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Journal articles on the topic 'Army operations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McMichael, Allen E., Dave Durbin, and Gerald L. Gamache. "Army Materiel Handling Accident Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (October 1988): 889–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761749.

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Successful Army operations depend on the efficient handling, storage, and flow of materials. Accidents associated with materiel handling activities not only affect the efficiency of an operation but also endanger the lives of Army personnel. In addition, the annual cost to the Army for materiel handling accidents averages approximately $4,315,836. The high incidence and cost of materiel handling accidents poses significant operational problems for the Army. The Army could make great strides in alleviating these operational burdens as well as meeting its safety goals through concerted accident prevention efforts. The U.S. Army Safety Center is making its first attempt to quantify the system problems in the Materiel Handling Major Problem Areas. Improvements in the design of materiel handling equipment and in supervisory practices and training methods may be applicable both to other government agencies and in the private sector.

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2

Bieger, Joshua, Jadalaine Ferrer, Dillon Riedlinger, William Xu, and Jeffrey Demarest. "Simulating Army Rail Yard Operations at the Port of Bremerhaven." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2018v6i2.pp95-100.

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To maintain the United States military’s capability to deploy rapidly across the globe, logistical planning tools, simulations, and models enhance leaders’ decision making abilities. This research develops a discrete event model designed to simulate military operations within a railyard in order to support the Engineer Research and Development Center’s (ERDC) Planning Logistics Analysis Network System (PLANS). The research team chose the Port of Bremerhaven, Germany as a case study due to its relevance to current military operations, granting us access to timely data and stakeholders with recent operational experience. The discrete event simulation (DES) utilizes stochastic processes and multiple layouts in order to analyze the amount of time it takes to move varying amounts of cargo and vehicles and identify potential bottlenecks in the operation.

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3

Stansifer, Craig, Kevin B. Bennett, Christopher Talcott, Silas Martinez, and Lawrence Shattuck. "Digital Interfaces for Army Tactical Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 8 (October 2001): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104500803.

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4

Sabuncuoglu, Ihsan, and Gökhan Virlan. "Modeling and analyzing army air assault operations via simulation." SIMULATION 87, no. 11 (January 20, 2011): 1002–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549710393991.

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It is very important to use combat simulation in personnel training and preparing them for different war scenarios. Simulation modeling and analysis methodologies gives an opportunity to staff officers and commanders to measure the effectiveness of their plans and take necessary precautions. In a simulated environment, different combat scenarios can be tried without actually deploying the units to the combat area and getting ‘losts, costs, and risks’. As one of the most complicated and decisive operations on the road to victory, ‘air assault operations’ are high-risk, high-payoff operations that, when properly planned and vigorously executed, allow commanders to take the initiative in combat areas. In this study, we develop a simulation system called the Air Assault Operations Simulation Model (AAOSM) that allows planners to: (1) analyze air assault operations early in the decision process and refine those models as their decision process evolves, (2) perform ‘ bottleneck analysis’ of the preplanned operations, and (3) perform ‘ risk management’ of the operation before conducting the real operation. AAOSM is developed by using the ARENA simulation programming language. The outputs of the model are analyzed using statistical methods. The factors that have significant effect on air assault operations are identified. The possible scenarios are also evaluated for different weather and terrain conditions and for various refueling and maintenance configurations.

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5

Fair, Christine C. "US–Indian Army-to-Army Relations: Prospects for Future Coalition Operations." Asian Security 1, no. 2 (April 2005): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/147998504900961062.

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6

Braithwaite, M. G. "Disorientation in Army Helicopter Operations: A Review." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 78, no. 10 (October 1985): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688507801013.

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7

Horosko, Steve, and Leon L. Robert. "U.S. Army Vector Control (Preventive Medicine) Operations during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia." Military Medicine 161, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/161.10.577.

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8

Andrejić, Marko, and Marjan Mirčevski. "The improvement possibilities in the study of the logistics of the military operations." Vojno delo 72, no. 2 (2020): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2002056a.

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The imperative posed by modern logistics systems is aimed at achieving the ability to recognize the request of the users of the logistics service, to shorten the response time and the provision of the service, to rationalize the use of resources and to achieve the highest efficiency. In order to ensure adequate logistics of the Army in the conduct of operations, it is necessary, among other things, to have sufficient human resources, and it is necessary to create personnel through the process of education and upbringing, studying the right contents and the right way. Army operations are large-scale project-type jobs that are complex in terms of organization and technology of execution, are inimitable, employ considerable resources that are limited in principle, require good coordination (coordinated action), homogeneous handling, and skillful management of resources of all kinds. In order to ensure the high quality of Army operations, it is very important to have a balanced view of Army operations between general management interested in the aggregate quality of operations quality and logistics professionals engaged in special and individual specialties within the "aggregate" quality function. It is necessary that the supported system and the logistical system achieve dialectical unity and act more synergistically. The needs of the practice, the demands of the times, and contemporary trends require that more work be done to modernize the way Army operations are studied and the logistics of operations, as the development of higher education science, organization and technology, and the use of forces and resources (resources) require it. The study of the logistics of the Army's operations (and the operations of the Army as a whole) should be done on the principles and logic of a systemic and situational approach, realizing the triune unity of matter, information, and measures. This provides the necessary comprehensive knowledge (as opposed to factual and fragmentary) and avoids the kaleidoscopic picture of reality. General theoretical knowledge in the field of planning and management, project management, quality, and teamwork is an adequate basis for improving the study and operational work on the logistics of operations. The synthesis of available domestic and foreign, civilian and military, theoretical and empirical knowledge of operations logistics and military operations creates a solid starting point for advancing thinking about the logistics of military operations and arouses greater interest in the military and the University of Defense, for this area very important for the country's defense. Changes in access to operations logistics will also trigger changes in access to operations of the military as a whole. By improving the study of the logistics of the operations of the Army, it contributes, among other benefits, to the enhancement of the personnel's personal capacity, the ability of commands and staffs, and the enhancement of the Army's overall operational and functional capabilities and its ability to fulfill constitutional and legal obligations.

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9

Lindgjerdet, Frode. "Technology, Group Interest, and Norwegian Air Power, 1920–1940." Vulcan 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00301006.

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The Norwegian army and navy built their separate air arms around a few flimsy aircraft acquired from 1912. During the interwar period, the Army Air Force desired independence while its smaller naval counterpart fought tenaciously to remain part of the navy. The battle was carried out in the national military journals. Army aviation officers seduced by the air power theories of Giulio Douhet advocated independent operations; they maintained that challenges of air war and the skills required were independent of the surface over which it was fought. They also expected economic benefits from a unified service that could acquire fewer types of aircraft and unify technical services and education. Naval aviation officers maintained that naval air operations required knowledge of naval warfare, seamanship, tight naval integration, and specialized aircraft. What’s more, they resented the very idea that air power could win wars independently.

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10

Riley, Jennifer M., and Mica R. Endsley. "Computer-Aided Decision Support: Is it what the Army Needs?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600355.

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There has been a call for computer-aided decision support in Army and other military operations as a result of the increasing pace of current and future warfare. These tools are expected to speed up the critical thinking process, for example in battle planning and course of action analysis, by providing users with critical information and off-loading various cognitive tasks. There is a need, however, to determine the kinds of decision tools that are best suited to Army operational needs and to consider the potential implementation issues associated with application of automated tools to complex operations. A structured approach is needed to analyze Army operations and reveal the critical information needs associated with the various positions, and to determine what is appropriate in terms of decision aiding systems. Understanding information needs and adequately designing for human integration with decision tools will be important to successful overall system performance.

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11

Estes, Kenneth W., and Romain Cansière. "The U.S. Marine Corps’ Tank Doctrine, 1920–50." Marine Corps History 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35318/mch.2020060203.

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Major Joseph DiDomenico’s study of U.S. Army influence on U.S. Marine Corps tank doctrine appeared in the Summer 2018 issue of this journal, titled “The U.S. Army’s Influence on Marine Corps Tank Doctrine.” Mobilizing an impressive array of primary and secondary sources, DiDomenico laid considerable credit for the Corps’ improvements to its nascent World War II tank and amphibious tractor doctrine on the Army’s Armor School at Fort Knox as well as the improved Army doctrinal publications that had emerged by 1944. Major DiDomenico excoriated the Marine Corps’ neglect of “critical vulnerabilities for armor supporting amphibious operations.” The benchmark for Marine Corps tank doctrine’s failures to “synthesize” Army tank doctrine for Marine Corps missions is unsurprisingly the Battle of Tarawa. According to DiDomenico, the failures registered at Tarawa “indicated an institutional ignorance in the operational art of combined arms.” This article presents some common misconceptions of Marine Corps tank policy and doctrine and aims to correct those misconceptions.

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12

Abt, John P., Timothy C. Sell, Mita T. Lovalekar, Karen A. Keenan, Anthony J. Bozich, Jeffrey S. Morgan, Shawn F. Kane, Peter J. Benson, and Scott M. Lephart. "Injury Epidemiology of U.S. Army Special Operations Forces." Military Medicine 179, no. 10 (October 2014): 1106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00078.

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13

Martinez, Silas G., Christopher Talcott, Kevin B. Bennett, Craig Stansifer, and Lawrence Shattuck. "Cognitive Systems Engineering Analyses for Army Tactical Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 4 (October 2001): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104500454.

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14

Nenninger, Timothy K. "U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II." History: Reviews of New Books 21, no. 3 (April 1993): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1993.9948638.

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15

Sell, Timothy C., John Abt, Mita Lovalekar, Tony Bozich, Peter Benson, Jeffrey Morgan, and Scott Lephart. "Injury Epidemiology of US Army Special Operations Forces." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495775.92772.8c.

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16

Bonder, Seth. "Army Operations Research—Historical Perspectives and Lessons Learned." Operations Research 50, no. 1 (February 2002): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.50.1.25.17804.

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17

Harris, Carl M., and Andrew G. Loerch. "An Historical Perspective on U.S. Army Operations Research." Military Operations Research 4, no. 4 (September 1, 1999): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5711/morj.4.4.5.

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18

Kruszyński, Bartosz. "The Kiev operation and Tukhachevsky’s two offensives in 1920 as attempts at undertaking strategic and operational initiative during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920." Open Military Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2020-0112.

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Abstract The article is an analysis of: 1) the Kiev operation from late April and early May 1920, 2) Tukhachevsky’s first offensive in May 1920, 3) Tukhachevsky’s second offensive launched in July 1920. All the three operations were attempts at undertaking strategic and operational initiative during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920. The first offensive pertained to the Polish army, in the subsequent two cases it was the Soviet Western Front. Tukhachevsky’s second offensive resulted in the battle of the Bug in late July and early August 1920. By discussing each of the operations, the author presents the fighting potential of the armies involved, the tactical and operational goals, the course of the fighting, the turning points, both parties’ planning mistakes and the consequences of the operations.

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19

Nichev, Nikolay. "Model for Determining the Consumption of Machinery, Tableware, Fuel, Oils and Lubricants with the Participation of Units from the Bulgarian Army in Humanitarian Operations." Scientific Bulletin 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2017-0005.

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Abstract Regulating documents of the Bulgarian Army considered norms for support classic combat operations and in fact Bulgarian Army has no planning methods to be used for planning of humanitarian operations. Solving this problem can be achieved through the use of planning factors. Planning factors are generally based on experience or data on the use of resources from previous operations. The participation of units of the Bulgarian Army in humanitarian operations have failed to bring to the accumulation of data needed to create a suitable planning factors. The purpose of the study is to develop a model by which to bring out planning factors in determining the the consumption of machinery, tableware, fuel, oils and lubricants with the participation of units from the Bulgarian Army in humanitarian operations.

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20

Bowlin, William F., and David N. Herda. "REGULATORY, ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICES CONCERNING THE SUTLER AT FORT ABERCROMBIE, DAKOTA TERRITORY." Accounting Historians Journal 42, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.42.1.37.

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This study explores the accounting and business practices of a fort sutler on the western frontier in the mid-19th century and how these practices were regulated by the U.S. Army. The fort sutler operated a store on the Army post with the permission of the fort commander. The sutler had sole authority to sell certain items to soldiers on the post. He sold items that soldiers desired but were not provided by the Army. Although the sutler's store was a civilian operation, he played an important role in supporting soldiers stationed on the frontier and enhanced the effectiveness of frontier military operations. This research reviews and summarizes relevant military regulations of the period in addition to documentary evidence emanating from Fort Abercrombie (North Dakota) to learn more about the accounting and business operations of this important figure of the American frontier.

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21

Stoeckli, Fritz. "Soviet operational planning: Superiority ratios and casualties in soviet front and army operations." RUSI Journal 134, no. 1 (March 1989): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071848908445347.

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22

BECMER, Dariusz, and Dariusz SKORUPKA. "COMPOSITE RISK MANAGEMENT – METHOD OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN US MILITARY ORGANISATION." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3265.

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In their article the authors depict the method of risk management used by US Army commanders in the military decision-making process, the preparation and the execution of an operation. The method is applied to combat operations, stabilisation operations, training, garrison activities and off-duty activities. The purpose of Composite Risk Management is to mitigate or eliminate risks associated with all the hazards related to the abovementioned operations and activities.

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23

Rose, D. G. "FM 3-0 Operations: The Effects of Humanitarian Operations on US Army Doctrine." Small Wars & Insurgencies 13, no. 1 (March 2002): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714005414.

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24

WÓJTOWICZ, PhD, Tomasz, and Dariusz KRÓL. "MULTI-DOMAIN BATTLE. NEW DOCTRINE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 112, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0879.

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This article describes the newest doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces, i.e. the Multi- Domain Battle (MDB) concept. It constitutes a description of several operational principles related to a potential conflict with the People’s Republic of China or the Russian Federation, such as the time and space for conducting military operations, the operating environment, the forces (base of operations), the target, the concentration of forces and the operational leeway. The article looks at the origins of the doctrine, the circumstances under which it was formed and people who contributed to its development. The authors also refer to historical U.S. doctrines, such as the AirLand Battle or AirSea Battle concepts. Along with the authors’ enthusiastic approach to MDB, the article also features some critical opinions which imply that the U.S. Army is not ready for MDB operations. The research methods that were used by the authors included analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalisation. Much space is devoted to analysing the U.S. Army’s official documents, including Multi-Domain Battle: Evolution of Combined Arms for the 21st Century 2025-2040, FM 3-0 Operations and TRADOC Multi-Domain Battle: Combined Arms for the 21st Century. The authors believe that Multi-Domain Battle is about to become the official military doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces. In spite of the criticism, transformations of individual combat teams in the MDB spirit should be expected in the upcoming years. This doctrine also provides a military response to the geo-political changes occurring in the world, manifested as the United State’s limited role in certain regions, China’s growing power and Russia’s aggressive foreign policy. The conclusions formulated in the article may serve as the starting point for further studies dealing, inter alia, with the Polish Army’s readiness for conducting military operations, based on the MDB doctrine, jointly with the U.S. Army, the Polish Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2AD) capabilities and the role of military technologies in the MDB doctrine. The article makes use of the exact translation of the term, i.e. “Multi-Domain Battle.” However, the reader should bear in mind that it describes capabilities not only at the tactical level but also in operational terms, enabling the accomplishment of the strategic objective.

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25

Leiker, James N., and Tony R. Mullis. "Peacekeeping on the Plains: Army Operations in Bleeding Kansas." Western Historical Quarterly 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2005): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443225.

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26

Talcott, Christopher, Silas Martinez, Kevin B. Bennett, Craig Stansifer, and Lawrence Shattuck. "An Empirical Evaluation of Interfaces for Army Tactical Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 18 (October 2001): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104501806.

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27

Wooster, Robert, and Andrew J. Birtle. "U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1860-1941." Journal of Military History 63, no. 2 (April 1999): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120671.

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28

Boire, Michael, and William Johnston. "A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea." International Journal 60, no. 3 (2005): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204071.

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29

Arsenault, Joanne, and Jeff Kennedy. "Dietary Supplement Use in U.S. Army Special Operations Candidates." Military Medicine 164, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/164.7.495.

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30

Taw, Jennifer Morrison, and John E. Peters. "Operations other than war: Implications for the us army." Small Wars & Insurgencies 6, no. 3 (December 1995): 375–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319508423118.

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31

Bickford, Thomas J. "The Business Operations of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army." Problems of Post-Communism 46, no. 6 (November 1999): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.1999.11655858.

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32

Nawrotek, Jarosław. "RUSSIAN’S PROVING GROUND IN SYRIA." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 152, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0871.

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Mission of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in Syria is their biggest foreign military operation of current times. It became a form of evaluation of combat efficiency for different forces and troops. Moreover, the Russian Army could check the newest types of used munitions in combat conditions. Leading a combat operation far beyond the borders of own territory can be used for evaluation of the overall system safeguarding the combat operations theatre, and especially the logistics. What is more, the combat experience acquired by a few dozen thousand soldiers is also a priceless value for the army.

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33

Baumann, Matthew L., Alison N. Brown, Charles D. Quick, Stanley T. Breuer, and Enrique V. Smith-Forbes. "Translating Occupational Therapy’s Current Role Within U.S. Army Combat and Operational Stress Control Operations." Occupational Therapy in Mental Health 34, no. 3 (February 16, 2018): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0164212x.2018.1425952.

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34

Kessler, Remi A., Ansh Bhammar, Nikita Lakomkin, Raj K. Shrivastava, Jonathan J. Rasouli, Jeremy Steinberger, Joshua Bederson, Constantinos G. Hadjipanayis, and Deborah L. Benzil. "Spinal cord injury in the United States Army Special Forces." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 34, no. 1 (January 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.7.spine20804.

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OBJECTIVESpinal cord injury (SCI) is an area of key interest in military medicine but has not been studied among the US Army Special Forces (SF), the most elite group of US soldiers. SF soldiers make up a disproportionate 60% of all Special Operations casualties. The objective of this study was to better understand SCI incidence in the SF, its mechanisms of acquisition, and potential areas for intervention by addressing key issues pertaining to protective equipment and body armor use.METHODSAn electronic survey questionnaire was formulated with the close collaboration of US board-certified neurosurgeons from the Mount Sinai Hospital and Cleveland Clinic Departments of Neurosurgery, retired military personnel of the SF, and operational staff of the Green Beret Foundation. The survey was sent to approximately 6000 SF soldiers to understand SCI diagnosis and its associations with various health and military variables.RESULTSThe response rate was 8.2%. Among the 492 respondents, 94 (19.1%) self-reported an SCI diagnosis. An airborne operation was the most commonly attributed cause (54.8%). Moreover, 87.1% of SF soldiers reported wearing headgear at the time of injury, but only 36.6% reported wearing body armor, even though body armor use has significantly increased in post-9/11 SF soldiers compared with that in their pre-9/11 counterparts. SCI was significantly associated with traumatic brain injury, arthritis, low sperm count, low testosterone, erectile dysfunction, tinnitus, hyperacusis, sleep apnea, posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Only 16.5% of SF soldiers diagnosed with SCI had been rescued via medical evacuation (medevac) for treatment.CONCLUSIONSA high number of SF soldiers self-reported an SCI diagnosis. Airborne operations landings were the leading cause of SCI, which coincided with warfare tactics employed during the Persian Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and other conflicts. A majority of SCIs occurred while wearing headgear and no body armor, suggesting the need for improvements in protective equipment use and design. The low rate of medevac rescue for these injuries may suggest that medical rescue was not attainable at the time or that certain SCIs were deemed minor at the time of injury.

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35

Coombs, Howard G. "“Soldiers first”: Preparing the Canadian Army for twenty-first century peace operations." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 2 (June 2018): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702018785981.

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The Canadian Army has historically adopted a paradigm of preparing for peace operations by training and educating both soldiers and leaders to be capable of general-purpose combat. This paradigm of “soldiers first” has not been without its flaws, particularly when the security environment, the operational mandate, and mission preparation became unaligned. Consequently, as we move forward into the peace activities of the twenty-first century, where Canadian soldiers will be committed to operations in complex regions like Africa and the Middle East, it will be necessary to identify and institutionalize the lessons of the past in order to ensure that the model of “soldiers first” can be adapted to the varied challenges of the contemporary and future security environment through a holistic application of specialized training, leader education, and institutional support.

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36

Feltman, Kathryn A., Ian P. Curry, and Amanda M. Kelley. "A Review of US Army Unmanned Aerial Systems Accidents." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 10, no. 1 (March 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000181.

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Abstract. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are increasingly used in military operations. Successful operations, despite no human onboard, are heavily human-dependent. A review of Army UAS accidents was completed to evaluate the role of the human in these accidents so as to inform future research and operations. Reports of 288 accidents occurring between 2010 and 2015 were obtained. Report elements including aircraft type, accident findings, and personnel information were reviewed. About 76% of accidents were not due to human error, specifically based on contributions of air and ground crew in flight operations. No clear conclusions were identified to aid in determining the contribution of the human to the accident. Recommendations for more rigorous investigations, to include capturing objective data of personnel, are put forth.

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37

Shaffer, Margaret T., Keith C. Hendy, and Lou R. White. "An Empirically Validated Task Analysis (EVTA) of Low Level Army Helicopter Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200239.

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A computer-based Empirically Validated Task Analysis (EVTA) of Canadian Forces light observation helicopter operations was conducted from video records of cockpit activity gathered during flight. The task analysis was performed in order to provide data for function analysis and workload prediction studies in support of the Canadian Forces Light Helicopter replacement project. Observable behaviors were categorized according to the type of activity involved and communications were analysed for content, agencies involved, and relevance to the crew's task. The results of this study indicate that data gathered from a controlled test environment can differ considerably from those obtained in operational settings and that miniature video cameras can be useful in obtaining information from environments which hitherto may have been inaccessible to all but operational personnel.

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38

Pandolf, Kent B., Ralph Francesconi, Michael N. Sawka, Allen Cymerman, Reed W. Hoyt, Andrew J. Young, and Edward J. Zambraski. "United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine: Warfighter research focusing on the past 25 years." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 4 (December 2011): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00049.2011.

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The United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) celebrated its 50th anniversary on July 1, 2011. This article reviews its history, evolution, and transition of its research programs as well as its scientific and military accomplishments, emphasizing the past 25 yr. During the 1990s, USARIEM published a series of pocket guides providing guidance for sustaining Warfighter health and performance in Southwest Asia, Somalia, the former Republic of Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Haiti. Issues identified during Operation Desert Storm elicited research that improved nutritional guidelines for protracted desert operations; safer use of nuclear, chemical, and biological protective clothing; equipment, development, and fielding of efficient microclimate cooling systems; and effective evaluation of pharmaceuticals to protect soldiers from chemical and biological threats. During the first decade of the 21st century, USARIEM and the Department of the Army published official medical/performance doctrines for operations in the heat and cold and at high altitude. The current Global War on Terrorism focused research to improve doctrines for hot, cold, and high-altitude operations, reduce musculoskeletal training injuries, provide improved field nutrition, more efficient planning for operational water requirements, and improve both military clothing and materiel. This article also describes the critically important interactions and communications between USARIEM and deployed units and the benefits to Warfighters from this association. This report presents USARIEM's unique and world-class facilities, organizational changes, scientific and support personnel, and major research accomplishments, including the publication of 2,200 scientific papers over the past 25 yr.

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39

LI, Nan. "Xi Jinping and the People’s Liberation Army Restructuring." East Asian Policy 08, no. 04 (October 2016): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930516000374.

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Restructuring has empowered Xi to control the People’s Liberation Army by dismantling general departments and requiring new Central Military Commission agencies to report to him directly; by separating monitoring agencies from performing agencies to enhance "checks and oversight"; and by dividing powers for "construction" and for "operations" between services and theatres. Restructuring has also divested regional headquarters of responsibility of running army units. This enables theatres to become genuinely multi-service, laying the basis for joint operations.

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40

Funari, Tamara S., Kevin Gentzler, Philip W. Wyssling, and Bruce A. Schoneboom. "Building Adaptive Nurse Leaders for Future Army Full Spectrum Operations." Military Medicine 176, no. 2 (February 2011): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00235.

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Nikitha, G., K. Varshita, M. Priyanka, and Dr A. Kanaka Durga. "SURVEILLANCE ROBOT AND TWO AXIS ARM MECHANISM FOR ARMY OPERATIONS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i03.062.

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42

Boyd, James. "Undercover Acolytes: Honganji, the Japanese Army, and Intelligence-Gathering Operations." Journal of Religious History 37, no. 2 (June 2013): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12027.

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43

Allison, William. "A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea (review)." Canadian Historical Review 85, no. 4 (2004): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.2005.0002.

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Ausset, S., E. Meaudre, E. Kaiser, B. Clavier, P. Gerome, A. V. Deshayes, and A. Sailliol. "French Army 2009 Update of Transfusion in Military Overseas Operations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, S2 (October 2010): s97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0002433x.

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45

Lauber, Jack M. "Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group Don." History: Reviews of New Books 19, no. 4 (April 1991): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949386.

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46

Coombs, Howard G. "A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea (review)." University of Toronto Quarterly 74, no. 1 (2004): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/utq.2005.0009.

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47

Lee, Steven Hugh, Ed Evanhoe, and William Stueck. "Dark Moon: Eighth Army Special Operations in the Korean War." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 3 (1996): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760949.

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48

Haycock, Ronald. "A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea (review)." Journal of Military History 68, no. 2 (2004): 648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2004.0048.

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Cann, John P. "U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1942-1976 (review)." Journal of Military History 71, no. 3 (2007): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0177.

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50

Smith, Philip J., and Amy L. Spencer. "Supporting Asynchronous Dialogs in the Communication of Army Operations Orders." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100457.

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An empirical study was completed to study the use of an asynchronous multimedia communication tool to support dialogs during a joint forces military exercise. Ten captains, majors and colonels from Canada, France, Germany, Israel and the US who participated in the joint forces exercise had the option of using this multimedia communication tool whenever they felt it would help them to communicate information to commanders in other units. Two of the messages consisted of one-way communications. The remaining 13 were asynchronous dialogs. In these messages, the officers: • Made extensive use of pointing, drawing and embedded written notes • Used these asynchronous dialogs to detect and repair misconceptions that arose from live face-to-face briefings (6/13 dialogs) • Used these asynchronous dialogs to share expertise while developing a plan (13/13 dialogs). On Likert scales (1=strongly disagree; 7=strongly agree), the ratings for usefulness and usability were 6.2 and 6.4, respectively.

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