Academic literature on the topic 'Aromatic smell'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Ariyanto, Yusuf, Helen Saphira, Jason Santoso, Gwyneth, and Albert Jonathan Tandiary. "Pengalaman Sense of Smell pada Arsitektur Rumah Adat Suku Osing." ATRIUM: Jurnal Arsitektur 10, no. 1 (2024): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/atrium.v10i1.248.
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Title: Sense of Smell Experience on Osing Traditional House Architecture Nusantara architecture results from identical thinking on cultural background and natural conditions that produce physical comfort and atmosphere resulting from the response of human senses, one of which is the sense of smell. The study focuses on the influences or sense of smell responses associated with buildings, such as building materials used, softscape, and hardscape that produce certain scents, especially in Osing Tribe's Indigenous Houses. In line with that, the study identified smells through sensory mapping and the smell intensity influencing the atmosphere by superimposing a Likert scale with a smells wheel from two objects studied, Homestay Bata Merah and Villa SoLong in Banyuwangi. The results of this study found that building elements such as wood, terraces, natural stones, ceramics, paving blocks, and linen are the primary materials that give characteristic aroma, followed by vegetation such as trees that have flowers or sweet-aromatic fruit also dominate, especially in the Homestay Bata Merah. On the other hand, the typical smells are also formed by the influence of geographical conditions and wind movements as the medium of smells material spread, as in Vila SoLong, which has typical ocean smells. The sense of smell experience of traditional house buildings also shapes Nusantara Architecture's identity and improves the comfort of visitors or people active in it.
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Nagovskaya, Victoria Valeria V., Mikhail V. Svistushkin, Valentina V. Tonkovtseva, Igor A. Zinchenko, and Valery M. Svistushkin. "Olfactory training: current status and request for the future." Folia Otorhinolaryngologiae et Pathologiae Respiratoriae 30, no. 1 (2024): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33848/fopr629850.
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Olfactory training, proposed as a rehabilitation direction for nondrug recovery and treatment of olfaction, can be useful for various patients, including those with post-infection loss of sense of smell. Currently, significant variability exists in flavors used and duration and schemes of olfactory training. This analytical review is devoted to the methods of olfactory training to classify and systematize the techniques. The first successfully conducted and described study of olfactory training for the treatment of patients with loss of sense of smell of various etiologies was conducted for 12 weeks twice a day, where patients inhaled four fragrant substances isolated from essential oils (aromas: pink, eucalyptus, lemon, and clove). During rehabilitation, aromatic substances of various compositions were used — monocomponents, synthetic fragrances, essential oils, and household aromatic substances. The duration of olfactory training varied from 4 to 56–84 weeks. The training was most effective in the long-term exposure groups from 20 to 56 weeks. By selecting certain components and observing the training duration, this technique can improve the quality of the threshold sensitivity of aromas and their identification, which has a positive effect on health and many areas of human life and can be used in the rehabilitation of the sense of smell.
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Michaels, Axel. "Foreword." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 23, no. 1 (2013): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618631200065x.
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The Asian perfumery legacy has had appeal in the West for many centuries, as the term ‘perfume’ itself indicates. Based on Latin roots, it means ‘through smoke’, in allusion to incense. This genre of aromatic materials, which are burned for the enjoyment of their olfactory qualities, has been important in Asian cultures for over two millennia or even longer. The term as such however, is modern European in origin and arose only at the beginning of the sixteenth century when Westerners became increasingly involved in Asia. Exotic aromatics were a contributing factor in the further exploration and colonisation of Asia in the following centuries, and make up notable trade goods to supply the globalising perfume industry to this day. Modern business could develop only thanks to the historical impetus and materials supplied from Asia. Its economic success finally led to the current interest in the sense of smell among scientists and their findings suggest the exceptional significance of this sense for the human experience. Thus, we need to assume that an important part of cultural history and understanding has been so far neglected in scholarly work, as fragrant phenomena have widely exited academic discussion. Specifically ritual activities often seem to include the use of aromatic substances.
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Roy, Tuhin Suvra, Anup Roy, Mohammed Ali, et al. "Organoleptic and grain quality traits of aromatic rice varieties as influenced by supplementation of Zn and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline." Plant Science Today 6, no. 4 (2019): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.4.620.
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Aromatic rice fetches premium prices in world markets due to its pleasant smell and enchanting flavor. In Bangladesh, the quality of aromatic rice is much inferior than those of other rice growing countries because of lack of improved variety and judicious agronomic management. Selection of appropriate variety and supplementation zinc (Zn) and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) can improve the aroma. The present study exhibited the effects of 2-AP and Zn supplementation on yield and quality of aromatic rice. Two well-known aromatic cultivars, BRRI dhan80 and BRRI dhan34, were cultured separately in pot supplemented with 2-AP and Zn. The results showed that supplementation of 2-AP and /or Zn along with conventional practices had significant effects on organoleptic and some quality parameters studied in this study. The concentration of 2AP and Zn in rice grain increased with increasing their application rate. Additionally, grain 2-AP concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with organoleptic characters. Interactions of both these elements with the complex process of 2-AP formation remain to be explored.
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T., Synenko, and Dubova H. "CHARACTERISTICS OF AROMATIC DESCRIPTORS OF PRODUCTS OF RECTIFICATION OF WHEY." PROGRESSIVE TECHNIQUE AND TECHNOLOGIES OF FOOD PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES, CATERING BUSINESS AND TRADE 1(29) (June 30, 2019): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3263514.
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<em>Whey is biologically value raw for producing food products. Industrial processing of whey still has not achieved essential amounts. Using serum as the basis for food products is complicated by the negative organoleptic index (specific flavour and aroma). Actual task is to identify aroma components of serum and products of its fractionation, selection of substance which make the compositions with improved organoleptic properties or mask the unpleasant serum tones. One of the perspective directions of influence on native components is using enzymatic preparation. Hydrolytic cleavage or transformation of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids will affect the components of the serum and obtain the basis for flavours. The goal of the work is to research properties of complex components of whey and their ability to change aromatic descriptors under the effect of enzymes. For determination of components nature which make specific aroma of whey and investigation changes the aroma character were used the following ferments: pepsin, lipaza, laktoza. Prepared experimental samples were under the process of rectification. During the process of rectification was done the quantity selection of factions and was installed the smell change of given factions and also was determined the aroma of received cube residual. As the result of investigation of whey property, its natural components, namely proteins, lipids, laktoza, changed the aromatic descriptors under the influence of certain ferments. Change of aroma of cheese serum in the condensate and cube residual prove that the biggest changes happen because of making and accumulating non-volatile substances and heavy volatile substances. Under the action of enzymes from the predecessors of the fragrance formed a small amount of volatile substances, which insignificantly affect the aroma of condensate. With the accumulation of volatile substances in the aroma profile of the samples, there are noticeable negative changes associated with non-enzymatic reactions and the release of sulfur-containing compounds. Among complex parts of whey which influence on aroma changes determine proteins.</em>
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Chung, Tom Wai-Hin, Hui Zhang, Fergus Kai-Chuen Wong, et al. "Neurosensory Rehabilitation and Olfactory Network Recovery in Covid-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060686.
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Non-conductive olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an important extra-pulmonary manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Olfactory bulb (OB) volume loss and olfactory network functional connectivity (FC) defects were identified in two patients suffering from prolonged COVID-19-related OD. One patient received olfactory treatment (OT) by the combination of oral vitamin A and smell training via the novel electronic portable aromatic rehabilitation (EPAR) diffusers. After four-weeks of OT, clinical recuperation of smell was correlated with interval increase of bilateral OB volumes [right: 22.5 mm3 to 49.5 mm3 (120%), left: 37.5 mm3 to 42 mm3 (12%)] and improvement of mean olfactory FC [0.09 to 0.15 (66.6%)].
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Hoven, Vipavee P., Kesinee Rattanakaran, and Yasuyuki Tanaka. "Determination of Chemical Components that Cause Mal-Odor from Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 5 (2003): 1128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547792.
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Abstract Odorous components emitted from different forms of solid natural rubber (NR) were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) associated with head space sampling technique. The most odorous components from most samples were identified as low molecular weight volatile fatty acids (C2-C5). Other volatile organic contents verified based on characteristic ions of mass spectra included carbonyl compounds, low molecular weight compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur and aromatic compounds. The total content and composition of volatile organic compounds were directly correlated to the rubber quality and drying process. Low-grade NR samples, i.e. STR 20 from cup lumps with intense smell, had high quantity of volatile organic contents especially low molecular weight volatile fatty acids. On the other hand, high-quality rubber, i.e. deproteinized NR and STR 5L from which no smell was detected, contained only minute quantities of volatile organic contents. Aromatic components were regarded as other major odorous contents found in ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) samples. The results suggested that the odorous components were the by-products of non-rubber components which had undergone microbial breakdown during storage or thermal degradation during processing.
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Rasdiana, Felga Zulfia, Novelina Novelina, Aisman Aisman, Purnama Dini Hari, and Novizar Nazir. "DISTRIBUTION OF HAND SOAP WITH THE AROMA OF EUCALYPTUS FOR PEOPLE AFFECTED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMMUNITY SERVICE REPORT." Andalasian International Journal of Social and Entrepreneurial Development 1, no. 01 (2021): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijsed.v1.i01.8-10.2021.
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Background: The utilization of liquid hand soap is an alternative to prevent virus transmission in COVID 19 Pandemic. The production of aromatic hand soap and distribution to the public will be an effort to support the prevention of the spread of the corona virus. Methodology: Aromatic hand soap made from eucalyptus is produced and distributed to people in Padang City as an alternative product for people to maintain their personal hygiene. Conclusion: This eucalyptus-flavored handsoap has received a lot of positive feedback. This product can assist people in maintaining their personal hygiene. The public does not like the smell of eucalyptus oil in this hand soap product. The formulation of this product will need to be completed in the future.
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Du, Pengmeng, Honglun Yuan, Yayu Chen, et al. "Identification of Key Aromatic Compounds in Basil (Ocimum L.) Using Sensory Evaluation, Metabolomics and Volatilomics Analysis." Metabolites 13, no. 1 (2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010085.
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Basil (Ocimum L.) is widely used as a flavor ingredient, however research on basil flavor is limited. In the current study, nine basil species were selected, including Ocimum basilicum L.var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth., Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum basilicum cinnamon, Ocimum gratissimum var. suave, Ocimum tashiroi, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum ct linalool, and Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum, and their fragrance and flavor characteristics were assessed by sensory evaluation. The results indicated that Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum var. suave have a strong clove smell and exhibited a piquant taste. Metabolomics and volatilomics analyses measured 100 nonvolatile metabolites and 134 volatiles. Differential analysis showed that eugenol, γ-terpinene, germacrene D and malic acid were among the most varied metabolites in basil species. Combined with sensory evaluation results, correlation analysis revealed that β-pinene and γ-cadinene contributed to the piquant smell, while eugenol and germacrene D contributed to the clove smell, and malic acid and L-(−)-arabitol contributed to the sweet flavor in basil. This study provided comprehensive flavor chemistry profiles of basil species and could be used as a guide for basil flavor improvement. The better understanding of objective sensory attributes and chemical composition of fresh basil could introduce the improved cultivars with preponderant traits, which is also in accordance with the various demands of breeders and growers, food producers, and consumers.
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Butnariu, Monica. "Analytical Techniques for Obtaining Volatile oils (Odorants and Flavorings)." Nutrition and Food Processing 8, no. 4 (2025): 01–05. https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/304.
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Volatile oils are complex mixtures of aliphatic, aromatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other constituents in which compounds from the terpenoid class predominate. They have a characteristic, aromatic and pleasant smell. They are liquids that can be carried by water vapor. The name volatile oils is appropriate because it expresses the characteristic property of these compounds: high vapor pressure and the fact that they volatilize at ordinary temperature. Volatile oils are relatively widespread in the plant kingdom, some families being very rich in such substances, both in number of species and in quantity. Several variants and systems are used to obtain volatile oils, which are based on their property of being carried by water vapor, as a result of the high vapor pressure that characterizes them.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Whiteside, Paul T. "Photoelectron spectroscopy and dynamics of electronically excited small aromatic molecules." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430758.
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Falconer, Rosalyn. "Direct activation of small molecules by main group aromatics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738515.
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Midgley, Jonathan Peter. "Intramolecular dynamics in small aromatic molecules : vibrational redistribution and the application of photoelectron angular distributions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.713703.
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Photochemistry and photophysics are prominent and important phenomena, being involved in such diverse processes as photosynthesis, vision and solar energy capture. An understand› ing of the mechanisms of energy flow after photoexcitation is integral to the reproduction or control of these processes. Such dynamical considerations are intimately related to spec› troscopy - the study of the interaction of light with matter - and by their nature must be treated using quantum mechanical methods. This work aims to build on the current understanding of, and the methods of monitor› ing , photo-initiated dynamics within individual gas-phase aromatic molecules. Multiphoton ionisation and valence photoelectron spectroscopy are used to excite and probe gas phase molecules that have been cooled by means of a supersonic expansion. A time-resolved ap› proach is employed in order to study the process of vibrational redistribution in electronically excited states; dynamics are initiated by a laser pulse of picosecond duration, and a second ionisation pulse, arriving a variable time delay later, is used to probe the changing state of the molecule. The vibrational state of the molecule is indicated by the energy distribution of the photoelectrons, which is measured using the velocity map imaging (VMI) technique. There is the possibility of resolving peaks corresponding to individual ionic vibrational states due to the relatively narrow bandwidth of the laser pulses. Observations are made of os› cillatory dynamics at a number of different energies in the first electronically excited state of para-difluorobenzene. Analysis reveals previously unobserved vibrational structure and sheds further light on the mechanisms of vibrational redistribution . These observations are compared and contrasted with those from fluorobenzene, toluene and para-fluorotoluene in order to investigate the effect of reducing symmetry and the presence of different functional groups on the observed dynamics. The angular distribution of the photoelectrons is also recorded as part of a VMI measurement. These distributions are determined by interference the between the partial waves that describe the wavefunctions of the outgoing electrons, and can be sensitive to the quantum states and alignment of molecules. The potential for using measurements of photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) to monitor intramolecular dynamics is evaluated.
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Wang, Yongfeng. "SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE-PROPERTY STUDIES OF ORGANIC MATERIALS CONTAINING FLUORINATED AND NON-FLUORINATED # SYSTEMS (SMALL MOLECULES AND POLYMERS)." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/593.
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Loline alkaloids (LA) are secondary metabolites produced by Epichloandamp;euml; (anamorph, Neotyphodium) grass endophytes. They are toxic and deterrent to a broad range of herbivorous insects but not to livestock. This protective bioactivity has spurred considerable research into the LA biosynthetic pathway. LOL, the gene cluster containing nine genes, is required for LA biosynthesis. The regulation of LOL genes during LA production in culture and in symbio is of interest. In this study, coordinate regulation between LOL gene expression and LA production level was investigated in both MM culture and symbiota. Results showed that expression of LOL genes in N. uncinatum MM culture were tightly correlated with each other (p andamp;lt; 0.0005), and all presented a significant temporal quadratic pattern during LA production. Gene expression started before LA were detectable, and increased while LA accumulated. The highest gene expression level was reached before the highest amounts of LA were detected, and gene expression level declined to a very low level after amounts of LA plateaued. Observations suggested that the hierarchical clusters based on the correlation coefficient could help to predict the roles of LOL genes in the LA pathway. In symbiota, coordinate coregulation of LOL gene expression with LA was found in E. festucae-meadow fescue inflorescences and stromata, whereby lower LOL gene expression corresponded with the lower LA level in stromata. In N. uncinatum (or N. siegelii)-meadow fescue vegetative tissues, dramatically higher LA levels were found in younger leaf tissue than in older leaf tissue, yet no evidence was found to relate this difference to LOL gene expression differences. Instead, substrate availability may regulate the LA level. In particular, asparagine was more than 10-fold higher in young leaf tissue than in old tissue, although proline was significantly lower in young tissue. Therefore, different regulatory mechanisms underlie LOL gene expression and LA production in different circumstances. The GUS activity of Pro-lolC2-GUS and Pro-lolA2-GUS in Neotyphodium species was almost undetectable in culture, though the activity could be detected in symbiota. The mRNA of GUS did not exhibit the same pattern as lolC2 or lolA2 in culture during LA production time course. A Pro-lolC2-cre transgene was expressed in complex medium, in which lolC2 mRNA was not detectable. These results suggest that proper regulation of LOL genes in culture or symbiota is dependent on the LOL cluster.
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Lu, Zhenpin [Verfasser]. "Bisboron chemistry in small molecule activation and the synthesis of novel BN aromatics / Zhenpin Lu." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130585352/34.
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Bandyopadhyay, K. "Electrochemical studies of self assembled monolayer using small aromatic disulfides & thiols on polycrystalline gold, silver & copper surfaces." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1998. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3392.
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Pretorius, Jan Marthinus. "Diesel particulate matter and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon exposure of diesel vehicle operators in small to medium sized underground coal mines J.M. Pretorius." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4747.
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Limited data is currently available for diesel particulate matter (DPM) and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in underground coal mines in South Africa. The lack of regulatory
exposure limits for DPM and PAH in South Africa makes it difficult for the mining industry to
evaluate concerned exposure results effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine load
haul dump (LHD) vehicle operator exposure to DPM and PAH in four small to medium sized coal
mines. Exposures were measured against international standards which could appropriately be
implemented in South Africa. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
method 5040 was used to measure exposure for DPM using submicron elemental carbon as
surrogate. NIOSH method 5515 was used to measure exposure towards seventeen PAH compounds.
Exposure results for DPM were far below the available exposure limit. The use of two LHD vehicles
underground showed results that were 2.6 times higher than when one LHD vehicle was used.
Exposure results for PAH showed values below laboratory detection limits. The TC/EC values for
the four coal mines indicated that the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) TC/EC value
of 1.3 is not suitable for South African coal mines if the MSHA standards for DPM were to be
adopted in South Africa. The findings of this study are consistent with another local study conducted
in 2008. To conclude, this study emphasized the urgency to establish regulatory exposure limits for
DPM and PAH.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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May, Nathanael Henderson. "A Morphological Study of PFCB-Ionomer/ PVdF Copolymer Blend Membranes For Fuel Cell Application." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76853.
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A new material for use as a proton exchange membrane in fuel cells has been developed: a blend of a perfluorocyclobutane-based block ionomer (S-PFCB) and Poly (vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (Kynar Flex, KF). This thesis details the work done thus far to characterize the morphology of this material, using small angle x-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force micrscopy, and some other techniques to a lesser extent.
Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) of pure S-PFCB showed a strong block copolymer- associated phase separation, on the order of 25 nm. Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) confirmed this finding. SAXS also revealed the presence of a peak representing individual ionic aggregates on the order of 3 nm. Finally, it was shown with DSC that no crystallinity develops in the S-PFCB block copolymer, while one of the blocks, known as 6F, crystallizes extensively.
SAXS of incremental blend compositions of KF and S-PFCB revealed a steady increase in size of the block copolymer phase separation peak in SAXS, demonstrative of the miscibility of KF and the non-sulfonated 6F block of S-PFCB. Furthermore, this incremental study determined the scattering vector range relevant for comparing amounts of KF crystallinity. DSC of incremental blend compositions revealed two phases of KF crystallinity develops upon cooling a membrane, independent of cooling rate.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) corroborate to suggest a nonuniform morphology through the thickness of solution cast membranes. Also, the effect of different casting temperatures and after-casting anneals on morphology was assessed.
Future work on this project involves morphological studies at various relative humidities and temperatures, as well as following up on discoveries already made. Finally, transmission electron micrscopy (TEM) should be performed to provide a visual analog, which will greatly help in developing an accurate morphological model.<br>Master of Science
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Souki, Rima. "Utilisation des miARN circulants comme indicateurs d'exposition aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques seuls et en mélange." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENB015.
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Les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) sont des polluants environnementaux majeurs présentant des effets toxiques sur la santé humaine. Parmi les types cellulaires ciblés par les HAP, se trouvent les cellules mononucléaires circulantes du sang (PBMC). La présente étude vise à 1) étudier l'effet du B[a]P, HAP de référence, sur le profil d'expression des microARN (miRNA)in vitro dans les PBMC, ainsi que dans les vésicules extracellulaires (EV) sécrétées par ces cellules, en utilisant une approche de small RNA-seq, 2) Confirmer la présence de miRNA vésiculaires in vivo dans le plasma de rats traités par le B[a]P, 3) analyser, par une approche bioinformatique, les cibles potentielles des miRNA cellulaires et vésiculaires et caractériser, leurs voies de signalisation et fonctions biologiques et 4) comprendre le rôle des EV et de leurs miRNA sur la fonction et le phénotype des cellules endothéliales adjacentes. Nos résultats ont identifié les miARN régulés par le B[a]P dans les PBMCs et l'ontologie a montré que leurs gènes cibles étaient principalement impliqués dans les processus de mort et survie cellulaires. Des études plus approfondies ont révélé l’importance du miR-132, régulé par le B[a]P de manière dose- et temps-dépendants et qui nécessite l’activation du récepteur aryl hydrocarbon (AhR). Nous avons aussi démontré que ce miR-132 était impliqué dans la mort cellulaire induite par le B[a]P, en modifiant la balance des cytochromes P-450 (CYP) de la famille 1, classiquement régulés par l’AhR. Nos résultats rapportent ensuite une augmentation de la libération d'EV à la fois in vitro à partir de PBMC exposées et in vivo dans le plasma de rats exposés au B[a]P et proposent un panel de miRNA vésiculaires régulés par l'exposition aux HAP. Enfin, l'analyse ontologique a révélé différents profils d'expression de miRNA entre les PBMC et leurs EV, en lien avec un adressage sélectif des miRNA à l'intérieur des EV. Cette dernière analyse nous a conduit à nous intéresser au rôle des EV issues des PBMC après exposition aux HAP sur les cellules endothéliales voisines. Nos premiers résultats montrent une internalisation de ces EV associée à une modification de l’expression des gènes endothéliaux impliqués dans l'inflammation, le stress oxydatif et la migration. Au total, ces études proposent les EV et les miRNA comme de nouveaux outils non seulement pour étudier les mécanismes de toxicité des HAP mais aussi pour identifier des marqueurs d’exposition à ces polluants environnementaux<br>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are major environmental pollutants with toxic effects on human health. Among the cell types targeted by PAHs are circulating blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The present study aims to 1) investigate the effect of B[a]P, a reference PAH, on the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) in vitro in PBMCs, as well as in extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by these cells, using a small RNA-seq approach, 2) confirm the presence of vesicular miRNAs in vivo in the plasma of B[a]P-treated rats, 3) to analyze, by a bioinformatics approach, the potential targets of cellular and vesicular miRNAs and characterize, their signaling pathways and biological functions and 4) to understand the role of EVs and their miRNAs on the function and phenotype of adjacent endothelial cells. Our results identified B[a]P regulated miRNAs in PBMCs and ontology showed that their target genes were mainly involved in cell death and survival processes. Further studies revealed the importance of miR-132, which is regulated by B[a]P in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and require activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We also demonstrated that this miR-132 was involved in B[a]P-induced cell death by altering the balance of family 1 cytochrome P-450 (CYP), classically regulated by AhR. Our results then report an increase in EV release both in vitro from exposed PBMCs and in vivo in plasma from B[a]P-exposed rats and propose a panel of vesicular miRNAs regulated by PAH exposure. Finally, the ontological analysis revealed different miRNA expression profiles between PBMCs and their EVs, related to selective miRNA addressing within EVs. This last analysis led us to investigate the role of EVs from PBMCs after exposure to PAHs on neighboring endothelial cells. Our first results show internalization of these EVs is associated with a modification of the expression of endothelial genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and migration. Altogether, these studies propose EVs and miRNAs as new tools not only to study the mechanisms of PAH toxicity but also to identify markers of exposure to these environmental pollutants
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Weymouth, Alfred John. "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Small Aromatic Molecules on Semiconductor Surfaces." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7328.
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Understanding the behaviour of molecules on a semiconductor surface is necessary if molecular self-assembly is going to be employed, with existing semiconductor technology, to create useful devices. Si(111)-7x7 is an invaluable surface upon which to study molecular adsorption. The surface reconstruction has been well characterized and it possesses seven symmetrically distinct dangling bonds that can serve as reaction sites. Aromatic molecules on Si(111)-7x7 have been investigated with a variety of techniques and have been shown to chemisorb at room temperature. However, it is not trivial to predict how an ensemble of aromatic molecules might distribute themselves amongst the available bonding sites on this surface. The work presented in this thesis begins with a joint STM and ab initio investigation of thiophene on 7x7 that demonstrates kinetics are necessary to describe the chemisorption sites occupied at various coverages. A kinetic Monte Carlo model, taking into account a mobile physisorbed state, is shown to accurately describe this site occupancy at room temperature. This model disregards molecule-molecule interaction because thiophene does not sterically hinder chemisorption to a neighbouring dangling bond. A larger molecule, mesitylene, was then studied on Si(111)-7x7, and shown to form an ordered molecular lattice on the Si(111)-7x7 surface. This is the first demonstration of a porous molecular lattice grown on Si(111)-7x7 at room temperature. Finally, molecular chemisorption on the related 5x5 reconstruction, grown by depositing Ge on 7x7, is studied. It is found that the presence of Ge hinders molecular chemisorption, preventing formation of the mesitylene lattice.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-11 10:14:10.118
Books on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Health and Wealth from Medicinal Aromatic Plants. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012.
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Thurlkill, Mary. Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam. Published by Lexington Books, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978732056.
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Medieval scholars and cultural historians have recently turned their attention to the question of “smells” and what olfactory sensations reveal about society in general and holiness in particular. Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam contributes to that conversation, explaining how early Christians and Muslims linked the “sweet smell of sanctity” with ideals of the body and sexuality; created boundaries and sacred space; and imagined their emerging communal identity. Most importantly, scent—itself transgressive and difficult to control—signaled transition and transformation between categories of meaning. Christian and Islamic authors distinguished their own fragrant ethical and theological ideals against the stench of oppositional heresy and moral depravity. Orthodox Christians ridiculed their ‘stinking’ Arian neighbors, and Muslims denounced the ‘reeking’ corruption of Umayyad and Abbasid decadence. Through the mouths of saints and prophets, patriarchal authors labeled perfumed women as existential threats to vulnerable men and consigned them to enclosed, private space for their protection as well as society’s. At the same time, theologians praised both men and women who purified and transformed their bodies into aromatic offerings to God. Both Christian and Muslim pilgrims venerated sainted men and women with perfumed offerings at tombstones; indeed, Christians and Muslims often worshipped together, honoring common heroes such as Abraham, Moses, and Jonah. Sacred Scents begins by surveying aroma’s quotidian functions in Roman and pre-Islamic cultural milieus within homes, temples, poetry, kitchens, and medicines. Existing scholarship tends to frame ‘scent’ as something available only to the wealthy or elite; however, perfumes, spices, and incense wafted through the lives of most early Christians and Muslims. It ends by examining both traditions’ views of Paradise, identified as the archetypal Garden and source of all perfumes and sweet smells. Both Christian and Islamic texts explain Adam and Eve’s profound grief at losing access to these heavenly aromas and celebrate God’s mercy in allowing earthly remembrances. Sacred scent thus prompts humanity’s grief for what was lost and the yearning for paradisiacal transformation still to come.
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Dan, McKenzie. Aromatics and the Soul: A Study of Smells. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.
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Logbooks, Altree. Aromatic Memories: A Password Keeper Logbook with Alphabetical Tabs - Small 4x6 Pocket Size Log Book Organizer. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Ghosh, S. K., and S. Drapatz. "Very Small Grains in Spiral Galaxies." In Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Astrophysics. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4776-4_27.
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Léger, A., L. D’Hendecourt, L. Verstraete, and P. Ehrenfreund. "Small Grains and Large Aromatic Molecules." In Chemistry in Space. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0695-2_8.
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Wickramasinghe, N. C., F. Hoyle, and T. Al-jubory. "Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Very Small Interstellar Grains." In Astronomical Origins of Life. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4297-7_33.
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Smith, M. A. L. "Vaccinium Species (Small-Fruited Berries): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Food Colorants and Phytochemicals." In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants XII. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08616-2_18.
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Tullett, William. "Talking Dirty." In Smell in Eighteenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844136.003.0001.
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In the late eighteenth century, a prize was offered for a new vocabulary to scientifically describe smells. The challenge of describing smells was one which vexed several eighteenth-century writers. This chapter offers a survey of the shifting languages used to describe smells, using close readings alongside some quantification of vocabularies using digital databases. The shifting meanings of smell, odour, odoriferous, odorous, effluvia, perfume, aromatic, agreeable, and disagreeable, all demonstrate some crucial changes in the way scents were described across the eighteenth century. A shift towards more emotive vocabularies of smell and an adjectival intensification in the description of odours were connected to new consumer practices, discourses of politeness, and changing understandings of sensory acuity.
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Meng, Jing. "Post-revolution Nostalgia." In Fragmented Memories and Screening Nostalgia for the Cultural Revolution. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528462.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 looks into the film Youth, which chronicles the lives of several performers in a military art troupe throughout the decades and focuses on coming- of-age romance. Similar to Under the Hawthorn Tree, Youth also reveals a strong sentiment of nostalgia. Whereas the former longs for the simple and pure life of the past, the latter is obsessed with the aromatic smell of youth. Youth reproduces a lot of Mao-era dances and songs, rendering memory as a form of spectacular performance, while history has become merely a footnote to youth and performance.
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Azevedo, Aluísio, and David H. Rosenthal. "XXIII." In The Slum. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121872.003.0023.
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Abstract Outside the door to a pastry shop and cafe on Rua do Ouvidor, Joao Romao, looking very dapper in a new pale worsted suit, waited for Miranda’ s family to finish shopping. It was two o’ clock in the afternoon, and the street was bustling. The weather was cool and pleasant. People sauntered in and out of Casa Pascoal. Dandies stood around, savoring their cigars and waiting to be seated at one of the black marble-topped tables; groups of ladies dressed in silk sipped glasses of port and nibbled pastries. There was a delightful smell of perfumes and aromatic vinegar; the atmosphere was lively but well-bred. The customers flirted discreetly, exchanging glances in the mirrors that lined the walls. Men drank at the bar, while others chatted, munching meat pastries near the heaters.
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McKENZIE, DAN. "SMELL AND SPEECH." In Aromatics and the Soul. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-2732-0.50008-9.
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McKENZIE, DAN. "SMELL AND THE PERSONALITY." In Aromatics and the Soul. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-2732-0.50011-9.
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McKENZIE, DAN. "SMELL IN FOLK-LORE, RELIGION, AND HISTORY." In Aromatics and the Soul. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-2732-0.50009-0.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Croll, S. G., C. Gu, V. Upadhyay, and B. D. Keil. "Changes in Appearance and Corrosion Protection of Polyurethane Pipeline Coatings During Weathering Exposure." In SSPC 2017 Greencoat. SSPC, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2017-00017.
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Abstract Very thick polyurethane coatings are used to provide corrosion protection for water pipelines that must be placed below ground and then may be exposed to ground water. Occasionally there are construction delays and pipe sections remain above ground for extended periods before installation. Under these conditions, atmospheric conditions and exposure to solar UV light cause the coatings to lose gloss and become yellow. These changes can be very obvious and thus raise concerns that the corrosion protective qualities of the coating have also similarly diminished. Aromatic polyurethane coatings have been subjected to 6 months accelerated laboratory weathering as well as continuing natural weathering in Florida and Texas. The accelerated weathering caused very large, rapid changes in appearance but did not provoke any significant reduction in corrosion protection, as assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Coating degradation was quantified with gloss, color, thickness loss (by weight change) and impedance. Coating thickness remains almost at its starting value which provides the corrosion protection, whereas the appearance changes are caused by changes in the outer surface of the coating. Thus, in such circumstances, for very thick coatings, appearance changes do not correlate with corrosion protection. It is well known that accelerated and natural weathering are difficult to correlate quantitatively, but natural exposure of only 6 months produced similarly obvious changes in appearance and small changes in corrosion protection.
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Nikolić, Milan P. "COMPARASION OF THE AROMA ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN RAW SPIRITS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT APPLE VARIETIES." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.54mn.
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Raw spirits were produced through distillation of apple wines obtained by fermentation of selected varieties of apples. Two types of apple wine were obtained using different apple varieties. In the first case, the wine was obtained from two types of apples: Red Elstar and Vilmuta. In the second case, the wine was obtained from mixture composed of four types of apples: Idared, Golden Delicious, Jonagold and Melrose. The aromatic profiles of obtained raw spirits were strongly influenced of desirable aromas of ethylesters which contribute to the flavour of the destillates with a pleasant fruity and flowery smell, indicative of the quality of the spirit. A headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as the extraction technique and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was utilized for the determination of volatile compounds. It was shown that raw spirits obtained from mixed combination of Red Elstar and Vilmuta have more intense aroma than obtained from second mixture (Idared, Golden Delicious, Jonagold and Melrose). Ethyl nonanoate, ethyl 9-hexadecanoate, ethyl palmitate and 9,12-octadecanoic acid ethyl ester were detected only in raw spirits obtained from Red Elstar and Vilmuta. The aroma profile of the fractions obtained during the distillation was also investigated. The most intensive aroma was detected in the first fractions (heads). On the other side, the content of ethyl esters in middle fractions was lower than that in the first fractions.
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SAKAI, Takayuki, and Kiriko KASHIWAKURA. "77 Basic Investigation of Particulate Matters (O-PM)) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted by Two-stroke Motorcycles." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-32-1846.
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<div class="htmlview paragraph">Characteristics of mass emission of unburned Oil-Particulate Matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from two-stroke scooter were investigated. The tests were carried out under with and without oxidation catalyst and various air-fuel ratio ranging from 12 to 16 at 50:1 of fuel-oil mixing ratio for easy sampling. Unburned Oil-Particulate Matter and 4- to 7-rings polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were trapped on filter. These compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Mass emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and unburned Oil-Particulate Matter tends to decrease as air-fuel ratio which increased up to stoichiometric ratio. The highest conversion ratio of unburned Oil-Particulate Matter on the oxidation catalyst was 64%. Conversion ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons increased as rings are smaller. However, in one case of this test, some of 5-rings aromatic hydrocarbons or higher compounds showed a tendency to increase by the oxidation catalyst.</div>
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Pfleger, Georg Stefan, and Sigurd Schober. "Use of Detailed Hydrocarbon Emission Analysis to Identify Synergistic Effects in Renewable Gasoline Fuel Blends for Significant Reduction of Aromatic Hydrocarbon As Well As Total Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Small Gasoline-Powered ICE." In Small Powertrains and Energy Systems Technology Conference. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1840.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With rising awareness of man-made climate change the interest in measures to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increases. The use of renewable liquid fuels is one way to achieve reduction of GHG emissions. Due to their different chemical composition, gasoline fuels containing significant shares of renewable components also produce different pollutant emissions including hydrocarbon (HC) emissions amongst others such as particular matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In this study the effects of renewable fuel components on amount and type of individual hydrocarbon components in exhaust emissions of a small gasoline-powered internal combustion engine were investigated via gas chromatographic analyses. Therefore, three different gasoline fuels with varying degrees of sustainable components and their respective HC exhaust emissions were investigated in single compound resolution. HC emissions could be categorized into combustion side products and unburned fuel fractions according to their origin. Both fractions showed significantly different sensitivity on change of engine operation. Whilst combustion side product emissions showed little sensitivity, unburned fuel emissions proved to be highly sensitive on engine operation. The combustion rates of the unburned fuel fraction of HC exhaust emissions were investigated via comparison to the composition of the fuels used. Thereby, large differences in combustion rates of different fuel components could be identified with aromatics generally showing poorest conversion. Promising synergies between renewable gasoline compounds such as EtOH or EtBE and the hydrocarbon part of fuels (be it synthetic or conventional gasoline) could be identified which showed significant reduction of both total hydrocarbon emissions as well as especially dangerous aromatic hydrocarbon emissions.</div></div>
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Smith, Danielle, Lorraine Collins, Lynn Kozlowski, Richard O'Connor, Andrew Hyland, and Maciej Goniewicz. "Do consumers seek out terpenes in their vaping products? Findings from a pilot study of concurrent vapers of nicotine and cannabis." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.30.
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Background: Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in nicotine and cannabis vaping products. Terpenes are promoted by the cannabis industry as having beneficial health effects, yet the evidence on this topic is still evolving. We examined whether vapers consider terpenes as a factor in their cannabis purchasing decisions, and their awareness of terpenes in their vaping products. Methods: We used Amazon Mechanical Turk to administer a survey on nicotine and cannabis use to 112 concurrent vapers of both substances, who resided in legal cannabis policy environments. Participants were asked to select from a list of 14 non-mutually exclusive factors that influence their cannabis purchases, including terpene content. Those who endorsed terpenes as a factor in their cannabis purchases were asked to identify specific terpenes they sought. A subset of vapers who used cannabis e-liquids (n = 86) were asked to identify ingredients present in their products from a list of six pre-specified constituents, including terpenes. Responses were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results: The top five factors influencing cannabis purchasing decisions were THC content (83%), price (79%), smell/taste (59%), availability (58%), and strain (47%); terpene content ranked 11th (13%) out of the list of 14 purchase-related factors. Among those who sought out terpenes (n = 13), most reported seeking products containing limonene (67%), terpinolene (40%), myrcene (40%), and linalool (33%). Terpenes were the most frequently reported individual e-liquid constituent among participants who vaped cannabis oils in an e-cigarette, with nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants selecting this option. Conclusions: In this sample of co-users, most vaping consumers did not cite terpenes as a major factor in their cannabis purchases. Among the few who did, limonene was the most commonly sought after terpene, which is also present in many nicotine containing e-liquids. Nearly one-quarter of those vaping cannabis oils reported awareness of terpenes as a constituent in their vaping product. Findings support monitoring consumer awareness of terpene-containing products as well as any increases in use as the cannabis vaping market evolves.
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Chijiiwa, Ryoko, Dominik Rose, Thorsten Boger, Jens Krueger-Venus, Roger Cracknell, and Rod Williams. "Impact from a variety of E10 and E20 gasoline formulations on PN10 and PN23 emissions evaluated in combination with advanced GPF technology generations." In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0028.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The study was aimed at assessing the impact of fuel quality on the PN10 and PN23 emissions. A total of 6 fuels having different level of ethanol, renewable components, additives, and aromatic hydrocarbons were tested on the test vehicle. In the first phase of the study, the emission tests were conducted removing the GPF present in the original aftertreatment system to measure the direct impact of different fuels on the tailpipe particle emissions. The emission results showed that heavy aromatics components lead to a significant increase in particle emissions while the fuel with renewable components and E20 emit less PN comparing to the E10 reference fuel. However, those fuel impacts became very small with a GPF present due to a high filtration efficiency independent of fuel type.</div></div>
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Tierney, Michael, and David Lubman. "Laser-Induced Photoconductivity in Polynuclear Aromatic and Carotenoid Thin Films." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1987.pdp14.
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Photoconductivity in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and straight-chained polyenes has been known for some time.1, 2 At room temperature and in the dark these compounds are all insulators; however, under the illumination of a bright light source (e.g., a laser), they become semiconductors. Polynuclear aromatics have been investigated as likely photoconductors because of their molecular geometry and electronic structure. The planar molecules crystallize so that some interaction between the pi-orbitals in the rings of adjacent molecules occurs. Charge carriers therefore can hop between adjacent molecules via the pi-orbitals. Straight chain polyenes, such as beta-carotene, are also photoconductors because of their geometries. The long conjugated backbone allows conduction of charge carriers along its length. The photoconductive behavior of carotenoids is believed to be involved in photosynthesis and vision. The light sources used in early studies were flashlamps or tungsten filament lamps and the currents produced were very small, i.e. on the order of picoamperes.
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Jian, Cuiying, and Jeffrey Grossman. "Structural Evolutions of Small Aromatic Mixtures Under Extreme Temperature Conditions." In Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress (2020 : Charlottetown, PE). University of Prince Edward Island. Robertson Library, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.1250.
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Yamamoto, Hiroshi, and Shoji Ichimura. "Fuel Reforming Performance of Multi-Layer Ceramic Catalyst." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/978475.
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<div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A multi-layer catalyst comprising of a core of oxides of transition metals, an intermediate layer of an alumina- based silicate covering the core, and an outer layer of a noble metal alloy covering the intermediate layer was developed and was evaluated as to the reforming performance and its effects on fuel economy. The test results showed that the catalyst, with help of water contained in gasoline, can crack higher molecular hydrocarbons especially such a less combustible substance like aromatics to a lower molecular weight components, resulting in better combustion efficiency.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div>
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Laws, William R., J. B. Alexander Ross, Panayotis G. Katsoyannis, and Herman R. Wyssbrod. "Time-Resolved Fluorometry of the Aromatic Amino Acids." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.fa4.
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Fluorescence spectroscopy is an extremely useful technique for understanding the complex relationships between structure and function of biological systems. The advantages of fluorescence spectroscopy include sensitivity (only a small amount of sample is needed), a wide range of time scales in which to measure particular processes (picoseconds to seconds), the ability to examine the biological system in aqueous solution, as well as many physical parameters that can be measured (quantum yield, lifetime, emission energies, anisotropy) to reveal different aspects of the system.
Reports on the topic "Aromatic smell"
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Lin, M. C. Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions involving small aromatic reactive intermediates. Annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10140632.
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Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Host Genes Involved with Symptom Expression in Potyviral Infections. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593391.bard.
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Understanding how RNA viruses cause disease symptoms in their hosts is expected to provide information that can be exploited to enhance modern agriculture. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses has been implicated in symptom development. Previously, we demonstrated that symptom expression is associated with binding of duplex small-interfering-RNA (duplex-siRNA) to a highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). This binding activity also alters host microRNA (miRNA) profiles. In Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which infects the model plant Arabidopsis, mutation of the FRNK motif to FINK was lethal providing further indication of the importance of this motif to HC-Pro function. In this continuation project, our goal was to further investigate how ZYMV and TuMV cause the mis-expression of genes in cucurbits and Arabidopsis, respectively, and to correlate altered gene expression with disease symptoms. Objective 1 was to examine the roles of aromatic and positively charged residues F164RNH and K215RLF adjacent to FR180NK in small RNA binding. Objective 2 was to determine the target genes of the miRNAs which change during HC-Pro expression in infected tissues and transgenic cucumber. Objective 3 was to characterize RNA silencing mechanisms underlying differential expression of host genes. Objective 4 was to analyze the function of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes in potyvirus-infected tissues. We found that the charged K/R amino acid residues in the FKNH and KRLF motifs are essential for virus viability. Replacement of K to I in FKNH disrupted duplex-siRNA binding and virus infectivity, while in KRLF mutants duplex-siRNA binding was maintained and virus infectivity was limited: symptomless following a recovery phenomenon. These findings expanded the duplex-siRNA binding activity of HC-Pro to include the adjacent FRNK and FRNH sites. ZYMV causes many squash miRNAs to hyper-accumulate such as miR166, miR390, mir168, and many others. Screening of mir target genes showed that only INCURVATA-4 and PHAVOLUTA were significantly upregulated following ZYMVFRNK infection. Supporting this finding, we found similar developmental symptoms in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing P1-HC-Pro of a range of potyviruses to those observed in miR166 mutants. We characterized increased transcription of AGO1 in response to infection with both ZYMV strains. Differences in viral siRNA profiles and accumulation between mild and severe virus infections were characterized by Illumina sequencing, probably due to the differences in HC-Pro binding activity. We determined that the TuMV FINK mutant could accumulate and cause symptoms in dcl2 dcl4 or dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 mutants similar to TuMV FRNK in wild type Arabidopsis plants. These dcl mutant plants are defective in antiviral defenses, and the results show that factors other than HC-ProFRNK motif can induce symptoms in virus-infected plants. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK and FKNH amino acid motifs of HC-Pro and their contributions to the duplex-siRNA binding functions. We have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to infectivity and symptoms of virus infected plants when they are mis-expressed during potyviral infections. The results establish that there are multiple underlying molecular mechanisms that lead viral pathogenicity, some dependent on HC-Pro. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.