Academic literature on the topic 'Arsenic Plague'

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Journal articles on the topic "Arsenic Plague"

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Tosetti, F. "On Arsenic and Plague." Clinical Infectious Diseases 59, no. 12 (2014): 1806–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu704.

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Gilman, Ernest B. "Plague, arsenic, and a dried toad." Lancet 373, no. 9680 (2009): 2018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61100-4.

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KONKOLA, KARI. "More Than a Coincidence? The Arrival of Arsenic and the Disappearance of Plague in Early Modern Europe." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 47, no. 2 (1992): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/47.2.186.

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Tiwari, Rishabh, Satwik Satwik, Prateek Khare, and Satyam Rai. "Arsenic contamination in India: Causes, effects and treatment methods." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (2021): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v13i1.22s.

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Herein the present study focuses on arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater, which plagues a vast section of the population of the world. Even the conservative estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate the number of people plagued by arsenic contaminated drinking water to be around 140-200 million. The Ganga- Brahmaputra fluvial plains in India and Padma-Meghna fluvial plains in Bangladesh are said to be one of the worst groundwater calamities to the humans. The Arsenic levels in drinking water in some of the most populated states in India are disproportionately higher than those defined by WHO guidelines. The paper, thus, delves into the anomaly in permissible limits defined by WHO and regional governments and its consequential effects. It briefly analyses the major sources of Arsenic contamination and its health effects in India. The study also looks closely into the states and districts plagued by the As contamination and explores the prominent treatment methods employed in as removal from the drinking water.
 Keywords: Arsenic, Adsorption, Geogenic, Arsenopyrite, Oxidation treatment
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Fan, J., X. Xia, Z. Hu, N. Ziadi, and C. Liu. "Excessive sulfur supply reduces arsenic accumulation in brown rice  ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 4 (2013): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/882/2012-pse.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of excessive sulfur (S) supply on iron plaque formation and arsenic (As) accumulation in rice plants. A combined soil-sand pot experiment was conducted by using two As levels (0, 20 mg/kg) combined with three S concentrations (0, 60, 120 mg/kg). The results showed that excessive S supply significantly decreased As concentration in brown rice, but As concentration in root increased with increasing rate of S supply. Moreover, bioconcentration factors for leaves and stems were 8–35 fold of that for brown rice, indicating that As was mainly accumulated in rice leaves and stems instead of brown rice. Furthermore, excessive S supply significantly decreased translocation factor of As compared to treatment without S supply. These results indicated that excessive S may reduce As translocation from soils and roots to grain. The mechanism could be ascribed to excessive S that induced the decrease of As availability, the increase of iron plaque formation under As stress, and the increase of glutathione in rice leaves and roots. Therefore, excessive S can reduce As accumulation in brown rice exposed to As contaminated soils though it may result in loss of rice yield.
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Seyfferth, Angelia L., Matt Limmer, and Weida Wu. "Si and Water Management Drives Changes in Fe and Mn Pools that Affect As Cycling and Uptake in Rice." Soil Systems 3, no. 3 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030058.

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Arsenic availability to rice is tied to biogeochemical cycling of Fe and Mn in rice soils. Two strategies to minimize As uptake by rice—increasing Si and decreasing water—affect soil Fe and Mn pools. We synthesized data from several soil-based experiments with four rice cultivars across pot and field trials with manipulations of Si, water, or both. Increasing Si alters the mineral composition of Fe plaque more than decreasing water, with the former promoting relatively more ferrihydrite and less lepidocrocite. Nonflooded conditions decrease lepidocrocite but slightly increase goethite compared to flooded rice. Plaque As, which was a mixture of arsenite (15–40%) and arsenate (60–85%), was correlated positively with ferrihydrite and negatively with lepidocrocite and goethite. Plaque As was also positively correlated with F1 and F2 soil As, and F2 was correlated positively with porewater As, total grain As, and grain organic As (oAs). Grain inorganic As (iAs) was negatively correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe and Mn. Our data and multiple linear regression models suggest that under flooded conditions iAs is released by poorly crystalline Fe oxides to porewater mainly as iAs(III), which can either be taken up by the plant, adsorbed to Fe plaque, oxidized to iAs(V) or methylated to oAs. Increasing Si can promote more desorption of iAs(III) and promote more poorly-ordered phases in plaque and in bulk soil. The ultimate effectiveness of a Si amendment to decrease As uptake by rice depends upon it being able to increase exogenous Si relative to As in porewater after competitive adsorption/desorption processes. Our data further suggest that poorly crystalline Fe and Mn soil pools can retain inorganic As and decrease plant uptake, but these pools in bulk soil and plaque control grain organic As.
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Otte, M. L., I. M. J. Dekkers, J. Rozema, and R. A. Broekman. "Uptake of arsenic by Aster tripolium in relation to rhizosphere oxidation." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (1991): 2670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-335.

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Arsenic present in salt marsh soil is taken up by plants and subsequently transferred to other parts of the ecosystem. The reduced state of the bulk soil of salt marshes favours the mobility of arsenic. In the rhizosphere of plants however, arsenic may be immobilized owing to oxidation of arsenic (III) to less mobile arsenic (V) and adsorption to iron (hydr-)oxides. In a field survey iron concentrations in the vicinity of roots of Aster tripolium were higher than in the bulk soil. In a greenhouse experiment accumulation of arsenic and iron in the rhizosphere occurred, which could be due to the oxidizing activity of plant roots and (or) microorganisms. This process stimulates uptake of arsenic by salt marsh plants. The formation of an iron plaque seems to play an important role in the uptake of arsenic by salt marsh plants, as was indicated by an incubation experiment with root parts of A. tripolium. The results of the experiments indicate that iron plays a key factor in determining the mobility of arsenic in salt marsh soils and in the uptake and translocation processes in the plants. Although oxidation processes in the rhizosphere enhance uptake of arsenic, it may be an important detoxification mechanism for the plants. Key words: arsenic, Aster tripolium, iron, rhizosphere, salt marsh.
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Foster, Simon, William Maher, Anne Taylor, Frank Krikowa, and Kristy Telford. "Distribution and Speciation of Arsenic in Temperate Marine Saltmarsh Ecosystems." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2005): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05061.

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Environmental Context. The pathways by which arsenic is accumulated and transferred in aquatic ecosystems are relatively unknown. Examination of whole marine ecosystems rather than individual organisms provides greater insights into the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic. Saltmarshes with low ecological diversity are an important terrestrial–marine interface about which little is known regarding arsenic concentrations and species distribution. This study examines the cycling of arsenic within Australian saltmarsh ecosystems to further understand its distribution and trophic transfer. Abstract. This paper reports the distribution of total arsenic and arsenic species in saltmarsh ecosystems located in south-east Australia. We also investigated the relationship between arsenic, iron, and phosphorus concentrations in saltmarsh halophytes and associated sediment. Total mean arsenic concentrations in saltmarsh plants, S. quinqueflora and S. australis, for leaves ranged from 0.03 ± 0.05 to 0.67 ± 0.48 μg g−1 and 0.03 ± 0.02 to 0.08 ± 0.06 μg g−1, respectively, and for roots ranged from 2 ± 2 to 6 ± 12 μg g−1 and 0.39 ± 0.20 to 0.57 ± 1.06 μg g−1 respectively. Removal of iron plaque from the roots reduced the arsenic concentration variability to 0.40–0.79 µg g−1 and 0.95–1.05 µg g−1 for S. quinqueflora and S. australis roots respectively. Significant differences were found between locations for total arsenic concentrations in plant tissues and these differences could be partially attributed to differences in sediment arsenic concentrations between locations. For S. quinqueflora but not S. australis there was a strong correlation between arsenic and iron concentrations in the leaf and root tissues. A significant negative relationship between arsenic and phosphorus concentrations was found for S. quinqueflora leaves but not roots. Total mean arsenic concentrations in salt marsh animal tissues (7 ± 2–21 ± 13 µg g−1) were consistent with those found for other marine animals. The concentration of total arsenic in gastropods and amphipods could be partially explained by the concentration of total arsenic in the dominant saltmarsh plant S. quinqueflora. Of the extractable arsenic, saltmarsh plants were dominated by arsenic(iii), arsenic(v) (66–99%), and glycerol arsenoribose (17–35%). Arsenobetaine was the dominant extractable arsenic species in the gastropods Salinator soilda (84%) and Ophicardelus ornatus (89%) and the crab Neosarmatium meinerti (89%). Amphipods contained mainly arsenobetaine (44%) with some phosphate arsenoribose (23%). Glycerol trimethyl arsonioribose was found in both gastropods (0.7–0.8%) and the visceral mass of N. meinerti (0.1%). These results show that arsenic uptake into plants from uncontaminated saltmarsh environments maybe dependent on plant iron uptake and inhibited by high phosphorus concentrations. Arsenic in saltmarsh plants is mainly present as inorganic arsenic, but arsenic in animals that eat plant detritus is present as organo arsenic species, primarily arsenobetaine and arsenosugars. The presence of glycerol trimethyl arsonioribose poses the question of whether trimethylated arsonioriboses are transitory intermediates in the formation of arsenobetaine.
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Lemaire, Maryse, Catherine A. Lemarié, Manuel Flores Molina, Cynthia Guilbert, Stéphanie Lehoux та Koren K. Mann. "Genetic Deletion of LXRα Prevents Arsenic-Enhanced Atherosclerosis, But Not Arsenic-Altered Plaque Composition". Toxicological Sciences 142, № 2 (2014): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu197.

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Blute, Nicole Keon, Daniel J. Brabander, Harold F. Hemond, Stephen R. Sutton, Matthew G. Newville, and Mark L. Rivers. "Arsenic Sequestration by Ferric Iron Plaque on Cattail Roots." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 22 (2004): 6074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049448g.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arsenic Plague"

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Crawford, Fiona Carole. "The effectiveness of homeopathic Arsenicum album in the treatment of oral lichen planus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24499.

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Oral lichen planus(OLP) is a chronic mucosal condition commonly encountered in Oral Medicine departments. It can cause patients significant discomfort, and only a small percentage, undergo complete remission. Recalcitrant lesions can be treated with various systemic medications including steroids. There is to date only weak evidence to suggest that these treatments are superior to placebo. This study was performed to determine whether homeopathic arsenicum album is useful in the treatment of OLP. A randomised double-blind clinical trial comparing homeopathic arsenicum album with placebo was carried out in the oral medicine department of the Edinburgh Dental Institute. The study covered a six-week period and ninety four patients participated. They were randomly assigned to a 6c homeopathic preparation of arsenicum album or to placebo, with all participants receiving placebo for the first week. After a pre-treatment visit, clinical review took place two and six weeks after commencing therapy. The same clinician scored the extent of the oral condition at all visits, and alleviation of symptoms was evaluated using a visual analogue scale diary and the Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital outcome scale. Ninety-two patients completed the study. No significant difference between the groups was seen on the visual analogue scores and there was no significance difference between the two groups with regard to response to treatment. However patients who were good prescribers for arsenicum album did show a difference between the groups with regard to response to treatment, which although not achieving statistical significance was strongly suggestive of an association. In conclusion homeopathic arsenicum album may be useful in the treatment of OLP, but more extensive studies need to be performed.
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Jana, Ulrike. "Etude des interactions entre la plante Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh et le ver de terre Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) : application à la phytoremédiation de l'arsenic et de l'antimoine." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00504377.

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L'arsenic et l'antimoine bien que n'étant pas recensés parmi les polluants majeurs de l'environnement sont souvent retrouvés associés à d'autres contaminants. En France, et plus particulièrement dans la région Auvergne, de nombreux sites miniers où s'effectuait l'extraction de l'antimoine sont désormais à l'abandon. Pouvant présenter des risques pour les populations avoisinantes, leur réhabilitation est donc une mission d'intérêt public. L'idée de ce travail de doctorat est de tester l'effet d'un catalyseur : le ver de terre sur l'efficacité des processus de phytoremédiation. En tant qu'" ingénieurs du sol ", ils sont à la base des processus de pédogénèse et peuvent donc assurer la restructuration du sol. De plus, de nombreuses études ont montré leurs effets positifs sur la production de biomasse végétale. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de cette acroissement de production demeurent méconnus. Un système expérimental novateur, jamais utilisé en Ecologie des Sols et couplant la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh et Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny), un ver de terre endogé commun des régions tempérées, a été mis en place afin de 1) identifier les principales voies métaboliques modifiées en réponse aux vers de terre et pouvant expliquer leurs effets positifs sur la croissance et le développement des végétaux, 2) étudier la nutrition minérale en fer et en phosphate, notamment au niveau des variations d'expression des transporteurs de ces deux éléments, 3) tester ce système pour la phytoextraction de sédiments, issus d'un ancien site minier, contaminés à l'arsenic et à l'antimoine. Les résultats montrent que l'amélioration des processus de minéralisation est déterminante dans l'accroissement de la biomasse d'Arabidopsis thaliana qui se traduit aussi par une élévation des teneurs en azote dans les parties aériennes. Cependant, la présence de phytohormones, produites par des bactéries activées par leur transit dans le ver de terre semble également impliquée dans le renforcement de l'absorption d'azote. A l'échelle moléculaire, les vers entraînent une surexpression du gène HBT, impliqué dans la division cellulaire et semblent diminuer le stress oxydant puisque la quantité de transcrits SOD Cu/Zn diminue. Les résultats montrent de plus que les vers de terre augmentent de façon significative l'absorption et l'accumulation de fer, de phosphate et d'autres minéraux essentiels à la croissance du végétal. Moléculairement, l'augmentation de l'absorption des nutriments se traduit par une augmentation de la transcription de certains gènes codant des transporteurs tels que PHT1.3, qui est un transporteur de haute affinité pour le phosphate. Une augmentation de la transcription et également de l'activité de la protéine FRO2, qui est à l'origine de la chélation et de la réduction du fer a été observée. Dans les feuilles, les vers de terre induisent de manière systémique la surexpression d'un transporteur de phosphate localisé dans les chloroplastes, PHT2.1 et la surexpression de transporteurs du fer appartenant à la famille des NRAMPs, notamment NRAMP1,2 et 6. Dans le contexte d'une problématique de phytoremédiation, l'effet des vers de terre sur la capacité de phytoextraction d'Arabidopsis a été testé et, il ressort clairement de cette étude que les vers de terre permettent une meilleure absorption d'antimoine et d'arsenic. Cependant, ces deux métalloïdes tendent à rester dans les racines et ne sont que faiblement transferrés vers les parties aériennes. Cette formidable augmentation des concentrations en polluants dans les racines entraîne un retard de croissance considérable et affecte, dans une moindre mesure cependant, l'activité photosynthétique et les échanges gazeux d'Arabidopsis. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse a donc tout d'abord démontré la sensibilité aux vers de terre de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana. Ce système expérimental novateur offre de nouvelles possibilités de recherches dans le domaine des études des interactions entre les vers de terre et les plantes, notamment en raison de la grande diversité de mutants d'Arabidopsis. De plus, ce travail a également permis de démontrer le rôle crucial de catalyseur que peuvent jouer les vers de terre en vue d'optimisation des processus de phytoextraction
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Angulo, Barrios Carlos. "Gallium arsenide based buried heterostructure laser diodes with aluminium-free semi-insulating materials regrowth." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3305.

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<p>Semiconductor lasers based on gallium arsenide and relatedmaterials are widely used in applications such as opticalcommunication systems, sensing, compact disc players, distancemeasurement, etc. The performance of these lasers can beimproved using a buried heterostructure offering lateralcarrier and optical confinement. In particular, if theconfinement (burying) layer is implemented by epitaxialregrowth of an appropriate aluminium-free semi-insulating (SI)material, passivation of etched surfaces, reduced tendency tooxidation, low capacitance and integration feasibility areadditional advantages.</p><p>The major impediment in the fabrication of GaAs/AlGaAsburied-heterostructure lasers is the spontaneous oxidation ofaluminium on the etched walls of the structure. Al-oxide actsas a mask and makes the regrowth process extremely challenging.In this work, a HCl gas-based<i>in-situ</i>cleaning technique is employed successfully toremove Al-oxide prior to regrowth of SI-GaInP:Fe and SI-GaAs:Fearound Al-containing laser mesas by Hydride Vapour PhaseEpitaxy. Excellent regrowth interfaces, without voids, areobtained, even around AlAs layers. Consequences of usinginadequate cleaning treatments are also presented. Regrowthmorphology aspects are discussed in terms of different growthmechanisms.</p><p>Time-resolved photoluminescence characterisation indicates auniform Fe trap distribution throughout the regrown GaInP:Fe.Scanning capacitance microscopy measurements demonstrate thesemi-insulating nature of the regrown GaInP:Fe layer. Thepresence of EL2 defects in regrown GaAs:Fe makes more difficultthe interpretation of the characterisation results in the nearvicinity of the laser mesa.</p><p>GaAs/AlGaAs buried-heterostructure lasers, both in-planelasers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, withGaInP:Fe as burying layer are demonstrated for the first time.The lasers exhibit good performance demonstrating thatSI-GaInP:Fe is an appropriate material to be used for thispurpose and the suitability of our cleaning and regrowth methodfor the fabrication of this type of semiconductor lasers.Device characterisation indicates negligible leakage currentalong the etched mesa sidewalls confirming a smooth regrowthinterface. Nevertheless, experimental and simulation resultsreveal that a significant part of the injected current is lostas leakage through the burying material. This is attributed todouble carrier injection into the SI-GaInP:Fe layer.Simulations also predict that the function of GaInP:Fe ascurrent blocking layer should be markedly improved in the caseof GaAs-based longer wavelength lasers.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>semiconductor lasers, in-plane lasers, VCSELs,GaAs, GaInP, semi-insulating materials, hydride vapour phaseepitaxy, regrowth, buried heterostructure, leakage current,simulation.</p>
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Camp, Joe Harden. "Birch rod to arsenal : a study of the Naval Ordnance Plant at South Charleston, West Virginia and the search for a government industrial policy /." VIEW WEB VERSION, 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2359.

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Hsieh, Yi-Cheng, and 謝易錚. "Formation of root surface iron plaque in different genotypes of paddy rice and its effect on arsenic uptake." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56053661528062936638.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業化學研究所<br>99<br>The formation of iron plaque in the different genotypes of rice seedlings grown in nutrient solutions was investigated. Two genotypes of rice seedlings with the highest and lowest capability of forming iron plaque were selected from tested Indica and Japonica rice respectively to further evaluate the effect of iron plaque on the arsenic uptake by rice seedlings. The results showed that red brown iron plaque coating on root surface of rice grown in nutrient solutions containing 100 mg Fe(II) L-1 was observed and the amounts of iron plaque formation significantly varied among the genotypes. TK 9 (Japonica) and TS 2 (Indica) had the highest amounts of iron plaques and TY 3 (Japonica) and TCSY 962021 (Indica) had the lowest amounts of iron plaques among all the tested genotypes. The results of effect of iron plaque on the arsenic uptake by rice seedling showed that increasing arsenic concentration in nutrient solutions increased the amounts of iron plaques and thus increased amounts of phosphorus and arsenic accumulated in iron plaques. The iron plaque of TK 9 had the highest sorption capability for arsenic among the four tested genotypes. The amounts of arsenic sorbed on iron plaques of TK9 were 52-65% of total arsenic uptake/sorption by the rice seedlings. The results suggest that iron plaque formation on the root surface is important on preventing arsenic uptake by rice and hence decreasing the risk of human beings exposing to arsenic through rice diet.
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Syu, Chien-Hui, and 許健輝. "Effects of Rice Genotypes and Iron Plaque on Arsenic Accumulation and Speciation in Rice Plants Grown in Guandu Plain Soils." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88954014292438070729.

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博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業化學研究所<br>102<br>The problem of arsenic (As)-contaminated rice affects the food safety and human health, therefore, it received more concerns in recent years around the world. In the Guandu Plain located in northern Taiwan, the paddy soils suffered from serious As contamination due to the geological factors. Despite the high As concentration in the soils, the concentrations of As in rice grains were found to be below 0.5 mg kg-1 based on the past survey, we will investigate the reasons in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of iron plaque formation on rice roots on the uptake and accumulation of As in rice seedlings grown in Guandu Plain soils, and to compare the differences in the amounts of iron plaque and capability of As uptake of 28 commonly rice genotypes planted in Taiwan and to investigate the effect on the As accumulation in rice seedlings. Finally, to investigate the influence of the As tolerance, As uptake and translocation capability on the As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes. The results show that the iron plaque formation on rice roots can sequester most of As uptake from soils, reducing the accumulation of As in rice plants. This study provides evidence that iron plaque is the main controlling factor in limiting the uptake of As into the rice plants grown in Guandu Plain soils. There were significantly differences in the amounts of Fe and As in iron plaque of rice roots among 28 tested rice genotypes, and 75.7-92.8 % of As uptake from soils could be sequestered in iron plaque. However, due to the enough amounts of iron plaque formation on roots of all tested rice genotypes grown in Guandu Plain soils, leading to there were no significant negative correlations between the amounts of Fe in iron plaque and As in rice plants. In addition, the results of translocation factor indicates that the translocation capability of As from roots to shoots and the accumulation of As in shoots of japonica genotypes were higher than indica genotypes, it reveals that the As translocation capability in rice plants may also play a important role in the As accumulation in rice plants. Therefore, low As uptake and translocation capability genotypes of rice selected from this study can be recommended to be grown in As-contaminated Guandu Plain soils. It also found that the As phytotoxicity, high amounts of iron plaque on roots and select the low As accumulation japonica genotypes were the possible causes of the low As concentrations in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils. However, it discovered that the high concentrations of As accumulated in rice grains grown in low As concentrations soils, it may result from the high As uptake and translocation efficiency under normal growth conditions. In addition, Arsenic species in rice grains was dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenite (As(III)), and the percentage of DMA increased with total As concentrations, and conversely, the percentage of As(III) decreases. The results of this study not only help to clarify the reasons of As accumulation in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils, but also understand the differences in As uptake, translocation in rice plants, and As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes.
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Jiang, Pei-Yu, and 江珮瑜. "Formation of Iron Plaque on Different Genotypes of Paddy Rice and Its Effect on Arsenite and Arsenate Uptake and Speciation in Rice Plants." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24953254820804932778.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業化學研究所<br>101<br>In the present study, two contrast rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, high iron plaque cultivar Taikeng 9 (TK9) and low iron plaque cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TCN1), with different capability of forming iron plaque were selected for hydroponic experiments to investigate the effect of iron plaque on As(III) and As(V) uptake and transformation in rice plants. Two-week-old rice seedlings were placed in Kimura B nutrient solutions with additional 30 mg L-1 Fe(II) as FeSO4.7H2O or without Fe(II) for 3 days to form iron plaque. After iron plaque formation, seedlings were transplanted in half-strength Kimura B nutrient solution overnight and then exposed to different As concentrations for 14 days. The treatments included: (1) control (2) 0.5 mg As(III) L-1 (3) 1.0 mg As(III) L-1 (4) 0.5 mg As(V) L-1 (5) 1.0 mg As(V) L-1. The results indicated that TK9 showed higher tolerance to As(III) and Fe(II) toxicity as compared to TCN1. More As adsorbed by iron plaque was observed by As(V) treatment in both genotypes. According to As/Fe molar ratio of iron plaque, TCN1 showed higher As sorption ability than TK9. It suggested that the species of iron oxyhydroxides may be an important factor on As sorption affinity. The main As species accumulated in rice shoots was As(III) (over 70%) regardless exposure to As(III) or As(V). In this study, iron plaque had no significant effect on short-term As uptake for TK9 and TCN1, except for TK9 treated with As(V). However, after Fe(II) treatment, the proportion of As(V) species in shoots for all As treatments and genotypes were significantly increased, and which could reduce the As toxicity to rice plants. It might result from that Fe(II) application could induce higher oxidative capacity of rice roots, which then caused As(III) to be oxidized As(V) and increasing proportion of As(V) in rice shoots.
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Books on the topic "Arsenic Plague"

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Rising plague: The global threat from deadly bacteria and our dwindling arsenal to fight them. Prometheus Books, 2009.

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Omelicheva, Mariya Y. Russian Security and Nuclear Policies: Successor to the Superpower Arsenal? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.293.

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The Cold War was a period of hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union as the two superpowers engaged in a nuclear arms race. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, some scholars perceived that Russia’s military-industrial complex has deteriorated considerably, and that the country has fallen behind the United States and Europe in the area of information technologies and other strategically important sectors of national economy. Others insist that the image of Russia’s political irrelevancy and demotion of the country to a status of a “small” or even “medium” power is mistaken. The new Russia, they argue, has never surrendered its claims as a great power. Discussions about Russia’s global role have been fueled by its continuing nuclear standoff with the United States, along with growing concerns about its plans to develop more robust nuclear deterrents and modernize its nuclear arsenals. There is substantial scholarly literature dealing with Russia’s foreign, security, military, and nuclear policy, as well as the role of nuclear weapons in the Russian security framework. What the studies reveal is that the nuclear option remains an attractive alternative to Russia’s weakened conventional defense. Today, as before, Russia continues to place a high premium on the avoidance of a surprise attack and relies on its nuclear capabilities for strategic deterrence. There are a host of issues that deserve further investigation, such as the safety of Russia’s nuclear sites and the regional dimension of its nuclear policy.
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Avey, Paul C. Tempting Fate. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740381.001.0001.

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Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider why nonnuclear state leaders would believe that in the first place. This book argues that the costs and benefits of using nuclear weapons create openings that weak nonnuclear actors can exploit. It uses four case studies to show the key strategies available to nonnuclear states: Iraqi decision-making under Saddam Hussein in confrontations with the United States; Egyptian leaders' thinking about the Israeli nuclear arsenal during wars in 1969–70 and 1973; Chinese confrontations with the United States in 1950, 1954, and 1958; and a dispute that never escalated to war, the Soviet–United States tensions between 1946 and 1948 that culminated in the Berlin Blockade. Those strategies include limiting the scope of the conflict, holding chemical and biological weapons in reserve, seeking outside support, and leveraging international non-use norms. Counterintuitively, conventionally weak nonnuclear states are better positioned to pursue these strategies than strong ones, so that wars are unlikely when the nonnuclear state is powerful relative to its nuclear opponent. The book demonstrates clearly that nuclear weapons cast a definite but limited shadow, and while the world continues to face various nuclear challenges, understanding conflict in nuclear monopoly will remain a pressing concern for analysts and policymakers.
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Schmitz, David F. The Sailor. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.001.0001.

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In The Sailor, David F. Schmitz presents a comprehensive reassessment of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's foreign policymaking. Most historians have cast FDR as a leader who resisted an established international strategy and who was forced to react quickly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, launching the nation into World War II. Drawing on a wealth of primary documents as well as the latest secondary sources, Schmitz challenges this view, demonstrating that Roosevelt was both consistent and calculating in guiding the direction of American foreign policy throughout his presidency. Schmitz illuminates how the policies FDR pursued in response to the crises of the 1930s transformed Americans' thinking about their place in the world. He shows how the president developed an interlocking set of ideas that prompted a debate between isolationism and preparedness, guided the United States into World War II, and mobilized support for the war while establishing a sense of responsibility for the postwar world. The critical moment came in the period between Roosevelt's reelection in 1940 and the Pearl Harbor attack, when he set out his view of the US as the arsenal of democracy, proclaimed his war goals centered on protection of the four freedoms, secured passage of the Lend-Lease Act, and announced the principles of the Atlantic Charter. This long-overdue book presents a definitive new perspective on Roosevelt's diplomacy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. Schmitz's work offers an important correction to existing studies and establishes FDR as arguably the most significant and successful foreign policymaker in the nation's history.
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Book chapters on the topic "Arsenic Plague"

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Zlobin, Alexander, Valeriy Inozemcev, Sergey Komissarenko, et al. "Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad." In ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS. Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/11_017-034.

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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of World War II the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Subsequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.
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Zlobin, Alexander, Valeriy Inozemcev, Sergey Komissarenko, Igor Medveckiy, Igor Nelga, and Sergey Tretyakov. "Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad." In Organophosphorous Neurotoxins. Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/chapter_5e4132b5e7e856.69190447.

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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of world war ii the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Sub consequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.
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Emsley, John. "Insidious arsenic." In The Elements of Murder. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192805997.003.0011.

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The journal of the Royal Society of 1671 carried a review of a paper by a Dr Caroli de la Font entitled ‘The nature and causes of the plague’ in which he put forward the theory that it was due to ‘arsenic exhalations’ that were polluting the air. Of course he was wrong, but the idea that such emissions could pollute the atmosphere was not wrong and 150 years later, in 1821, they may well have contributed to the death of one of the great figures of history: Napoleon. Arsenic had, and still has, its uses as we saw in the previous chapter but it is an insidious element and is much more mobile than earlier generations appreciated. When it diffuses into the air we breathe, and gets into the water we drink it causes problems and in this chapter we will look at two ways that it led to – and is still leading to – mass poisonings. The historical story concerns its leakage from wallpaper, the modern story concerns its leakage from underground rocks. The first of these leakages contaminated the air of millions of homes in the Victorian age, the second contaminates the drinking water of millions of people in Bangladesh and neighbouring states of India today. The first of these tragedies was eventually controlled, the second one remains to be dealt with. In days gone by the palette of a painter might well have held three arsenic compounds because they could provide brilliant shades of yellow, red, and especially green. The first two of these came from the natural pigments yellow orpiment and red realgar, both of which are arsenic sulphides; orpiment has the formula As2S3, and realgar has the formula As4S4. Orpiment got its name from the Latin words auri (gold) and pigmentum (paint) and was popular in the ancient world, especially in the Middle East. Its association with gold is probably what made it attractive to alchemists. Orpiment only became widely used in Europe when synthetic orpiment was manufactured and then it was known as royal yellow or king’s yellow and was the preferred source of yellow until it was displaced by chrome yellow (lead chromate) and cadmium yellow (cadmium sulphide).
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Susarla, Arvind. "Plague and arsenic: assignment of blame in the mass media and the social amplification and attenuation of risk." In The Social Amplification of Risk. Cambridge University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511550461.009.

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Wu, C., M. Wong, Z. Ye, W. Shu, and Y. Zhu. "Arsenic accumulation by 20 different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by radial oxygen loss and iron plaque." In Arsenic in Geosphere and Human Diseases; Arsenic 2010. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10548-70.

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Huang, T., and Z. Chen. "Soil water management systems decreased arsenic dissolution from the soils and accumulated As on the root iron plaque in As-contaminated soils." In Arsenic in the Environment - Proceedings. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16767-107.

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Price, T. Douglas. "Bronze Age Warriors." In Europe before Rome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914708.003.0008.

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The European Bronze Age took place during the third and second millennia BC. This same period witnessed the first civilizations and empires in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley—the first cities, the first states, the first writing systems, and many other innovations. Europe unquestionably felt the impact of these changes. Partially in response to these developments, and 1,000 years before the classical civilizations of Greece, 2,000 years before Rome, the Aegean area witnessed the emergence of more complex societies on Crete and the Greek mainland. The Minoan palaces and Mykenean (also known as Mycenaean) citadels were urban centers of these civilizations and the focal points of industry, commerce, religion, military power, and central accumulation. North of the Alps, there was much less political integration; societies operated on a smaller scale. This pattern continued essentially until the Roman conquest of France and much of Britain, shortly before the Common Era. More details on the developments in southern and northern Europe are provided in subsequent sections of this chapter. Bronze defines this period and becomes the dominant metal in Europe. As noted earlier, it has several advantages over copper. Because it holds an edge much better, most of the early bronze objects were weapons: swords, daggers, spearheads, and arrowheads, in the context of continuing warfare. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or arsenic. Initially it was made from copper and arsenic to form arsenic bronze. Some copper ores naturally contain a good bit of arsenic, and smelting these ores may have accidentally created an early form of bronze. Copper ores are available and fairly widespread in Europe from Ireland to Bulgaria. Sources are concentrated in mountainous regions and more often found in the Alps and to the south and east. Some of these copper sources were incredibly productive. The Mitterberg mines near Salzburg in Austria, with tunnels up to 100 m (330 m) in length, may have produced as much as 18,000 tons of copper. Bronze production in Europe began in the Aegean region with the rise of early civilizations on Crete and mainland Greece.
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Klinger, William, and Denis Kuljiš. "The Arsenal of the Mediterranean Revolution." In Tito's Secret Empire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572429.003.0044.

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This chapter elaborates the capture of the Yugoslav ship Srbija off the Algerian coast by the French navy on 7 August 1957, which was then escorted to the military port of Mers-el-Kebir. It notes the independence of Morocco and the crowning of Sultan Mohammed as King Mohammed V, who provided strong support to those fighting against French and Spanish colonialism. It also discusses police officers in Casablanca that confiscated war material from the shipment of the Czechoslovak party and secretly distributed it to the Algerian insurgents. The chapter reviews the Warsaw Pact summit that took place in Budapest from 1 to 4 January 1957, wherein the renewed communist unity under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev was demonstrated. It pays attention to Marshal Tito's attendance at the summit, where he gave his public support to the renewed Cominform, hoping to redeem himself for the secret support he had been giving to Imre Nagy.
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Handan Dökmeci, Ayşe. "Environmental Impacts of Heavy Metals and their Bioremediation." In Heavy Metals - Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95103.

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Fast consumption, increasing energy needs, unplanned urbanization, and unconscious discharge of industrial wastes cause pollution of air, soil, food and water resources. Among these pollutants, heavy metals and metalloids are not biodegradable and accumulate in compartments such as water, soil and plants, threatening human and environmental health. Monitoring studies show that heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper, chromium and trace elements are in first place according to their availability in the environment. Preventive and remedial measures should be taken to reduce the effects of heavy metals. Legal regulations, monitoring studies, the use of soluble and non-toxic compounds in environmental compartments (air, water, soil and plants) in industrial processes, heavy metal-free pesticides, appropriate wastewater treatment plants and use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels are among the priority measures to reduce concentrations of heavy metals in the environment. As a bioremediation approach, removing toxic wastes from the environment by using bioaccumulatory organisms such as plants or mussels maintains its importance among studies aimed at recovery. Studies have shown that integrated methods - especially the combination of suitable plants and microorganisms - are very effective in mitigating the effect of heavy metals in the environment.
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Schmitz, David F. "The Fulcrum of Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy." In The Sailor. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180441.003.0005.

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From June 1940 to March 1941, President Roosevelt put into place his war cabinet, obtained direct aid to Great Britain, and imposed a partial embargo on Japan. In the wake of the fall of France in June 1940, FDR expanded American military production and prepared for war. December and January 1941 were the fulcrum of Roosevelt’s foreign policy as he called for lend-lease aid for those fighting Germany, announced that the United States would be the “arsenal of democracy,” and set out the ideological justifications for war in defense of the four freedoms: freedom from want and fear, freedom of belief and speech. The passage of the lend-lease bill in March 1941 marked the final triumph of internationalism over neutrality.
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Conference papers on the topic "Arsenic Plague"

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Mukherjee, Abhijit, Saibal Gupta, Poulomee Coomar, et al. "DOES PLATE TECTONICS GENERATE PRIMARY SOURCE FOR WORLDWIDE GROUNDWATER ARSENIC?" In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-354550.

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Liu, Wenjun, and Mehdi Asheghi. "Thermal Conduction in Ultra-Thin Pure and Doped Single Crystal Silicon Layers at High Temperatures." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72540.

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This work presents the in-plane thermal conductivity data for pure as well as boron (1.6 × 1021 /cm3), arsenic (2.3 × 1020 /cm3) and phosphorus (2.3 × 10 20/cm3) doped silicon layers of thickness 30 and 50 nm at high temperature. The steady-state Joule heating and electrical resistance thermometry is used to measure lateral thermal conductivity of suspended silicon layers. Thermal conductivity data for pure and lightly doped single crystalline silicon layers can be interpreted using thermal conductivity integral and relaxation time approximation for phonon-boundary and phonon-impurity scattering rates. No additional fitting parameters are used in this work; in contrast with previous studies that required an unusually large phonon-impurity scattering coefficient to match the predictions to the thermal conductivity data for bulk doped silicon. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.
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Dixon, Peter, Cory D. Hess, Chuan Li, Martin Ettenberg, and John Trezza. "Dual-band technology on indium gallium arsenide focal plane arrays." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Bjørn F. Andresen, Gabor F. Fulop, and Paul R. Norton. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.883412.

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Brubaker, Robert M., Martin H. Ettenberg, Matthew T. O'Grady, Michael A. Blessinger, and J. C. Dries. "Range-gated imaging with an indium-gallium-arsenide-based focal plane array." In Defense and Security, edited by Bjorn F. Andresen and Gabor F. Fulop. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.542508.

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Cohen, Marshall J., Martin H. Ettenberg, Michael J. Lange, and Gregory H. Olsen. "Commercial and industrial applications of indium gallium arsenide near-infrared focal plane arrays." In AeroSense '99, edited by Bjorn F. Andresen and Marija Strojnik. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354547.

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Katterloher, Reinhard O., Lothar Barl, Jeffrey W. Beeman, et al. "4x32 FIRGA array: a pacesetter for a 52x32-element gallium arsenide focal plane array." In Astronomical Telescopes & Instrumentation, edited by Albert M. Fowler. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.317301.

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Brubaker, Robert M., Martin H. Ettenberg, Bora M. Onat, Navneet Masaun, and Peter Dixon. "Camera for laser beam profiling from 1.0 to 2.0 microns wavelength with an indium gallium arsenide based focal plane array." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Bjørn F. Andresen, Gabor F. Fulop, and Paul R. Norton. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.666047.

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