4.6, thickness of 1.3 mm, and 3 GHz operating frequency. To get the optimization value of the isolation characteristic, impedance channel must be modified, which are the length and width of the arms series (Z0 = 50 Ω), the length and width of the arms series (Z0 = 35.35 Ω), and the length and width of the arms shunt (Z0 = 50 Ω). The optimized result of the isolation is -67,786 B

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Fletcher, Jared R., and Brian R. MacIntosh. "Estimates of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Length at Different Ankle Joint Angles: Effect of Passive Moment." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0263.

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The length of a muscle’s moment arm can be estimated noninvasively using ultrasound and the tendon excursion method. The main assumption with the tendon excursion method is that the force acting on the tendon during passive rotation is constant. However, passive force changes through the range of motion, and thus moment arm is underestimated. The authors attempted to account for passive force on the measurement of Achilles tendon moment arm using the tendon excursion method in 8 male and female runners. Tendon excursion was measured using ultrasound while the ankle was passively rotated at 0.17 rad·s−1. Moment arm was calculated at 5° intervals as the ratio of tendon displacement to joint rotation from 70° to 115°. Passive moment (MP) was measured using a dynamometer. The displacement attributable to MP was calculated by monitoring tendon displacement during a ramp isometric maximum contraction. MP was 5.7 (2.1) N·m at 70° and decreased exponentially from 70° to 90°. This resulted in MP-corrected moment arms that were significantly larger than uncorrected moment arms at joint angles where MP was present. Furthermore, MP-corrected moment arms did not change with ankle angle, which was not the case for uncorrected moment arms.

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Van Thiel, Sandra, and Amanda Smullen. "Principals and Agents, or Principals and Stewards? Australian Arms Length Agencies’ Perceptions of Arm’s Length Government Instruments." Public Performance & Management Review 44, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 758–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2021.1881803.

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Lenarčič, Jadran, and Nives Klopčar. "Positional kinematics of humanoid arms." Robotica 24, no. 1 (October 31, 2005): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574705001906.

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We present the positional abilities of a humanoid manipulator based on an improved kinematical model of the human arm. This was synthesized from electro-optical measurements of healthy female and male subjects. The model possesses three joints: inner shoulder joint, outer shoulder joint and elbow joint. The first functions as the human sternoclavicular joint, the second functions as the human glenohumeral joint, and the last replicates the human humeroulnar rotation. There are three links included, the forearm and the upper arm link which are of a constant length, and the shoulder link which is expandable. Mathematical interrelations between the joint coordinates are also taken into consideration. We determined the reachability of a humanoid arm, treated its orienting redundancy in the shoulder complex and the positional redundancy in the shoulder-elbow complexes, and discussed optimum configurations in executing different tasks. The results are important for the design and control of humanoid robots, in medicine and sports.

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Barkovskaya, M. Sh, E. A. Blinova, J. V. Konyahina, M. I. Leonova, V. M. Nepomniashchikch, D. V. Demina, V. S. Kozhevnikov, and V. A. Kozlov. "Telomere length distribution on individual chromosome arms in patients with bronchial asthma." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 18, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2019-1-164-174.

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Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the length of telomeres in the arms of individual chromosomes in patients with bronchial asthma (BA).Materials and methods. The study included patients with BA (n = 10, the mean age (44 ± 8.2) years) and healthy donors (n = 10, the mean age (44 ± 8.4) years). Metaphase spreads obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used. At the time of sampling BA patients received treatment at the Clinic of Immunopathology, Novosibirsk. BA was diagnosed by physicians according to GINA-2016. For measurement of telomere length on individual chromosome arms we used quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization with a PNA-probe specific for telomeres. We used inverted DAPI banding for chromosome identification (according to ISCN-2013). For each individual 5 metaphase cells were analyzed. We applied the newly developed MeTeLen software to estimate the telomere repeats quantity (http:// www.bionet.nsc.ru/en/development/application-development/development-of-a-computer/metelen.html) in metaphase images. For enhanced image analysis compared with the previously developed programs, we included estimation of background signal and correction of defects of the optical system.Results. Comparing of telomere length show, that telomeres in the certain chromosome arms (4q, 5q, 9p, 10 q, 11p, 13p, 15q, 18q, 19q) in BA are significantly shorter than in corresponding group of donors (p < 0.05, Mann – Whitney U-test). For both studied groups we also evaluated telomere sequences shortened and elongated relative to the average telomere length in the group (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon-signed-runk test). The following differences and similarities between the telomere profiles of patients and donors were determined: the telomere sequences 4p, 6q, 8p were elongated and 2q, 9q, 11p, 15q were shortened relative to the average telomere length in BA patients. Moreover, this telomere sequences did not differ from the average telomere length in the group of donors. At the same time, the telomere sequences 12p, 16p, 17p, 19p were significantly shorter, and 3p was longer than the average telomere length in both groups.Conclusions. We guess, that the observed significant shortening of telomere length on individual chromosome arms in BA, as compared to donors, is relevant in pathogenesis of this disorder. The revealed features of telomere profile of patients with BA may be a result of different telomere length maintenance mechanisms and may influence to the development of asthma that needs further study.

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Zou, Jing Chao, Liang Wen Wang, Wei Gang Tang, Duan Qin Zhang, and Wei Hong Chen. "Position Error Research of Multi-Legged Walking Robots with Hand-Foot-Integration Function." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.776.

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Development of integrated hand-foot function will speed up the practical application of multi-legged robots. If the positions of each foothold, the driven joint variables and length of linkage bar in leg are inaccurate, the arms (swing leg) of the robot are likely to deviate from required positions. In this paper, through the calculation process of the multi-legged walking robot's arm path, we discussed the calculating problem of the arm's position accuracy under the condition that the errors of foothold positions, driven joint variables and leg's linkage bar length are given. Detailed calculation formulas are given, and the analysis process is illustrated by an example.

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Hale, David W., and Ira F. Greenbaum. "Chromosomal pairing in deer mice heterozygous for the presence of heterochromatic short arms." Genome 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-008.

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The pattern of chromosomal pairing was analyzed in male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromyscus sitkensis) heterozygous for the presence of heterochromatic short arms. G- and C-banding of somatic metaphases indicated that the presence of heterochromatic short arms increased the length of chromosome 4 by 15% in P. sitkensis and that of chromosome 8 by 9% in P. maniculatus. Analysis of silver-stained late zygotene and early pachytene nuclei revealed a low frequency of unequal axial lengths in the synaptonemal complexes corresponding to the heteromorphic bivalents. All mid- and late pachytene nuclei, however, exhibited fully paired synaptonemal complexes with equalized axial lengths. These observations suggest the existence of an adjustment mechanism which functions to equalize the lengths of the two axes of the heteromorphic synaptonemal complex.Key words: synaptonemal complex, Peromyscus, heterochromatin, chromosomal polymorphism, synaptic adjustment.

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Klegarth, Amy R., and Dan T. A. Eisenberg. "Mammalian chromosome–telomere length dynamics." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 180492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180492.

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Individual chromosome arms have specific individual telomere lengths (TLs). Past studies within species have shown strong positive correlations between individual chromosome length and TL at that chromosome. While the reasons for these associations are unclear, the strength and consistency of the associations across disparate taxa suggest that this is important to telomere biology and should be explored further. If TL is primarily determined by chromosome length, then chromosome length should be considered and controlled for in cross-species analyses of TL. Here, we employ a cross-species approach to explore whether the chromosome length–TL association observed intraspecifically is a determinant of mean TL across species. Data were compiled from two studies characterizing TL across a range of mammalian taxa and analysed in a phylogenetic framework. We found no significant relationship between TL and chromosome size across mammals or within mammalians orders. The pattern trends in the expected direction and we suggest may be masked by evolutionary lag effects.

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Hasty, P., J. Rivera-Pérez, and A. Bradley. "The length of homology required for gene targeting in embryonic stem cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 11 (November 1991): 5586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.11.5586.

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Homologous recombination has been used to introduce site-specific mutations into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with both insertion and replacement vectors. In this study, we compared the frequency of gene targeting with various lengths of homology and found a dramatic increase in targeting with an increase in homology from 1.3 to 6.8 kb. We examined in detail the relationship between the length of homology and the gene-targeting frequency for replacement vectors and found that a critical length of homology is needed for targeting. Adding greater lengths of homology to this critical length has less of an effect on the targeting frequency. We also analyzed the lengths of homology necessary on both arms of the vector for gene replacement events and found that 472 bp of homology is used as efficiently as 1.2 kb in the formation and resolution of crossover junctions.

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Hasty, P., J. Rivera-Pérez, and A. Bradley. "The length of homology required for gene targeting in embryonic stem cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 11 (November 1991): 5586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.11.5586-5591.1991.

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Homologous recombination has been used to introduce site-specific mutations into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with both insertion and replacement vectors. In this study, we compared the frequency of gene targeting with various lengths of homology and found a dramatic increase in targeting with an increase in homology from 1.3 to 6.8 kb. We examined in detail the relationship between the length of homology and the gene-targeting frequency for replacement vectors and found that a critical length of homology is needed for targeting. Adding greater lengths of homology to this critical length has less of an effect on the targeting frequency. We also analyzed the lengths of homology necessary on both arms of the vector for gene replacement events and found that 472 bp of homology is used as efficiently as 1.2 kb in the formation and resolution of crossover junctions.

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Looney, Robert E., and P. C. Frederiksen. "Profiles of current Latin American arms producers." International Organization 40, no. 3 (1986): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027338.

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In a recent article, Stephanie Neuman examines several critical factors that separate developing countries into arms producers and arms nonproducers. She ranks countries according to a weighted index of military production capability (derived from length of production, production capacity, and technical capabilities) and also according to the following seven socioeconomic indicators: population, land size, size of military, gross national product (GNP), GNP per capita, number of professional and technical workers, and number of industrial workers. She computes correlation coefficients (Kendall's tau) by region (Latin America, South Asia, and the Far East) and for twenty-six arms producers worldwide.

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Shen, Yong Kang, Zheng Zhong Wang, and Chun Long Zhao. "Stability Bearing Capacity of Dendritic Arms in Tainter Gate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.464.

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The new arms form of radial gate—dendritic arms is introduced for the proper mechanical mechanism, however the stability design is very difficult. According to the stability theory of structure, the stability analysis model of step column with lateral restraints was proposed for dendritic arms, some equations was derived from the principle of minimum potential energy, the practical formulas of buckling bearing capacity and effective length coefficient were provided. According to an example, the accuracy on formulas was verified by finite analysis method.

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Toju, Hirokazu, and Teiji Sota. "Adaptive divergence of scaling relationships mediates the arms race between a weevil and its host plant." Biology Letters 2, no. 4 (July 18, 2006): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0514.

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Coevolution of exaggerated morphologies between insects and plants is a well-known but poorly understood phenomenon in evolutionary biology. In the antagonistic interaction between a seed-predatory insect, the camellia weevil ( Curculio camelliae ), and its host plant, Japanese camellia ( Camellia japonica ), we examined the evolutionary trajectory of an exaggerated offensive trait of the weevil (rostrum length) in terms of scaling relationship. Sampling throughout Japan revealed that the ratio of the rostrum length to overall body size was correlated with the ratio of the pericarp thickness to overall fruit size across the localities. We found a geographical interpopulation divergence in a parameter pertaining to the allometric equation of rostrum length (the coefficient a in y = ax b , where y and x denote rostrum and body lengths, respectively), and the pattern of geographical differentiation in the allometric coefficient was closely correlated with the variation in the pericarp thickness of Japanese camellia. Our results provide a novel example of a geographically diverged scaling relationship in an insect morphology resulting from a coevolutionary arms race with its host plant.

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Tiyaworanan, Piyapong, Surut Jianmongkol, and Tala Thammaroj. "ANATOMICAL STUDY OF ARCADE OF STRUTHERS." Hand Surgery 15, no. 03 (January 2010): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810410004941.

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The incidence and the anatomical location of the arcade of Struthers as related to the arm length were studied in 62 arms of adult fresh-frozen cadavers. The distance between the greater tuberosity and the lateral epicondyle was designated as the arm length. The arcades of Struthers were identified in 85.4%. The mean arm length was 27.85 ± 1.3 cm. The mean of the distance between proximal border of the arcade of Struthers and the medial humeral epicondyle was 8.24 ± 2.06 cm. The mean ratio between the distance from the proximal border of the arcade to the tip of the medial epicondyle and arm length was 0.29 ± 0.07. We concluded that the anatomical location of the arcade as related to the arm length was 29% proximally, from the tip of the medial epicondyle. This report of the anatomical location of the arcade of Struthers related to the arm length can be useful to identify this structure in the arms which have differences in arm length during the surgical exploration and anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve procedures.

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Martínez-Bautista, Gerardo, Héctor Velázquez, Angeles Pérez-Villegas, and Edmundo Moreno. "The influence of the spiral arm parameters on radial migration in late-type-like galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 4 (May 4, 2021): 5919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1241.

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ABSTRACT We performed test-particle simulations of a spiral late-type-like galaxy to study the radial migration in a steady potential. Our model includes a bulge, a disc, a dark matter halo, and spiral arms represented by a cosine potential. We varied the structural and dynamical parameters of the spiral arms to study the influence of each configuration on the stellar orbits, such as the pitch angle, the radial scale length, and the pattern speed. We analysed the changes in the z component of the angular momentum (Lz), radius (R), and eccentricity of individual stars at different times. We found that the stellar orbits are affected by radial migration in all cases. Also, we found that the most relevant parameter to the radial migration phenomenon, in co-rotation, is the radial scale length of the spiral arms.

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Arnold, Edith M., and Scott L. Delp. "Fibre operating lengths of human lower limb muscles during walking." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1570 (May 27, 2011): 1530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0345.

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Muscles actuate movement by generating forces. The forces generated by muscles are highly dependent on their fibre lengths, yet it is difficult to measure the lengths over which muscle fibres operate during movement. We combined experimental measurements of joint angles and muscle activation patterns during walking with a musculoskeletal model that captures the relationships between muscle fibre lengths, joint angles and muscle activations for muscles of the lower limb. We used this musculoskeletal model to produce a simulation of muscle–tendon dynamics during walking and calculated fibre operating lengths (i.e. the length of muscle fibres relative to their optimal fibre length) for 17 lower limb muscles. Our results indicate that when musculotendon compliance is low, the muscle fibre operating length is determined predominantly by the joint angles and muscle moment arms. If musculotendon compliance is high, muscle fibre operating length is more dependent on activation level and force–length–velocity effects. We found that muscles operate on multiple limbs of the force–length curve (i.e. ascending, plateau and descending limbs) during the gait cycle, but are active within a smaller portion of their total operating range.

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Ding, Jianfu, and Steven Holdcroft. "Star Polymers of Sodium Styrenesulfonate Prepared by One-Pot TEMPO-Controlled SFRP." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 8 (2012): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12176.

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Star polymers of sodium styrenesulfonate with controlled arm length were prepared in a one-pot polymerization. Sodium styrenesulfonate was first polymerized with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity by stable free radical polymerization. Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) was terminated with divinyl benzene and star polymers prepared via stable free radical coupling of vinylic terminal groups. Star polymers based on arms of 20 and 32 repeat units possessed ~33 and ~41 arms per star respectively. Formation of star polymers with much longer arms was limited by poor coupling kinetics.

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Vaganov, A. V., I. I. Gureyeva, A. A. Kuznetsov, and R. S. Romanets. "Spore morphology of Vaginularia Fée species (Pteridaceae) from South-Eastern Asia A." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_110.

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A comparative study of spores of two species of Vaginularia (Vittarioideae, Pteridaceae) from South-Eastern – Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. ex Miq. and V. trichoidea Fée – was performed by the method of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Spores are tetrahedral, trilete; they are very similar to each other in smooth surface and relatively narrow laesura arms. Differences between species are in shape of spores in proximal position (triangular with narrowly-rounded corners and concave sides in V. paradoxa and triangular with broadly-rounded corners and slightly concave sides in V. trichoidea), in length of laesura arms relative to the radius of the spore (laesura arms are about 0.75 of spore radius in V. paradoxa, and riches corners of spore in V. trichoidea) and in size of spore (spore of V. paradoxa are about 1.5 times more in equatorial diameter and 1.7 times more in polar axis length).

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Jefferys, Steve. "Arms’-Length or Nose to Nose? Eric Batstone and Bargaining in 1970s France." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 36 (September 2015): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2015.36.3.

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Kim, Hyun-Jun, Joon-Ho Lee, Je-Wook Chae, Sung-Bae Lee, and In-Woo Kim. "A Study on Designing Flash Hider to Shorten the Length of Small Arms." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 14, no. 6 (December 5, 2011): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2011.14.6.979.

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Castellano, Maila, Enrico Marsano, Antonio Turturro, Lucia Conzatti, and Guido Busca. "Dependence of surface properties of silylated silica on the length of silane arms." Adsorption 18, no. 3-4 (September 5, 2012): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-012-9402-6.

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Bruno, Nicola, and Michela Muzzolini. "Proxemics Revisited: Similar Effects of Arms Length on Men's and Women's Personal Distances." Universal Journal of Psychology 1, no. 2 (August 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2013.010204.

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Miles, Jason G., and Nicholas A. Battista. "Naut Your Everyday Jellyfish Model: Exploring How Tentacles and Oral Arms Impact Locomotion." Fluids 4, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030169.

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Jellyfish are majestic, energy-efficient, and one of the oldest species that inhabit the oceans. It is perhaps the second item, their efficiency, that has captivated scientists for decades into investigating their locomotive behavior. Yet, no one has specifically explored the role that their tentacles and oral arms may have on their potential swimming performance. We perform comparative in silico experiments to study how tentacle/oral arm number, length, placement, and density affect forward swimming speeds, cost of transport, and fluid mixing. An open source implementation of the immersed boundary method was used (IB2d) to solve the fully coupled fluid–structure interaction problem of an idealized flexible jellyfish bell with poroelastic tentacles/oral arms in a viscous, incompressible fluid. Overall tentacles/oral arms inhibit forward swimming speeds, by appearing to suppress vortex formation. Nonlinear relationships between length and fluid scale (Reynolds Number) as well as tentacle/oral arm number, density, and placement are observed, illustrating that small changes in morphology could result in significant decreases in swimming speeds, in some cases by upwards of 80–90% between cases with or without tentacles/oral arms.

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Mu, Dan, Jian-Quan Li, Xing-Shun Cong, and Han Zhang. "Mesoscopic Detection of the Influence of a Third Component on the Self-Assembly Structure of A2B Star Copolymer in Thin Films." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101636.

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The most common self-assembly structure for A2B copolymer is the micellar structure with B/A segments being the core/corona, which greatly limits its application range. Following the principle of structure deciding the properties, a reformation in the molecular structure of A2B copolymer is made by appending three segments of a third component C with the same length to the three arms, resulting (AC)2CB 3-miktoarm star terpolymer. A reverse micellar structure in self-assembly is expected by regulating the C length and the pairwise repulsive strength of C to A/B, aiming to enrich its application range. Keeping both A and B lengths unchanged, when the repulsion strength of C to A is much stronger than C to B, from the results of mesoscopic simulations we found, with a progressive increase in C length, (AC)2CB terpolymer undergoes a transition in self-assembled structures, from a cylindrical structure with B component as the core, then to a deformed lamellar structure, and finally to a cylindrical structure with A component as the core. This reverse micellar structure is formed with the assistance of appended C segments, whose length is longer than half of B length, enhancing the flexibility of three arms, and further facilitating the aggregation of A component into the core. These results prove that the addition of a third component is a rational molecular design, in conjunction with some relevant parameters, enables the manufacturing of the desired self-assembly structure while avoiding excessive changes in the involved factors.

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Zeng, Ling Sheng, Zi Qiang Zhang, Run Dian Li, Yong Jie Zhao, Qing Ge Kang, and Zhang Lin Chen. "On Adaptable Design for SCARA Manipulator with Quick-Replaceable Arms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.45.

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By surveying SCARA manipulator in the market, the question that the overall length of arms is fixed, which leads its operating range to be relatively fixed, and the manipulator has badly adaptive can be found. Aiming at the problem, a SCARA manipulator whose arms can be replaced quickly had been designed according to the concept of adaptable design, and the principle of replacement arms had been put forward basing on the analysis to the minimum operating radius of manipulator in this paper. Moreover, an adaptable interface for replacing quickly different grippers during the process of production had been designed in the paper.

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Lukaszewski, A. J., K. Rybka, V. Korzun, S. V. Malyshev, B. Lapinski, and R. Whitkus. "Genetic and physical mapping of homoeologous recombination points involving wheat chromosome 2B and rye chromosome 2R." Genome 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-089.

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Wide hybrids have been used in generating genetic maps of many plant species. In this study, genetic and physical mapping was performed on ph1b-induced recombinants of rye chromosome 2R in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). All recombinants were single breakpoint translocations. Recombination 2RS–2BS was absent from the terminal and the pericentric regions and was distributed randomly along an intercalary segment covering approximately 65% of the arm's length. Such a distribution probably resulted from structural differences at the telomeres of 2RS and wheat 2BS arm that disrupted telomeric initiation of pairing. Recombination 2RL–2BL was confined to the terminal 25% of the arm's length. A genetic map of homoeologous recombination 2R–2B was generated using relative recombination frequencies and aligned with maps of chromosomes 2B and 2R based on homologous recombination. The alignment of the short arms showed a shift of homoeologous recombination toward the centromere. On the long arms, the distribution of homoeologous recombination was the same as that of homologous recombination in the distal halves of the maps, but the absence of multiple crossovers in homoeologous recombination eliminated the proximal half of the map. The results confirm that homoeologous recombination in wheat is based on single exchanges per arm, indicate that the distribution of these single homoeologous exchanges is similar to the distribution of the first (distal) crossovers in homologues, and suggest that successive crossovers in an arm generate specific portions of genetic maps. A difference in the distribution of recombination between the short and long arms indicates that the distal crossover localization in wheat is not dictated by a restricted distribution of DNA sequences capable of recombination but by the pattern of pairing initiation, and that can be affected by structural differences. Restriction of homoeologous recombination to single crossovers in the distal part of the genetic map complicates chromosome engineering efforts targeting genes in the proximal map regions.Key words: homoeologous recombination, genetic mapping, RFLP, RAPD, wheat, rye.

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Lieber, R. L., B. O. Ljung, and J. Fridén. "Intraoperative sarcomere length measurements reveal differential design of human wrist extensor muscles." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.1.19.

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The design of the wrist extensor muscles was studied using a combination of intraoperative laser diffraction and biomechanical modelling of data obtained from human patients and previously published data. Intraoperatively, the change in sarcomere length per degree joint angle rotation (i.e. dSL/d omega) was measured as the wrist was moved from neutral to full flexion in both the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles. Sarcomere length change per degree rotation was approximately twice as great for the ECRB compared with the ECRL muscle (9.06 +/- 1.06 versus 4.69 +/- 1.20 nm degree-1, mean +/- S.E.M., N = 7). Muscle fibre length and wrist extensor moment arms were obtained from published data and dSL/d omega calculated. The experimental values for dSL/d omega were extremely close to the calculated values. These data demonstrate that architectural differences between the ECRB and ECRL are accentuated by differences between their wrist extensor moment arms. This differential design may permit the extensor muscles, as a group, to generate high force over a wider range of velocities than would be possible with a single muscle or it may permit conservation of mass such that the two muscles together can generate approximately the same force and excursion as a single muscle but with approximately 30% less mass.

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Pradhan, Balaram, Suraj Kumar Pathak, Ravindra Kumar Gupta, Monika Gupta, Santanu Kumar Pal, and Ammathnadu S. Achalkumar. "Star-shaped fluorescent liquid crystals derived from s-triazine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 25 (2016): 6117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc01260d.

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50

Iseki, Naoyuki, Akira Sasaki, and Hirokazu Toju. "Arms race between weevil rostrum length and camellia pericarp thickness: Geographical cline and theory." Journal of Theoretical Biology 285, no. 1 (September 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.033.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arms length'

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