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Journal articles on the topic 'Arrest of ship'
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Nikčević-Grdinić, Jelena, and Gordana Nikčević. "Arrest of Ships – The International Conventions on Arrest of Ships." Transactions on Maritime Science 1, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v01.n02.006.
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This paper discusses the most important questions concerning the temporary arrest of seagoing ships through solutions given in the existing international conventions. Special attention is given to the changes contained in the International Convention on Arrest of Ships of 1999 that came into force on 14 September, 2011, compared to the previous Convention of 1952. The basic approach to the principle of temporary arrest of ships remained unchanged according to the Convention of 1999 compared to the 1952 Convention. Still, temporary arrest of ships can only be effected for maritime claims. Having in mind that the 1999 Convention increases the number of maritime claims in relation to the Convention of 1952, and in a way that certain maritime claims that were previously considered claims for purely business relationship, for which creditors had not been able to enjoy the protection relating to arrest of the ship, are deemed to be maritime claims. Changes were also made to the right of re-arrest and multiple arrest of the ship. Convention of 1999 does not greatly alter the existing international regulations as established by the previous Convention, but attempts to additionally specify certain solutions contained in both the Conventions, in terms of their improvement and modernization.
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Kingsley Anele, Kalu. "Rethinking the arrest of ship regime in Nigeria." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 45, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 345–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2019.1656091.
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Pikas, Bohdan, and Anastasia Pikas. "Global Trade, Admiralty Law And Zero Sum Games." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 5, no. 3 (June 24, 2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v5i3.4707.
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A shipment of heavy sand from Australia was contaminated by sea water during a hurricane. Upon examination of the ships hold hatches, it was determined by the consignee that the hold hatches were in poor repair and faulty. Immediate compensation for the insurance deductible and shipping expense was demanded of the ships owners. Claiming an act of God under Admiralty Law, the ships owner refused payment. Upon consultation with maritime attorneys, the consignee decided to apply a provision of maritime law and arrest the ship to force payment.
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Indrawan, Immanuel A. "SHIP ARREST IN INDONESIA AND CROSS-BORDER MARITIME DISPUTE." Indonesian Journal of International Law 14, no. 4 (July 30, 2017): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol14.4.702.
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TOYODA, Masanobu, and Tsunehisa HANDA. "Structural Brittle Crack Arrest Design for Ultra Large Container Ship." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 81, no. 6 (2012): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.81.485.
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Taylor, Vanessa, Michelle Wong, Christian Brandts, Linda Reilly, Nicholas M. Dean, Lex M. Cowsert, Shonna Moodie, and David Stokoe. "5′ Phospholipid Phosphatase SHIP-2 Causes Protein Kinase B Inactivation and Cell Cycle Arrest in Glioblastoma Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 6860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.18.6860-6871.2000.
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ABSTRACT The tumor suppressor protein PTEN is mutated in glioblastoma multiform brain tumors, resulting in deregulated signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (PKB) pathway, which is critical for maintaining proliferation and survival. We have examined the relative roles of the two major phospholipid products of PI3K activity, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-biphosphate [PtdIns(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3], in the regulation of PKB activity in glioblastoma cells containing high levels of both of these lipids due to defective PTEN expression. Reexpression of PTEN or treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished the levels of both PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, reduced phosphorylation of PKB on Thr308 and Ser473, and inhibited PKB activity. Overexpression of SHIP-2 abolished the levels of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, whereas PtdIns(3,4)P2 levels remained high. However, PKB phosphorylation and activity were reduced to the same extent as they were with PTEN expression. PTEN and SHIP-2 also significantly decreased the amount of PKB associated with cell membranes. Reduction of SHIP-2 levels using antisense oligonucleotides increased PKB activity. SHIP-2 became tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation by growth factors, but this did not significantly alter its phosphatase activity or ability to antagonize PKB activation. Finally we found that SHIP-2, like PTEN, caused a potent cell cycle arrest in G1 in glioblastoma cells, which is associated with an increase in the stability of expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1. Our results suggest that SHIP-2 plays a negative role in regulating the PI3K-PKB pathway.
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Park, Joon-Sik, Bo-Young Jung, Gyu-Baek An, and Jong-Bong Lee. "Crack Arrest Toughness of Thick Steel Plate Welds for Ship Building." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2007.25.4.009.
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Petersen, DR, LN Pussegoda, L. Malik, and J. Morrison. "Measurement of Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness of a Ship Steel Plate." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 26, no. 3 (1998): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11991j.
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Matic, Peter, Andrew Geltmacher, and Bhakta Rath. "Computational aspects of steel fracturing pertinent to naval requirements." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2038 (March 28, 2015): 20140127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0127.
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Modern high strength and ductile steels are a key element of US Navy ship structural technology. The development of these alloys spurred the development of modern structural integrity analysis methods over the past 70 years. Strength and ductility provided the designers and builders of navy surface ships and submarines with the opportunity to reduce ship structural weight, increase hull stiffness, increase damage resistance, improve construction practices and reduce maintenance costs. This paper reviews how analytical and computational tools, driving simulation methods and experimental techniques, were developed to provide ongoing insights into the material, damage and fracture characteristics of these alloys. The need to understand alloy fracture mechanics provided unique motivations to measure and model performance from structural to microstructural scales. This was done while accounting for the highly nonlinear behaviours of both materials and underlying fracture processes. Theoretical methods, data acquisition strategies, computational simulation and scientific imaging were applied to increasingly smaller scales and complex materials phenomena under deformation. Knowledge gained about fracture resistance was used to meet minimum fracture initiation, crack growth and crack arrest characteristics as part of overall structural integrity considerations.
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Putra, Fani Martiawan Kumara. "Sister Ship Binding Clause as a Reinforcement of Debt Repayment Legal Certainty on Ship Mortgage." Yuridika 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v35i3.17004.
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The field of marine transportation plays a role that is not less important than land transportation in terms of economic development in Indonesia. As a result of globalization, business activity continues to increase, whether it is business in the field of marine transportation or outside the field, it is certainly undeniable that the activity requires a very large funds, which funds can be obtained by one way is to apply for credit/loans. Large amount of loans will only be given with the imposition of collateral as a further process. The imposition of collateral for large amount of loans may designate the ship as its collateral object by utilizing the Mortgage security agency. However, when the ship is being vetted on a voyage across national borders, the impact is when its debts mature, then the execution of such ship will be difficult, caused by the inadequate legal rules in Indonesia, and not all countries ratify the ship’s arrest convention. This study aims to provide a solution in order to achieve legal certainty of Mortgaged object execution that being across national borders for a significant development of shipping business. This research is normative research. The result obtained is the need of a clause in the Mortgage security document concerning the binding of sister ship with equal value, as the collateral object backup, when the execution of ship loaded with Mortgage security is unable to be done since it is located outside the state border.
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Viale Lescano, Domingo Jerónimo, and Guillermo Ford Ferrer. "La deuda de intereses en el derecho de la navegación marítima y aérea. / Interest debt in the law of maritime and air navigation." Revista de Derecho Privado │Universidad Blas Pascal 7, no. 7 (June 10, 2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37767/2362-5325(2020)004.
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En la primera parte: la ley de la navegación (20.094), nos referimos a los intereses del crédito naval, comenzando por el orden de los privilegios en el crédito naval, analizando los privilegios marítimos y la ley de concursos, así como los privilegios marítimos y el código civil y comercial. Luego señalamos que, como un rasgo atípico de los privilegios navales, comparados con el resto de los establecidos en el ordenamiento jurídico argentino, los intereses debidos por un (1) año gozan del mismo grado de privilegio que el capital (art. 474). Revisamos los privilegios sobre el buque, y destacamos cuáles son los créditos privilegiados. Pasamos luego revista a los intereses en la hipoteca naval, estudiando el contenido del instrumento de constitución de hipoteca. a continuación, nos detenemos en la determinación de la tasa de interés, para seguir con el embargo de buques, analizando lo que se refiere al buque con bandera nacional, donde señalamos que el embargo abarcará el importe de los intereses y la fianza. Tratamos luego el concurso especial de acreedores sobre un buque. En la segunda parte nos referimos al código aeronáutico, comenzando por la hipoteca aeronáutica, y siguiendo por los intereses, conforme al art. 767 del CCCN. ABSTRACT: In the first part: the law of navigation (20.094), we refer to the interests of the naval credit, starting with the order of privileges in the naval credit, analyzing the maritime privileges and the law of competitions, as well as maritime liens and the civil and commercial code. We then point out that, as an atypical feature of naval privileges, compared with the rest of those established in the argentine legal system, the interests due for one (1) year enjoy the same degree of privilege as capital (art. 474). We review the privileges on the ship, and highlight which are the privileged credits. we then review the interests in the naval mortgage, studying the content of the instrument of constitution of mortgage. Then we stop in the determination of the interest rate, to continue with the arrest of ships, analyzing what refers to the ship with national flag, where we point out that the arrest will cover the amount of the interest and the bond. We then discussed the special arrangement of creditors on a ship. In the second part we refer to the aeronautical code, starting with the aeronautical mortgage, and continuing with the interests, according to art. 767 of the CCCN.
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Pajković, Moreno. "Th e Possibility of Applying the Ship Arrest Measure in Case of Intellectual Property Infringement." Naše more 67, no. 2 (May 2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2020/2.8.
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Kierznikowicz, Brunon, and Stefan Teresiński. "Cerebral Gas Embolism in the Course of Mildly Symptomatic Pulmonary Barotrauma in a Scuba Diver." Polish Hyperbaric Research 71, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/phr-2020-0008.
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Abstract The paper presents a case of pulmonary barotrauma in a scuba diver. Swallowing water and respiratory arrest during the ascent caused the trauma. Symptoms from the respiratory system (including the Behnke’s symptom) appeared several minutes after the completion of the dive and were not severe. However, symptoms from the peripheral nervous system, which appeared later, increased rapidly until the seizure episode and loss of consciousness. Hyperbaric treatment was applied in a decompression chamber on board the ship from which the dive was conducted. The treatment resulted in complete remission of symptoms without any consequences.
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Choi, Byoung-Kwon. "A Study on the Relation of The Arbitration Tribunal and the Court in the Ship Arrest." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.2019.34.3.85.
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Jin, Hai, and Orestis Schinas. "Ownership of Assets in Chinese Shipping Funds." International Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7040069.
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As the importance of Chinese financial schemes in maritime business increases, and many issues on the ownership of the assets under the current Law remain obscured for international investors, this work argues that a streamlining to international practice is required; therefore, the ownership of the trust property under the shipping fund in China should be transferred to the trustee from the client. The trustee shall possess, employ, benefit, and dispose the trust property in his/her own name, which links up with China’s current property legislation, ship registration, and ship arrest regulations. The trust property under the shipping fund in China is independent of the fixed property or other management property of the trustee, the beneficiary, and the custodian. This gives full play to functional advantages of the trust system of the shipping fund, contributes to the expansion of financing channels in the shipping industry in China, guarantees the specialization and flexibility of shipping investment activities and the diversity of the investment subject, promotes development of China’s policies about the shipping industry and financial innovation, and boosts the realization of “The Strategy of National Revitalization Based on Marine Industry Development” and “The Belt and Road Initiatives” and construction of Shanghai International Shipping Center and International Finance Center.
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Kurniaty, Rika, Herman Suryokumoro, and Setyo Widagdo. "The Role of Marine Security Agency (BAKAMLA) As Sea and Coast Guards in Indonesian Water Jurisdiction." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 15, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v15no3.2017.
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The Indonesian geographical condition as an archipelagic state with abundant natural resources has put maritime security into its central issue. Several challenges are facing Indonesia’s maritime coordination. National maritime agencies are still overlapping and duplicating based on various laws and regulations. As part of the Indonesian vision to be a ‘global maritime fulcrum,’ Indonesia’s government established the Marine Security Agency (BAKAMLA). BAKAMLA aims to shift the law enforcement paradigm from a multi-agency multi-task to a single-agency multi-task. The establishment of BAKAMLA is expected to create law enforcement’s effectiveness and efficiency in Indonesia’s water jurisdiction. This study is a type of normative juridical research using a statute approach and case study approach. This study reveals that the emerging of BAKAMLA, based on Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine, grants broad authority to the maritime security agency. BAKAMLA has the power to direct instant pursue, dismiss, inspect, arrest, carry, and deliver the ship to the related authorized agency for further legal proceedings. BAKAMLA also has the authority to integrated security and safety information systems. The presence of BAKAMLA does not necessarily disregard or eliminate other institutions in the same task, but as a guard to stimulate to synergize further the security and safety of Indonesia’s territorial waters under a single command unit.
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Dharmawirawan, Dimas Ari, and Robiana Modjo. "Identifikasi Bahaya Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja pada Penangkapan Ikan Nelayan Muroami." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 6, no. 4 (February 1, 2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v6i4.98.
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Kelautan Kepulauan Seribu pada tahun 2009 terdapat 1.722 penduduk berprofesi sebagai nelayan. Sebanyak 299 orang berprofesi nelayan muroami yang menghadapi bahaya keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja tinggi dan hingga saat ini mereka belum mengetahui bahaya pekerjaan tersebut.Penelitian deskriptif dengan analisis kualitatif ini, bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran bahaya kegiatan penangkapan ikan nelayan muroami di Kelurahan Pulau Panggang, Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu. Penelitian ini hanya mengamati para penyelam kompresor sebagai subjek penelitian dengan mengunakan metode identifikasi bahaya yaitu Job Hazard Analysis. Bahaya keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja pada tahapan aktivitas penangkapan ikan terdiri atas tahapan persiapan, tahapan penyelaman, dan tahapan penanganan hasil penangkapan. Bahaya yang dihadapi dikelompokkanmenjadi bahaya bagi keselamatan dan bahaya kesehatan, bahaya bagi keselamatan pekerja meliputi ombak, lantai licin, duri ikan, terjepit, bahan bakar mesin kompresor, selang api korosif, tekanan udara pada tabung mesin kompresor, tuas terlepas, karang, gigitan biota laut, selang tertekuk, terputus, atau bocor dan tubuh yang tersangkut baling-baling kapal. Bahaya kesehatan meliputi ergonomik, kebisingan, tekanan ekstrim, temperatur dingin, temperatur panas, sengatan ikan dan karang beracun, gas CO, CO2 dan nitrogen.Kata Kunci: Penangkapan ikan, nelayan, penyelam kompresorAbstractData from Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Thousand Islands goverment in 2009 there were 1722 people living as fishermen, with 299 people living as muroami fishermen. Muroami Fishermen is one of the informal sector jobs which have high dangers of occupational health and safety, until now the fishermen don’t know the danger of their jobs.The study is descriptive with the approach of this qualitative analysis, aims to find the description on the danger of muroami fishing activities catch of fish, in Kelurahan Panggang Island, Thousand Islands District. This study only observed without intervention to the compressor divers as subjects of research. Hazard identification methods used Job Hazard Analysis. The results obtained OHS hazard description of fishing activities, consisting of: stage of preparation, 2. Stages Stage diving and handling of the arrest. Based on these stages, found the picture hazards can be classified into 2, namely: a danger to the safety of workers (the waves, the ship slippery floors, thorn fish, stuck, compressor fuel, corrosive fire hose, air pressure in the tube compressor machines, lever regardless, the coral, marine biota bites, the bent hose, the hose is disconnected, the hose is leaking and body caught in the propeller ship) and health hazards (ergonomics, noise, extreme pressure, cold temperatures, hot temperatures, and fish stings toxic reef, gas CO, CO2 and nitrogen).Key words: Catch of fish, fisherman, compressor divers
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Hardwick, Jason M., Sean D. Murnan, Daphne P. Morrison-Ponce, and John J. Devlin. "Field Expedient Vasopressors During Aeromedical Evacuation: A Case Series from the Puerto Rico Disaster Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 6 (November 9, 2018): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18000973.
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AbstractIntroductionEmergency physicians are using bolus-dose vasopressors to temporize hypotensive patients until more definitive blood pressure support can be established. Despite a paucity of clinical outcome data, emergency department applications are expanding into the prehospital setting. This series presents two cases of field expedient vasopressor use by emergency medicine providers for preflight stabilization during aeromedical evacuation to a hospital ship as part of the United States Navy disaster response in Puerto Rico. A critical approach and review of the literature are discussed.Case ReportTwo critically ill patients were managed in an austere environment as a result of the devastation from Hurricane Maria (Yabucoa, Puerto Rico; 2017). They both exhibited signs of respiratory distress, hemodynamic instability, and distributive shock requiring definitive airway management and hemodynamic support prior to aeromedical evacuation.DiscussionThe novel use of field expedient vasopressors prior to induction for rapid sequence intubation was successfully and safely employed in both cases. Both patients had multiple risk factors for peri-induction cardiac arrest given their presenting hemodynamics. Despite their illness severity, both patients were induced, transported, and ultimately admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in stable condition following administration of the field expedient vasopressors.Conclusion:Field expedient vasopressors were safely and effectively employed in an austere field environment during a disaster response. This case series contributes to the growing body of literature of safe bolus-dose vasopressor use by emergency physicians to temporize hypotensive patients in resource-constrained situations.HardwickJM, MurnanSD, Morrison-PonceDP, DevlinJJ. Field expedient vasopressors during aeromedical evacuation: a case series from the Puerto Rico disaster response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):668–672.
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Sudarwanto, AL Sentot, and Grace Ayu Purwosutedjo. "Bill of Lading in Transporting Goods at Sea to Envisage an Efficiency of Export and Import Transaction." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v8i2.19470.
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<p>This study discusses the law of transporting goods at sea by using a document of charge called Bill of Lading known in common law system is from the 16th century. The research is taken based on the empirical type by showing evidence obtained from the field then analyzed based on bibliography and theory which exists. The result of the research is that each of the international regulations studied does not describe explicitly what the rights and obligations of exporters and importers. However, the B/L contract on the back describes the rights and obligations of exporters and importers as "merchants". Then the results of research that Efficiency is achieved by reason if B/L has been published, No weight miscommunication, Parties abide by applicable legislation, Not falsely signing, Storing B/L in a safe place so as not to disappear, Consistent premises B/L not to be amended, Exporters researching weight standards of goods to be shipped according to ship type, Exporters studying freight forwarding companies in order to manage customs clearance, Selecting the right insurance company to be trusted, Paying attention to the cost of deviation for the benefit of shipping For carrier, Use safe payment method to avoid any more cost when transaction insecurity, Use Surrender B/L model to avoid loading time at loading and unloading ports, Checking documentation of payload including B/L whether complete or not to avoid arrest goods in Customs area, Conduct a container inspection to avoid leakage, and Prevent assignment to less competent workforce to handle cargo documents.</p>
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Barnache, Stéphane, Patrick Mayeux, Bernard Payrastre, and Françoise Moreau-Gachelin. "Alterations of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the erythropoietin-independent Spi-1/PU.1 transgenic proerythroblasts." Blood 98, no. 8 (October 15, 2001): 2372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.8.2372.
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Abstract During the cell transformation processes leading to erythroleukemia, erythroid progenitors often become erythropoietin (Epo)-independent for their proliferation. The biochemical events that could lead an erythroleukemic cell to growth factor–independence were investigated using spi-1 transgenic poerythroblasts. Spi-1/PU.1 is a myeloid and B-cell transcription factor of the ETS family and is activated by insertional mutagenesis during Friend erythroleukemia. Its overexpression in proerythroblasts induces their differentiation arrest without altering their erythropoietin requirement for proliferation (HS1 cells). At a later step, genetic alterations most probably occur allowingspi-1 transgenic poerythroblasts to proliferate in the absence of erythropoietin (HS2 cells). The signaling transduction pathways in HS1 and HS2 proerythroblasts were analyzed. The authors have previously shown that the Jak/STAT pathway was not activated in Epo-independent cells, but remained sensitive to Epo stimulation. In the present study, it is shown that the Epo-independent proliferation of HS2 cells requires active phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In these cells, PI3K was constitutively associated with the molecular adapters Grb2 and Gab1, and with the phosphatases SHP-2 and SHIP. Moreover, PI3K activity was correlated with the constitutive phosphorylation of serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) in HS2 cells. Lastly, a constitutive activation of the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in HS2 cells was observed that occurs in a PI3K-independent manner, but depends strictly on the activity of the protein kinase C (PKC). These results suggest that constitutive activations of PI3K/AKT and PKC/MAPK pathways can act in synergy to lead a proerythroblast to proliferate without Epo.
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Marković, Savo. "Legislative Prospective of the Arrest of Ships in Montenegro." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, no. 4 (March 2, 2012): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i4.241.
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In the existing legislative process, the Montenegrin judicature faces a series of questions imposed by the practice of arresting ships. Legislation tries to respond to them by innovating the current regulations, based on the 1977, i.e. 1998 Maritime and Inland Navigation Act (MINA), and by taking into consideration the achievements of foreign, similar jurisprudences and legislations, as well as of international conventions. The proposed solutions in the draft of the Maritime Navigation Act represent a certain change in legislative systematization of the legal institute of temporary measure of ships arrest. KEY WORDS: arrest of ships, national legislation, International Arrest Conventions
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Savage, Thomas J. "Emeline and Jeremiah." California History 93, no. 2 (2016): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2016.93.2.31.
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On November 2, 1850, Jeremiah Root published a “Notice” in the Sacramento Transcript offering a reward for the arrest of his wife, Emeline, who had absconded with a younger man, twelve thousand dollars, and their two-year-old daughter, leaving Root and their five sons to fend for themselves at the roadhouse they ran along the American River. When Emeline and their daughter were found three months later on a bark in San Francisco preparing to leave California, Jeremiah met with her and the couple quickly reconciled. Charges were dropped against Emeline and her associates, and Jeremiah and the rest of their family joined her on the ship to travel east. The Transcript editorialized against the apparent tawdry nature of the affair, but a deeper inspection of the history of this forty-niner family reveals in intimate detail how Jeremiah and Emeline's personal struggles emerged from the incredible physical and spiritual turmoil experienced by early Mormon emigrants, who played a seminal role in Gold Rush–era California. Emeline and Jeremiah Root were early converts to Mormonism and arrived in California having survived a twelve-year odyssey that began in Kirtland, Ohio. They were expelled first from Kirtland and then from Nauvoo, Illinois, after the murder of their church leader, Joseph Smith. They persevered through starvation and malnutrition at Winter Quarters on the Missouri River while following Brigham Young to Salt Lake. They struggled with spiritual allegiances as the practice of polygamy and economic inequities became apparent among church leadership, and they ultimately defied Brigham Young by taking the physically demanding overland route from Salt Lake through the Forty-Mile Desert and over the Carson Pass to Gold Rush California in early 1849. Finally, they lived through a tumultuous year on the lower American River, surviving among unruly miners, deadly shootouts over property rights, and a rampant outbreak of cholera. These pressures erupted into a personal crisis when Emeline escaped, escorted by a family friend who was perhaps her lover, taking her only daughter and the family fortune with her. Emeline and Jeremiah's eventual reconciliation and the way Jeremiah ultimately lived out his life revealed them to be people of personal and spiritual integrity who, in this one incident, were overwhelmed by the struggles of the times. Their story illustrates the incredible resiliency of early California pioneers and integrates in vivid detail the physical, spiritual, and emotional challenges facing families in Gold Rush–era California.
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MADJID, M. Adnan, WIDODO WIDODO, Eko G. SAMUDRO, and Tutut HERAWAN. "The Implementation of Sinking Illegal Fishing Vessels Policy towards the Bilateral Relation between Indonesia – Malaysia: A Case Study in Tarakan." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).15.
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This study discusses the policy implementation by Indonesia regarding the sinking of illegal fishing vessels towards Indonesia's bilateral relations with Malaysia, especially those that occurred in Tarakan. Many losses from illegal fishing by neighboring countries made the President of Indonesia, took a firm stance regarding the rules of ship sinking to the accused ships that have been proven doing illegal fishing in the Indonesian sea. In this case, Malaysia is the country with the fifth largest fish commodity production in Southeast Asia whereas fish consumption in Malaysia is ranked first in the region. Thus, the country faces obstacles in fulfilling the need for fish faced with Indonesian policies in addressing illegal fishing arrests by foreign countries. By qualitative methods, this research reveals the background of the existence and implementation of policies for the sinking of illegal fishing vessels and the impact of these policies on the Malaysian state. International system pressure, state power and other theories were used to help carry out this research. As a result, this study provides an overview of the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia after the enactment of the policy in order to support and improve the Indonesian Maritime Security.
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Cui, Long-Zhe. "A Study on Preserved Creditor's Rights and Target of Ships in the Arrest of Ships." 국제법무 6, no. 2 (November 2014): 243–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjilr.6.2.201411.009.
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Berlingieri, Giorgio. "Liability for the Wrongful Arrest of Ships: Where We Stand." Poredbeno pomorsko pravo 174 (2020): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/ygjwrcd50y.
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Handa, Tsunehisa, Kimihiro Nishimura, Hiroshi Shiomi, and Seishi Tsuyama. "Brittle Crack Propagation/Arrest Behavior in T-Joint Structure of Heavy Gauge Steel Plates." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.914.
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Brittle crack arrestability is extremely important in welded joints of heavy gauge steel plates used in large container ships. Recently, much attention has been focused on potential crack propagation along welds using large heat input. This paper examines the application of a T-joint to the strength deck structure of container ships to enhance crack arrestability. The crack arrest toughness, Kca, for crack arrest was varied. The ESSO test of T-joint components showed that brittle crack was arrested at the T-joint if the steel plate used for the flange had a high Kca value in the range from 4900 to 7300N/mm3/2. FE-analysis of the stress intensity factor K indicated that brittle crack propagation was arrested under the condition that the K-value at the running crack tip was less than the Kca of the material. In the T-joint, it was noted that the K-value around the area of the deepest point of the crack decreased and was finally less than the Kca of the flange plate when the brittle crack penetrated suddenly into the flange plate to a 10mm depth. This phenomenon shows the advantage of using a T-joint for brittle crack arrest in the flange plates of strength deck structures.
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Diskin, A. "Management of cardiac arrest on cruise ships; 3 years of data." Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 74, no. 5 (November 2013): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admp.2013.07.101.
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Madjid, M. Adnan, Widodo Widodo, and Eko G. Samudro. "The Implementation of Sinking Illegal Fishing Vessels Policy Towards the Bilateral Relations between Indonesia and Malaysia." Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 4, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v4i2.18767.
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This study discusses the policy implementation by Indonesia regarding the sinking of illegal fishing vessels towards Indonesia's bilateral relations with Malaysia, especially those that occurred in Tarakan and Nunukan. Many losses from illegal fishing by neighboring countries made the President of Indonesia, through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, took a firm stance regarding the rules of ship sinking to the accused ships that have been proven doing illegal fishing in the Indonesian sea. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries together with relevant agencies helped implement the policy which had an impact on the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia. In this case, Malaysia is still in third place after Vietnam and the Philippines in the data on the number of vessels destroyed by the Indonesia. Malaysia is also the country with the fifth largest fish commodity production in Southeast Asia whereas fish consumption in Malaysia is ranked first in the region. Thus, the country faces obstacles in fulfilling the need for fish faced with Indonesian policies in addressing illegal fishing arrests by foreign countries. By qualitative methods, this research reveals the background of the existence and implementation of policies for the sinking of illegal fishing vessels and the impact of these policies on the Malaysian state. International system pressure, state power and other theories were used to help carry out this research. As a result, this study provides an overview of the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia after the enactment of the policy. First, the Malaysian increase their fish trade and sea safeguard with Indonesia, both in the designated sea area and the gray area. Second, the government of Malaysia adopted the sinking ships method due to its mechanism that is considered effective and efficient in creating detterence effect. Third, both countries agreed to release poor or small fishermen who carry out IUU Fishing made between the President of Indonesia and the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
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Somers, Eddy. "The arrest of ships in maritime zones beyond internal waters in Belgian maritime law." Marine Policy 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-597x(00)00036-1.
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Vlasov, A., and S. Buev. "Arrest of ships in the legislation of Arctic region countries: the USA and Canada." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 302 (August 6, 2019): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/302/1/012055.
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Romans, Timothy. "Mysterious Ships, Troublesome Loans, and Rumors of War: The Tokugawa Arrest of Suetsugu Heizō Shigetomo." Journal of World History 29, no. 4 (2018): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2018.0053.
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Falase-Aluko, Abiola. "New Developments in the Admiralty Jurisdiction of the Federal High Court in Nigeria." Journal of African Law 39, no. 1 (1995): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000588x.
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Over 20 years ago, the Federal High Court was created. It is today the only Court with jurisdiction in matters relating to admiralty in Nigeria. This has, however, not been without some teething problems. Disputes arose over what matters fell within the admiralty jurisdiction of the courts and also as to which courts had admiralty jurisdiction. The recent Admiralty Jurisdiction Decree of 1991 addresses these issues by providing a comprehensive local code in line with the International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-going Ships, 1952. This article traces the development of the admiralty jurisdiction of the Federal High Court and examines the scope of its jurisdiction today.
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Yessiou-Faltsi, Pelayia. "The 1952 Brussels International Convention on the arrest of ships for maritime claims and on jurisdiction." Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2011): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12180-011-0019-5.
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Schmitt, Kerstin, and Oliver Valerius. "yRACK1/Asc1 proxiOMICs—Towards Illuminating Ships Passing in the Night." Cells 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111384.
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Diverse signals and stress factors regulate the activity and homeostasis of ribosomes in all cells. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Asc1/yRACK1 occupies an exposed site at the head region of the 40S ribosomal subunit (hr40S) and represents a central hub for signaling pathways. Asc1 strongly affects protein phosphorylation and is involved in quality control pathways induced by translation elongation arrest. Therefore, it is important to understand the dynamics of protein formations in the Asc1 microenvironment at the hr40S. We made use of the in vivo protein-proximity labeling technique Biotin IDentification (BioID). Unbiased proxiOMICs from two adjacent perspectives identified nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mRNA-binding proteins, the deubiquitinase complex Ubp3-Bre5, as well as the ubiquitin E3 ligase Hel2 as neighbors of Asc1. We observed Asc1-dependency of hr40S localization of mRNA-binding proteins and the Ubp3 co-factor Bre5. Hel2 and Ubp3-Bre5 are described to balance the mono-ubiquitination of Rps3 (uS3) during ribosome quality control. Here, we show that the absence of Asc1 resulted in massive exposure and accessibility of the C-terminal tail of its ribosomal neighbor Rps3 (uS3). Asc1 and some of its direct neighbors together might form a ribosomal decision tree that is tightly connected to close-by signaling modules.
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Zournatzi, Christina. "A Comparative Study of International Maritime Conventions: Italian and Greek Perspectives." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 176–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00402001.
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This paper brings together a comparative study alongside expert analysis of the most important International Maritime Conventions of interest to two European Member States with extensive and significant maritime traditions, Italy and Greece. Initially the general legal framework of these two States with civil law systems is pointed out, followed by an analysis of the most influential and eminent maritime Conventions that have been implemented in the States’ legal systems. The Conventions on salvage, arrest of ships, maritime liens and mortgages and limitation of liability are considered and scrutinised. The methods and the legislative actions that the States adopted for the International rules to become part of their national legislative systems are examined thoroughly.
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Baldacchino, Godfrey. "Forced Immobility." Transfers 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2021.110105.
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Over April and May 2020, some 425 undocumented male migrants, mainly of Sub-Saharan origin, making the perilous crossing by boat from Libya toward Europe across the central Mediterranean, were saved and taken aboard by Maltese search and rescue vessels. However, instead of being immediately ported and disembarked, they were transferred to four “pleasure boats” and left bobbing on the high seas, some for forty days, while the Maltese government sought out other European countries who might be willing to take in some of them. This article uses this episode to foreground the manner in which boats and ships are serving as floating islands, also in international waters, producing a modern form of forced immobility and arrest.
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Qi, Yongfeng, Jing Li, Chengbin Shi, and Qintian Zhu. "Continuous Cooling Transformation of Undeformed and Deformed High Strength Crack-Arrest Steel Plates for Large Container Ships." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0003.
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AbstractThe phase transformation behavior of crack-arrest steel during continuous cooling either with or without deformation at high temperatures was investigated. By carefully examining the microstructures of continuous cooled samples, we found that pearlite, quasi-polygonal ferrite (QPF), acicular ferrite (AF), granular bainite (GB), upper bainite, lath-like bainite and martensite/austenite will exist depending on cooling rates and transformation temperatures in both conditions of deformation and without deformation after austenization. The transformation curves of AF and GB moved toward the left in deformation condition in comparison with that of without deformation condition, which indicated that deformation promoted the formation of QPF and AF; meanwhile, deformation inhibited the formation of bainite. Finer bainite and the accompanying M/A could be obtained by reducing the bainite nucleation activation energy as follows: (i) increasing the undercooling by increasing the cooling rate; (ii) increasing the stored energy by deformation of the austenite.
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Lubis, Tona Aurora, Zulkifli Zulkifli, and Muhammad Safri. "OPTIMALISASI MODEL EFISIENSI ENERGI DAN BIAYA TERHADAP TINGKAT PENDAPATAN DENGAN CLUSTERISASI NELAYAN TANGKAP DI PROVINSI JAMBI." Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v1i1.3757.
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This research is important and interesting, especially for Jambi province since studies first year will be able to classify the fishermen catch with the system clusterisasi, able to identify and analyze the impact of energy efficiency and cost to the level of income of fishermen fishing, formulate a model of the development of energy efficiency and cost against income level with clusterisasi fishermen catch, as well as the first study of formulating a development model of energy efficiency and cost to the level of income by fishermen catch clusterisasi This study uses a combination of research methods (mixed method), which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The type of research used is a combination of Exploratory Sequential Design, which is in the early stages of research using qualitative methods and the next phase using quantitative methods. The conclusion of this study is clusterisasi fishermen in Jambi Province can be classified into three categories: full of fishermen, and fishermen main sideline, as well as additional odd fisherman. The impact of energy efficiency and cost to the level of fishing income generating variable Energy Efficiency and Cost (EEB) to four (4) indicators reflective namely: the type of vessel (JK), speed boat (KK), operation of a ship (OK), the pattern of arrests (PP) and variable Fishermen performance Capture (KNT) with (a) a reflective indicator is the level of income (TP). A model of energy efficiency and cost against pendatan with clusterisasi fishermen fishing in the province of Jambi is that energy efficiency and cost (EEB) which is reflected by speed boat (KK) and ship operations (OK) has a significant influence on the performance of the fishermen catch (KNT) reflected income level (TP). This study is important and interesting in order to get funding for this research study second year (2017), so it can answer Fator factors internal and external that affect the welfare of fishermen fishing in the province of Jambi.
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McDonald, Braedon, Craig N. Jenne, Lisheng Zhuo, Koji Kimata, and Paul Kubes. "Kupffer cells and activation of endothelial TLR4 coordinate neutrophil adhesion within liver sinusoids during endotoxemia." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 305, no. 11 (December 1, 2013): G797—G806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00058.2013.
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A key pathological feature of the systemic inflammatory response of sepsis/endotoxemia is the accumulation of neutrophils within the microvasculature of organs such as the liver, where they cause tissue damage and vascular dysfunction. There is emerging evidence that the vascular endothelium is critical to the orchestration of inflammatory responses to blood-borne microbes and microbial products in sepsis/endotoxemia. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of endothelium, and specifically endothelial TLR4 activation, in the regulation of neutrophil recruitment to the liver during endotoxemia. Intravital microscopy of bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that TLR4 expression by non-bone marrow-derived cells was required for neutrophil recruitment to the liver during endotoxemia. Furthermore, LPS-induced neutrophil adhesion in liver sinusoids was equivalent between wild-type mice and transgenic mice that express TLR4 only on endothelium ( tlr4−/−Tie2 tlr4), revealing that activation of endothelial TLR4 alone was sufficient to initiate neutrophil adhesion. Neutrophil arrest within sinusoids of endotoxemic mice requires adhesive interactions between neutrophil CD44 and endothelial hyaluronan. Intravital immunofluorescence imaging demonstrated that stimulation of endothelial TLR4 alone was sufficient to induce the deposition of serum-derived hyaluronan-associated protein (SHAP) within sinusoids, which was required for CD44/hyaluronan-dependent neutrophil adhesion. In addition to endothelial TLR4 activation, Kupffer cells contribute to neutrophil recruitment via a distinct CD44/HA/SHAP-independent mechanism. This study sheds new light on the control of innate immune activation within the liver vasculature during endotoxemia, revealing a key role for endothelial cells as sentinels in the detection of intravascular infections and coordination of neutrophil recruitment to the liver.
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Edelmann, Jennifer, David James Britton, Emma Vilventhraraja, Arran Dokal, Karlheinz Holzmann, Mark C. Cragg, Andrejs Braun, Pedro Cutillas, and John G. Gribben. "Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies Hijack the B-Cell Receptor Signaling Cascade Thereby Activating the NOTCH1 Signaling Pathway." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116490.
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Abstract NOTCH1 is a cell surface receptor, regulation of which depends on the integrity and subsequent cleavage of its inhibitory domain. Subtle mechanical forces transmitted after ligand-binding [Wang et al., 2013] or removal of Ca2+-ions [Rand et al., 2000] make the site accessible for cleavage, resulting in release of the transcription factor NICD1. Mutations in NOTCH1 that prolong NICD1 activity have been found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with enrichment in up to 30% of Richter transformation (RT). Clinical trials have revealed that NOTCH1 mutant CLL derives no benefit from the addition of type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) such as rituximab. This lack of benefit has not been observed with the type II anti-CD20 mAb obinutuzumab. To understand how anti-CD20 mAbs influence NOTCH1, we studied intracellular signaling events induced by rituximab or obinutuzumab and assessed their implications on NOTCH1 signaling. As a model for this, mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis was applied to rituximab or obinutuzumab treated SU-DHL4 B-lymphoma cells (1h and 24h time-points) and >8500 phosphorylation sites measured relative to untreated controls. Activation of kinase pathways was inferred by kinase-substrate enrichment analysis (KSEA). NOTCH1 receptor activity was assessed by western blot for NICD1 and qPCR for HES1 expression (NICD1 target gene). We used rituximab F(ab')2 fragments, trastuzumab as an isotype control and SB2H2 to cross-link the IgG B-cell receptor (BCR). Where applicable, cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors for 48h before mAb exposure. Rituximab or obinutuzumab treatment resulted in strong phosphorylation of all proximal BCR signaling proteins at 1h and 24h, strongly activating MAPK and PLCγ2-induced signaling and remodeling processes in the actin cytoskeleton. Cell cycle promoting proteins were inhibited and in addition, obinutuzumab promoted pro-apoptotic signaling. AKT signaling was inhibited due to SHIP activation following FcγRIIB binding. We hypothesized that BCR-induced Ca2+-flux and/or mechanical forces inflicted by cytoskeletal rearrangements disrupt the integrity of the inhibitory domain of NOTCH1 and promote ligand-independent activation. A strong, immediate increase in NOTCH1 activity was observed after rituximab, rituximab F(ab')2 and SB2H2 treatment. This was preventable by SYK inhibition, which also abrogated Ca2+-flux. Neither Ca2+-flux nor a relevant increase in NICD1 activity were induced by obinutuzumab, clearly supporting our first hypothesis. To test, if cytoskeletal rearrangements also contributed to NOTCH1 activation, we treated cells with a Rac inhibitor and found significantly reduced basal HES1 expression. PI-4,5-P2, which is the substrate for the Pi3-kinase (Pi3K), suppresses Ca2+-flux and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In vitro, the Pi3K inhibitors idelalisib, duvelisib and umbralisib reduced maximum HES1 expression after rituximab exposure as well as basal HES1 expression levels significantly more than BTK inhibition. Thus, Pi3K inhibitors likely act as suppressors of NOTCH1 signaling. Abnormally strong NOTCH1 signaling is one driver of RT and our observations can serve as explanation why idelalisib treated patients might develop RT at lower rates than patients treated with ibrutinib or venetoclax. In summary, we demonstrate clear and direct links between BCR and NOTCH1 signaling and show that anti-CD20 mAbs induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after strong BCR signaling. With c-MYC as an established target gene, NICD1 release upon Ca2+-flux and cytoskeletal movements in B-cells generates survival and proliferation signals. BCR-triggered effects on cell fate depend on signal strength and vary between activation/survival and apoptosis, the latter occurring when signal strength exceeds a threshold. CLL cells have low CD20 expression and the threshold for apoptosis induction after anti-CD20 mAb treatment may thus be difficult to reach. NOTCH1 mutations leading to abnormally strong effects of NICD1 would then lead to a prominence of survival over apoptotic signals, thereby promoting the observed resistance to rituximab. We believe that Ca2+-flux inducing type I anti-CD20 mAbs should be avoided in the treatment of NOTCH1 mutant CLL. Furthermore, we hypothesize that patients at increased risk for RT (mutant NOTCH1, c-MYC gain, highly autoreactive BCR) may benefit from Pi3K inhibition. Disclosures Cragg: Boehringer Ingleheim: Consultancy; Bioinvent: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties: Patent licenced to Bioinvent around CD32b blockade. Gribben:TG Therapeutics: Honoraria; NIH: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria; Acerta Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Wellcome Trust: Research Funding; Kite: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Unum: Equity Ownership; Cancer Research UK: Research Funding; Medical Research Council: Research Funding; Abbvie: Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria.
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DEUTSCH, MICHAEL E., and ERICA THOMPSON. "Secrets and Lies: The Persecution of Muhammad Salah (Part I)." Journal of Palestine Studies 37, no. 4 (2008): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2008.37.4.38.
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The case of Muhammad Salah, a Palestinian-American grocer and Chicago resident, is the longest-running terrorism case in the United States. He was brought to trial on terrorism-funding charges in October 2006 after a thirteen-year saga that began with his January 1993 arrest in Israel as the ““world commander of Hamas”” and that continued in the United States following his release from Israeli prison in late 1997. Though acquitted of all terrorism-related charges by a U.S. federal jury in Chicago in February 2007, Salah was convicted on a single count of obstruction of justice. In this exclusive report for JPS, Salah's lawyers recount the unfolding of this landmark and labyrinthine case, analyzing its legal underpinnings and implications. His prosecution served to advance new standards governing the admissibility of coerced confessions at trial and the use of secret evidence, while at the same time establishing new procedures for preventing the cross-examination of key witnesses and closing the courtroom to the press and public during crucial testimony. Even before his U.S. trial, his taped confession extracted under Shin Bet torture served as the linchpin of the U.S. government's investigation and prosecution of persons it suspected of providing material support for Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation. More broadly, the years covered by the case show the erosion of the rule of law in the United States, as well as the melding of the discourses, strategies, tactics, and aims of U.S. and Israeli law enforcement and intelligence bodies long before the post-9/11 launch of the ““global war on terror.”” Part I of this two-part account lays the ground for the 2006––7 Chicago trial, covering the period of Salah's arrest, interrogation, and imprisonment in Israel and the investigations and legal proceedings against him upon his return. Part II will focus on the crafting of the case by the Justice Department under Pres. George W. Bush and the trial itself.
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Peters, L. "Francesco Berlingieri, Berlingieri on Arrest of Ships, LLP Limited, London/New York/Hong Kong, second edition, 1996, xxxv + 235 p., ISBN 1-85978-044-X." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 2, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/2.2.424-a.
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Tagawa, Tetsuya, Hisakazu Tajika, Tsunehisa Handa, Teppei Okawa, Yusuke Shimada, Takehiro Inoue, Shota Nanno, Kazuyuki Matsumoto, Tomoya Kawabata, and Shuji Aihara. "An experimental study on Kca value to arrest a running brittle crack in structural model specimens with steel plate of 100 mm thickness for container ships." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (November 19, 2019): 943–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-019-00692-7.
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Chen, Zhengshan, Seyedmehdi Shojaee, Huimin Geng, Jaewoong Lee, Maike Buchner, Lars Klemm, Clifford A. Lowell, et al. "Inhibitory Receptors and Phosphatases Enable Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase Signaling In B Cell Lineage Leukemia." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.229.229.
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Abstract Background B cells are selected at multiple developmental checkpoints for an intermediate level of (pre-) B cell receptor (BCR) signaling strength: either insufficient or hyperactive signaling (e.g. from an autoreactive BCR) results in cell death. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent type of cancer in children and typically arises from pre-B cells, a large fraction of which are autoreactive. In ∼25% of patients, ALL is driven by an oncogenic tyrosine kinase (e.g. BCR-ABL1 in Ph+ ALL) and defines the ALL subgroup with the worst clinical outcome. Ph+ ALL cells invariably develop resistance against tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Here we tested the hypothesis that inherent mechanisms of negative selection to eliminate autoreactive clones with hyperactive pre-BCR signaling are still active in transformed pre-B cells and identified a potential therapeutic target for ALL patients. Results The BCR-ABL1 oncogene mimics a constitutively active pre-BCR and an incremental increase of pre-BCR downstream signaling (ITAM overexpression) was indeed sufficient to induce cell death in Ph+ ALL, but not in normal pre-B cells with low baseline signaling strength. TKI-treatment, while designed to kill leukemia cells, seemingly paradoxically rescued Ph+ ALL cells in this experimental setting. Patient-derived Ph+ ALL cells differ from normal pre-B cells by expression of high levels of ITIM containing inhibitory receptors including PECAM1, CD300A and LAIR1. However, ITAM containing activation receptors like CD79B was absent on the cell surface, and there was point or frame-shift mutation for both CD79A and CD79B. Importantly, high expression levels of ITIM-receptors are predictive of poor outcome in two clinical trials. In the COG trial (P9906; n=207) for children high-risk ALL, mRNA levels of PECAM1, CD300A and LAIR1 at diagnosis positively correlated with early minimal residual disease (MRD) findings on day 29 (p<0.0005), and negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) rate (p<0.02) or relapse free survival (RFS) rate (p<0.05). In the ECOG trial (E2993; n=215) for adults ALL, PECAM1 mRNA level negatively correlated with OS rate (p=0.0285). Genetic studies revealed that Pecam1, Cd300a and Lair1 receptors are critical to calibrate oncogenic signaling strength and prevent excessive tyrosine kinase activity through recruitment of the inhibitory phosphatases Ptpn6 (SHP1) and Inpp5d (SHIP1). Deletion of Pecam1, Cd300a or Lair1 in Ph+ ALL cells caused increased ROS levels, accumulation of p53, p21 and p27 protein, G0/G1cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. P-STAT5 and p-ERK were increased after Lair1 deletion. Transplant experiments indicated that Lair1 deletion resulted in rapid leukemia regression and prolonged survival of recipient mice. Leukemia cell death caused by Lair1 deletion could be rescued by overexpression of the inhibitory phosphatase Ptpn6 (SHP1) or Inpp5d (SHIP1). Genetic deletion of Ptpn6 and Inpp5d caused cell death in BCR-ABL1 ALL cells but neither in normal pre-B cells with weak baseline signaling, nor myeloid cells (normal and BCR-ABL1-transformed), which -unlike B cells- are not subject to negative selection of auto-reactive clones. To test if these findings are also relevant to other subtypes of ALL, we used a model for NRASG12D-driven ALL. BCR-ABL1 (∼25%) and NRAS lesions (∼30%) account for more than half cases of ALL. Consistently, NRASG12D Pecam1-/-, Cd300a-/- leukemia cells were prone to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence (p<0.01). Using chimeric PECAM1, CD300A and LAIR1 receptor decoys and a novel small molecule inhibitor of INPP5D (SHIP1), we demonstrate that inhibitory phosphatase signaling represents a potential novel class of therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase-driven ALL. Conclusion These results indicated that inhibitory receptors and downstream phosphatases are critical regulators of oncogenic signaling strength in tyrosine kinase-driven ALL, and identified ITIM-receptors and phosphatases as members of a potential novel class of therapeutic targets. The concept of pharmacological perturbance of oncogenic signaling equilibrium in leukemia cells by inhibition (e.g. TKI-treatment) or exaggeration of signaling strength (e.g. blockade of ITIM-receptors) may lead to the discovery of multiple additional therapeutic targets and broaden our repertoire of currently available therapeutic intervention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declares.
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Adela, Nina Farah. "PERLINDUNGAN PELAUT INDONESIA DI LUAR NEGERI MELALUI RATIFIKASI MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006." Jurist-Diction 1, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v1i2.11015.
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Pelaut merupakan salah satu pekerjaan yang memiliki tanggung jawab besar dan beresiko tinggi seperti, kecelakaan kapal dan tenggelam. Untuk mencegah resiko, diperlukan kualifikasi pekerja sebagai pelaut yang lebih ketat dan pemberian perlindungan hukum bagi pelaut yang diatur secara komprehensif. Ketentuan Perundang-undangan nasional dinilai belum seimbang dan menimbulkanketidakpastian hukum. Oleh karena itu, perlindungan pelaut Indonesia masih rendah dan belum sesuai standar internasional. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan berbagai permasalahan yang telah dialami pelaut antara lain, penipuan job fiktif, upah tidak dibayar, dokumen palsu hingga perbudakan. Dengan demikian, pemerintah Indonesia meratifikasi Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC 2006) pada tanggal 6 Oktober 2016 melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengesahan Maritime Labour Convention, 2006. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang disusun dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. MLC 2006 akan dikaji menggunakan perbandingan dengan ketentuan hukum nasional yang sudah ada diIndonesia yaitu, Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 2000 tentang Kepelautan. Pada pembahasan awal, diuraikan hak-hak dasar yang diperoleh pelaut selama bekerja di atas kapal dan perlindungan yang diberikan sebelum, selama, dan saat pemulangan pelaut. Dari penelitian hukum ini, diketahui bahwa MLC 2006 memberikan perhatian lebih terhadap hak-hak dasar pelaut misalnya, upah, jam kerja, penyediaan fasilitas terbaru dan hak repatriasi pelaut. MLC 2006 juga memberikan kontribusi lebih bagi perlindunugan hukum pelaut Indonesia. Sebagai negara anggota yang telah meratifikasi MLC 2006, Indonesia memiliki kewajiban baru dalam hal mengikuti sistem reimburshment (pengembalian) dan tunduk pada International Convention of Arrest of Ships 1999.
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Boonk, Herman. "Abou-Nigm V. Ruiz, The Arrest of Ships in Private International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, xxvi + 278 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-958135-1. doi:10.1017/S0165070X12001222." Netherlands International Law Review 60, no. 02 (January 2013): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x12001222.
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Druzhilovsky, S. B. "SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-216-221.
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The article deals with causes and distinctive features of social protest movements in Iran through the prism of the effect that historic and contemporary developments have on them. The author analyses the most important factors that influence social activity during periods of exacerbating internal tensions in Iran. Great importance is attached to the Shia clergy ́s role in leading protest movements in the country before the Islamic revolution. Besides, the author evaluates the capacity of the ruling clergy to halt protests and ensure the majority ́s loyalty to the governing regime. Considerable attention is paid to the characteristics of the so-called «green movement» in which during 2011–2012. Again loudly declared himself to speak in support of popular uprisings in several Arab countries during the «Arab Spring». Under the influence of these events in Iran have again begun a protest against President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In this regard, the Iranian authorities placed under house arrest of several opposition leaders, including Mousavi. Since then, the situation in Iran in general has stabilized. Moreover, the leaders of the «green» M. Mousavi and M. Kyarubi made a number of harsh anti-Western statements, in which he accused the West of choosing «wrong way» to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue by introducing anti-Iranian sanctions. They are, from the point of view of the opposition leaders, especially not hit the economic interests of the Iranian government and the Iranian citizen. The election in November 2013 the new president of Iran representative of the liberal camp Hassan Rouhani also had a positive impact on the containment of the Iranian opposition street protests.
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Gaskell, N. J. J. "Berlingieri on Arrest of Ships: A Commentary on the 1952 Arrest Convention. By Francesco Berlingieri. [London: Lloyd's of London Press. 1992. xxxvii + 248 pp. ISBN 1–85044–465–X. £65] - Commencement of Laytime. By Donald Davies. 2nd edn. [London: Lloyd's of London Press. 1992. xviii + 254 pp. ISBN 1–85044–441–2. £45]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 42, no. 3 (July 1993): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/42.3.746.
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Chen, Zhengshan, Seyedmehdi Shojaee, Huimin Geng, Jae-Woong Lee, Maike Buchner, Lars Klemm, Clifford A. Lowell, et al. "Harnessing Negative B Cell Selection to Overcome Drug-Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.792.792.
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Abstract Background: B cells are selected for an intermediate level of (pre-) B cell receptor (BCR) signaling strength: attenuation below minimum (e.g. non-functional BCR) or hyperactivation above maximum (e.g. autoreactive BCR) thresholds of signaling strength causes negative selection and cell death. About 25% of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is driven by oncogenic tyrosine kinases (e.g. BCR-ABL1 in Ph+ ALL), which mimics constitutively active pre-BCR signaling and defines the ALL subgroup with the worst clinical outcome. Currently more potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are developed for Ph+ ALL to suppress oncogenic signaling below a minimum threshold for survival. However Ph+ ALL cells invariably develop resistance against TKI. Here, we tested the hypothesis that targeted hyperactivation of oncogenic signaling above a maximum threshold will trigger B cell-inherent mechanisms of negative selection and selectively kill Ph+ALL cells. Results: The Ph+ ALL cells don not express a functional pre-BCR and BCR-ABL1 oncogene mimics a constitutively active pre-BCR by phosphorylating SYK, LYN, BTK and PLCg2. An incremental increase of pre-BCR downstream signaling (ITAM or SYK overexpression) was indeed sufficient to induce cell death in Ph+ ALL. TKI-treatment, while designed to kill leukemia cells, seemingly paradoxically rescued Ph+ALL cells in this experimental setting. Ph + ALL cells differ from normal pre-B cells by expression of high levels of ITIM containing inhibitory receptors including PECAM1 (CD31), CD300A and LAIR1. Importantly, high expression levels of ITIM-receptors are predictive of poor outcome in two clinical trials. In the COG trial (P9906; n=207) for children high-risk ALL, mRNA levels of PECAM1, CD300A and LAIR1at diagnosis positively correlated with early minimal residual disease (MRD) findings on day 29 (p<0.0005), and negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) rate (p<0.02) or relapse free survival (RFS) rate (p<0.05). In the ECOG trial (E2993; n=215) for adults ALL, PECAM1 mRNA level negatively correlated with OS rate (p=0.0285). Genetic studies revealed that Pecam1, Cd300a and Lair1 receptors are critical to calibrate pre-BCR signaling strength through recruitment of the inhibitory phosphatases Ptpn6 (SHP1) and Inpp5d (SHIP1). Deletion of Pecam1, Cd300a or Lair1 in Ph+ ALL cells caused increased ROS levels, G0/G1cell cycle arrest, decreased colony formation capacity and cellular senescence. Phosphorylation of pre-BCR downstream molecules (SYK, LYN, BTK and PLCg2) was increased after Lair1 deletion and this hyper-signaling could not be tolerated by Ph+ ALL cells. Lair1 deletion resulted in rapid leukemia regression and prolonged survival of recipient mice in a transplant experiment. Leukemia cell death caused by Lair1-deletion could be rescued by overexpression of the active inhibitory phosphatase Ptpn6 (CD8-SHP1) or Inpp5d (CD8-SHIP1). Genetic deletion of Ptpn6 and Inpp5d caused increased pre-BCR signaling and cell death in BCR-ABL1 ALL cells but not myeloid cells (normal and BCR-ABL1-transformed), which -unlike B cells- are not subject to negative selection of auto-reactive clones. Decreasing pre-BCR signaling by SYK inhibition rescued cell death after Ptpn6- or Inpp5d- deletion. Blocking inhibitory receptors by using chimeric PECAM1, CD300A and LAIR1 receptor decoys inhibited proliferation and caused cell death in Ph+ ALL xenograft cells. More potently, a novel small molecule inhibitor of INPP5D (SHIP1) selectively killed Ph+ ALL xenograft cells through inducing hyper pre-BCR signaling, regardless of TKI resistance. We demonstrate that inhibitory phosphatase signaling represents a potential novel class of therapeutic targets for Ph+ALL. Conclusions: These results indicated that inhibitory receptors and downstream phosphatases are critical regulators of pre-BCR signaling strength in Ph+ ALL, and identified ITIM-receptors and phosphatases as members of a potential novel class of therapeutic targets. The concept of pharmacological perturbance of oncogenic signaling equilibrium in leukemia cells by inhibition (e.g. TKI-treatment) or exaggeration of signaling strength (e.g. blockade of ITIM-receptors) may lead to the discovery of multiple additional therapeutic targets and broaden our repertoire of currently available therapeutic intervention. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Adwani, Adwani, and Sulaiman Sulaiman. "Peningkatan Koordinasi Struktur dalam Penegakan Hukum Illegal Fishing di Aceh." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 22, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v22i3.18031.
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Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis bagaimana koordinasi struktur dalam penegakan hukum terhadap penangkapan ikan ilegal di perairan Aceh. Analisis ini berdasarkan pemahaman bahwa pemanfaatan sumber perikanan yang dilakukan oleh kapal perikanan harus selalu berdasarkan izin. Khusus bagi nelayan kecil dikecualikan. Realitasnya penangkapan ikan banyak terjadi secara ilegal, sehingga perlu dilakukan penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku pelanggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sosio-legal, dengan melihat hukum yang tidak terpisahkan dari berbagai faktor lain. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penegakan hukum belum terlaksana secara efektif. Struktur yang terlibat dalam penegakan hukum di laut adalah Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, dan Kepolisian Air dan Udara. Penegakan hukum dilakukan melalui pengawasan dan penangkapan terhadap kapal-kapal yang melakukan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal. Sebanyak 36 kapal ditangkap dan dikenakan sanksi hukumnya. Koordinasi struktur dalam penegakan hukum masih kurang. Disarankan supaya dilakukan penegakan hukum secara terus-menerus yang efektif dan dilakukan koordinasi secara intensif antara para penegak hukum dengan memperkuat personil dan peralatan dalam penegakan hukum di laut. Improvement of Structural Coordination in Illegal Fishing Law Enforcement in Aceh This study aims to analyze the structural coordination in law enforcement against illegal fishing on the Aceh coast. This analysis is based on the understanding that the use of fisheries by fishing vessels must always be based on a permit. Especially for small fishermen it is excluded. In fact, many fishing occurs illegally, so it is necessary to enforce the law against the perpetrators. This research uses the socio-legal method, by looking at the law that is inseparable from various other factors. Research findings indicate that law enforcement has not been implemented effectively. The structures involved in the law enforcement are Civil Servant Investigators, the Indonesian National Army, the Navy, and the Air and Water Police. Law enforcement is carried out through the supervision and arrest of vessels fishing illegally. A total of 36 ships were arrested and subject to sanctions. Structural coordination in law enforcement is lacking. It is recommended that effective continuous law enforcement and intensive coordination between law enforcement agencies be carried out by strengthening personnel and equipment in law enforcement at sea.