Academic literature on the topic 'Art Cinema'
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Journal articles on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Naficy, Hamid. "Multiplicity and multiplexing in today's cinemas: Diasporic cinema, art cinema, and mainstream cinema." Journal of Media Practice 11, no. 1 (2010): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.11.1.11/1.
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Frank, Aparna. "Art Cinema." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 12, no. 1-2 (2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749276211026077.
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Bellour, Raymond. "“Cinema, Alone”/Multiple “Cinemas”." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 5 (August 1, 2013): 116–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.5.08.
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This lecture was presented as part of a series of twenty-five conferences on cinema and the arts held between 2001–2002 at the Collège d’Histoire de l’Art Cinématographique, Cinémathèque française. It was first published in French, as “Le Cinéma seul/Multiples ‘cinémas’”. Le Septième Art. Le cinéma parmi les arts. Ed. Jacques Aumont. Paris: Léo Scheer, 2003, 257–80. Print. Some elements of the essay have since been integrated in the introductory chapter of La Querelle des dispositifs. Cinéma – expositions, installations, coll. “Trafic”. Paris: P.O.L, 2012. Print.
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Perelshtein, Roman. "Metaphysics of cinema art." Herald of Culturology, no. 1 (2021): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/hoc/2021.01.03.
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The author of the article explores cinema art as a kind of worldview model, based on the tragic myth of Aristotle. The well-known doctrine of tragedy is the part of the doctrine of tragic myth. Both tragedy and drama strive for catharsis, that is, to purify and heal the soul. The discussion of drama as a spiritual teaching becomes extremely relevant in this regard. The hero of the drama (wider than a movie with a dramatic plot) goes on a journey to meet his eternal "I", and, therefore, to become himself. The hero may fail, but there is no other purpose for the journey or initiation.
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Cavalli, Mario. "Art or virtual cinema?" ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 31, no. 1 (1997): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/248307.248316.
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Koepnick, Lutz. "German Art Cinema Now." German Studies Review 36, no. 3 (2013): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2013.0152.
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Humfrey, Peter, John G. Bernasconi, John Rosselli, Zygmunt G. Barański, and Robert Gordon. "ART, MUSIC & CINEMA." Italian Studies 48, no. 1 (1993): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/its.1993.48.1.125.
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Feller, C., E. R. Landa, A. Toland, and G. Wessolek. "From soil in art towards Soil Art." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (2015): 85–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-85-2015.
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Abstract. The range of art forms and genres dealing with soil is wide and diverse, spanning many centuries and artistic traditions, from prehistoric painting and ceramics to early Renaissance works in Western literature, poetry, paintings, and sculpture, to recent developments in cinema, architecture and contemporary art. Case studies focused on painting, installation, and cinema are presented with the view of encouraging further exploration of art about, in, with, or featuring soil or soil conservation issues, created by artists, and occasionally scientists, educators or collaborative efforts thereof.
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Frazão, Francisco. "There is no way you can frame it. Ideias de Teatro e Cinema a partir de Michael Fried." Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura 1, no. 2 (2014): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-2_6.
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Partindo do artigo "Art and Objecthood" (1967) de Michael Fried, analisam-se as ideias de teatro e cinema ali construídas, de forma a postular uma teatralidade cinematográfica imune ao preconceito antiteatral que muitas vezes carateriza os trabalhos sobre a interseção das duas artes. Dado o lugar tangencial do cinema em "Art and Objecthood", recorre-se a outros textos (muitos do mesmo período e sobretudo da linhagem dos Cahiers du Cinéma) para desmontar a ideia de cinema de Fried e fazer emergir uma nova. Duas cenas, uma de Godard e outra de Tsai Ming-liang, são usadas para exemplificar a teatralidade proposta.Abstract I analyze the concepts of theatre and film in Michael Fried's "Art and Objecthood" (1967), in order to argue for a cinematic theatricality immune to the anti-theatrical prejudice often found in works about the intersection of these two art forms. Given the tangential place of movies in Fried's article, other texts are used (mostly from the same period and mainly from the Cahiers du Cinéma tradition) to deconstruct Fried's idea of film so that a new concept can emerge. Two scenes, one from Godard and the other from Tsai Ming-liang, are used to illustrate the proposed theatricality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-2_6
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Nasimov, Khilal. "FILM ADAPTATION OF WORKS OF ART IN THE ART OF CINEMA." CROSSROADS OF CULTURE 4, no. 2 (2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0737-2020-4-6.
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The screening allowed the film to "stand up and stand up". This article is about the screening experiments and their value in the cinema world, about the modern interpretation of literary works in modern Uzbek cinema
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Manzo, Liliana <1988>. "Il cinema indipendente in Cina." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3540.
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Questa tesi propone un’analisi dettagliata del rapporto tra i registi Zhang Yuan, Wang Xiaoshuai e Jia Zhangke, tre dei maggiori esponenti della generazione underground/indipendente della Cina moderna, con la censura cinese e i festival cinematografici internazionali. Prendendo in esame ogni singolo regista ho indagato il quadro generale della situazione che vede i registi indipendenti cinesi a cavallo tra il cinema mainstream e quello underground.
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Forrest, David. "Social Realism : a British art cinema." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10351/.
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Since the 1930s, realist cinema has maintained a consistent but ever-diversifying presence within the heart of British film culture. The broad term of social realism has come to represent numerous examples of films that reflect a range of social environments and issues, in a manner that rejects the artifice and escapism of more classically-oriented narrative models. Yet, there has been a tendency to view such films in the context of what they have to tell us about the issues and themes they invoke, rather than what they say about their art. When we think of the New Wave in France, or Neo-Realism in Italy we think of film movements which reflected their subjects with veracity and conviction, but we also see their products as cultural entities which encourage interpretation on the terms of their authorship, and which demand readings on the basis of their form. We are invited to read the films as we would approach a poem or a painting, as artefacts of social and artistic worth. Despite the continued prevalence of social realism in British cinema, there is no comparable compulsion in our own critical culture. This study seeks to address this imbalance. Beginning with the documentary movement of the 1930s and the realist cinema of wartime, I chart the history and progression of social realism in Britain, covering a wide range of directors such as Ken Loach, Mike Leigh, Alan Clarke and Shane Meadows and a number of film cycles, such as Free Cinema and the British New Wave. The key focus of my analysis lies on the aesthetic and formal constitution of the mode. I seek to highlight hitherto unrealised depths within the textual parameters of British social realism in order to propose its deserved status as a genuine and progressive national art cinema.
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Bain, Keith Norman. "Hyperartifical cinema and the art of cool." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52880.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, an ontology of contemporary cinema is developed using the position assumed
by postmodern thinkers (notably Jean Baudrillard) and contemporary filmmakers. Using
Baudrillard's perspective it is argued that the cinematic apparatus is an expression of both
human curiosity and a desire to place "reality" at a distance. While the spectator seeks
involvement with the viewed subject, he or she remains detached from the images which
simulate the various "realities" in which he or she becomes "involved" through the act of
viewing.
The contemporary Western subject is said to crave "meaning" in a universe which is
increasingly secular, materialistic, individualistic and, to a certain extent, "virtual". Life is also
said to be more ironic, providing illusory concessions such as communication in lieu of
interaction, information instead of knowledge, choice in favour of quality, surfaces rather
than depth, and images which ultimately extinguish "the real". Moving images may be said to
allude to the artificial nature of a "reality" which is itself a human construction. This suggests
that the role of the camera is to place both the world and human subjects "at a distance",
thereby objectifying (and potentially dehumanising) the subject-objects of the gaze.
Many postmodern films are concerned with the functioning of the cinematic apparatus itself,
and these films - implicitly and explicitly - deal with the way in which subjectivity is
established through the cinematic gaze. "Realism" in the cinema has to a large extent shifted
from the documentation of the world, to techniques which problematise the viewer's
experience of "reality". Interactivity, faux-verité and the hyperrealism of computer graphic
imaging, have contributed to the confusion of various forms of screen "realism", arguably
impacting on the viewer's experience of "reality".
In another sense, "reality" has been transformed by the blurring of distinctions between high
and low cultural paradigms, increasingly evident in work that privileges the showing of
"perverse", "profane", "grotesque", "vulgar" and explicit "realities". Boundaries between
private and publiC spaces are eroded as the cinematic apparatus takes spectators into
increasingly intimate personal spaces, demystifying and popularising the unknown and
previously hidden.
Considering the influence of commercial and socio-economic factors on the development of
contemporary cinema (emphasizing Hollywood), the thesis looks at the aesthetic, thematic
and narrative concerns of both mainstream and niche-market films. Focus is given to the socalled postmodern aesthetic which is closely linked to what some critics call recycling (an
inability to say anything "new"), some label "empty" (meaningless) and many see as
"schizoid" (able to be read in various, often contradictory, ways).
The thesis proposes that contemporary (postmodern) cinema is a "pure" form which
increasingly sets "reality" at a distance so that it's illusory nature is emphasised. It also
demonstrates how contemporary films serve as reflections of a world which is itself nothing
but a reflection (artificial construction). Like dreams, fantasies and other "virtual realities",
the cinema represents a form of "remembering" which is detached from any particular time
or space. In this sense, cinematic moving images enable viewers to engage with aspects of
their own humanity which may be quite independent of the "reality" status of the world.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word die uitgangpunte van postmoderne denkers (by uitstek Jean
Beaudrillard) en kontemporêre filmmakers benut om 'n ontologie van die kontemporêre film
te ontwikkel. Vanuit Beaudrillard se perspektief word geargumenteer dat die filmiese
apparatuur 'n uitrukking is van die mens se Inherente nuuskierigheid en die behoefte om
"realiteit" op 'n afstand te hou. Alhoewel die kyker streef na betrokkenheid by die subjek wat
bekyk word, bly hy of sy altyd afsydig (detached) van die beelde wat die verskeie
"werklikhede" simuleer waarby hy of sy in die proses van kyk "betrokke" raak.
Daar word beweer dat die hedendaagse Westerse subjek verlang na "betekenis" in 'n heelal
wat al meer sekulêr, materialisties, individualisties en, tot 'n sekere mate, "virtueel" word.
Die lewe is deurspek met ironie en maak allerlei illusionêre toegewings aan die "werklikheid",
byvoorbeeld deur voorkeur te gee aan kommunikasie in plaas van interaksie, inligting in
plaas van kennis, keuse in plaas van kwaliteit, oppervlakkighede in plaas van diepgang en
beelde wat uiteindelike "die werklikeid" uitwis. Daar kan gesê word dat filmiese beelde
(moving images) verwys na die kunsmatige aard van "realiteit", wat op sigself 'n menslike
konstruksie is. Hiermee word dus gesuggereer dat dit die funksie van die kamera is om beide
die wêreld en menslike subjekte "op 'n afstand" te plaas, en daarmee te objektiviseer (en
moontlik te dehumaniseer).
Baie postmoderne films hou hulle besig met die manier wat die filmiese apparatuur self
funksioneer, en hierdie films ondersoek die wyse waarop subjektiwiteit deur middel van die
kamera verkry word. "Realisme" in die film het tot 'n groot mate verskuif van die
dokumentasie van die wêreld na tegnieke om die kyker se ervaring van die "werklikheid" te problematiseer. Interaktiwiteit, faux-verité en die hiper-realiteit van rekenaar gegenereerde
beelde het bygedra tot die verwarring oor die verskeie vorme van filmiese "realisme", wat
mens sou kon argumenteer 'n impak op die kyker se siening van "die werklikheid" het.
In 'n ander sin, is "die werklikheid" getransformeer deur paradigma verskuiwings waardeur
die onderskeide tussen "hoë" en "lae" kulture vervaag, iets wat al meer gedemonstreer word
deur werke wat verkies om die "perverse", "profane", "groteske", "vulgêre", en eksplisiete
"realiteite" te wys. Die grense tussen private en publieke ruimtes vervalook waar die filiese
apparatuur kykers in al hoe intiemer persoonlike ruimtes inneem, om daardeur dit wat
voorheen onbekende en versteek was te demistifiseer en populariseer.
Met inagname van die invloed wat die kommersiële en sosio-ekonomiese faktore op die
ontwikkelling van die hedendaagse film (veral van Hollywood) het, kyk die proefskrif na die
estetiese, tematiese en narratiewe kwessies wat beide hoofstroom en niche-mark films
kenmerk. Daar word veral gefokus op die sogenaamde post-moderne estetiek wat gekoppel
word aan wat sommige kritici recycling noem (dws die onvermoë om iets nuuts te sê), ander
as "leeg" (dws betekenisloos) beskou, en baie ander weer "shizoid" brandmerk (dws dit kan in
verskeie, menige kere kontradiktoriese wyses, gelees of verstaan word).
Die proefskrif bevind uiteindelik dan dat die kontemporêre (postmoderne) film 'n "suiwer"
vorm is wat dit geleidelik regkry om "realiteit" op 'n afstand te hou, om sodoende sy eie
illusionêre wese te benadruk. Dit illustreer ook hoe kontemporêre films funksioneer as
refleksies van 'n wêreld wat self niks meer is as refleksie (kunsmatige konstruksie) is nie.
Nes drome, fantasieë, en ander "virtuele realiteite", verteenwoordig die film 'n tipe "onthou"
(remembering) wat onafhanklik is van 'n spesifteke tyd of plek. In hierdie sin help filmiese
beelde kykers om hulself te kontfronteer met aspekte van hulle eie menslikheid wat
onafhanklik is van hul werklikheidsstatus in die wêreld.
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Jeongmee, Kim. "Social art cinema of the 1990s : commodifying the concept of British National Cinema." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13860/.
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This study explores the ways in which "social art cinema" has been constructed as a form of national cinema in the context of the 1990s. It discusses how particular institutional issues of the period affected signification revolving around the genre and, consequently, how that affected the concept of national cinema. This research draws upon a range of agendas relating to financial and distribution structures, promotional activities and multi-media consumption that were involved in encouraging the proliferation of social art cinema. This study contends that the success of social art cinema as a generic style was a key factor in constructing an idea of British cinema as a cultural entity. By examining how the institutional elements created this idea, I discuss how social art cinema was positioned as a national cinema in the market place through such elements. The primary objective of this study is therefore to make a contribution towards the growing body of scholarly work that considers the role played by the idea of national cinema in the very commercial environment of the contemporary film business where expressions of national specificity can often seen indistinct. The study also presents evidence for the need to consider contextual aspects when discussing the idea of national cinema. Thus, by examining the commercial aspects of national cinema, I demonstrate that national cinema should not only be defined by accounts of socio-political engagement, but should encompass institutional agendas as well.
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Lucia, La Placa Simona <1987>. "Al di là dell'amore. Breve viaggio sentimentale nel cinema cinese." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1634.
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Il cinema cinese vanta di una lunga e vasta produzione a partire dal 1896, data della prima proiezione cinematografica, fino ai giorni nostri. Analizzando la maggior parte dei capolavori del cinema cinese si notano contaminazioni occidentali che hanno inciso ma allo stesso tempo caratterizzato il linguaggio di molti registi. Questo percorso vuole essere un’analisi che, partendo da questo assunto, ha come filo conduttore il rapporto tra uomo e donna all’interno del cinema cinese a partire dagli anni ’30 della Shanghai d’oro fino ai giorni nostri. Matrimoni, gelosie e tradimenti raccontati dai più importanti registi cinesi. Un breve viaggio sentimentale che rivela come la figura maschile ha sempre avuto un ruolo dominante mentre la donna finisce sempre per essere vittima della propria realtà quotidiana. Ma quali sono i percorsi e l’evoluzione durante la storia della Cina?Quali i cambiamenti nella produzione cinematografica?fino a che punto i registi cinesi distano dagli stereotipi occidentali? Questo viaggio all’interno del cinema cinese partirà da Modern Woman degli anni ’30 interpretato dalla grande diva Ruan Lingyu. Si passerà poi al 1964 periodo della Rivoluzione Culturale per poi vedere gli effetti nella Quinta Generazione di cui fanno parte registi come Zhang Yimou e Chen Kaige. Infine il confronto tra la generazione degli anni ’90, di cui fa parte Jia Zhangke, e quella contemporanea che si discosta per la notevole ricchezza economica riflessa anche nell’industria cinematografica, molti film blockbuster infatti sono stati prodotti e distribuiti a livello internazionale come quelli di Ang Lee.
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Paula, Marlene Monteiro Pires de. "Hitchcock and the art of murder: selected films 1945-60." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4981.
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Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses<br>O presente trabalho propõe-se examinar diferentes representações e
interpretações do assassínio enquanto arte. Esta dissertação tem por objectivo
analisar filmes seleccionados realizados por Alfred Hitchcock que se debruçam
sobre a arte do assassínio, com particular ênfase na moralidade, estética e
narrativa. O livro também inclui uma bibliografia e a filmografia de Alfred
Hitchcock (de forma a facilitar a consulta de referências), assim como uma lista
de outros filmes referidos no texto.<br>This work deals with different representations and interpretations of murder,
particularly murder as an art form. This Dissertation aims at analysing selected
films directed by Alfred Hitchcock that deal with the art of murder, focusing on
morality, aesthetics and narrative. The book also comprises a bibliography and
Alfred Hitchcock’s filmography (for ease of reference purposes for the reader),
as well as a list of other mentioned films.
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Yacavone, Daniel. "Art and reflexivity in post-1960 European cinema." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25343.
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This thesis explores the use and influence of painting in post-1960 European cinema as it relates to a host of reflexive practices which, through either their adoption or rejection, help to define “modernist” film. The formal and thematic presence of painting in the films of key European <i>auteurs </i>(Jean-Luc Godard, Andrei Tarkovsky, Peter Greenaway, Raul Ruiz, Jacques Rivette and Werner Herzog, among others) is analysed with reference to a number of theoretical perspectives, including but not limited to, those provided by Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of art and perception, André Bazin’s realist film theory, and Clement Greenberg’s neo-formalist art theory. Within a post-1960 context, a basic distinction is made between cinematically reflexive and <i>a</i>-reflexive/transparent films, as the products of what is defined as “<i>seeing-with cinema</i>” filmmaking and “<i>seeing-through cinema</i>” filmmaking, respectively. Among the films of each general type that substantially incorporate painting (in the form of the representation of individual works and/or as a subject matter), an analogy is drawn between their dominant reflexive or <i>a</i>-reflexive tendencies and, firstly, the choice of art works or styles cited, and secondly, the differing ways in which this art is presented on screen. This analogy is tested via an in-depth study of art in the prototypically reflexive films of Jean-Luc Godard (as well as the multi-faceted relations between Godard’s mid-to-late 1960’s cinema and American Pop art painting), followed by an analysis of the representation of painting in Andrei Tarkovsky’s cinema, as it’s <i>a</i>-reflexive stylistic counter-point.
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Hoyle, Brian. "British art cinema, 1975-2000 : context and practice." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5698.
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This thesis shall largely concern itself with examining two general aspects of British art cinema between 1975 and 2000; namely, how the British art cinema operates as an art cinema in the context of its 1960s and 1970s European counterparts54 and how the individual filmmaking practices of these British directors both conform to and deviate from classic definitions of art cinema. In this way, this thesis shall demonstrate the ways in which British art cinema can be characterised not only as a belated continuation of classic European art cinema but also a significant development from it. Therefore, it shall examine the work of key British art filmmakers in the context of art cinema history, linking it with earlier movements in European art cinema such as Italian neo-realism and the French Nouvelle Vague, individual forebears such as Resnais, Godard, Pasolini and Wenders, and previous examples of art films in Britain. Furthermore in examining the filmmaking practices of these leading British art cinema directors this thesis will demonstrate British art cinema's stylistic and thematic eclecticism. Taken as a whole, it engages not only with its European counterpart, but with a wide range of influences including classical Hollywood, pop art, structural cinema and music videos as well as more typically British cinematic traditions such as the documentary and social realism. British art film directors have also experimented with new and existing filmmaking technologies and techniques, and made advances in cinematic style and the treatment of subject matter from their European colleagues of the 1960s and 1970s. To investigate these claims, the chapters in this thesis shall not address individual films or filmmakers, but rather, to allow a greater breadth of analysis, will examine their individual attitudes towards factors such as realism and film narrative, and their ties with the cinematic avant-garde and Hollywood as well as European art cinema, that can help to contextualise their films in the traditions of both European art cinema and British cinema itself. Chapter One will provide a brief critical overview of art cinema in Britain before 1975, thereby contextualising contemporary British art cinema's place in British film history, and highlighting the changes in the British film industry that made the growth of British art cinema possible. Several key aspects of British art cinema shall then be examined individually to illustrate the way in which these factors have helped to shape and characterise British art cinema. Chapter Two will analyse the attitudes of British art filmmakers towards the modes of cinematic realism that have perhaps come to dominate British film history. Chapter Three addresses the attitudes of British art filmmakers towards narrative, and will examine the degree to which they have rejected the classical Hollywood narrative in favour of modernist, structuralist, and other less traditional methods of cinematic storytelling. Chapter Four will examine the avant-garde roots of several contemporary British art filmmakers and illustrate the ways in which some of the ideas and techniques of avant-garde filmmaking have carried over into their subsequent work in art-house feature films. Finally, Chapter Five will address the influence of both Hollywood and European art-house styles of filmmaking on British art cinema. It shall also demonstrate how these often contradictory influences have helped to mould the latter's distinctive shape, and highlight the disparity amongst British filmmakers between those who look towards Hollywood for inspiration and financial backing and those who choose to operate in the culturally richer but financially poorer European cinema.
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Barradas, Jorge Nuno. "Pedro Costa : producing and consuming contemporary art cinema." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33021/.
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This thesis examines the work of Portuguese filmmaker Pedro Costa as a paradigm of recent developments in production and consumption practices in contemporary art cinema. With a notable problematic relationship with industrial film production and with a pragmatic approach to distribution, Costa’s working methods have sustained an evolving narrative of production that negotiates between interstitial filmmaking, and different authorial and collaborative practices, which helped his work to circulate in different circuits of consumption. Scholarly study of Costa’s work has stressed particular stylistic tropes within his films, yet little attention has been given to the authoring processes and production contexts of his oeuvre, or to the mediating factors that impact on his work’s multifaceted exhibition and circulation. These practices come to impact, to considerable extent, in Costa’s filmic style, and to define his agency as a filmmaker – both as a creative practitioner and a linking agent in different fields of production and circulation. This study emphasises the importance of Costa’s agency as a salient factor in the negotiations shaping contemporary art cinema. It maps the cultural, industrial and economic contexts from which the Costa’s working practices emerged, and how these contexts formed a production blueprint that came to support both the production and consumption of his films.
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Gaggetta, Giulia <1991>. "Venezia. Cinema anni '80. Dal cinema all'aperto alla Biennale di Lizzani." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12158.
Full textBooks on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Marianne, Thys, and Cinémathèque royale de Belgique, eds. Belgian cinema =: Le cinéma belge. Ludion, 1999.
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Lykidis, Alex. Art Cinema and Neoliberalism. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61006-7.
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Ponder, Justin. Art Cinema and Theology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58556-7.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Ramchurn, Richard, Sarah Martindale, Max L. Wilson, Steve Benford, and Alan Chamberlain. "Brain-Controlled Cinema." In Brain Art. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14323-7_14.
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Couret, Nilo. "Enduring art cinema." In The Routledge Companion to Latin American Cinema. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315720449-17.
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Andrews, David. "Cult-art cinema." In The Routledge Companion to Cult Cinema. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315668819-5.
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Fischer, Lucy. "Art Deco and cinema." In The Routledge Companion to Art Deco. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429032165-19.
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Mühlenfeld, Daniel. "Cinema, Art, and Music." In A Companion to Nazi Germany. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118936894.ch23.
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Hunter, I. Q. "The Art of Trash." In British Trash Cinema. British Film Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92610-7_9.
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Askari, Kaveh. "Rex Ingram’s Art School Cinema." In Making Movies into Art. British Film Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84457-697-5_6.
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Bakogianni, Anastasia. "Hollywood Meets Art-House Cinema." In A Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome on Screen. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118741382.ch7.
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O’Brien, Charles. "Art Deco and sound cinema." In The Routledge Companion to Art Deco. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429032165-7.
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Bingham, Adam, Martin Votruba, Neil Mitchell, et al. "ART CINEMA." In Directory of World Cinema: East Europe. Intellect Books, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36xvrqd.9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Youngblood, G. "Cinema and the code." In SIGGRAPH 89 Art show catalog - Computer art in context. ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/73877.73883.
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Hessels, Scott. "Sustainable cinema no. 4." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2012 Art Gallery. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2341931.2341946.
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Lioret, Alain, and Alain Lioret. "Artificial life art composition for cinema." In SIGGRAPH Asia 2011 Posters. ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2073304.2073312.
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Tangalyacheva, Rumiya. "FEMALE ISSUES IN KOREAN ART-HOUSE CINEMA." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/6.1/s07.004.
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Bantjes, Rod. "Pre-Cinema, Pre-GIFF, or Auto-Erotic Machine Art?" In ARTECH 2019: 9th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3359852.3359897.
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Pskhu, Ruzana. "The Image of a Philosophy Professor in Contemporary Cinema Art." In International Conference on Education Studies: Experience and Innovation (ICESEI 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201128.064.
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Vartanov, Anry, and Ekaterina Salnikova. "Distance Changes as the Means of Expression in the Cinema Art." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-19.2019.78.
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Salnikova, Ekaterina. "Evolution of the "Screen-on-Screen" Motif in the Cinema." In The 5th International Conference on Art Studies: Research, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2021). Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789048557240/icassee.2021.020.
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Andreeva, Olga. "Postwar Cinema in Search of a New Artistic Imagery (1950-1980s)." In 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200907.007.
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Karanda, M. V., and M. S. Yankiv. "The image of a musician in modern cinema." In THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE AND ART ON THE VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF CIVILIZATION IN WAR AND POST-WAR TIMES. Baltija Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-237-1-19.
Full textReports on the topic "Art Cinema"
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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.
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Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Watad, Abed A., Paul Michael Hasegawa, Ray A. Bressan, Alexander Vainstein, and Yigal Elad. Osmotin and Osmotin-Like Proteins as a Novel Source for Phytopathogenic Fungal Resistance in Transgenic Carnation and Tomato Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573992.bard.
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The goal of this project is to enhance fungal resistance of carnation and tomato through the ectopic expression of osmotin and other pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The research objectives were to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of osmotin and osmotin and other PR protein combinations against phytopathogens (including Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Botrytus cinerea or Phytophthora infestans), develop protocols for efficient transformation of carnation and tomato, express PR proteins in transgenic carnation and tomato and evaluate fungal resistance of transgenic plants. Protocols for microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation were developed that are applicable for the biotechnology of numerous commercial cultivars. Research established an efficient organogenetic regeneration system, optimized gene delivery and transgene expression and defined parameters requisite to the high frequency recovery of transgenic plants. Additionally, an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol was developed for tomato that is applicable for use with numerous commercial varieties. Rigorous selection and reducing the cytokinin level in medium immediately after shoot induction resulted in substantially greater frequency of adventitious shoots that developed defined stems suitable for rooting and reconstitution of transgenic plants. Transformation vectors were constructed for co-expression of genes encoding osmotin and tobacco chitinase Ia or PR-1b. Expression of osmotin, PR-1 and/or chitinase in transgenic carnation mediated a high level resistance of cv. White Sim (susceptible variety) to F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, race 2 in greenhouse assays. These plants are being evaluated in field tests. Comprehensive analysis (12 to 17 experiments) indicated that germination of B. cinerea conidia was unaffected by PR protein expression but germ tube elongation was reduced substantially. The disease severity was significantly attenuated by PR protein expression. Constitutive expression of osmotin in transgenic tomato increased resistance to B. cinerea, and P. infestans. Grey mold and late blight resistance was stable through the third selfed generation. The research accomplished in this project will have profound effects on the use of biotechnology to improve carnation and tomato. Transformation protocols that are applicable for efficient stable gene transfer to numerous commercial varieties of carnation and tomato are the foundation for the capacity to bioengineer these crops. The research further establishes that PR proteins provide a measure of enhanced disease resistance. However, considerations of PR protein combinations and conditional regulation and targeting are likely required to achieve; sustained level of resistance.
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Sharon, Amir, and Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.
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The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.
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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Sopein-Mann, Oluwafunmike, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Medicines Regulation in West Africa: Current State and Opportu-nities. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317443.
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Ndomondo-Sigonda et al. (2017) observed that there is scarcity of information on human resources (person-nel devoted to regulation of medicines) in the domain of medicines regulation in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The published information on medicines regulation by the National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRAs) in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region are no longer current and consistent with the current realities in the NMRAs. In order to reveal this occurrence, show the trends that exist over the years and make appropriate recommendations, data were collected and compared from 2005, 2010 and 2017 research reports on seven regulatory features of the fifteen Members States of ECOWAS. The re-sults show that there was missing information per regulatory feature and country. There was also an overall increasing trend in the number of NMRAs in the region that showed progress with respect to the measured regulatory features - Autonomy (Authority and Legal form), Marketing Authorization), GMP inspection, Quality Control, Quality Management System, Information Management System and Harmonization and International cooperation. People of Africa have a valuable story to tell as it relates to medicines regulation. This report is written by a West African from the perspective of a West African involved in the study and practice of medi-cines regulation by the NMRAs in the ECOWAS.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.
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Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Modulation of the Redox Climate and Phosphatase Signaling in a Necrotroph: an Axis for Inter- and Intra-cellular Communication that Regulates Development and Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697112.bard.
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The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum. The focus in this project is on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues that contribute to broad pathogenic success of S. sclerotiorum. In this proposal, we have taken advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (genome sequence availability and gene inactivation possibilities) developments to address the following questions, as appear in our research goals stated below, specifically concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Our stated specific objectives were to progress our understanding of the following questions: (i) Which ROS species affect S. sclerotiorum development and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do PPs affect S. sclerotiorum development and pathogenicity? (iii) Are PPs affected by ROS production and does PP activity affect ROS production and SMK1? (iv) How does Sclerotinia modulate the redox environment in both host and pathogen? While addressing these questions, our main findings include the identification and characterization the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family in S. sclerotiorum. Silencing of Ssnox1 indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic (sclerotial) development, while inactivation of Ssnox2 resulted in limited sclerotial development but remained fully pathogenic. Interestingly, we found a consistent correlation with Ssnox1(involved with pathogenicity) and oxalate levels. This same observation was also noted with Sssod1. Thus, fungal enzymes involved in oxidative stress tolerance,when inactivated, also exhibit reduced OA levels. We have also shown that protein phosphatases (specifically PP2A and PTP1) are involved in morphogenesis and pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum, demonstrating the regulatory role of these key proteins in the mentioned processes. While probing the redox environment and host-pathogen interactions we determined that oxalic acid is an elicitor of plant programmed cell death during S. sclerotiorum disease development and that oxalic acid suppresses host defense via manipulation of the host redox environment. During the course of this project we also contributed to the progress of understanding S. sclerotiorum function and the manipulation of this fungus by establishing an efficient gene replacement and direct hyphal transformation protocols in S. sclerotiorum. Lastly, both PIs were involved in thegenomic analysis of this necrotrophic fungal pathogen (along with Botrytis cinerea). Our results have been published in 11 papers (including joint papers and refereed reviews) and have set the basis for a continuum towards a better understanding and eventual control of this important pathogen (with implications to other fungal-host systems as well).
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Chalutz, Edo, Michael Wisniewski, Samir Droby, Yael Eilam, and Ilan Chet. Mode of Action of Yeast Biocontrol Agents of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613025.bard.
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In a previous BARD-supported study, three of the investigators of this research were involved in a study on biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits. Several naturally occurring, non-antibiotic producing yeast antagonists were identified. Application of some of these antagonists resulted in very high levels of biocontrol under laboratory conditions but lower efficacy in semi-commercial tests. It was felt that the lack of knowledge on the mode of action of the biocontrol agents was limiting their efficient use. The current study was aimed at narrowing this gap in our knowledge. Two specific objectives were outlined: to study the mechanism by which calcium salts enhance biocontrol activity and to determine the role, if any, of the yeast extracellular materials and/or enzymes which degrade fungal cell walls during the interaction between the antagonists, the pathogen and the host. CaCl2 but not MgCl2, inhibited spore germination, and germ-tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and P. digitatum in culture. It also inhibited the pectinolytic activity of the pathogens. Biocontrol of apple decay by isolate 182 of Candida oleophila, an effective biocontrol agent, was enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 whereas there was no effect on the biocontrol activity of isolate 247 of this yeast. Similarly, CaCl2 enhanced efficacy of the US-7 isolate of Pichia guilliermondii in reducing infection of P. digitatum in citrus fruit. CaCl2 by itself also reduced the infection of peel wounds and stimulated ethylene production by grapefruit peel. This antagonist exhibited a very high ability to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis when exposed to high CaCl2 concentrations. It is postulated, therefore, that enhanced biocontrol activity by calcium is the result of direct inhibition of the pathogen by calcium ions on spore germination and metabolism and indirectly due to the ability of the biocontrol agent to maintain normal metabolism in the presence of high levels of calcium. The extracellular materials produced by P. guilliermondii in culture and on the fruit inhibited, at low concentrations, the pathogen in culture and reduced percent infection of the fruit. The direct inhibition of the pathogen by these materials may thus be involved in the mode of action of the antagonist. This study contributed to our knowledge on the action of calcium salts and the yeast antagonist extracellular materials on biocontrol activity and will contribute to a more efficient use of this technology in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits.
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Droby, Samir, Tim R. Gottwald, Richard Stange, Efraim Lewinsohn, and T. Gregory McCollum. Characterization of the biochemical basis of host specificity of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587726.bard.
Full textAbstract:
l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.