Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arqueas metanogênicas'
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Pereira, Edson Rivelino. "Desempenho e caracterização microbiana do processo de dois estágios com reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-26022007-170703/.
Full textTwo bench scale UASB reactors (volumes of 39,0 and 10,5 L) were operated in sequence, fed with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration around 5000 mg/L in the first reactor, with controlled temperature (from 25 to 30 Celsius degrees) and operating with hydraulic detention time (HDT) in the first reactor varying from 62 to 16 h and in the second reactor from 16 to 4 h. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to characterize physically and microbiologically the sludge from UASB reactors operated in two stages treating swine wastewater. The results obtained in phase 1, with HDT of 62 h in the first reactor and TSS in the influent of 5240 mg/L, presented total COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 59% and TSS reduction efficiency of 82% and 57%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in the system, in phase 1, was 95% and 94%, respectively. In the phase 2, using HDT of 31 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5000 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 86% and 43% and TSS reduction efficiency of 85% and 58%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The system removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in phase 2, was 92% and 94%, respectively. In phase 3, with a HDT of 16 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5490 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 73% and 23% and TSS reduction efficiency of 65% and 20%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The total COD removal efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency in the system, in phase 3, was 79% and 73%, respectively. The volumetric organic loading rate (VOLR) applied in the first reactor, in phase 1, was 4,55 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d, in phase 2 was 8,75 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d and in phase 3 was 18,65 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d. The \'CH IND.4\' production in the first reactor was from 17,50 to 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d and in the second reactor from 1,62 to 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d decreasing the HDT in the experiment phases. The UASB reactor installed in sequence were efficient in the dissolved fraction removal and, mainly, to the fraction due to the TSS influent concentration. The total VOL value of 4,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d was measured in the first reactor, it was achieved TSS and total COD removal efficiencies above 90% and dissolved COD above 85%. For the OVL of 18,65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor the TSS and total COD removal were above 70% and dissolved COD above 75%. The larger methane specific production was obtained with a total VOL of 2,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the second reactor and 8.65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor. The UASB reactors operation with the TSS concentration values of 5000 mg/L in the influent was prejudicing the sludge granulation process. The granules present a microbial morphology disperse distribution that doesn\'t characterize a layers defined distribution. The predominant metonogenic archeas were similar to Methanosaeta.
Hirasawa, Julia Sumiko. "Avaliação da comunidade microbiana anaeróbia em reator sulfetogênico utilizando a hibridação in situ com sondas fluorescentes (FISH)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16122015-150841/.
Full textThis research reports an anaerobic microbial characterization of both, a horizontal differential anaerobic and a batch reactors, operated at sulfidogenic and mesofilic conditions at 30ºC. The differential reactors were filled with four support materials (polyurethane foam, vegetable coal, recycled polyethylene of low density and alumin based porous ceramic) aiming the selection of a more appropriated support for optimization of sulfidogenic processes (ratio COD/sulfate of approximately 0.67). Differential reactors were fed daily with synthetic sewage, containing approximately 1000 mg/L of COD and 1500 mg/L of sulfate concentrations, during 28 days of operation. Microbial characterization was accomplished using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), optic and scanning electronic microscopy. It was realized a quantification, in percentages, of microorganisms belong to Bacteria Domain (EUB338), Archaea Domain (ARC915) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) of delta subdivision Proteobacteria (SRB385). Differential reactors have shown predominance of bacteria in all the support materials studied. Differential reactors operated with foam and coal presented the greatest percentages of SRB, with values equal to 57.6% and 69.7%, respectively. The ceramic was the material that presented the best equilibrium of bacteria and methanogenic archaea, with 59.6% and 40.9%, respectively. Batch reactors were operated with polyurethane foam and vegetable coal with COD/sulfate ratio of approximately 3. Percentages of SRB quantified by FISH were equals to 65.3% and 69.1% for foam and coal, respectively. In both reactors the vegetable coal have shown to be the most favorable material to sulfidogenesis.
Corrêa, Regiane Cristina. "Avaliação de procedimentos para determinação do número e atividade de microrganismos anaeróbios procariontes em amostras de biorreatores operados para a estabilização de resíduos sólidos urbanos padronizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-13072018-102000/.
Full textThree different treatments were applied to samples from three anaerobic biodigestion systems operated with standardized municipal solid waste to promote the release of microbial cells adhered to fibers and other materials, resulting in a more homogeneous inoculum to cellular counting. The following treatments were applied to the samples: a) suspension in phosphate buffer followed by blending; b) mechanical and hand homogenization in anaerobic mineral solution; c) sonication in ultrasound bath. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was employed to evaluate the populations of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea, in mineral medium containing powdered cellulose. The populations of both groups of microorganisms were close to 102 cells/mL independently of the treatment applied to release the cells and no clear distinction among them could be made concerning their efficiencies. In view of this fact the ultrasound treatment was employed in all other determinations due to its simple execution. Two anaerobic bioreactors operated with standardized municipal solid waste were monitored to evaluate the reliability of sonication as a procedure for cell release, to determine microorganism populations (cellulolytic, acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea) and to evaluate the microbial anaerobic activity concerning the biodegradation of the standardized municipal solid waste. Cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea had similar populations (lower than 103 cells/mL) as well as acetogenic and methanogenic microorganisms (up to 103 cells/mL). The increase in the methanogenic population could be directly related to the increase of methane production in the studied reactor. The morphological types which predominate in the microscopic examinations of the biodigestion systems were curved and straight rods and sarcina. The tubes for MPN countings showed the presence of rods, coccus and sarcina for cellulolytic bacteria; rods, tick rods, coccus and sarcina for acetogenic bacteria and fluorescent rods and sarcina for methanogenic Archaea. The evolution of the anaerobic biodigestion process in the latter two monitored systems was very similar to the one proposed by BARLAZ et al. ( 1989b) where the number of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea increase during the accelerated methane phase. The total content of solids decreased 50% during the process and the volatile acidity decreased from 27,5 g acetic acid/L to 8,79 g acetic acid/L.
Alves, Kelly Jaqueline. "Comunidades de arquéias metanogênicas em diferentes usos dos solos da Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-03052018-170659/.
Full textAmazonian forest conversion into agricultural and livestock areas disrupts processes related to carbon stock, being considered, after the fossil fuels burning, the activity contributes most to greenhouse gases emission, of which is methane. Methane production is mediated by methanogenic archaea, acting in organic matter anaerobic decomposition. Therefore, to understand the changes in the flow of this gas in the Amazonian ecosystem, it is necessary to study microbial communities involved in this process. This study aims to monitor and characterize methanogenic archaeal communities by population enrichment from soil samples collected in primary, secondary and pasture of the Amazon region. Soil samples were placed into an enriched medium and received separately acetate, methanol, and H2:CO2 to stimulate the three metabolism types: acetoclastic, methylotrophic and hydrogenotrophic. Monitoring was performed by methane emission analysis by gas chromatography, mcrA quantification by the quantitative PCR and the community characterization was performed by microscopy and sequencing of the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Analyzing the methane emission by the three types of carbon sources in the three soil samples, methanol enrichments presented a higher methane yield than the acetate samples and much larger than cultures with H2:CO2. These results indicate that methylotrophic pathway, although considered as an alternative, may be important in methane production in the Amazonian soil. Was possible to quantify the mcrA gene by qPCR from pasture samples at the initial incubation time, which was not possible for forest samples. In incubation final time, copies number of this gene was similar for the three soil profiles. The phenotypic characterization of enrichments revealed aggregated cells, characteristic of the genus Methanosarcina, later identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. The cells in rod-shaped and cocci formats were also observed. Was identify by sequencing 7 different methanogenic archaeas groups affiliated with Euryarchaeota and Bathyarchaeota phylum. In the initial pasture samples, were identified sequences affiliated with all these groups, while forest samples presented sequences affiliated with only a Methanosarcina genus. Pasture samples showed a final community composition similar to initial, however more abundant. Soil samples enrichment from primary and secondary forest presented a distinct composition due to groups enrichment that was not identified at incubation beginning. These results showed that although methanogenic archaeas are in low abundance in forest soils, they can be enriched when submitted to favorable conditions, archive methane production and reaching similar composition pasture samples.
Araujo, Ana Carolina Vieira. "Diversidade molecular de arqueias em sedimentos de rios da Amazônia e caracterização de espécies metanogênicas cultivadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-13082010-162741/.
Full textHigh positive fluxes of methane to the atmosphere have been detected in the Amazonian region. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas and microorganisms belonging to the Archaea domain are responsible for approximately 70% of the total methane emitted to the atmosphere annually. The objective of this work was to characterize the Archaea diversity in two sites at Madeira and Floresta rivers sediments using molecular techniques and the culturing of methanogenic archaea. Most sequences obtained in the libraries from both rivers belonged to the Crenarchaeota domain, and around half of them presented less than 97% of similarity to sequences available in databases, revealing the existence of new archaea groups yet to be described in the literature. Cells belonging to the Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae families were detected in the enrichment cultures from Madeira River through the use of RNA fluorescent probes. Strains of Methanosarcina sp. and Methanobacterium sp. are being maintained under laboratory conditions. The great diversity of uncultured Archaea found emphasizes the need to study this group, mainly its physiology and, consequently, its role in the diverse environments they occupy.
Duda, Rose Maria [UNESP]. "Desempenho de sistema composto por reatores anaeróbios em série seguido de filtro biológico percolador no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103924.
Full textFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Avaliou-se o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) seguido de um filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, instalados em série, com volume total de 300 L e 190 L, respectivamente, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas aplicadas no reator UASB foram de 9,2 a 26,7 g DQOtotal (L d)-1. Para o pós-tratamento do efluente do sistema de tratamento anaeróbio utilizou-se um filtro biológico percolador (FBP) com volume total de 250 L. O meio suporte utilizado no filtro anaeróbio e no FBP foi composto por anéis de bambu e anéis de eletroduto plástico corrugado. As cargas hidráulicas superficiais (Qs) aplicadas no FBP variaram de 3,5 a 21,1 m3 (m2 d)-1. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio e pós-tratamento foram de 23,3 a 66,6 h. As produções volumétricas de metano no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio variaram de 0,16 a 0,68 L CH4 (L reator d)-1. Foram observadas eficiências médias de remoção de até 97% para a demanda química de oxigênio total, de 98% para os sólidos suspensos totais, de 78% para o nitrogênio total, de 79% para o fósforo total, de 99,9% para o cobre, de 99,9% para o zinco e de 99,99% para os coliformes termotolerantes, no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio e póstratamento. Com a utilização de diferentes fontes de substrato no ensaio de atividade da microbiota, observou-se o crescimento equilibrado das populações hidrolíticas, acidogênicas, acetogênicas e metanogênicas acetoclásticas e hidrogenotróficas no lodo dos reatores anaeróbios. Com a aplicação da técnica de biologia molecular (metagenômica) foram identificadas no lodo do reator UASB e do filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente arquéias metanogênicas das famílias Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriacea, Methanosaetaceae e Methanosarcinaceae.
The performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) followed of the anaerobic filter, installed in series, were evaluated for the treatment of swine wastewater. The total volume of UASB and anaerobic filter were of 300 L and 190 L, respectively. The organic load rate applied on the reactor UASB were of 9.2 to 26.7 g total COD (L d)-1, in the start and assays 1, 2, 3 and 4. For the post-treatment of effluent the anaerobic system was used a trickling filter, with total volume of 250 L. The supports used in the anaerobic filter and trickling filter were composed by bamboo rings in the start up and assays 1 to 2 and plastics rings in the assays 3 to 4. The hydraulic load applied on the trickling filter were of 3.5 to 21.1 m3 (m2 d)-1. The hydraulic detetion time (HDT) applied of system anaerobic and post treatment were 23.3 at 66.6 h. The volumetric methane productions ranged from 0.16 a 0.68 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1. The efficiencies of removal the chemical oxygen demand, total solids suspended, copper, zinc and fecal coliforms were of up to 97, 98, 78, 79, 99.9, 99.9 e 99.99%, respectively, for the anaerobic and post-treatment. With the use of different substratum sources in the assays of specific methanogenic activity, it was observed the balanced growth of the populations of microorganisms in the sludge of anaerobic reactor. The archaeas of the families Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae; Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae were identified in the sludge of the reactor UASB and of the anaerobic filter.
Junior, Aureo Evangelista Santana. "Vinhaça em reatores anaeróbios horizontais de alta taxa, em série : efeito do aumento gradual das cargas orgânicas volumétricas na produção de biogás e nas populações microbianas /." Jaboticabal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/158301.
Full textResumo: A importância da recuperação de recursos da vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar para fins de produção de energia associado à sua destinação adequada é uma política pública atual para o setor sucroenergético. Os reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLF) têm vantagens construtivas, econômicas, operacionais e de desempenho no tratamento de efluentes complexos, mas ainda não foram estudados com a vinhaça. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quatro RAHLF, em série (R1, R2, R3 e R4) no tratamento da vinhaça, com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) 5 até 45 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no R1 e com o uso da recirculação do efluente do R4. Com os RAHLF em série ocorreu estabilidade e, após a primeira entressafra, a retomada do sistema de tratamento, com aumento gradual da COV até valores elevados, foi bem sucedida. A partida do sistema com COV elevada, na segunda entressafra, provocou acidificação dos reatores e com a manutenção da recirculação do efluente a alcalinidade e o pH foram novamente apropriados para a digestão anaeróbia, o sistema foi recuperado e alcançou estabilidade. As maiores remoções de DQOtotal e produções de metano ocorreram no R1 e R2; no entanto, o R3 e R4 contribuíram para melhorar a estabilidade do sistema e atingir eficiência (60%) e conversão (0,24 L CH4 (g DQO removida)-1) mais altas sob COV elevada. As produções volumétricas de metano aumentaram com a COV e foram máximas com 20,0 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no R1, alcançando valor de 1,07 L CH4 (L d)-1 no sistema e bio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
Franco, Diego Armando Castillo. "Estudo da diversidade molecular de bactérias e arquéias e enriquecimento de comunidades metanogênicas em sedimentos marinhos antárticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-06122014-091409/.
Full textMarine sediment of the Antarctic Peninsula is a susceptible area to environmental changes. However, little is known about the microbial communities inhabiting this ecosystem, including its diversity, distribution and variations over time. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of microbial communities present in marine sediments of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, on the Antarctic Peninsula. Sediments from Admiralty Bay shown a predominance of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phyla. Temporal analysis revealed that microbial communities in sediment, near Ferraz station, are more stable compared to that in the sediments in areas of lower human activity. No variation on the community structure was observed in depth gradient, indicating tolerance to hydrostatic pressure variations. Heterotrophic organisms of the genera Psychrobacter, Psychromonas and Loktanella were the most abundant, suggesting a high concentration of organic matter in the sediment. Enrichment of methanogenic cultures enrichment yielded 1.70 mmol of CH4. This study suggests that conditions in sediments favoring metabolism of heterotrophic and psychrophilic organisms.
Sarti, Érika Lamaro. "Influência do oxigênio no crescimento de arquéias metanogênicas e bactérias redutoras de sulfato em reatores anaeróbios em batelada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-05062007-162213/.
Full textThis work aimed to evaluate the behavior of methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria in the presence of oxygen, using anaerobic batch reactors under sulfidogenic and mesophilic conditions. The reactors were inoculated with anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor treating poultry wastes. Third copies of the reactors were fed with ZINDER medium, increased with sodium acetate, ethanol or sodium lactate and sodium sulfate, in order to get COD/sulfate ratio of 1,1-1,5. The headspace of the reactors was filled with \'N IND.2\' (100%) and increased with oxygen (OD concentration of 3-3.5 mg/L). The anaerobic control reactors were fed with the same organics substrates, however, the headspace was filled with \'N IND.2\'/\'CO IND.2\' (70/30%). The rates of methane production were 0.30 mmol/L.h, 0.41 mmol/L.h and 0.16 mmol/L.h, in acetate, ethanol and lactate controls reactors, respectively. In oxygen reactors, the rates of methane production were 0.27 mmol/L.h, 0.40 mmol/L.h and 0.08 mmol/L.h in acetate, ethanol and lactate reactors, respectively. The rates of sulfate reduction in acetate, ethanol and lactate reactors were 57% and 97%; 59.6% and 76.6%; 77.5% and 41.9%, respectively, in control reactors and oxygen reactors. In acetate and ethanol reactors, were verified predominance of Archaea domain in control reactors (59.2% and 58.8%) and oxygen reactors (60.7% and 54.5%), respectively. In lactate control reactor also was verified predominance of Archaea domain (56.2%), whereas in lactate oxygen reactors there was predominance of cells belonging to Bacteria domain (63.9%). BRS ratio in acetate, ethanol and lactate control reactors and oxygen reactors corresponded to 22% and 17.3%; 28% and 16.9%; 19.5% and 21.9%, respectively. The addition of oxygen didn\'t inhibit the methanogenesis and sulfate reduction in acetate reactors and in ethanol reactors.
Neves, Marta de Campos [UNESP]. "Produção in vitro de metano e análise da diversidade genética das Archaea metanogênicas do rúmen de bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103925.
Full textFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Estratégias para reduzir o aquecimento da Terra e aumentar a produção animal requerem novos sistemas, onde devem ser consideradas as emissões de metano e de outros gases que possam provocar danos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a mensuração da produção de metano por arquéias e aplicação da metagenômica para detecção destas na fração sólida do conteúdo ruminal. Para a análise da produção de metano foi colhido o conteúdo ruminal seguido do preparo da solução a ser fermentada e armazenamento dos gases. A amplificação da região 168 rDNA foi obtida por PCR e a seguir foram feitas clonagem, seqüenciamento e análise das seqüências pelos programas Sequencing Analysis 3.4 e Phred/Phrap/Consed, submetendo-as ao programa BLA8T. Maiores produções de metano e relações acetato:propionato foram observadas nos tratamentos contendo 70% de volumoso. As análises do BLA8T permitiram identificar nos tratamentos com 70% e 30% de feno, 96 seqüências relacionadas à família Methanobacteriaceae, 47 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 60 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T1), 125 seqüências relacionadas à família Methanobacteriaceae, 42 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 32 seqüências foram de arquéias não conhecidas (T2). Para os tratamentos feitos com 70% e 30% de silagem de milho, foram observadas 30 seqüências referentes à família Methanobacteriacea, 18 seqüências à família Methanomicrobiacea, 43 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 118 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T3) e 173 seqüências referentes à família Methanobacteriacea, 31 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 25 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T4). As análises deste experimento mostraram variação na produção de metano quanto às diferentes proporções V:C e a metagenômic...
Strategies to reduce the Earth worming and raise animal production require new systems, where it must be considered methane and other gases emission that might cause environmental damages. The aim of this work was to evaluate the archaea methane production and the metagenomic evaluation of these bacteria present on the solid phase of the bovine ruminal content. For methane production analysis the ruminar content was collected followed by the proper manipulation for the fermentation process to take place and produced gas storage. The ribosomal 16S rRNA region was obtained by PCR amplification which was followed by cloning and DNA sequencing. The data was later analyzed by the software Sequencing Analysis 3.4, Phred/Phrap/Consed and BLAST. The highest methane production and acetate:propionate ratios were observed for the treatments containing 70% of roughage. The BLAST analysis allowed to identify 96 DNA sequences related to the Methanobacteriaceae family, 47 DNA sequences related to unculturable archaea and 60 DNA sequences were related to unknown archaea (T1), 125 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 42 DNA sequences do unculturable archaea and 32 DNA sequences were considered related to unknown archaea (T2) for the treatments containing 70% and 30% of hay. For those containing 70% and 30% of com silage it was possible to detect 30 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 18 DNA sequences related to Methanomicrobiaceae, 43 sequences related to unculturable archaea, 118 DNA sequences related to unknown archaea (T3) and 173 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 31 sequences related to unculturable archaea, and 25 to unknown archaea (T4). The analysis carried out in this experiment have shown a variation of the methane production as different R:C ratio were used and metagenomic with the rDNA conserved region together with archaea taken from the ruminal content DNA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Domingues, Mercia Regina. "Investigação sobre a diversidade microbiana e a filogenia de arquéias e bactérias em consórcios anaeróbios metanogênicos, originados de sedimentos estuarinos enriquecidos com clorofenóis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-01122008-165904/.
Full textThis work aimed to investigate microbial diversity and phylogeny of archaea and bacteria microrganisms methanogenic in estuarine sediment samples enriched with organic sources under methanogenic and halophlic conditions. The samples were obtained from previous study on anaerobic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). Microbial studies were done by the molecular methods without cultivation requirement, Denaturing Gradient Del Electrophoresis (DGGE) and specific segments of 16S rDNA sequencing. DGGE-profile showed structure changes in microbial community. Probably, as a consequence of \'O IND.2\' intake and accumulation of chlorinated compounds, mainly 2,6-DCP, in the culture medium. The beta diversity estimation showed that changes in arquaea and bacteria communities probably occurred as a consequence of the two enrichment strategies used for estuarine indigenous microorganisms, pasteurization and non-pasteurization of the estuarine sediments samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of gram-positive bacterium with low G+C content related to Clostridiales Order (100%) belonging to Firmicutes Phylum, as well as related to methanogenic archaea from Methanobacteriales (7,1%), Methanosarcinales (14,3%) and Methanomicrobiales (57,1%) Order. Non-identified archaeas from Euryarchaeota Phylum were also found (21,4%). Concerning to bacterias, it was identified clones related to genera Sedimentibacter, Clostridium and Alkalibacter, which have fermentative metabolism and require yeast extract to grow. Probably, bacterial cells analised in this work fermented glucose and pyruvate producing lactate, ethanol, butirate, acetate, formiate and hydrogen/carbon dioxide. All these products could be used for other microbial groups in the global process of anaerobic digestion. The bacterial microorganisms were important to global process of chlorophenol degradation because contributed in the overall process utilizing the products partially degraded by other bacterias and preventing its accumulation in the system. Identified archaeal cells were related to hydrogenotrophs microorganisms of the genera Methanosaeta, Methanoculleus, Methanocalculus and Methanobacterium, which utilized the bacterial fermentation sub-products as acetate, \'H IND.2\'/\'CO IND.2\' and formiate as substrate for the methanogenesis, contributing for the maintenance of the balance of other reactions occurred in the system. The results of this work give advanced knowledge about understanding biotechnological process of contaminated ecosystems by chlorinated compounds. Therefore, it could contribute to development of new biotechnological processes applied to environmental problems.
Silva, Mara Rúbia de Lima e. "Caracterização da comunidade microbiana de biofilme anaeróbio em presença de bifenilas policloradas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-03092012-144950/.
Full textPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are compounds of difficult degradation, a component of askarel, which were used widely as coolants and lubricants. Hence, this study evaluated the diversity of microorganisms in the presence of PCBs in anaerobic reactors. For such, methods as Strict Anaerobic Microbiology and Molecular Biology were employed. The microbial community of the biofilm, developed in a fixed horizontal bed anaerobic reactor (RAHLF), was studied using the technique of cloning and sequencing of RNAr 16S gene for the Bacteria domain. The reactor had immobilized cells in polyurethane foam with ethanol and formate as a carbon source, Triton X-100 (0.1%) and polychlorinated biphenyls (1 mL/L), and operated with 24 hours HRT. The microbial groups found in this biofilm were related to phyla Thermogae, Proteobacteria (Brachymonas petroleovorans, 100% similarity and Methylobacillus, 98% similarity), Firmicutes (Clostridium, 97% similarity Syntrophomonas, and 100% similarity with Sporomusa 100% similarity), Synegistetes (Synergistes, 98% similarity), Spirochaetes (Leptonema Illini, 98% similarity), Aminanaerobia, Deferribacteres, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi and Armatimonadetes. Furthermore, as bacteria that reduce iron were found, we proceeded the quantification by the multiple tube method (MPN) for this group, obtaining 5.26 x \'10 POT.12\' MPN/g STV of iron-reducing bacteria. The batch reactors evaluated the growth of microorganisms in two condictions: (1) methanogenic e (2) iron reduction, both had the presence of PCBs (Aroclor 1260). The reactor, under methanogenic condition, was fed with synthetic substrate Angelidaki, ethanol and formate, used as carbon source, and aroclor 1260 (0.2 \'mü\'g /L). To simulate the condition of iron reducing, the same synthetic substrate was supplemented with ferric EDTA (1.86 g/L). The production of methane in the presence of aroclor 1260, was 3.8 x \'10 POT.-4\' mmol \'CH IND.4\'/g STV. The presence of iron reducing bacteria, after 60 days, was confirmed indirectly by the average rate of iron ferric reduction (90%). Filogenetics analysis (PCR/DGGE) compared the samples of this batch reactor - methanogenic and reduction of iron ferric -, with the samples of RAHLF - the biofilm in the reactor wall and the support material. The two condictions in batch reactors showed similarity of 79% and 92% respectively for the Bacteria and Archaea domain. Therefore, both samples of RAHLF showed 80% (Bacteria) and 96% (Archaea) of similarity. In other words, more similarity were presented due configuration of the reactor as well as the type of PCB added. As a result, the existence of PCBs degrading bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in anaerobic biofilm, provided informations about the microbial consortium and its diversity in the presence of PCB.
Vich, Daniele Vital. "Comunidade microbiana e produção de metano em reator anaeróbio em batelada com metilamina como fonte de carbono." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-06012011-135057/.
Full textThe degradation of methylamine was investigated assessing the maximum specific methane production rate (MSR CH4) and the microbial community related to Bacteria e Archaea Domains. For this, two tests were performed in anaerobic batch reactors inoculated with granular sludge from an UASB reactor used in the treatment of poultry wastes. In all experiments, the control reactors, without methylamine addition, showed MSR CH4 of 0.04 mmol/L g TVS day. The first experiment evaluated the degradation of methylamine at different inoculum concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g TVS/L) and substrate concentrations (1,550 and 3,100 mg methylamine/L). The stoichiometrically expected \'CH IND.4\' concentration was reached in all reactors (37.50 and 75.00 mmol \'CH IND.4\'/L, for methylamine concentrations of 1,550 and 3,100 mg methylamine/L, respectively), except for the reactor with 2.5 g TVS/L and 3,100 mg methylamine/L, that produced only 2.04 mmol \'CH IND.4\'/L. The highest maximum specific methane production rate was 4.42 mmol/L g TVS day, reached in the reactors with 2.5 g TVS/L and 1,550 mg methylamine/L. The reactors inoculated with 5.0 g TVS/L had MSR CH4 of 2.31 and 2.34 for 1,550 and 3,100 mg methylamine/L, respectively. The reactors with 1,550 mg methylamine/L and 10.0 g TVS/L had MSR CH4 of 1.28 mmol/L g TVS day. The \'N\'-\'NH IND.4\'POT.-\' concentrations exceeded 12.9%, 0.7% and 18.3% the expected value (698 mg/L) for the reactors with 1,550 mg methylamine/L and 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g TVS/L, respectively. In the reactors with 3,100 mg methylamine/L, the final concentrations of \'NH IND.4\'POT.+\'-\'N\' were 122 and 1,726 mg/L for inoculum concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 g TVS/L, respectively. The second experiment compared different methylamine/sulfate ratios (0.71, 1.26 and 2.18) on reactors inoculated with 5.0 g TVS/L containing 1,550 mg methylamine/L. The stoichiometrically expected \'CH IND.4\' concentration was reached in all reactors. The maximum specific methane production rates were 2.54, 2.31 and 3.14 mmol/L g TVS day for methylamine/sulfate ratios of 0.71, 1.26 and 2.18, respectively. In all reactors, the average \'NH IND.4\'POT.+\'-\'N\' final concentration was 1,200 mg/L. The control reactors consumed 71.9% of the added substrate. The reactors with methylamine/sulfate ratios of 0.71, 1.26 and 2.18 consumed 49.6%, 61.6% and 83.2% of all the added sulfate, respectively. In both experiments, the microscopic analysis revealed cocci, rods, filaments, fluorescent cocci and sarcinas. In the reactors fed with methylamine only, the sequencing of 16S rRNA fragments detected five Phyla of the Bacteria Domain (Acidobacteria 4%, Firmicutes 11%, Proteobacteria 14%, Spirochaetes 13% and Synergistes 47%). In the reactors with methylamine and sulfate, seven Phyla were detected (Firmicutes 45%, Proteobacteria 7%, Spirochaetes 2%, Synergistes 16%, Chloroflexi 4%, Thermotogae 8% e Planctomycetes 1%). In both experiments, Archaea Domain was mainly represented by Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae Families, with the presence of Methanomethylovorans hollandica, a methanogenic archaea specie with specific metabolism for methylamine degradation.
Santana, Adriana Miranda de [UNESP]. "Avaliação de sistema composto por reatores anaeróbios e aeróbio para tratmento de águas residuárias de suinocultura." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103927.
Full textFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio constituído por dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), em série, em escala piloto (volumes de 510 e 209 L, respectivamente) seguidos de um reator em batelada seqüencial (RBS - volume de trabalho 210 L) aeróbio, tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) variando de 5 a 11 g L-1 e submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 28 e 14 h no primeiro reator (R1), 11 e 6 h no segundo reator (R2) e de 58 e 26 h no RBS. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total e SST variaram de 54 a 90% e de 54 a 96%, respectivamente, no conjunto de reatores UASB em dois estágios (R1+R2), com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 11 a 26 g DQO (L d)-1 no R1. A produção volumétrica máxima de metano de 1,613 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 ocorreu no R1, com COV de 19 g DQO (L d)-1 e TDH de 14 h. No RBS aeróbio, como pós-tratamento do efluente gerado nos reatores UASB, as eficiências médias de remoção foram 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% e 71% para a DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT, respectivamente, com COV variando de 0,4 a 3,6 g DQO (L d)-1. Assim, no sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio (R1+R2+RBS), as eficiências médias de remoção da DQO total, SST, P-total, NTK e NT atingiram valores de 96 a 99%, 96 a 99%, 77 a 85%, 76 a 97% e 68 a 89%, respectivamente, e dos micronutrientes de 77 a 98%, 94 a 99%, 83 a 97% e de 62 a 99% para Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn, respectivamente, Para os coliformes termotolerantes, as eficiências de remoção médias foram de 93,80 a 99,99%, obtendo-se valores mínimos de 2,3 x 103 NMP/100 mL. A atividade metanogênica específica do lodo dos reatores UASB foi mais elevada quando se utilizou o propionato + butirato como fonte de substrato, e quando os reatores foram operados...
In this work a combination between aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems constituted by two Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Reactor (UASB) in series, in a pilot scale (510 and 209 L volume each respectively) followed by a sequential batch reactor (SBR – 210L net volume) aerobic, treating swine residual water having from 5 to 11 g L-1 of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and under a hydraulic detention timing (HDT) of 28 and 14 hours in the first reactor (R1), 11 and 6 hours in the second reactor (R2) and 58 and 26 hours in the Sequential Batch Reactor (RBS). The COD and TSS average efficiency varied from 54 to 90% and from 54 to 96% respectively in the UASB two stages (R1 and R2), in a volumetric organic load (VOL) varying from 11 to 26g COD (L d)-1 in the R1. The maximum methane volumetric production was 1.613 m3 CH4 (m3 reactor d)-1 in the R1, having a 19g COD (L d)-1 and an HDT of 14h. Using an aerobic SBR as an effluent pretreater that was generate in the UASB reactors, it was reached an average of removing efficiency of 89%, 93%, 61%, 89% and 71% to total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, respectively, COD varying from 0.4 to 3.6 g COD (L d)-1. This way, in the anaerobic-aerobic combined system (R1 + R2 + RBS) the total COD, TSS, total P, TNK and TN, average removing reached values from 96 to 99%, 96 to 99%, 77 to 85%, 76 to 97% and 68 to 89%, respectively. To Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn the average efficiency was from 77 to 98%, 94 to 99%, 83 to 97% and 62 to 99%, respectively. To the thermotolerant coliforms the removal efficiency average was from 93.80 to 99.99% reaching the lower value of 2.3 x 103 MPN/100 mL. The sludge specific methanogenic activity in the UASB reactors was more elevated when was used the propionate + butyrate as substrate in conjunction with the operation of 28 HDT, 11h and TSS affluent around 5 g L-1, reaching 0.443 and 0.206 mmol CH4 (g SV h)-1 in the reactors R1 and R2, respectively.
Brucha, Gunther. "Influência dos nutrientes nitrogênio e fósforo na degradação anaeróbia do pentaclorofenol e na diversidade microbiana dos sedimentos enriquecidos do Estuário de Santos-São Vicente, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-30052008-180444/.
Full textThe research presented here aimed to determine the optimal nutritional conditions for the use of sediment from the Santos-São Vicente estuary in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, as an inoculum for a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor (HAIB) applied to the anaerobic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP), seeking to apply the technology on the real scale and to identify the microbial groups involved in the process. To this end, sediment with methanogenic characteristics from the Santos-São Vicente estuary was used. The microorganisms from the estuarine sediment were enriched under methanogenic and halophilic conditions, aiming to use the sediment as an inoculum in nutritional assays and in the operation of HAIB reactors. Biota saline culture medium supplemented with glucose and formiate was used to develop the halophilic methanogenic microbial community. PCP degradation tests were carried out previously under different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in order to gain a better understanding of the optimal N:P ratio for the anaerobic process. The findings on the microbial diversity of the domain Bacteria at the various ratios tested here indicated the selection of distinct microbial communities, resulting in different PCP degradation velocities. The N:P ratio utilized was 10:1 since it presented the best results not only in terms of faster PCP degradation than the other ratios but also highest diversity of microorganisms. The HAIB reactor was then operated with a mean inflow of approximately 44 mL/hour, using the biota saline mineral medium with a COD:N:P ratio of 1000:130:45 in R1 (reactor 1) and a COD:N:P ratio of 1000:10:1 in R2. Two distinct strategies were adopted to start up the reactors. In R1 PCP was added at an initial concentration of 10.0 mg/L for 100 days, causing destabilization of the methanogenesis and accumulation of PCP, requiring a 90-day intervention for the reactor\'s recovery. To start up R2, the PCP concentration was increased gradually from 0.5 mg/L to 12.0 mg/L for 52 days. After methanogenesis was established, R1 was fed for 270 days with 5.0 mg of PCP/L, followed by 41 days with 8.0 mg/L and 59 days with 12 mg/L. The mass balance in R1 indicated that 0.52% of the added PCP exited through the reactor\'s outflow and that adsorption of the system did not occur. 22.34 mg of 2,4,6 TCP, an intermediary of PCP degradation, was adsorbed in the bioparticles. The results of the analysis of microbial diversity indicated a change in the microbial community of the domain Bacteria along the operational period, with fluorescent bacilli morphologies resembling Methanobacterium sp present in the reactor. PCP degradation in R2 was 100% up to a concentration of 10.0 mg/L. At the end of the phase with 12.0 mg PCP/L, the effluent concentration was 1.4 mg PCP/L, with a mean removal efficiency of 93.2 \'+ or -\' 5,5%. 2,4,6 TCP was the main intermediary in the reactor\'s effluent. 4.06% of the PCP added to the system was found in the effluent and 15.94% was absorbed in the bioparticles of the reactor. Therefore, it was concluded that 80% of the added PCP underwent microbial anaerobic degradation. The presence of Methanocalcullus and Methanosaeta microorganisms in the final operating phase of R2, which was determined in the collected sediment, was considered fundamental for maintaining the reactor\'s stability. This discovery contributes to the body of information about the real microbial diversity of tropical ecosystems, above all in anaerobic habitats, and about the nutritional conditions and procedures involved in confining these microorganisms in reactors and using them in bioremediation processes.