Journal articles: 'Aromatic species'

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Wu, Yan-Bo, Jin-Liang Jiang, Hai-Gang Lu, Zhi-Xiang Wang, Nancy Perez-Peralta, Rafael Islas, Maryel Contreras, Gabriel Merino, Judy I.-Chia Wu, and Paul von Ragué Schleyer. "Starlike Aluminum-Carbon Aromatic Species." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 2 (December 16, 2010): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201001266.

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Martin, J. C., S. K. Chopra, C. D. Moon, and T. R. Forbus. "Hypervalent Phosphorus Species as Aromatic and Metallic Species." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 76, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509308032365.

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Wijesinghe, C. J., and B. Khandelwal. "Impact of aromatic species selection and micro and bulk properties of alternative fuels on atomisation." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1288 (March 5, 2021): 1013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.6.

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AbstractThe importance of fuel injection methods and their atomisation characteristics has been well described in literature. Also, there are a large number of studies in literature detailing the impact of bulk properties of conventional fuels on atomisation and spray characteristics. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how different alternative fuels, and specifically aromatic species, impact spray and atomisation characteristics. In this investigation, the impact of alternative fuels, selected aromatic species and their properties on spray atomisation was studied. Details of how different aromatic structures, bonds and other micro properties of aromatics species impact spray and atomisation characteristics were investigated. To achieve this objective, testing was conducted using a Rolls-Royce Tay engine fuel injector. It was found that the droplet sizes in the form of the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) correlate well with fuel properties including density, viscosity and surface tension, which is in line with other published literature. Moreover, it was found that there are several aromatic species (ethylbenzene, cumene and tert-butylbenzene) which display improved atomisation. This indicates that the size of the aliphatic groups attached to the benzene ring in the aromatic molecule impact on the drop size and thereby the combustion characteristics. The worst performers were polyaromatic naphthalene compounds. With the increasing push for fuels with selected aromatic species in the future, this study provides knowledge on the impact of their on the atomisation characteristics.

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West, Robert. "Novel aromatic species containing group 14 atoms." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880030563.

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The dianions of tetraphenylsilole and tetraphenylgermole behave as aromatic species, as shown by the equalization of C-C bond lengths in these rings and by nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations. Similarly, the dianions of 9-silafluorene and 9-germafluorene are aromatic. In the latter species, the heteroatom five-membered rings are more aromatic than the attached benzene rings. Also to be recognized as aromatically stabilized compounds are the stable unsaturated diiminocarbenes, diiminosilylenes, and diiminogermylenes. Evidence for the aromatic delocalization in these molecules comes from NMR, NICS calculations, Raman spectroscopy, isodesmic molecular orbital (MO) calculations, and calculated isomerization stabilization energies. From the presently available evidence, the aromaticity appears to alternate, with C > Ge > Si, going down group 14.

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Foght, J. M., and D. W. S. Westlake. "Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles by a Pseudomonas species." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 1135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-200.

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Enrichment cultures were established with the aromatic fraction of a crude oil and screened for aromatic-degrading pseudomonads, using a sprayed plate technique. One isolate identified as Pseudomonas sp. HL7b was chosen for further study because it oxidized several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles without an apparent lag. Using capillary gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, and radiorespirometry, it was found to be capable of mineralizing and (or) oxidizing a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, S-, N-, and O-heterocyclic analogues, and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but not aliphatic hydrocarbons. The isolate displayed two colonial morphologies which correlated with variation in degradative phenotype and hydrophobicity as measured by polystyrene adherence. Four cryptic plasmids were observed in both colonial types. Pseudomonas sp. HL7b degraded dibenzothiophene co-metabolically by a recognized pathway, but this degradation was constitutive, rather than inducible as reported for other bacteria.

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Fedik, Nikita, Alexander I. Boldyrev, and Alvaro Muñoz-Castro. "Aromatic character of [Au13]5+ and [MAu12]4+/6+ (M = Pd, Pt) cores in ligand protected gold nanoclusters – interplay between spherical and planar σ-aromatics." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 45 (2019): 25215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04477a.

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Ligand-protected superatoms are able to behave as both spherical and planar aromatic species, providing a strong link between spherical and planar σ-aromatics, which can be controlled selectively by tuning their redox charge states.

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Cai, Yuanting, Yuhui Hua, Zhengyu Lu, Qing Lan, Zuzhang Lin, Jiawei Fei, Zhixin Chen, Hong Zhang, and Haiping Xia. "Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of compounds with Craig-Möbius aromaticity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (September 20, 2021): e2102310118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102310118.

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Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions are widely regarded as characteristic reactions of aromatic species, but no comparable reaction has been reported for molecules with Craig-Möbius aromaticity. Here, we demonstrate successful EAS reactions of Craig-Möbius aromatics, osmapentalenes, and fused osmapentalenes. The highly reactive nature of osmapentalene makes it susceptible to electrophilic attack by halogens, thus osmapentalene, osmafuran-fused osmapentalene, and osmabenzene-fused osmapentalene can undergo typical EAS reactions. In addition, the selective formation of a series of halogen substituted metalla-aromatics via EAS reactions has revealed an unprecedented approach to otherwise elusive compounds such as the unsaturated cyclic chlorirenium ions. Density functional theory calculations were conducted to study the electronic effect on the regioselectivity of the EAS reactions.

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Sa'adah, Vina Savinatus, Ervizal A. M. Zuhud, and Siswoyo Siswoyo. "The Potential Utilization of Aromatic Plants in Kembang Kuning Resort, Gunung Rinjani National Park, West Nusa Tenggara." Media Konservasi 24, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.24.1.1-10.

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Gunung Rinjani National Park (TNGR) is nature conservation area located in West Nusa Tenggara. Kembang Kuning Resort is one of the TNGR‘s resorts under Territory Management Section (SPW) II East Lombok which has high potential for biological diversity which one of them is aromatic plants. Aromatic plants are plants that produce essential oils. dentify the diversity of aromatic plant species, and ethnobotany aromatic plants in communities around the area. The methods used are the vegetation analysis, terpenoid phytochemicals test and interviews. The results of the vegetation analysis found 47 species from 28 families of aromatic plants including six widely known species and 41 potential species. The widely known species which are the species that used by the community, have economic value, and there have been many studies related to these species, while potential aromatic plants are plants that have been tested phytochemical and positively have terpenoids but have not had the market value and not widely known by the community. Aromatic plants are used as medicine for both external diseases and internal diseases, religious rituals and beliefs, pesticides, cooking spices, and fragrances. Keywords: aromatic, diversity, ethnobotany, plants, species

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Anuar, A., V. K. Undavalli, B. Khandelwal, and S. Blakey. "Effect of fuels, aromatics and preparation methods on seal swell." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1291 (April 12, 2021): 1542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.25.

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AbstractNew alternative jet fuels have provided many advantages in the aviation industry, especially in terms of economics and environment. However, fuel–seal compatibility is one of the major issues that restricts alternative fuel advancement into the market. Thus, to help understand and solve the problem, this study examines the swelling effect of prepared and non-prepared O-rings in different fuels and aromatic species. Stress relaxation experiments were carried out to evaluate seal compatibility under compression, which mimics engine operation conditions. Seals were compressed and immersed in a variety of fuels and their blends for about 90h while maintaining a constant temperature 30°C and constant compression force of 25% seal thickness. The two types of elastomers investigated were fluorosilicone and nitrile O-rings, which are predominantly used in the aviation industry. Meanwhile, three different fuels and aromatic species were utilised as the variables in the experiments. The fuels used were Jet-A1, SPK and SHJFCS, while the aromatic species added were propyl benzene, tetralin and p-xylene. The swelling effects were determined from the P/Po value. Results indicate that Jet-A1 has the highest swelling effect, followed by SHJFCS and SPK. It was observed that the higher the percentage of aromatics in fuel, the higher the rate of swelling. Furthermore, prepared seals had a lower swelling rate than did non-prepared seals. Meanwhile, the intensity of the swelling effect in the Jet-A1-SHJFCS blends was in the order of 60/40, 85/15 and 50/50 blend. The work done in this study will aid in the selection of suitable aromatic species in future fuels. The novelty of this research lies in the determination of the appropriate amount of aromatic content as well as the selection of type of aromatic and its mixture fuel. Moreover, the various proportions of fuel blends with aromatic are investigated. The primary aim of this study is to understand the behaviour of prepared and non-prepared seals, and their compatibility with alternative fuels.

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Axelsson, Håkan, Anders Eilard, Annika Emanuelsson, Bo Galle, Hans Edner, Pär Ragnarson, and Henrik Kloo. "Measurement of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with the DOAS Technique." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 9 (September 1995): 1254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953965254.

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Long-path DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been shown to be applicable for low-concentration measurements of light aromatic hydrocarbons. However, because of spectral interferences among different aromatics as well as with oxygen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, the application of the DOAS technique for this group of components is not without problems. This project includes a study of the differential absorption characteristics, between 250 and 280 nm, of twelve light aromatic hydrocarbons representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry. Spectral overlapping between the different species, including oxygen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, has been investigated and related to the chemical structure of the different aromatics. Interference effects in the DOAS application due to spectral overlapping have been investigated both in quantitative and in qualitative terms, with data from a field campaign at a major automobile manufacturing plant.

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Batista, Andrea Nastri de Luca, João Marcos Batista Junior, Silvia Noelí López, Maysa Furlan, Alberto José Cavalheiro, Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva, Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani, Sergio Massayoshi Nunomura, and Massayoshi Yoshida. "Aromatic compounds from three Brazilian Lauraceae species." Química Nova 33, no. 2 (2010): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422010000200017.

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12

Lopez-de-Victoria, Geralyne, and Charles R. Lovell. "Chemotaxis of Azospirillum Species to Aromatic Compounds." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 9 (1993): 2951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.9.2951-2955.1993.

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13

Wu, Yan-Bo, Jin-Liang Jiang, Hai-Gang Lu, Zhi-Xiang Wang, Nancy Perez-Peralta, Rafael Islas, Maryel Contreras, Gabriel Merino, Judy I.-Chia Wu, and Paul von Rague Schleyer. "ChemInform Abstract: Starlike Aluminum-Carbon Aromatic Species." ChemInform 42, no. 14 (March 14, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201114001.

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Aklujkar, Muktak, Carla Risso, Jessica Smith, Derek Beaulieu, Ryan Dubay, Ludovic Giloteaux, Kristin DiBurro, and Dawn Holmes. "Anaerobic degradation of aromatic amino acids by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus." Microbiology 160, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.083261-0.

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Ferroglobus placidus was discovered to oxidize completely the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan when Fe(III) oxide was provided as an electron acceptor. This property had not been reported previously for a hyperthermophilic archaeon. It appeared that F. placidus follows a pathway for phenylalanine and tryptophan degradation similar to that of mesophilic nitrate-reducing bacteria, Thauera aromatica and Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1. Phenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and indole-3-acetate were formed during anaerobic degradation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. Candidate genes for enzymes involved in the anaerobic oxidation of phenylalanine to phenylacetate (phenylalanine transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and phenylacetaldehyde : ferredoxin oxidoreductase) were identified in the F. placidus genome. In addition, transcription of candidate genes for the anaerobic phenylacetate degradation, benzoyl-CoA degradation and glutaryl-CoA degradation pathways was significantly upregulated in microarray and quantitative real-time-PCR studies comparing phenylacetate-grown cells with acetate-grown cells. These results suggested that the general strategies for anaerobic degradation of aromatic amino acids are highly conserved amongst bacteria and archaea living in both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic environments. They also provided insights into the diverse metabolism of Archaeoglobaceae species living in hyperthermophilic environments.

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Srivastava, Ambrish Kumar, and Neeraj Misra. "Introducing “carborazine” as a novel heterocyclic aromatic species." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 4 (2015): 2483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj02089h.

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Henze, D. K., J. H. Seinfeld, N. L. Ng, J. H. Kroll, T. M. Fu, D. J. Jacob, and C. L. Heald. "Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: high- vs low-yield pathways." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 15, 2007): 14569–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-14569-2007.

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Abstract. Formation of SOA from the aromatic species toluene, xylene, and, for the first time, benzene, is added to a global chemical transport model. A simple mechanism is presented that accounts for competition between low and high-yield pathways of SOA formation, wherein secondary gas-phase products react further with either nitrogen oxide (NO) or hydroperoxy radical (HO2) to yield semi- or non-volatile products, respectively. Aromatic species yield more SOA when they react with OH in regions where the [NO]/[HO2] ratios are lower. The SOA yield thus depends upon the distribution of aromatic emissions, with biomass burning emissions being in areas with lower [NO]/[HO2] ratios, and the reactivity of the aromatic with respect to OH, as a lower initial reactivity allows transport away from industrial source regions, where [NO]/[HO2] ratios are higher, to more remote regions, where this ratio is lower and, hence, the ultimate yield of SOA is higher. As a result, benzene is estimated to be the most important aromatic species with regards to formation of SOA, with a total production nearly equal that of toluene and xylene combined. In total, while only 39% percent of the aromatic species react via the low-NOx pathway, 72% of the aromatic SOA is formed via this mechanism. Predicted SOA concentrations from aromatics in the Eastern United States and Eastern Europe are actually largest during the summer, when the [NO]/[HO2] ratio is lower. Global production of SOA from aromatic sources is estimated at 3.5 Tg/yr, resulting in a global burden of 0.08 Tg, twice as large as previous estimates. The contribution of these largely anthropogenic sources to global SOA is still small relative to biogenic sources, which are estimated to comprise 90% of the global SOA burden, about half of which comes from isoprene. Compared to recent observations, it would appear there are additional pathways beyond those accounted for here for production of anthropogenic SOA. However, owing to differences in spatial distributions of sources and seasons of peak production, there are still regions in which aromatic SOA produced via the mechanisms identified here are predicted to contribute substantially to, and even dominate, the local SOA concentrations, such as outflow regions from North America and South East Asia during the wintertime, though total SOA concentrations there are small (~0.1 μg/m³).

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Yan, Yingying, David Cabrera-Perez, Jintai Lin, Andrea Pozzer, Lu Hu, Dylan B. Millet, William C. Porter, and Jos Lelieveld. "Global tropospheric effects of aromatic chemistry with the SAPRC-11 mechanism implemented in GEOS-Chem version 9-02." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-111-2019.

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Abstract. The Goddard Earth Observing System with chemistry (GEOS-Chem) model has been updated with the State-wide Air Pollution Research Center version 11 (SAPRC-11) aromatics chemical mechanism, with the purpose of evaluating global and regional effects of the most abundant aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) on the chemical species important for tropospheric oxidation capacity. The model evaluation based on surface and aircraft observations indicates good agreement for aromatics and ozone. A comparison between scenarios in GEOS-Chem with simplified aromatic chemistry (as in the standard setup, with no ozone formation from related peroxy radicals or recycling of NOx) and with the SAPRC-11 scheme reveals relatively slight changes in ozone, the hydroxyl radical, and nitrogen oxides on a global mean basis (1 %–4 %), although remarkable regional differences (5 %–20 %) exist near the source regions. NOx decreases over the source regions and increases in the remote troposphere, due mainly to more efficient transport of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), which is increased with the SAPRC aromatic chemistry. Model ozone mixing ratios with the updated aromatic chemistry increase by up to 5 ppb (more than 10 %), especially in industrially polluted regions. The ozone change is partly due to the direct influence of aromatic oxidation products on ozone production rates, and in part to the altered spatial distribution of NOx that enhances the tropospheric ozone production efficiency. Improved representation of aromatics is important to simulate the tropospheric oxidation.

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Catellani, Marta, Elena Motti, Fiorenza Faccini, and Raffaella Ferraccioli. "New catalytic methods for the synthesis of selectively substituted aromatics through palladacycles." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 7 (January 1, 2005): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577071243.

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Joint palladium and norbornene catalysis for selective aromatic functionalization via palladacycles is reported. Both alkylation and arylation of aromatics are considered after a brief outlook on the mechanism. These are multistep reactions that proceed in ordered sequences and are chemio-, regio-, and stereoselective. The study of the single steps with isolation of the organometallic species involved has allowed us to detect subtle steric and electronic effects which have been exploited to achieve catalytic reactions. Recent developments of aromatic alkylation and arylation are reported, in particular, condensed heterocyclic ring formation involving dialkylated arylpalladium complexes or both symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted biphenylylpalladium complexes.

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Hirashita, Hiroyuki, and Maria S. Murga. "Self-consistent modelling of aromatic dust species and extinction curves in galaxy evolution." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 3 (January 10, 2020): 3779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3640.

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ABSTRACT We formulate and calculate the evolution of dust in a galaxy focusing on the distinction among various dust components – silicate, aromatic carbon, and non-aromatic carbon. We treat the galaxy as a one-zone object and adopt the evolution model of grain size distribution developed in our previous work. We further include aromatization and aliphatization (inverse reaction of aromatization). We regard small aromatic grains in a radius range of 3–50 Å as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We also calculate extinction curves in a consistent manner with the abundances of silicate and aromatic and non-aromatic carbonaceous dust. Our model nicely explains the PAH abundance as a function of metallicity in nearby galaxies. The extinction curve becomes similar to the Milky Way curve at an age of ∼10 Gyr, in terms of the carbon bump strength and the far-ultraviolet slope. We also apply our model to starburst galaxies by shortening the star formation time-scale (0.5 Gyr) and increasing the dense-gas fraction (0.9), finding that the extinction curve maintains bumpless shapes (because of low aromatic fractions), which are similar to the extinction curves observed in the Small Magellanic Cloud and high-redshift quasars. Thus, our model successfully explains the variety in extinction curve shapes at low and high redshifts.

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Mayorga Burrezo, Paula, Rocío Domínguez, José L. Zafra, Ted M. Pappenfus, Pilar de la Cruz, Lorena Welte, Daron E. Janzen, Juan T. López Navarrete, Fernando Langa, and Juan Casado. "Oligomers of cyclopentadithiophene-vinylene in aromatic and quinoidal versions and redox species with intermediate forms." Chemical Science 8, no. 12 (2017): 8106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc02756g.

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Quinoidal-vs.-aromatic synergy: Cyclopentadithiophene-vinylene oligomers with different sizes, in different oxidation states and as pro-aromatic quinoidals are studied considering balanced contributions of aromatic and quinoidal forms.

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Parikh, Harshal M., Harvey E. Jeffries, Ken G. Sexton, Deborah J. Luecken, Richard M. Kamens, and William Vizuete. "Evaluation of aromatic oxidation reactions in seven chemical mechanisms with an outdoor chamber." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2013): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13039.

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Environmental context Regulatory air quality models used to develop strategies to reduce ozone and other pollutants must be able to accurately predict ozone produced from aromatic hydrocarbons. In urban areas, major sources of aromatic hydrocarbons are gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. Our findings show that the representation of aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry in air quality models is an area of high uncertainty Abstract Simulations using seven chemical mechanisms are intercompared against O3, NOx and hydrocarbon data from photooxidation experiments conducted at the University of North Carolina outdoor smog chamber. The mechanisms include CB4–2002, CB05, CB05-TU, a CB05 variant with semi-explicit aromatic chemistry (CB05RMK), SAPRC07, CS07 and MCMv3.1. The experiments include aromatics, unsaturated dicarbonyls and volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures representing a wide range of urban environments with relevant hydrocarbon species. In chamber simulations the sunlight is characterised using new solar radiation modelling software. A new heterogeneous chamber wall mechanism is also presented with revised chamber wall chemical processes. Simulations from all mechanisms, except MCMv3.1, show median peak O3 concentration relative errors of less than 25% for both aromatic and VOC mixture experiments. Although MCMv3.1 largely overpredicts peak O3 levels, it performs relatively better in predicting the peak NO2 concentration. For aromatic experiments, all mechanisms except CB4–2002, largely underpredict the NO–NO2 crossover time and over-predict both the absolute NO degradation slope and the slope of NO2 concentration rise. This suggests a major problem of a faster and earlier NO to NO2 oxidation rate across all the newer mechanisms. Results from individual aromatic and unsaturated dicarbonyl experiments illustrate the unique photooxidation chemistry and O3 production of several aromatic ring-opening products. The representation of these products as a single mechanism species in CB4–2002, CB05 and CB05-TU is not adequate to capture the O3 temporal profile. In summary, future updates to chemical mechanisms should focus on the chemistry of aromatic ring-opening products.

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Klyuchko, O. M. "AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OF Arthropodae SPECIES: MECHANISMS OF ACTION ON BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES AND PERSPECTIVES OF BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION." Biotechnologia Acta 13, no. 2 (April 2020): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech13.02.012.

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Muñoz-Castro, Alvaro, Ivan A. Popov, and Alexander I. Boldyrev. "Long-range magnetic response of toroidal boron structures: B16and [Co@B16]−/3−species." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 38 (2017): 26145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp04158f.

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Lopez-de-Victoria, Geralyne, Donald R. Fielder, Richard K. Zimmer-Faust, and Charles R. Lovell. "Motility behavior of Azospirillum species in response to aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-112.

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The motility of Azospirillum lipoferum Sp59b and Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 in the presence of the aromatic compounds benzoate, protocatechuate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and catechol was studied using computer-assisted video motion analysis. Increases in swimming speed with concomitant decreases in the rate of change in direction and increases in path linearity are indicative of bacterial chemoattraction. With the exception of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the aromatic compounds tested altered the motility patterns of both species, consistent with a chemoattraction mechanism. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid elicited significant behavioral changes only in A. brasilense. The highest speeds were recorded for most compounds at concentrations between 1 and 10 mM for A. lipoferum and at lower concentrations for A. brasilense. Catechol, supplied at a 10 mM concentration, reduced the swimming speed of A. brasilense but not of A. lipoferum. The distinct differences in swimming behavior observed between these two species of Azospirillum in response to aromatic compounds may be of ecological significance in soils.Key words: Azospirillum spp., motility, video motion analysis, aromatic compounds.

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Ishida, Tamao, Makoto Tokunaga, Zhenzhong Zhang, Haruno Murayama, and Eiji Yamamoto. "C–H Bond Functionalization Using Pd- and Au-Supported Catalysts with Mechanistic Insights of the Active Species." Synthesis 53, no. 18 (March 26, 2021): 3279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1468-1455.

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AbstractThe process of C–H functionalization has been extensively studied as a direct C–C bond-forming reaction with high atomic efficiency. Efforts have also been made on such reactions by using supported catalysts, which are superior in terms of catalyst separation from the reaction mixture and reusability. In this review, an overview of C–H functionalization reactions, especially those involving Pd- and Au-supported catalysts, is presented. In particular, we discuss reaction mechanisms, active species, leaching, reusability, etc.1 Introduction2 Types of Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Active Species3 Modes of C–H Bond Activation4 Oxidative C–H C–H Coupling of Aryl Compounds5 C–H C–H Coupling Where One Side Is Aromatic6 C–H Acylation of Aromatic Compounds and Related Reactions7 Conclusion

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Jazza, Salih Hassan, Abdul-Hussain Y. Al-Adhub, and Hamid T. Al-Saad. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Muscles of Two Commercial Fish Species from Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Governorate, Iraq." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 20, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.20.3.121-126.

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Al-Kahlaa River is one of main tributaries of the Tigris River in Missan city and rises from northwest side of Amara city and continues to flow in the direction to the east of city center. Two commercial fish species (Liza abu and Carassius auratus) were collected seasonally (autumn, winter, spring and summer) during period from 2012 to 2013 from Al-Kahlaa River in Missan governorate. The concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish muscles were determined in the laboratories of Nihran Omer (South Oil Company in Basrah province), using Gas Chromatography. Total concentrations of PAHs in muscles of L. abu ranged between 2.301 and 16.661 ng.g-1 dry weight during winter and summer respectively and in C. auratus between 1.095 and 8.675 ng.g-1 dry weight during winter and summer, respectively. Results of this study revealed that high molecular weight of PAHs were more than low molecular weight in both fish species, and according to ratios of Low molecular weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (LPAHs) to High molecular weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (HPAHs), Benzo(a) Anthracene /(Benzo(a) Anthracene+ Chrysene) BaA/(BaA+Chr),Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene /(Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene + Benzo (ghi) perylene) InP/(InP+BghiP) and Fluoranthene/Pyrene (Fl/Py), they certainly reflected that the PAHs sources in both species are pyrogenic as a main sources and petrogenic as a small part. Also results of this study revealed the presence of seasonal variations in total concentrations of PAHs in both fish species. The study area was generally contaminated with hydrocarbons and continuous consumption of food from this area may pose public health hazards. Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, fish, pollution Al-Kahlaa adalah salah satu anak sungai utama Sungai Tigris di kota Missan dari sisi barat laut kota Amara dan terus mengalir ke arah ke timur dari pusat kota. Dua spesies ikan komersial (Liza abu dan Carassius auratus) diperoleh pada musim berbeda (gugur, dingin, semi dan panas) selama periode 2012-2013 dari Al-Kahlaa. Konsentrasi polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) pada otot ikan dianalisis di laboratorium Nihran Omer (South Oil Company di provinsi Basrah), menggunakan Gas Chromatography. Total konsentrasi PAH pada otot L. abu berkisar antara 2,301 dan 16,661 ng.g-1 berat kering pada musim dingin dan musim panas. Sedangkan pada C. auratus antara 1,095 dan 8,675 ng.g-1 berat kering pada musim dingin dan musim panas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berat molekul tinggi PAH lebih dari berat molekul rendah pada kedua spesies ikan, dan menurut rasio berat molekul rendah polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (LPAHs) untuk berat molekul tinggi polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (HPAHs), Benzo (a ) Anthracene / (Benzo (a) Anthracene + Chrysene) BAA / (BAA + Chr), Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene / (Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene + Benzo (ghi) perylene) InP / (InP + BghiP) dan fluoranthen / Pyrene (Fl/Py), hal ini mencerminkan bahwa sumber PAH di kedua spesies adalah pirogenik sebagai sumber utama dan petrogenic sebagai bagian kecil. Hasil penelitian ini juga mengungkapkan adanya variasi musiman total konsentrasi PAH di kedua spesies ikan. Daerah penelitian umumnya terkontaminasi dengan hidrokarbon sehingga konsumsi makanan dari daerah ini secara berkelanjutan dapat menimbulkan bahaya kesehatan masyarakat. Kata kunci: polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon, PAHs, ikan, polusi

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Molčanov, Krešimir, and Biserka Kojić-Prodić. "Towards understanding π-stacking interactions between non-aromatic rings." IUCrJ 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252519000186.

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The first systematic study of π interactions between non-aromatic rings, based on the authors' own results from an experimental X-ray charge-density analysis assisted by quantum chemical calculations, is presented. The landmark (non-aromatic) examples include quinoid rings, planar radicals and metal-chelate rings. The results can be summarized as: (i) non-aromatic planar polyenic rings can be stacked, (ii) interactions are more pronounced between systems or rings with little or no π-electron delocalization (e.g. quinones) than those involving delocalized systems (e.g. aromatics), and (iii) the main component of the interaction is electrostatic/multipolar between closed-shell rings, whereas (iv) interactions between radicals involve a significant covalent contribution (multicentric bonding). Thus, stacking covers a wide range of interactions and energies, ranging from weak dispersion to unlocalized two-electron multicentric covalent bonding (`pancake bonding'), allowing a face-to-face stacking arrangement in some chemical species (quinone anions). The predominant interaction in a particular stacked system modulates the physical properties and defines a strategy for crystal engineering of functional materials.

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Henze, D. K., J. H. Seinfeld, N. L. Ng, J. H. Kroll, T. M. Fu, D. J. Jacob, and C. L. Heald. "Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: high- vs. low-yield pathways." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 9 (May 7, 2008): 2405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2405-2008.

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Abstract. Formation of SOA from the aromatic species toluene, xylene, and, for the first time, benzene, is added to a global chemical transport model. A simple mechanism is presented that accounts for competition between low and high-yield pathways of SOA formation, wherein secondary gas-phase products react further with either nitric oxide (NO) or hydroperoxy radical (HO2) to yield semi- or non-volatile products, respectively. Aromatic species yield more SOA when they react with OH in regions where the [NO]/[HO2] ratios are lower. The SOA yield thus depends upon the distribution of aromatic emissions, with biomass burning emissions being in areas with lower [NO]/[HO2] ratios, and the reactivity of the aromatic with respect to OH, as a lower initial reactivity allows transport away from industrial source regions, where [NO]/[HO2] ratios are higher, to more remote regions, where this ratio is lower and, hence, the ultimate yield of SOA is higher. As a result, benzene is estimated to be the most important aromatic species with regards to global formation of SOA, with a total production nearly equal that of toluene and xylene combined. Global production of SOA from aromatic sources via the mechanisms identified here is estimated at 3.5 Tg/yr, resulting in a global burden of 0.08 Tg, twice as large as previous estimates. The contribution of these largely anthropogenic sources to global SOA is still small relative to biogenic sources, which are estimated to comprise 90% of the global SOA burden, about half of which comes from isoprene. Uncertainty in these estimates owing to factors ranging from the atmospheric relevance of chamber conditions to model deficiencies result in an estimated range of SOA production from aromatics of 2–12 Tg/yr. Though this uncertainty range affords a significant anthropogenic contribution to global SOA, it is evident from comparisons to recent observations that additional pathways for production of anthropogenic SOA still exist beyond those accounted for here. Nevertheless, owing to differences in spatial distributions of sources and seasons of peak production, regions exist in which aromatic SOA produced via the mechanisms identified here are predicted to contribute substantially to, and even dominate, the local SOA concentrations, such as outflow regions from North America and South East Asia during the wintertime, though total modeled SOA concentrations there are small (~0.1 μg/m3).

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Hu, Xingbang, Haoran Li, Wanchun Liang, and Shijun Han. "Exploring a new kind of aromatic hydrogen bond: hydrogen bonding to all-metal aromatic species." New Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 10 (2005): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b507592k.

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Rkein, Batoul, Antoine Bigot, Léo Birbaum, Maxime Manneveau, Michaël De Paolis, Julien Legros, and Isabelle Chataigner. "Reactivity of 3-nitroindoles with electron-rich species." Chemical Communications 57, no. 1 (2021): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc06658c.

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3-Nitroindoles behave as electron-poor aromatic compounds and react toward a number electron-rich species. This feature article presents an overview of this reactivity, mainly in (formal) dearomatizing cycloaddition reactions.

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Takita, Ryo, Masanobu Uchiyama, Fumiya Kitani, and Tatsushi Imahori. "Catalytic Aromatic Borylation via in situ-Generated Borenium Species." HETEROCYCLES 95, no. 1 (2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-16-s(s)43.

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32

Marco, J. Alberto, Juan F. Sanz-Cervera, Vicente Garcia-Lliso, Alfonso Susanna, and Nuria Garcia-Jacas. "Sesquiterpene lactones, lignans and aromatic esters from Cheirolophus species." Phytochemistry 37, no. 4 (November 1994): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89537-0.

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VAN DER VLIET, ALBERT, JASON P. EISERICH, BARRY HALLIWELL, and CARROLL E. CROSS. "Modification of aromatic amino acids by reactive nitrogen species." Biochemical Society Transactions 23, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 237S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst023237s.

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34

Vela, Sonia, Max M. Häggblom, and L. Y. Young. "BIODEGRADATION OF AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS BY RHIZOBIAL SPECIES." Soil Science 167, no. 12 (December 2002): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200212000-00004.

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35

Tobin, Karen M., and Kevin E. O'Connor. "Polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating diversity of Pseudomonas species utilising aromatic hydrocarbons." FEMS Microbiology Letters 253, no. 1 (December 2005): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.025.

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Vikrant, Kumar, Ki-Hyun Kim, Jan E. Szulejko, Danil Boukhvalov, Jin Shang, and Jörg Rinklebe. "Evidence of inter-species swing adsorption between aromatic hydrocarbons." Environmental Research 181 (February 2020): 108814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108814.

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37

Vácha, R., J. Čechmánková, and J. Skála. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and selected plants." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 9 (September 16, 2010): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2010-pse.

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The influence of soil load with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on their contents in selected plants was investigated. A set of experiments was realized in three years. The influence of extreme soil load with PAHs (soil contaminated by floods and sludge application) on their content in plants was observed in a pot trial. A laboratory column extract trial investigated PAHs transfer from the soil into soil solution in different conditions. The results showed that the transfer of PAHs into plants is influenced mainly by chemical characteristics of the substances (the number and position of aromatic nuclei); by soil characteristics (content and quality of soil organic matter) and by plant characteristics (plant species and plant bodies). The roots of tested plants were loaded with PAHs thanks to the transfer of less-nuclei compounds (2–3 nuclei) in soil solution into the roots and thanks to the binding of more nuclei compounds (4–6 nuclei) on organic substances in epidermis and primary bark of roots. These results were confirmed by a laboratory column trial.

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Sampaio, J. P. "Utilization of low molecular weight aromatic compounds by heterobasidiomycetous yeasts: taxonomic implications." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 6 (July 15, 1999): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-020.

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The utilization of low molecular weight aromatic compounds implies the operation of complex metabolic pathways. In order to investigate the taxonomic relevance of this property among heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, both at the species level and at higher taxonomic ranks, the capacity to assimilate twenty such compounds was tested in a total of 332 strains representing approximately 200 species. The substrates most frequently utilized were protocatechuic, caffeic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids, whereas cinnamic, sinapic, and syringic acids and guaiacol were never assimilated. The assimilation of the majority of the aromatic compounds investigated correlated with the utilization of protocatechuic acid. Among the Urediniomycetes, the members of the Sporidiales and those of the Naohidea - Rhodotorula minuta clade showed a good ability to utilize aromatic compounds, whereas the members of the Agaricostilbum - Kondoa group were more heterogeneous, in agreement with the four subclades known. Among the Tremellomycetidae, the members of the Cystofilobasidium and Tremella clades showed a reduced or null ability to utilize aromatic compounds. In contrast, the members of the Trichosporon clade were able to utilize phenol and similar substrates, and the representatives of the Filobasidium clade assimilated various aromatic compounds, including those requiring more complex catabolic routes. Assimilation tests using, as sole carbon and energy sources, low molecular weight aromatic compounds appear to be potentially useful in taxonomic studies of basidiomycetous yeasts. In those species in which a considerable number of strains was investigated, variable assimilation patterns were frequently observed. The possibility that such discrepant results indicate an incorrect species delimitation is discussed.Key words: aromatic compounds, yeasts, heterobasidiomycetes, systematics.

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Hassiotis, Christos Nikolaos. "Evaluation of Essential Oil Antifungal Activity Against Mycorrhizal Fungi—The Case of Laurus Nobilis Essential Oil." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.1.35.

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Mycorrhiza is regarded essential for plant growth, especially in regions where precipitation and nutrient availability are low. Hundreds of aromatic plant species, which contain essential oils, are growing naturally around the Mediterranean. The plant essential oils are known for their antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the aromaticLaurus nobilis, abundant in the Mediterranean region, can influence the development of two mycorrhizal species,Glomus deserticolaandGlomus intraradices, and how this effect can influence the growth of the host plant. The major compounds ofL. nobilisessential oil were 1.8 cineole, sabinene, α-pinene, eugenole, α-terpinyl acetate, and β-pinene. Both mycorrhizal fungi colonized successfully the host plants, positively influencing their growth.G. deserticolapresented higher infection level thanG. intraradices.Addition ofL. nobilisoil into substrates resulted in mycorrhiza inhibition, and the level of inhibition was analogous with the amount of added essential oil. The fungi were benefited by the aromatic compounds up to 15 mg of essential oil per L of soil. However, 30 and 60 mg L-1of essential oil were able to create significant inhibition in mycorrhiza development and to restrict the host growth. Since the presence -of aromatics in the Mediterranean region could create such ecological problems, the elimination of aromatic plant litter before reforestation is suggested, to give the opportunity for mycorrhiza establishment and successful development of new plants.

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Martin, J. C., and L. J. Schaad. "Sigma-delocalized aromatic species formed from cyclic arrays of hypervalent main-group element species." Pure and Applied Chemistry 62, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199062030547.

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41

Guedes, Carmen L. B., Eduardo Di Mauro, Ariana De Campos, Leandro F. Mazzochin, Gislaine M. Bragagnolo, Fernando A. De Melo, and Marilene T. Piccinato. "EPR and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in the Photodegradation Study of Arabian and Colombian Crude Oils." International Journal of Photoenergy 2006 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijp/2006/48462.

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EPR and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to evaluate the degradation of crude oils of different origins that were submitted to photochemical weathering under tropical conditions. The EPR spectra obtained showed signals of the paramagnetic species: the vanadylVO2+ion and organic free radicals. A decrease in linewidth of free radical signals was observed for both oils irradiated for 100 hours with sunlight of 350 W/m2. The reduction in the linewidth of the free radical of 9.8% in Arabian oil and 18.5% in Colombian oil, as well as the decrease in radical numbers, indicated photochemical degradation, especially in Colombian oil. The linewidth narrowing corresponding to free radicals in the irradiated oils occurred due to the rearrangement among radicals and aromatic carbon consumption. The irradiated oils showed a reduction in the relative intensity of fluorescence of the aromatics with high molecular mass, polar aromatics, and asphaltene. The fluorescent fraction was reduced by 61% in Arabian oil and 72% in Colombian oil, corresponding to photochemical degradation of crude oil aromatic compounds.

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CERVENKA, LIBOR, IVA PESKOVA, MARCELA PEJCHALOVA, and JARMILA VYTRASOVA. "Inhibition of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii by Plant Oil Aromatics." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.165.

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The inhibitory effect of some plant oil aromatics against three strains of Arcobacter butzleri, two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and one strain of Arcobacter skirrowii was evaluated. When MICs were determined using the broth macrodilution method, cinnamaldehyde was most inhibitory followed by thymol, carvacrol, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and eugenol (P < 0.001). Sublethal concentrations of the three most potent plant oil aromatics also were examined. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was the most bacteriostatic against all arcobacters tested except A. butzleri when these strains were exposed to the MIC25 of this aromatic aldehyde. The bacteriostatic activities of thymol and carvacrol were concentration and species dependent.

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Freudenthal, Ralph I., Ellen Stephens, and Daniel P. Anderson. "Determining the Potential of Aromatic Amines to Induce Cancer of the Urinary Bladder." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 5 (September 1999): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158199225260.

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Aromatic amines have been associated with the induction of cancer of the urinary bladder. Commercial production started over 100 years ago in Europe, with the synthesis of a mauve pigment from aniline. The discovery of other pigments by combining aniline with various chemicals initiated the aniline dye industry. By the turn of the century, a correlation between working in the dyestuff industry and the development of bladder cancer was established. Initially thought to be the result of exposure to aniline, various investigators identified benzidine, beta-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobipheny 1 as the causative agents. Evaluations of various aromatic amines in rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys showed significant species differences, with the dog and monkey being the most sensitive species. Several laboratories related these species differences to differences in the respective routes by which the various species metabolized aromatic amines. Excellent correspondence was shown between metabolic activation of benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, and beta-naphthylamine in dogs and primates and the induction of bladder cancer. Rodents were shown to be unresponsive to human bladder carcinogens. The need to use data developed in the most sensitive species, the dog, is essential to accurately predict the carcinogenic potential of aromatic amines.

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Penning, Trevor M. "Genotoxicity of ortho-quinones: reactive oxygen species versus covalent modification." Toxicol. Res. 6, no. 6 (2017): 740–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tx00223h.

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o-Quinones are formed metabolically from natural and synthetic estrogens as well as upon exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and contribute to estrogen and PAH carcinogenesis by genotoxic mechanisms.

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45

Golembovskaya, N. "Improvement of technology of preserves from freshwater fish species." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 94 (October 28, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9406.

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Сhanges in the structure of the fishery, the general trend of decreasing catches of traditional marine fish species, increasing the number of freshwater fish as aquaculture facilities necessitates the improvement of complex technologies for processing raw materials and expanding the range of food products from freshwater fish. One of the promising areas for solving these problems is the development of technology for preserves from freshwater fish and based on the principles of food combinatorics by enriching them with plant ingredients. The use of spicy-aromatic roots in the future is one of the priority areas of research. Substantiated and developed is of technology of freshwater fish preserves of increased biological value using spice-aromatic roots (parsley, ginger and horseradish), which solves the problem of production of optimized foodstuff according to the nutritive and biological value indicators. The necessity of using freshwater fish and aromatic roots in technology of preserves is grounded. Based on organoleptic analysis the compatibility of freshwater fish and spice-aromatic roots as part of preserves is determined. The results of studies of the chemical, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral composition of preserves and the assessment of their safety are presented. The preserves made modified by vegetative ingredient had the plastic and dense consistency on their cut. The positive results of their organoleptic analysis evidenced expediency of adding of proposed vegetative ingredient to fish. The conditions of preprocessing of salted semi-finished product with the aim of its further maturation as part of preserves is theoretically grounded and experimentally confirmed. The expediency of combining a freshwater fish with plant material to expand the range of biologically valuable food products is presented in the article. The proposed formulations of fish-based preserves products would permit to spread the assortment of dietetic products. The second positive effect of application vegetative raw materials in minced fish masses is finding one of more method of reprocessing the freshwater fish. The R&D work we performed would be continued and should include the stage of development and optimization the technologies of producing the fish products modified by vegetative raw.

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F.M. Radzi, N., A. Che Soh, A. J. Ishak, M. K. Hasan, and U. K. Mohamad Yusof. "Aromatic Herbs Classification by using Discriminant Analysis Techniques." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i3.pp530-535.

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<p>An electronic nose was used to distinguish between selected herb samples according to their family group species. This paper aims to evaluate the potential of using the electronic nose to characterize three groups of families of twelve herb species based on the discriminant analysis approach. The feature extraction involves the use of a signal processing technique that simplifies classification and yields optimal results. Two discriminant techniques:- the principal component analysis (PCA) and the multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) were used to investigate the potential to distinguish herb species between several herbs within the same family group. The results showed that the twelve herb species can be better classified using the MDA method compared to the PCA method.</p>

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47

Soderberg, Tim. "Biosynthesis of ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate in archaea: a phylogenetic analysis of archaeal genomes." Archaea 1, no. 5 (2005): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/314760.

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A phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, and the chorismate pathway of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, employing data from 13 complete archaeal genomes, provides a potential explanation for the enigmatic phylogenetic patterns of the PPP genes in archaea. Genomic and biochemical evidence suggests that three archaeal species (Methanocaldococcus jannaschii,Thermoplasma acidophilumandThermoplasma volcanium) produce ribose-5-phosphate via the nonoxidative PPP (NOPPP), whereas nine species apparently lack an NOPPP but may employ a reverse RuMP pathway for pentose synthesis. One species (Halobacteriumsp. NRC-1) lacks both the NOPPP and the RuMP pathway but may possess a modified oxidative PPP (OPPP), the details of which are not yet known. The presence of transketolase in several archaeal species that are missing the other two NOPPP genes can be explained by the existence of differing requirements for erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) among archaea: six species use transketolase to make E4P as a precursor to aromatic amino acids, six species apparently have an alternate biosynthetic pathway and may not require the ability to make E4P, and one species (Pyrococcus horikoshii) probably does not synthesize aromatic amino acids at all.

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Tanahashi, Takao, Yukiko Takenaka, and Nobuo Hamada. "Aromatic Compounds from Cultured Lichen Mycobionts of Three Graphis Species." HETEROCYCLES 83, no. 9 (2011): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-11-12270.

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Hook, Ingrid L., Shane Ryan, and Helen Sheridan. "Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes by five species of marine microalgae." Phytochemistry 51, no. 5 (July 1999): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00037-0.

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Niemeyer, Hermann M. "Composition of Essential Oils From Five Aromatic Species of Asteraceae." Journal of Essential Oil Research 21, no. 4 (July 2009): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2009.9700189.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aromatic species'

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