Journal articles: 'Art, Cameroon'

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McDowell, Peggy. "Cameroon Art." African Arts 18, no. 3 (May 1985): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336366.

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Cameron, Elisabeth L. "Expressions of Cameroon Art." African Arts 19, no. 3 (May 1986): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336417.

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Hanussek, C. "Cameroon: An Emerging Art Scene." Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art 2001, no. 13-14 (March 1, 2001): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10757163-13-14-1-100.

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Cordoba, Evette, Angela M. Parcesepe, John A. Gallis, Jennifer Headley, Claudian Soffo, Berenger Tchatchou, John Hembling, and Joy Noel Baumgartner. "The syndemic effects of mental ill health, household hunger, and intimate partner violence on adherence to antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women living with HIV in Yaoundé, Cameroon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0246467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246467.

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Background This research advances understanding of interrelationships among three barriers to adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among pregnant women living with HIV (WLWH) in Cameroon: probable common mental disorders (CMD), intimate partner violence (IPV), and hunger. Methods The sample included 220 pregnant WLWH in Cameroon. Multivariable modified Poisson regression was conducted to assess the relationship between IPV, hunger, and CMD on ART adherence. Results Almost half (44%) of participants recently missed/mistimed an ART dose. Probable CMD was associated with greater risk of missed/mistimed ART dose (aRR 1.5 [95% CI 1.1, 1.9]). Hunger was associated with greater risk of missed/mistimed ART dose among those who reported IPV (aRR 1.9 [95% CI 1.2, 2.8]), but not among those who did not (aRR 0.8 [95% CI 0.2, 2.3]). Conclusion Suboptimal ART adherence, CMD, and IPV were common among pregnant WLWH in Cameroon. Pregnant WLWH experiencing IPV and hunger may be especially vulnerable to suboptimal ART adherence.

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Povey, John, and Tamara Northern. "Expressions of Cameroon Art: The Franklin Collection." African Arts 20, no. 2 (February 1987): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336611.

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Zeitlyn, David. "A dying art? Archiving photographs in Cameroon." Anthropology Today 25, no. 4 (August 2009): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2009.00679.x.

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Ndi Okalla, Joseph-Marie. "The Arts of Black Africa and the Project of a Cfmstian Art." Mission Studies 12, no. 1 (1995): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338395x00312.

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AbstractThis essay is in honour and in memory of the late Prof. Dr. Engelbert MVENG Sf. Born in Cameroon on May 9, 1930, Fr. Mveng has been found murdered in Yaoundé on April 23, 1995 before he would turn 65 years old. In the last thirty years, he was professor at the University of Yaoundé/Cameroon, Department of History. As a historian and theologian, he has enormous contributions to African culture and history, especially in the realm of cultural and religious anthropology as well as in iconology, which have won a wide acclaim. The internationally renowned artistic work of Fr. Mveng which can be found in different churches, chapels and educational centers the world over, underlines the iconographic contribution of Africa to the world and to Christianity. See, for example: Our Lady of Africa in the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth/Israel; the Jesuit Hekima College in Nairobi/Kenya; Uganda Martyrs Altar at Libermann, Douala/Cameroon; Our Lady of the Yaoundé Cathedral/Cameroon; the decoration of the chapel of the Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé/Cameroon ... and various centers in Africa and in the United States ... I have presented the first version of this essay on the occasion of a visit of John Paul II to Cameroon. I enclose a selected bibliography of the writings of Fr. Engelbert Mveng.

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Bitondo, Dieudonné. "Environmental assessment in Cameroon: state of the art." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 18, no. 1 (March 2000): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154600781767592.

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Quinn, Frederick, and Nancy W. Edelman. "The Art of Cameroon in the Mt. Febe Benedictine Monastery." International Journal of African Historical Studies 23, no. 4 (1990): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219534.

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Penda, Calixte Ida, Francis A. Ndongo, Anne-Cécile Z.-K. Bissek, Mathurin C. Téjiokem, Casimir Sofeu, Else C. Moukoko Eboumbou, Sandrine Mindjouli, Sophie Desmonde, and Louis R. Njock. "Practices of Care to HIV-Infected Children: Current Situation in Cameroon." Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 13 (January 2019): 117955651984611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179556519846110.

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Background: To accelerate access to pediatric HIV care in Cameroon, operational challenges in implementing HIV pediatric care need to be identified. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care workers regarding pediatric HIV infection in Cameroon. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a 4-month period (April to August 2014) in 12 health facilities in 7 regions of Cameroon selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected from interviews with health care providers and managers using standardized self-administered questionnaires and stored in the ACCESS software. Results: In total, 103 health care providers were included in this study, of which 59 (57.3%) were health workers and 44 (42.7%) community agents. Most of the health workers in charge of HIV pediatric care were nurses, requiring effective medical task shifting that was institutionalized in Cameroon. The knowledge of health care providers in relation to pediatric HIV care was acceptable. Indications for prescription of test for early infant diagnosis were known (96.1%), but their attitudes and practices regarding initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in infants less than 2 years (5.2%) and first-line ART protocols (25.4%) were insufficient, due to little information about standard procedures. Conclusion: Capacity building of health care providers and large-scale dissemination of normative national documents are imperative to improve HIV pediatric care in the health care facilities.

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Wenk, Benjamin M., Herbert A. Mbunkah, Ndi N. Nsanwe, Eyongetah T. Mbu, Lydia M. Besong, Bella A. Sama, Emmanuel Orock, Christine Leemann, and Karin J. Metzner. "Prevalence of integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in Cameroon." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 1 (September 20, 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa383.

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Abstract Objectives In Cameroon, the integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir was recently introduced for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Since pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance can jeopardize the success of ART, and considering the high heterogeneity of circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Cameroon, we investigated the prevalence of pretreatment HIV-1 resistance to INSTIs. Methods Fingerprick dried blood spot samples were collected from 339 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals between 2015 and 2016 in four hospitals in Cameroon. Universal primers were designed to amplify the HIV-1 IN region from amino acid 1 to 276. Amplicons were sequenced with Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysed with the Polymorphism Analysis Sequencing (PASeq) platform, using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database to interpret HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs). Results The amplification/sequencing success rate was 75.2% with 255/339 sequences obtained. Applying a cut-off of 1%, major DRMs to INSTIs were detected in 13 (5.1%) individuals, but only 1 individual harboured an INSTI DRM (E92G) at a nucleotide frequency ≥15%. However, 140/255 (54.9%) individuals harboured polymorphic accessory INSTI DRMs, mainly at high frequencies. In line with that observation, HIV-1 subtype diversity among individuals was high. Conclusions Pretreatment HIV-1 resistance to INSTIs was low in the study sites, which supports the use of INSTIs in Cameroon. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to assess the impact of polymorphic accessory INSTI DRMs on INSTI-based ART regimens.

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Animbom Ngong, Paul. "The reception of Cameroon Films and home videos in student residential areas: the case of Bambili – Cameroon." CINEJ Cinema Journal 9, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2021.357.

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Film as a medium of communication uses visual and auditory signs between senders and receivers. It is considered as one of the most influential areas of media. The art form in Cameroon is valorised more through the home video system caused principally by the closure of theatre halls and the advent of cable TV channels dedicated to the broadcasting of movies for home consumption and the emergence of new media. This study looks at the reception of these home videos particularly in the student residential area of Bambili – Cameroon. A total number of 500 students served as sample for the study whose results show that a majority of viewers choose films according to different criteria but mostly influenced by their horizons of expectations.

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Stelzig, Christine. "Cameroon—Art and Kings. Museum Rietberg, Zurich, February 3–May 25, 2008." African Arts 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar.2009.42.1.104.

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Fonsah, Julius Y., Alfred K. Njamnshi, Charles Kouanfack, Fang Qiu, Dora M. Njamnshi, Claude T. Tagny, Emilienne Nchindap, et al. "Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Yaoundé-Cameroon: Association with Opportunistic Infections, Depression, ART Regimen and Side Effects." PLOS ONE 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): e0170893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170893.

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Tamekou, Raoul. "Reforming a state in formation: from Structural Adjustment Programs to Results-Based Management – lessons from two decades of administrative reform in Cameroon." International Review of Administrative Sciences 86, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318790335.

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This article sets out to examine, from a socio-historical standpoint, the administrative change process specific to Cameroon. By analyzing the mechanisms and processes driving the administrative reforms put in place since the end of the 1980s, the study pinpoints the regularities characteristic of the national trajectory of administrative reform in Cameroon. The article is divided into three sections. The first presents the analytical approach chosen. The second part presents the various repertoires of the reforms put in place, as well as an overview of the main programs. The third, finally, sets outs the lessons drawn from the study. Points for practitioners The article explores the dynamic relationship between the production of administrative reforms and the impact of reforms on the politico-administrative order in Cameroon. It is thus demonstrated that while reform has become considered over the years as a specialized know-how and an objective framework for the construction of public action, it continues to be plagued by rationales that are foreign to the organizational purpose, and comes across as the “art of doing.”

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Awoh, Rogers A., Halle G. Ekane, Anastase Dzudie, Egbe O. Thomas, Adebola Adedimeji, and Assob N. Jules. "Implications of the human immunodeficiency virus test and treat strategy on antiretroviral treatment uptake and retention outcomes in Cameroon." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 4716. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195045.

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Background: Success of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test-and-treat (T&T) strategy requires high antiretroviral (ART) uptake and retention. However, low ART uptake and retention continue to be reported in ART programs. This study assessed ART uptake and retention outcomes of the HIV T&T strategy in three HIV clinics in Cameroon.Methods: A retrospective chart review was done for 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a period of three months prior to the implementation of the HIV T&T strategy, and for another 423 patients who initiated HIV care within a three-month period following the HIV T&T strategy implementation. For each group, sociodemographic, ART uptake and retention data were collected. Chi square and Student T tests were used to test for differences proportions and means between the two groups at p <0.05 and 95% confidence interval.Results: The mean ages (years) in the pre-T&T and the T&T groups were 39.73 and 39.72, and the proportion of female were 65.85% and 65.08% respectively. ART uptake proportion was higher amongst those enrolled under the T&T strategy (98.08% vs 95.39%, p=0.02). A greater proportion of the patients in the T&T group initiated ART within 2 weeks following HIV diagnosis (55.84% vs 48.17%, p=0.03). However, ART retention at 24th month was lower in the T&T group (78.83% vs. 85.79%, p=0.01).Conclusions: The findings suggest that the T&T strategy is associated with higher ART uptake, earlier ART initiation, and lower ART retention. This underscores a need for strategies to improve ART retention under the HIV T&T guidelines.

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Kouotou, Emmanuel Armand, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Vanessa Nancy Ngono, Sandra A. Tatah, Anne Cecile Zoung-Kanyi Bissek, and Elie Claude Ndjitoyap Ndam. "Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Drug Eruptions among Antiretroviral Therapy-Exposed HIV Infected People in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Dermatology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6216193.

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Background. Prevalence and incidence of drug eruptions vary around the world and are influenced by some key factors including HIV infection. Objective. This study aimed to find the peculiarities of drug eruptions in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study including ART-taking PLHIV, aged 15+ years, followed up between January 2010 and December 2014 at the day-care unit of the Yaoundé Central Hospital, and who presented with drug eruptions after ART initiation. Results. Of 6,829 ART-experiencing PLHIV, 41 presented with drug eruptions, giving a prevalence of 0.6%. The M/F sex ratio equaled 0.17. The mean age was 41.07 ± 11.36 years. Benign drug eruptions accounted for 83.3%. Milder forms were essentially maculopapular exanthema (36.6%), fixed pigmented erythema (7.3%), and urticaria (4.9%). Severe forms were represented by multiform erythema (4.9%), toxic epidermal necrolysis (2.4%), and drug hypersensitivity syndrome (2.4%). The Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Efavirenz ART-protocol was received by 48.8% of patients and 69% of patients were receiving Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Zidovudine, and Cotrimoxazole were suspected as the potential causes in 43.7%, 4.8%, 2.4%, and 26.8% of cases, respectively. Conclusion. Drug eruptions seem infrequent among ART-exposed HIV infected adult Cameroonians.

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Nanfack, Aubin J., Andrew D. Redd, Jude S. Bimela, Genesis Ncham, Emmanuel Achem, Andrew N. Banin, Allison R. Kirkpatrick, et al. "Multimethod Longitudinal HIV Drug Resistance Analysis in Antiretroviral-Therapy-Naive Patients." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 9 (June 28, 2017): 2785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00634-17.

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ABSTRACT The global intensification of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can lead to increased rates of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) mutations in treated and also in ART-naive patients. ART-naive HIV-1-infected patients from Cameroon were subjected to a multimethod HIVDR analysis using amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and longitudinal next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine their profiles for the mutations K103N, Y181C, K65R, M184V, and T215F/Y. We processed 66 ART-naive HIV-1-positive patients with highly diverse subtypes that underlined the predominance of CRF02_AG and the increasing rate of F2 and other recombinant forms in Cameroon. We compared three resistance testing methods for 5 major mutation sites. Using Sanger sequencing, the overall prevalence of HIVDR mutations was 7.6% (5/66) and included all studied mutations except K65R. Comparing ARMS-PCR with Sanger sequencing as a reference, we obtained a sensitivity of 100% (5/5) and a specificity of 95% (58/61), caused by three false-positive calls with ARMS-PCR. For 32/66 samples, we obtained NGS data and we observed two additional mismatches made up of minority variants (7% and 18%) that might not be clinically relevant. Longitudinal NGS analyses revealed changes in HIVDR mutations in all five positive subjects that could not be attributed to treatment. In one of these cases, superinfection led to the temporary masking of a resistant virus. HIVDR mutations can be sensitively detected by ARMS-PCR and sequencing methods with comparable performances. Longitudinal changes in HIVDR mutations have to be considered even in the absence of treatment.

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Kouanfack, Charles, Fala Bede, Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai, Emerson Wepngong, Mbinkar Adeline Venyuy, Chombong Hubert, Denise Movuh Sam, and Samuel Nambile Cumber. "Retention in HIV/AIDS Management Services: is it Really Poor? The Case of Yaounde Central Hospital in Cameroon." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 9, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.305.

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Background: After consecutively defaulting on their appointments for three months, many HIV positive patients are often reported to have defaulted on their treatment, become lost to follow-up (LTFU), or no longer in care. We sought to determine if retention in HIV/AIDS care and treatment is really poor. Methods: Outcomes of patients with missed clinic appointments and reasons for missing appointments were studied. We sampled adult HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who by clinic had missed their clinic appointments by more than four weeks between 1997 and 2019 at the HIV Care and Treatment Center (CTC) (Day Hospital) of the Yaoundé Central Hospital. We assumed that patients who missed their clinic appointment also missed some doses of their ART medications. Patients considered LTFU and those who had defaulted for two months were traced by telephone calls and home visits. Reasons for ART discontinuation were recorded for those who stopped or interrupted ART. Results: Of the 1139 patients who were either LTFU or who had defaulted for two months, 247/1139 (22 %) could not be traced. Out of the successfully traced patients, 50 (4%) had died and 798/1139 (70%) were alive and 310/1139 (27%) were on ART of which 35/1139 (3%) had developed informal ways of obtaining ART through clinic personnel. A good number were brought back to and reinitiated on ART after tracking (540/1139 or 47%). Of those known not to be on treatment(ART), 27/1139 (2%) had deliberately stopped ART and 63/1139 (6%) promised to return and took an appointment with CTC pyscho-social workers. Major reasons shared for missing clinic appointments were travel out of city (39%), distance from health facility, and financial cost for getting to health facility. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Despite clinic data showing many patients had missed monthly appointments or were LTFU, we saw that a sizeable amount of such patients were actually in care and on ART. The above findings lead to the suggestion that clinic data used in program performance Copyright © 2020 Kouanfack et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fokam, Joseph, Desire Takou, Maria Santoro, Armanda Nangmo, Samuel M. Sosso, Georges Teto, Vittorio Colizzi, Carlo-Federico Perno, and Alexis Ndjolo. "PO 8580 TREATMENT RESPONSE AMONG CAMEROONIAN ADOLESCENTS RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN URBAN AND RURAL SETTINGS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE READY STUDY." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A58.1—A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.152.

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BackgroundTransitioning from paediatric to adult healthcare requires successful antiretroviral treatment (ART) for adolescents living with HIV (ADLHIV). Implementing such a policy implies monitoring ART response and selecting for therapeutic options for ADLHIV in resource-limited settings (RLS) like Cameroon.MethodsThe Ready study (EDCTP-CDF-1027) is conducted amongst ART-experienced ADLHIV (10–19 years old) in the Centre region, Cameroon. WHO-clinical staging, CD4-counts and viraemia were determined; in case of virological failure [VF] (viraemia ≥1000 copies/ml), HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and subtyping were performed, and p<0.05 considered significant.ResultsOut of 279 ADLHIV (212 urban vs 67 rural), the gender distribution was similar (54.5% female); median age was higher in urban (15 [IQR: 13–17] years) compared to rural (13 [IQR: 11–17] years), as well as the median duration on ART (7 [IQR: 3–10] years compared to 4 [IQR: 2–7] years, respectively); and the majority was on first-line ART (79.4% [162/204] urban vs 98.5% [66/67] rural, p<0.0004). Following treatment response, clinical failure (WHO-stage 3/4) was similarly low in both urban (5.7% [12/210]) and rural (4.5% [3/67]), p=0.938; CD4 increased similarly (p=0.298) from ART-initiation (370 cells/mm3[urban] vs 332 cells/mm3[rural]) to 6 years after initiation (938 cells/mm3[urban] vs 548 cells/mm3[rural]) and rate of immunodeficiency (<500 CD4 cells/mm3) was 41.0% (87/208) in urban vs 47.5% (29/61) in rural, p=0.428. VF was 43.2% (41/95) in urban vs 60.9% (14/23) in rural, p=0.126. Among nine (9) sequences available from those experiencing VF, overall HIVDR was found in 88.8%, with 77.7% NNRTI, 55.6% NRTI and 22.2% PI/r. All were HIV-1 group M, with 55.6% CRF02_AG, 22.0% F1 and 22.4% others.ConclusionADLHIV appear clinically asymptomatic, with considerable immune recovery overtime. Despite differences in ART duration between urban and rural settings, VF was similarly high, associated with HIVDR mainly to NNRTI-based regimens. Thus, NNRTI-sparing regimens might be highly convenient when transitioning ADLHIV to adult ART-regimens in RLS like Cameroon.

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Abange, William Baiye, Celine Nguefeu Nkenfou, Hortense Gonsu Kamga, Clement Assob Nguedia, Nelly Kamgaing, Catherine Lozupone, Samuel Martin Sosso, et al. "Intestinal Parasites Infections among HIV Infected Children Under Antiretrovirals Treatment in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 66, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmz048.

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Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes dysregulation of the immune system through the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes which gives rise to opportunistic infections. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. Stool and blood samples were collected from participants aged 1 to 19. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV and CD4 + T cell counts. Results Out of 214 children enrolled, 119 (55.6%) were HIV infected and 95 (44.4%) were HIV non-infected. All infected children were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 20.2% in HIV infected and 15.8% in non-infected children. Among the 119 HIV infected children, 33 (27.7%) of them had a CD4+ T cell count less than 500 cells/mm3, and amongst them 5.9% had CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells/mm3. Among HIV infected children, Cryptosporidium spp. was frequently detected, 7/119 (5.9%), followed by Giardia lamblia 5/119 (4.2%) then Blastocystis hominis 3/119 (2.5%) and Entamoeba coli 3/119 (2.5%). Participants on ART and prophylactic co-trimoxazole for >10 years had little or no parasite infestation. Conclusions Although ART treatment in combination with prophylactic co-trimoxazole reduces the risk of parasitic infection, 20.2% of HIV infected children harbored intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium spp. Stool analysis may be routinely carried out in order to treat detected cases of opportunistic parasites and such improve more on the life quality of HIV infected children.

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Tiotsia Tsapi, Armand, Eric Defo Tamgno, Émeline Zogning Makemjio, Ezechiel Ngoufack Jagni Semengue, Ghyslaine Bruna Djeunang Dongho, Efeutmecheh Sangong Rose, Hervé Davy Tongue Kamga, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Gianluca Russo, and Martin Sanou Sobze. "Determinants of adherence to ARVs in HIV+ women enrolled in the PMTCT program in the West and North Regions of Cameroon." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (February 15, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4712.

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Background: According to UNAIDS 2019, 52% of people worldwide living with HIV is on antiretrovirals (ARVs), HIV positive women representing 80% of them. This study aimed at highlighting the determinants of adherence to ARVs for HIV positive women enrolled in PMTCT programs in the West and North Regions of Cameroon. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from February to September 2019 in three treatment centres in the West (Bafoussam Regional Hospital and Dschang District Hospital) and North (Garoua Regional Hospital) regions in Cameroon. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered face to face and encoded in Excel 2013, then analyzed using SAS version 7.8. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant Results: One thousand (1000) women were interviewed. The mean age was 17 ±2 years (Range: 12 – 67 years); 231 (23.1%) were single. Overall, the prevalence of ART-adherence was 68.6%. After multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression; having one HIV-infected children (aOR=60.9; 95%CI=[7.6; 489.1]; P=0.001), non-disclosure of serological status with the spouse/boyfriend (aOR=25.2; 95%CI=[9.2; 68.9]; P<0.001), not being educated (aOR=7.7; 95%CI=[4.4; 13.3]; P<0.001); and taking ARVs once or less daily (aOR=50; 95%CI=[20.0; 100.0]; P<0.001) were four risk factors for non-adherence. Conclusion: ART-adherence among Cameroonian pregnant women is still very far below UNAIDS target (95%), with four potential key determinants identified. As we are progressively moving towards the elimination of HIV vertical transmission in 2030 as advocated by UNAIDS, local policies should be reinforced in order to consolidate the strides made so far. Keywords: HIV, PMTCT, Pregnancy, Adherence, option B+, Cameroon.

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N Busi, Anissette, Marius Nsoh, Moses O Otieno, Sylvester A Ndeso, and Gregory E Halle-Ekane. "Evaluation of quality of life and associated factors among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in North West region of Cameroon." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.3s.

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Background: There is evidence that Quality of Life (QoL) of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) has a significant role in ART retention, treatment adherence, and survival. As a result, QoL is becoming increasingly important for policy- makers, program implementers, and researchers. However, factors associated with QoL, in a culturally diverse country like Cameroon are unknown. Objective: We aimed to assess the QoL of PLHIV on ART and assess the extent to which physical, psychosocial, environ- mental, and spiritual factors drive QoL. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 PLHIV aged >21 in North-West Cameroon from April to July 2019. Data were collected using WHO-QOL BREF questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Majority (34.5%) of participants were in the age range of 41-50, with 73% females. The average QoL of the re- spondents was “good” with mean score of 3.57 on 5 and 71.4% agreed to have satisfactory QoL. Bivariate regression anal- yses revealed that all six proposed predictors were significantly associated with QoL. Psychological factors made the greatest impact (β = 0.213; p<0.003), followed by physical factors (β = 0.19; p<0.001). Conclusion: PLHIV fairly agreed to have good QoL. The QoL was driven by mainly psychological and physical factors and not level of independence. However, the mean score perceptions for the investigated domains were low. Mental health ser- vices should consider these predictors when designing strategies to improve the QoL of PLHIV. While this study provides useful insights, other possible drivers of QoL among PLHIV should be investigated. Keywords: Quality of life and associated factors; HIV patients; antiretroviral therapy; Cameroon.

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N Busi, Anissette, Marius Nsoh, Moses O Otieno, Sylvester A Ndeso, and Gregory E Halle-Ekane. "Evaluation of quality of life and associated factors among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in North West region of Cameroon." African Health Sciences 21 (May 23, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i.3s.

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Background: There is evidence that Quality of Life (QoL) of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) has a significant role in ART retention, treatment adherence, and survival. As a result, QoL is becoming increasingly important for policy- makers, program implementers, and researchers. However, factors associated with QoL, in a culturally diverse country like Cameroon are unknown. Objective: We aimed to assess the QoL of PLHIV on ART and assess the extent to which physical, psychosocial, environ- mental, and spiritual factors drive QoL. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 PLHIV aged >21 in North-West Cameroon from April to July 2019. Data were collected using WHO-QOL BREF questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Majority (34.5%) of participants were in the age range of 41-50, with 73% females. The average QoL of the re- spondents was “good” with mean score of 3.57 on 5 and 71.4% agreed to have satisfactory QoL. Bivariate regression anal- yses revealed that all six proposed predictors were significantly associated with QoL. Psychological factors made the greatest impact (β = 0.213; p<0.003), followed by physical factors (β = 0.19; p<0.001). Conclusion: PLHIV fairly agreed to have good QoL. The QoL was driven by mainly psychological and physical factors and not level of independence. However, the mean score perceptions for the investigated domains were low. Mental health ser- vices should consider these predictors when designing strategies to improve the QoL of PLHIV. While this study provides useful insights, other possible drivers of QoL among PLHIV should be investigated. Keywords: Quality of life and associated factors; HIV patients; antiretroviral therapy; Cameroon.

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Geary, Christraud M. "Art and Political Process in the Kingdoms of Bali-Nyonga and Bamum (Cameroon Grassfields)." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 22, no. 1 (1988): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485489.

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Geary, Christraud M. "Art and Political Process in the Kingdoms of Bali-Nyonga and Bamum (Cameroon Grassfields)." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 22, no. 1 (January 1988): 11–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1988.10804175.

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Dzudie, Anastase, Donald Hoover, Hae-Young Kim, Rogers Ajeh, Adebola Adedimeji, Qiuhu Shi, Walter Pefura Yone, et al. "Hypertension among people living with HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: A cross-sectional analysis from Central Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0253742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253742.

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Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) success has led people to live longer with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and thus be exposed to increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hypertension (HTN), the biggest contributor to CVD burden, is a growing concern among PLWH. The current report describes the prevalence and predictors of HTN among PLWH in care in Cameroon. Methods This cross-sectional study included all PLWH aged 20 years and above who received care between 2016 and 2019 at one of the three Central Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA) sites in Cameroon (Bamenda, Limbe, and Yaoundé). HTN was defined as blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mm Hg or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. Logistic regressions models examined the relationship between HTN and clinical characteristics, and HIV-related factors. Results Among 9,839 eligible PLWH, 66.2% were women and 25.0% had prevalent HTN [age-standardized prevalence 23.9% (95% CI: 22.2–25.6)], among whom 28 (1.1%) were on BP lowering treatment, and 6 of those (21.4%) were at target BP levels. Median age (47.4 vs. 40.5 years), self-reported duration of HIV infection (5.1 vs 2.8 years years), duration of ART exposure (4.7 vs 2.3 years), and CD4 count (408 vs 359 cell/mm3) were higher in hypertensives than non-hypertensives (all p<0.001). Age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with higher prevalent HTN risk. PLWH starting ART had a 30% lower risk of prevalent HTN, but this advantage disappeared after a cumulative 2-year exposure to ART. There was no significant association between other HIV predictive characteristics and HTN. Conclusion About a quarter of these Cameroonian PLWH had HTN, driven among others by age and adiposity. Appropriate integration of HIV and NCDs services is needed to improve early detection, treatment and control of common comorbid NCD risk factors like hypertension and safeguard cardiovascular health in PLWH.

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Nsoh, Marius, Katayi E Tshimwanga, Busi A Ngum, Avelina Mgasa, Moses O Otieno, Bokwena Moali, Nathanael Sirili, Ndeso S Atanga, and Gregory Edie Halle-Ekane. "Predictors of antiretroviral therapy interruptions and factors influencing return to care at the Nkolndongo Health District, Cameroon." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.6s.

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Background: Antiretroviral therapy is a lifelong commitment that requires consistent intake of tablets to optimize health outcomes, attain and maintain viral suppression. Objective: We aimed to elicit predictors of treatment interruption amongst PLHIV and identify motivating factors influ- encing return to care. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a mixed-method approach in four hospitals in Yaoundé. Sociodemo- graphic and clinical data were collected from ART registers. Using purposeful sampling, thirteen participants were enrolled for interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using Epi-Info and Atlas-TI for qualitative analysis. Ethical clearance ap- proved by CBCHS-IRB. Results: A total of 271 participants records were assessed. The mean age was 33 years (SD±11years). Private facilities CASS and CMNB registered respectively 53 (19.6%) and 14 (5.2%) participants while CMA Nkomo and IPC had 114 (42.1%) and 90 (33.2%) participants. Most participants (75.3%) were females [OR 1.14; CI 0.78-1.66] compare with males. 78% had no viral load test results. Transport cost and stigmatization constituted the most prominent predictors of treatment interruption (47.5%) and (10.5%) respectively. Belief in the discovery of an eminent HIV cure and the desire to raise offspring motivated 30% and 61%, respectively to resume treatment. Conclusion: Structural barriers like exposed health facility, and dispensing ARVs in open spaces stigmatizes clients and increases odds of attrition. Attrition of patients on ART will be minimized through implementation of client centered ap- proaches like multiplying proxy ART pick points, devolving stable clients to community ARV model. Keywords: ART interruption; attrition; return to care; predictors; motivating factors; Cameroon.

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Nsoh, Marius, Katayi E Tshimwanga, Busi A Ngum, Avelina Mgasa, Moses O Otieno, Bokwena Moali, Nathanael Sirili, Ndeso S Atanga, and Gregory Edie Halle-Ekane. "Predictors of antiretroviral therapy interruptions and factors influencing return to care at the Nkolndongo Health District, Cameroon." African Health Sciences 21 (May 23, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i.6s.

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Background: Antiretroviral therapy is a lifelong commitment that requires consistent intake of tablets to optimize health outcomes, attain and maintain viral suppression. Objective: We aimed to elicit predictors of treatment interruption amongst PLHIV and identify motivating factors influ- encing return to care. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a mixed-method approach in four hospitals in Yaoundé. Sociodemo- graphic and clinical data were collected from ART registers. Using purposeful sampling, thirteen participants were enrolled for interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using Epi-Info and Atlas-TI for qualitative analysis. Ethical clearance ap- proved by CBCHS-IRB. Results: A total of 271 participants records were assessed. The mean age was 33 years (SD±11years). Private facilities CASS and CMNB registered respectively 53 (19.6%) and 14 (5.2%) participants while CMA Nkomo and IPC had 114 (42.1%) and 90 (33.2%) participants. Most participants (75.3%) were females [OR 1.14; CI 0.78-1.66] compare with males. 78% had no viral load test results. Transport cost and stigmatization constituted the most prominent predictors of treatment interruption (47.5%) and (10.5%) respectively. Belief in the discovery of an eminent HIV cure and the desire to raise offspring motivated 30% and 61%, respectively to resume treatment. Conclusion: Structural barriers like exposed health facility, and dispensing ARVs in open spaces stigmatizes clients and increases odds of attrition. Attrition of patients on ART will be minimized through implementation of client centered ap- proaches like multiplying proxy ART pick points, devolving stable clients to community ARV model. Keywords: ART interruption; attrition; return to care; predictors; motivating factors; Cameroon.

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Denis, Mbako Jato, and Shey Budi Ernest. "Patient retention on anti-retroviral therapy (ART): Experience of treatment centres (TCs) in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of AIDS and HIV Research 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jahr2020.0515.

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Acharya, Arpan, Claude T. Tagny, Dora Mbanya, Julius Y. Fonsah, Emilienne Nchindap, Léopoldine Kenmogne, Ma Jihyun, Alfred K. Njamnshi, and Georgette D. Kanmogne. "Variability in HIV-1 Integrase Gene and 3′-Polypurine Tract Sequences in Cameroon Clinical Isolates, and Implications for Integrase Inhibitors Efficacy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051553.

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Integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are now included in preferred first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected adults. Studies of Western clade-B HIV-1 show increased resistance to INSTIs following mutations in integrase and nef 3′polypurine tract (3′-PPT). With anticipated shifts in Africa (where 25.6-million HIV-infected people resides) to INSTIs-based ART, it is critical to monitor patients in African countries for resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) affecting INSTIs efficacy. We analyzed HIV-1 integrase and 3′-PPT sequences in 345 clinical samples from INSTIs-naïve HIV-infected Cameroonians for polymorphisms and RAMs that affect INSTIs. Phylogeny showed high genetic diversity, with the predominance of HIV-1 CRF02_AG. Major INSTIs RAMs T66A and N155K were found in two (0.6%) samples. Integrase polymorphic and accessory RAMs found included T97A, E157Q, A128T, M50I, S119R, L74M, L74I, S230N, and E138D (0.3′23.5% of samples). Ten (3.2%) samples had both I72V+L74M, L74M+T97A, or I72V+T97A mutations; thirty-one (9.8%) had 3′-PPT mutations. The low frequency of major INSTIs RAMs shows that INSTIs-based ART can be successfully used in Cameroon. Several samples had ≥1 INSTIs accessory RAMs known to reduce INSTIs efficacy; thus, INSTIs-based ART would require genetic surveillance. The 3′-PPT mutations could also affect INSTIs. For patients failing INSTIs-based ART with no INSTIs RAMs, monitoring 3′-PPT sequences could reveal treatment failure etiology.

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Tassang, Andrew, Nana Njamen T, Assop, Tassang Thierry, Njamen Nana CJ, Ngum Fru Paulette, and Cho Frederick Nchang. "Early Appraisal of Option B+ In Tiko Health District- Cameroon." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 08 (August 24, 2020): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i08.mp03.

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Introduction: Cameroon in 2014 had a HIV prevalence rate of 4.6 %. It is estimated that about 90% of new infections occur as a result of heterosexual relations. In 2010 in Cameroon, 7,300 babies were estimated to be born HIV positive due to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Faced with these realities, Cameroon has been stepping up its response steadily from Option A then B and now Option B+. To have an early appraisal of the Option B+ approach as far as the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) is concerned in the Tiko health district- Cameroon. Methodology: This cross-sectional hospital based study was carried out in Tiko from the 1st of December 2015 to the 31st of August 2016. With the use of a questionnaire, a total of 111 women whose infants underwent the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test at six weeks were surveyed. Univariate and bivariate data analysis were performed with CDC- Epi-Info 7.2.2.6. Results: Out of 111 women included in this study, only 2 (1.8%) babies had a positive PCR test. Two cases of infected babies were realised in the study, 1 in each of the first two trimesters of pregnancy. It could probably be due to the fact that, these women got infected while they were already pregnant or maybe before their introduction to the Option B+. However, the infectious rate was similar to that of women on tritherapy. Interventions like the use of Antiretroviral (ART) drugs by infected pregnant women, safe delivery practices and safe infant feeding helped reduce the risk of transmission to infants (from 40% to 5%). Conclusion: The infection rate of 1.8 % is similar to those of women who are on tritherapy in many studies. Despite the fact that the implementation of option B+ looks more onerous, the long term benefits as far as cost effectiveness is concerned looks laudable. Thus this strategy should be adopted in resource restricted countries.

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Asangbeh, Serra Lem, Joëlle Laure Sobngwi, Gabriel Loni Ekali, Christian Eyoum, and Philippe Msellati. "Predictors of depression among patients on art in a rural health district in North West Cameroon." AIDS Care 28, no. 2 (August 19, 2015): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1074654.

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Ikomey, George Mondinde, Cedric Happi Mbakam, Marie Claire Okomo Assoumou, Jacobs Graeme Brandon, Martha Mesembe, Emilia Lyonga Mbamyah, Edward Murphy, and Claude Tayou Tagny. "Cytokine levels of interleukin-2 and 7 amongst antiretroviral therapy success and failure HIV patients attending the University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.2.

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Immune reconstitution complications (IRC) are major problems faced by HIV treated patients worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 play vital roles in peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Our study objective was to measure and compare the blood plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-7 amongst antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients attending the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon. We performed a cross-sectional study with 296 HIV positive patients enrolled between July 2017 and May 2018 at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. IL-2, IL-7, T-cell profile counts and plasma viral load were measured on whole blood specimens. Data obtained were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 5.0 and Epi info 7.0 Software. IL-2 and IL-7 plasma concentration levels were higher in patients with ART failure compared to ART success, with a mean ± SD of 19.4±8 and 17.1±6 pg /ml, 35.26±11 and 21.5±5 pg/ml, with p < 0.001 and < 0.001. There was a direct and significant correlation between viral load, IL-2 and IL-7 with p values = 0.028, and 0.020, respectively. There was an association between IL-2, IL-7 and viral load in relation to the duration on treatment (DT), with p values = 0.003 (R2= 0.041, CI= 0.069 – 0.34) ,0.017 (R2= 0.027, CI= -0.30 – 0.030), and 0.001 (R2= 0.048, CI= -0.047–0.76). Considering that limited surrogate markers are available for monitoring immune reconstitution and high associated mortality rates, IL-2 and IL-7 could be a good immunological predictor for ART failure and success in HIV infected individuals. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Homeostasis, Immune reconstitution, Interleukins, ART

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Jagoret, Patrick, Stéphane Saj, and Aurélie Carimentrand. "Cocoa agroforestry systems in Africa – the art of reconciling sustainable production and ecological services." Perspective, no. 54 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/perspective/31916.

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Combining mixed trees with cocoa trees in so-called cocoa agroforestry systems is emerging as a viable option for regenerating cocoa cropping in Africa. Pure cocoa crop stands currently prevail in these areas but are running out of steam. Technical solutions are therefore urgently needed to stabilize cocoa-growing areas, reduce pressure on forests and adapt to climate change. A balance can be struck in stands by combining cocoa trees with diverse trees chosen by farmers for their different uses, while maintaining a suitable and sustainable cocoa yield. Ecological services such as carbon storage and crop protection are co-benefits of this balance. Recent research in Cameroon highlights that cocoa agroforestry stands can be managed using a straightforward indicator—measurement of the basal area of cocoa trees and associated trees. This indicator could be adopted for sustainable cocoa production certification purposes, while the observed convergence between local know-how and scientific results could facilitate joint drawing up of technical recommendations.

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Taheu, Christian Ngounouh, Christelle Diane Tchumtchoua Meliedje, Gilbert Gauthier Bong Bong, Julienne Louise Ngo Likeng, Fabrice Mbakop Ghomsi, Abel Fils Nkoth, Philippe Salomon Nguwoh, Philippe Salomon Nguwoh, and Joseph Fokam. "Intestinal Parasites Infestation among People Living with HIV under Antiretroviral Therapy in Peri-urban Area of Yaoundé, Cameroon." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.4.929.

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Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) targets the body's defense system and leads to a decrease in CD4 T-cells in lymphoid tissues associated with intestinal mucosa, leading to an imbalance in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was performed to determine the intestinal parasites infestation among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in peri-urban area in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: A retro-prospective, prospective, and descriptive study was carried out from January-March 2017 to the Care Unit of the Nkolondom II Catholic Medical Center in Yaoundé on 96 PLHIV after providing informed consent. On each stool sample collected, intestinal parasites testing was performed by using direct examination with physiological saline and Lugol's iodine, Ritchie's technique (formol/ether, 10%) and by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 17 software, with all P <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 52.08% (50/96) were infested with various parasites: Cryptosporidium parvum (72.88%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (10.17%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.47%), Entamoeba coli (5.08%), Ascaris lumbricoїdes (1.70%) and Giardia lamblia (1.70%). Parasite’s prevalence was more observed in women (74.00%; 37/50) compared with men (26.00% [13/50]). Depending on immunity, immuno-compromised patients (CD4 count ≤500 cells/mm3) were more infested (82.00%; 41/50) versus (vs) 18.00% (9/50), OR: 1.60 (95%CI: 0.60-4.60). Conclusion: Intestinal parasites infestation is reported to be high among people under ART in Cameroon's Yaoundé locality, with Cryptosporidium parvum being the predominant circulating species in this locality.

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Sankaran, Chitra, and John Nkengasong. "Forests and ecocultural disequilibrium in two postcolonial novels from Cameroon and Singapore." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416652447.

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Forests have always had a very special resonance with humans, one which is evidenced in the ways they are depicted in literatures and art throughout human civilization. This study attempts to look at the ways in which two contemporary authors, one Cameroonian and the other Singaporean, depict the forest in their novels. In both Linus Asong’s Crown of Thorns and Meira Chand’s A Different Sky, the nature/culture binary is shown as primal. Both narratives underline the essential inhospitability of the forests for human habitation. However, Asong’s narrative insists on the importance of ritual in negotiating this uninhabitable terrain and how, were the conduct of this ceremonial ritual to fail, the nebulous harmony between humans and this terrain will be irrevocably broken. Chand’s text, set in Second World War Singapore, reveals how, when the cultural terrain is rendered inhospitable to man due to conquest and human brutality, the forest appears as a refuge. However, this is misleading, for the essential disequilibrium between nature and culture is too deep to be overridden or resolved.

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Ceccarelli, Laura, Romina Salpini, Sylvie Moudourou, Valeria Cento, Maria M. Santoro, Joseph Fokam, Desire Takou, et al. "Characterization of drug resistance mutations in naïve and ART-treated patients infected with HIV-1 in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Medical Virology 84, no. 5 (March 16, 2012): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23244.

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Tsanetse Majolie Carine, Djoukwo, and Aihong Wang. "Taoism and Confucianism as a Reflection of African Artistic Creation: The Case of Bamileke Art in West Cameroon." Arabic Language, Literature & Culture 6, no. 2 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20210602.13.

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Tagne, H., A. Le Bris, D. Monkam, and C. Mallet. "CLASSIFICATION OF TIME SERIES OF SENTINEL-2 IMAGES FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING IN CAMEROON." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-633-2020.

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Abstract. Sentinel-2 satellites provide dense image time series exhibiting high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution. These images are in particular of utter interest to map Land-Cover (LC) at large scale. LC maps can now be computed on a yearly basis at the scale of a country with efficient supervised classifiers, assuming suitable training data are available. However, the efficient exploitation of large amount of Sentinel-2 imagery still remain challenging on unexplored areas where state-of-the-art classifiers are prone to fail. This paper focuses on Land-Cover mapping over Cameroon for the purpose of updating the national topographic geodatabase. The ι2 framework is adopted and tested for the specificity of the country. Here, experiments focus on generic classes (five) which enables providing robust focusing masks for higher resolution classifications. Two strategies are compared: (i) a LC map is calculated out of a year long time series and (ii) monthly LC maps are generated and merged into a single yearly map. Satisfactory accuracy scores are obtained, allowing to provide a first step towards finer-grained map retrieval.

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Cohen, Joshua. "A Cameroon World: Art and Artifacts from the Marshall and Caroline Mount Collection. Queensborough Community, College Art Gallery, Queens, New York, October 18, 2007–February 28, 2008." African Arts 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar.2009.42.1.102.

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Yakam, J. C. Y. Tantchou, and M. E. Gruénais. "Involving new actors to achieve ART scaling-up: difficulties in an HIV/AIDS counselling and testing centre in Cameroon." International Nursing Review 56, no. 1 (March 2009): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00680.x.

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Santanera, Giovanna. "‘Films that don't seem Cameroonian’: professional video making and self-styling among Douala youth." Africa 89, no. 1 (February 2019): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000275.

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AbstractThis article discusses youth cultural production in contemporary Africa, analysing the videos of Douala, which are often called ‘films that don't seem Cameroonian’. Most contemporary African videos dramatize everyday life, telling didactic stories that are very close to ordinary people's experiences. As such, they have been interpreted as forms of African popular art. Films that don't seem Cameroonian, however, break with this dominant trend. Directors and actors openly quote international hits and are more interested in transcending the local context than in dramatizing (and moralizing) it. Inserting this production into Douala society, this article deals with the youths’ desire to escape their everyday situations and connect with the global arena. It also considers the failures of this ambition, as their poor finances and infrastructural challenges bind them to a much more restricted horizon of possibilities. Video filmmaking in Cameroon is both a source of empowerment and prestige and a sign of marginality and powerlessness. The article concludes with an account of the cultural work at the core of videos that are syncretic and urban, but only partially ascribable to other experiences of African popular art.

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Sam, Denise M., Gregory Halle-Ekane, Theophile Nana Njamen, Pascal N. Atanga, Eveline Khan Mboh, and Robinson Enow Mbu. "Associated Factors of Early and Late Initiation of ART in HIV Infected Pregnant Women in the South West Region, Cameroon." International STD Research & Reviews 7, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/isrr/2018/44712.

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Zoufaly, A., J. Jochum, R. Hammerl, N. Nassimi, Y. Raymond, G. D. Burchard, S. Schmiedel, et al. "Virological failure after 1 year of first-line ART is not associated with HIV minority drug resistance in rural Cameroon." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70, no. 3 (November 26, 2014): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku470.

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Kouamen, G., G. Nkome, N. Ijang, D. Wawo, and M. Ndebi. "Tracking and providing ART Services to internally displaced PLHA into West Region Cameroon, January–June 2019; daunting task, wonderful commitment." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.562.

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Malaquais, Dominique, and Christraud M. Geary. "The Voyage of King Njoya's Gift: A Beaded Sculpture from the Bamum Kingdom, Cameroon, in the National Museum of African Art." African Arts 30, no. 2 (1997): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337433.

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E., Nfor, K. Kakanda, G. Buki, A. Kane, and J. Dongang. "Addressing the Unmet Need for ART among HIV+ Women and Newborns in Cameroon through Strengthening the Supply Chain of PMTCT Commodities." Immunology and Infectious Diseases 3, no. 4 (December 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/iid.2015.030401.

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Ade, Nde Paul. "THE PEDAGOGIC RELEVANCE OF ALOBWED’EPIE’S THE DEATH CERTIFICATE TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CAMEROON: A THEMATIC APPROACH." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3554.

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Literature and society work hand in glove because literature is a reflection of the realities of our society. This paper sets out to examine the pedagogic relevance of Literature in general and Prose in particular to Cameroonian High school students. It aims at presenting how and why The Death Certificate should be taught to Cameroonian High School Students. First, Students need to be informed about the society. Second, they should know what to do in face of various issues that arise in the society in general. Third, The Death Certificate handles themes such as love, power, domination and feminism which can conveniently be understood by High School Students. It is in this light that writers draw inspiration from the society to produce literary texts. Fourth, a work of art should not be limited; it should entertain, educate and inform us about our society. Fifth, Literature which reflects or acts as a mirror of life in society should be taught in schools because it shapes the students’ moral behavior. It also creates awareness in students by helping them to know more about the preoccupations of the society in which they live. It is thanks to literature that we learn much about society and the people who live in it.

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Teto, Georges, Jules S. Kenmegne, Joseph Fokam, Flore N. Nguemaim, Beatrice Dambaya, Desire Takou, Reine C. Dombu, Nadege M. Goumkwa, Anatole C. Pieme, and Alexis Ndjolo. "Differential of Antioxidant Ability, CD4+T Cells Count and Viral Load in HIV Infected Patients on cART in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Current Viruses and Treatment Methodologies 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-8862.jvat-20-3417.

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Background Decreased antioxidant ability is one of the worsening conditions in AIDS.We aimed to evaluate total antioxidant ability among others, and their variation in HIV infected patients following their CD4+T cells count and viral load, in a context of new ART scarcity in most LMICs. Material and Methods We conducted a cross sectional study on 167 individuals (76 controls, 33 treatments naïve and 58 HIV-1 infected patients on ART). We assessed their plasma total antioxidant ability (FRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol (SH) groups using standard spectrophotometric methods, then we calculated lipid peroxidation index (LPI). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired t-test for two groups’ comparison and ANOVA for more than two groups. Pearson correlation between CD4+T cells count, viral load and the above markers was determined; P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The following controls/naïve/treated subjects’ values for FRAP(mM) (1.907±0.074/1.77±0.05/1.695±0.03); MDA(μΜ) (0.781±0.081/1.115±0.118/ 1.342±0.109); SH (μΜ) (2.747±0.130/1.582±0.197/1.498 ±0.140)and LPI (0.43±0.61/ 0.61±0.7/2.59±0.83) were all obtained with P ≤ 0.05. The FRAP increased only with 3TC+TDF+EFV and 3TC+ABC+NVP cART while MDA decrease significantly with the later(p=0.027). MDA and LPI significantly increased in heavily treated patients with p<0.0014 and p=0.0001 respectively. overall, the patients showed an increase of viral loads following a decrease of CD4+T cells (r= -0.803, p=0.016) but 3TC+TDF+EFV seem to better manage the both. The only significant correlation was established between SH groups and CD4+Tcells count (r=0.447; p=0.0006); Conclusion Our study showed that thiol groups may be protective againstCD4+Tcells count depletion and that the cART 3TC+TDF+EFV, 3TC+ABC+NVP may be helpful in fighting against free radical generation and particularly 3TC+TDF+EFV as controlling CD4+Tcells count and viral load in long term treated patients. The study particularly showed the implication of cART in increasing lipid peroxidation index following the treatment duration in heavily treated patients, which aggravated their conditions in an area where drug options are limited, calling for new drugs availability and personalized medicine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Art, Cameroon'

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