Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Art et littérature – 1900-1945'
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Sirejols-Hamon, Marie-Christine. "Le constructivisme dans le theatre sovietique des annees vingt et ses prolongements en europe." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030193.
Full textConstructivism appeared in russia after the first world war at the junction of european functionalist movements (suche as arts and crafts in england, deutsche werkbunde in germany) and of the reflexion led by russian marxist theoreticians about proletarian culture. In the years 1920-1921, artists coming from cubism and suprematism explored the new idea of construction as the centre of art work, then, influenced by the new soviet ideology, progressively moved toward mass production. Creating furniture, clothes, posters, artists like vesnin, popova, rodtchenko wished to transform the new collective life. Theatre was for them a field of experimentation, the place where they intended to show models of new socialist life (new plastic forms and constructive gestures produced by biomechanics). Between 1922 and 1924, popova and stepanova worked with meyerhold for the magnanimous cuckold, the death of tarelkin, earth in turmoil; vesnin and the stenberg brothers with tairov for the man who was thursday and the storm. However, deprived of original dramaturgy, getting less and less credible as a political utopia, constructivism became a mere source of scenographic solutions. In these new avant-garde stage-machines, the acting apparatus was now number of stage decorators explored these new forms: iakoulov, a. Exter, chestakov, meller were among the most famous. After a few years of success constructivism became a new decorative style. On the other hand, the movement was at the end of the twenties, more and more considered as a form of antirealistic, formalist and cosmopolitan art. After a last few representative plays: the bedbug, the baths in meyerhold's theater, the project of lissitsky for i want a child, in the years 1927-1930, constructivism was condemned by the new socialist realism and disappeared from the russian stage in the early thirties
Morando, Camille. "Peinture, dessin, sculpture et littérature : autour du Collège de Sociologie pendant l'entre-deux-guerres." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040144.
Full textWerth, Eva. ""L'illumination mutuelle" : des rapports entre littérature et peinture chez Egon Schiele (1890-1918)." Paris, EPHE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EPHE4114.
Full textTo clear up the phenomenon of Egon Schiele's "double giftedness" by following the intermedial paths of the artist; such is the undertaking of this work, thus hoping to construct a new approach to Schielien research. Straddling literature and painting, this comparative study comprises four large stages. Firstly, the justification of the corpus and the methodological reflexions concerning the literature-painting relation associated with the phenomenon of the double gift, as well as the development of tools for analysis. Secondly, the context, by proposing a historical synopsis divided into three parts: Schiele himself, his artistic design and his time, namely the contemporary history of Vienna at the turn of the century. Thirdly, the application of the theoretical element trough a typological analysis which comprises - by means of analysis tools - the systematic interaction between writing and painting. However, this is divided into two distinct parts: the analysis of the topics and the motifs is followed by an analysis of the stylistic aspects. At this stage, the synthesis of the project is detailed in a hermeneutical manner, by taking into account ideological and generic questions. Fourthly, the Egon Schiele are broached. Once synthesized, the question of knowing what occurs "behind the skin", namely "behind the ink" is addressed
Valle, Arbex Márcia María. "De l'image de la lettre à la poésie peinte : étude sur la fonction de l'écriture dans les arts visuels (1910-1930)." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA030137.
Full textBuffet, Laurent. "Les pratiques intinérantes dans la littérature et l'art contemporains." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010597.
Full textLeu, Philipp. "Les revues littéraires et artistiques (1880-1900). Questions de patrimonialisation et de numérisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV109.
Full textTo work on digitized reviews today means essentially to be confronted with artefacts. Digitized in black and white, stripped of their covers, of blank pages, of inserts, advertisements, bulletins and other supplements, digital reproductions of reviews often differ greatly from the originals, especially when the electronic files have been based on previous reproductions (microforms or reprints). Our work evolves around a question of method: what principles should be followed in digitizing literature and art reviews from the end of the 19th century, in order to preserve the subtle harmony between form and content when the medium is no longer hard copy?Literature and art reviews participate in literary communication at the intersection of hybrid editorial traditions. Their matrix oscillates between newspapers, books, art albums and reviews, utilising the characteristics of these four media. We have chosen four periodicals to represent them: the French reviews La Plume (1889–1914) and L’Épreuve (1894–1895), the British quarterly The Yellow Book (1894–1897), and the Berlin periodical Pan (1895–1900). These publications articulate the different characteristics of reviews in three cultural contexts, allowing us to explore their specificities as well as the financial aspects linked to their development, in close interaction with literary and artistic social life and aesthetic doctrines. As case studies, these bear on an analysis of the materiality, of the financial and editorial practices of late 19th century reviews while questioning the historical, cultural and sociological implications of these objects.Degraded and fragile through years of use, these reviews, catalysts of textual and graphic innovation, are in urgent need of dematerialisation so as to remain accessible for future research. Close examination of six digital libraries (Gallica, the digital library of Heidelberg University, Internet Archive, The Yellow Nineties Online, the Blue Mountain Project, and Jugend Wochenschrift) underlines that digitization is in no way a neutral operation and must constantly be accompanied by scientific validation with a view to developing recommendations and "good practices".Besides technical questions of primary importance, this thesis’ focus is on digitization procedures, aiming at both optimal restitution of the originals and functional interfaces that provide the researcher with new heuristic tools, through innovative technologies, in the service of our cultural heritage
Desveaux, Delphine. "Mariano Fortuny, monographie critique et postérité littéraire." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040013.
Full textMariano Fortuny was an artist in the renaissance way, a painter, an engraver, a sculptor, an architect, a photographer and a fashion designer; highly productive and extremely talented. After attending a show in Bayreuth in 1893, which he judged to be unsuccessful, he was seized by the desire to transform the scenery; he devoted himself to electricity for several years and invented a mobile and folding cupola which was patented in most European countries. From the theater he moved on to fashion with his French wife Henriette, in that days, fashion was still a rare specialty and their clothes inspired from Italian and French Renaissance, by antiquity and by numerous exoticisms were very successful. With his classic education in the beaux-arts in Paris and the Accademia of Venice, Fortuny applied to the colouring of the textiles, knowledge he had gained through contact with the old masters; he reinvented the delicacy and fabulous diversity of Venetian colors. Above all a painter as he liked to see himself, Fortuny made many canevases, photographs and drawings, some inspired by the work of his father Mariano Fortuny y Marsal whose he is often confused with, he painted academic nudes, still life, caprici in the way of the XVIIIth century, oriental subjects and of course, Venice. His Wagnerian inspiration remained with him forever and he made some rare but very expressive sculptures. His diversity and abundance made Fortuny the figure so appreciated by writers from Proust to Gimferrerr, along with d'Annunzio, one of Fortuny's friend, Régnier, Morand, Mc Carthy and Hartley, who contributed to turning Fortuny into the mythical and legendary figure he became
Pigeat, Aurélien. "L' art comme référence dans l'oeuvre de Nathalie Sarraute." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030132.
Full textOmnipresent issue in Nathalie Sarraute, the reference to art proposes an angle for exploring the writers's poetics and aesthetics along the bench-marks which the author has laid for criticism to approach her work. Connecting the theme of art with the process of reference makes it possible to explore the dynamics which originates Nathalie Sarraute's creation gesture. The reference to art poses a paradox : it offers an abundant and various, but insignificant in appearance, material, whose great heterogeneity confers to each art, and each artistic unit, individual values and functions. "Sarrautian" fictions display a society of art within which the expression of aesthetic judgements offers a privileged setting for conflicts and for the irruption of tropisms, and where the scission between demonstration of a personal feeling and adhesion to the collective model will operate. The reference to art then reverses into art of the reference: links established with the field of literature through works arousing rejection or nourishing filiation on one hand, and internal resonances through the echo effects and the action on repetitions and variations on the other hand, the reference becomes a gesture of displacement whose modalities are forging the various spaces where the tropism will circulate. The reference constructs Nathalie Sarraute's art as an art of movement, in direct dialogue with the many plastic and philosophical currents contemporary of the writing - abstraction and phenomenology amongst others - which reveal the status of esthesy of Nathalie Sarraute's aesthetics : the tropism has found in the meanders of the reference to art both a space and times where to be driven
Brogniez, Laurence. "Préraphaélisme et symbolisme: discours critique et création littéraire en France et en Belgique (1880-1900)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211998.
Full textNiogret, Philippe. "Débats idéologiques et esthétique romanesque en France pendant l'entre-deux guerres (1919-1939) dans les périodiques L'Art Libre, Europe, et Vendredi." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040132.
Full textThis thesis explores the evolution of ideas and morals in France during the period between the First and Second World Wars (1919-1939) and their influence on the evolution of the novel, through analysis of three periodicals : L'Art Libre, Europe, and Vendredi. The following themes are addressed: the war and its consequences; the anxiety of the post-war generation and the attraction of the East; the evolution of morals and relations between men and women; the Catholic revival; the social and political involvement of writers. These changes are reflected in the novels of this period and they brought about a crisis concerning the novel because of the unanticipated departure from its traditionnal model, that model no longer being appropriate to the instability of the period. One distinguishes two trends among novelists of this period faced to this dilemma : one is to adapt the novel to its era, the other to envision a novel detached from its time in order to attain the essence of the human condition
Coste, Martine Agathe. "La folie sur la scène parisienne : regard sur un répertoire français et européen : 1900-1968." Paris 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030051.
Full textIf madness, in its widest sense, is indisputably better understood when it is considered as a relational phenomenon, we should not be surprised by its frequent manifestation in the theater, itself definable as a relational phenomenon in several respects. Where, in effets, can one find the theater's "essence" if not in its capacity, greater than of any other art form, to weave relationships instantaneously or with the greatest urgency when its survival is at stake ? however, madness and theater, both being relational phenomena, can then apppear to be antithetical if the former means alteration of the relationship whereas the latter's very existence depends on the relationship's cohesion. Is madness pushed to the limit not a kind of disintegration ? is the theater not, on the other hand, a communion of sorts ? this paradox, then, instead of removing madness from the stage, seems to link the theme of madness most intimately with the theater, our intuitive deduction being that madness and he theater do not come together on an anecdotal level, as do other themes and the theater, but that madness and the theater cannot avoid converging since the challenge that madness poses for the theater strikes it at its very heart, especially now, at the end of the twentieth century, when th theater's identity, function, and future have never seemed more uncertain. The parisian stage from the beginning of the twentieth century to the crisis of 1968, viewed in retrospect, is now seen as fertile ground for experimentation that only further strengthened the relationship between madness and he theater. During this whole period of time, paris remained the capital of performing arts, thus benefiting from the best of european theatrical repertories
Ambroselli, Maximilien. "George Desvallières, Georges Rouault, Léon Bloy : vers un art "néo-chrétien" ? (1901-1914)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H027.
Full textArising as direct fruits of keen nightlife observation, the new paintings George Desvallières and Georges Rouault exhibit at the Salon d'Automne from 1903 are gradually pervaded by an implicit Christianity, translating a deep sense of pity felt on prostitutes and showmen. The emergence of this new type of production, which is quickly associated with the figure of suffering Christ, seems to be encouraged by the strong personality of the writer Léon Bloy, met by the two painters in April 1904. By privileging the emotional impact, Desvallières and Rouault set up a new iconography with singular and resolutely expressive plastic that seems to be part of a social approach to denounce the masked monstrosities of the world, and which participates in the questioning of the Sulpician art at the beginning of the century. The term "neo-Christian" is used by Desvallières to describe all "intellectuals, poets, scholar and artists" longing for a renewal of religious art. Since the failure of Joris-Karl Huysmans' attempt at Ligugé in 1901, to which Rouault has joined, it seems that Desvallières has become the main actor of this renewal, both in his painting and writings. In addition to a renewed Christian art, more modern and constructive, he is advocating for the creation of a new school of religious art placed under the protection of Notre-Dame de Paris. Despite the fact this project would not succeed right away, it arouses the interest of Maurice Denis and is undoubtedly at the origin of the creation of Workshops of Sacred Art in 1919
Fessier, Guy. "Julien Green, le romancier confronté à la peinture et à la sculpture." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040142.
Full textThoizet, Évelyne. "La poétique du mouvement dans les récits de Nathalie Sarraute." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100132.
Full textThis is a study of one of the most influential contemporary work, that of Sarraute's narratives, from tropisms to "tu ne t'aime pas". It aims at showing how the novelist endeavors to set forth the imperceptible and pre-verbal movements which constitute psychic life. Sarraute takes great care not to destroy these movements by the use of a ready-made literary form. The understanding of this major theme in Sarraute’s quest for form and movement requires an appreciation of its philosophical sources, namely Bergson, phenomenology and, to a lesser extent, the theory of form. The second part of the thesis analyses the decomposition of the ego that arises from the conflict of swarming opposite forces in the subconscious. Finally, the third part ascribes the meaning of these movements to a wider cosmic perspective of ebb and flow. In this way, the whole work of Sarraute is linked to contemporary artistic research which attunes the creative act with the reader or the spectator's own vibration
Le, Corsu Soraya. "La puissance poétique et plastique de l'image surréaliste dans l'oeuvre de Jean Cocteau." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN1354.
Full textLauterwein, Andréa. ""Les deux mondes" Paul Celan et Anselm Kiefer." Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030130.
Full textThis interdisciplinary research on the crisis of representations and the memory images of the Holocaust in Germany is organised around the transgenerational transmission between Paul Celan and Anselm Kiefer. The critical analysis of oral, written and imaged memory in Germany from 1945 to 1990 questions the complexity of silence. The interpretation of the relation between Celan's poetry and the non verbal image (surrealism, abstraction, history of art) focuses on the phenomenological resonance between the image and the text. Kiefer's painting adapts Celan's geological vision to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust, but this transformative adoption is neither iconic nor literal. The painter interprets and operates a new condensation of the ideographic landscape transmitted by the textual reference : the celanien ideolect becomes a kieferian ideogram. Celan's poetics provides him the model of an ethical mourning that permits to deconstruct the perduring phantasmas related to national-socialism by the way of a critique of their cultural construction. The aim of this operation is to control and to renovate the german cultural heritage, according to the Holocaust, and to inscribe the jewish memory into the german iconographic memory. The knowledge of the withdrawal of sense conducts Celan as well as Kiefer to a re-auratisation of art
Camenen, Gersende. "Écrire au temps de l'image : les enjeux du visuel chez Roberto Arlt." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/152360425#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textRoberto Arlt's work (1900-1942) is contemporaneous with the increasing importance of new media (photography and cinema) in the Argentinian cultural field. The aim of this dissertation is to assess the influence of image on Arlt's writing. By examining his notes on cinema, his reflections on and pratice of photography, I analyse Arlt's views on the transformation of modes of representation and of the status of writing entailed by the new media. This cultural change also provokes different poetic responses in Arlt's novels, plays and travel writings. The relation to images in Arlt's work goes through three different periods. Arlt makes his literary "début" by elaborating in his first novel a powerful author-figure and giving a major role to images in the formation of subjectivity and the apprenticeship of writing. This construction conditions his relation to tradition and "avant-garde", defining his place in the literary field in a particularly subversive way. Then the period of the great novels and of "Aguasfuertes porteñas" reveals the decisive impact of cinema on Arlt's narrative art, imposing a new lecture of the subject, the narrative rhythm and finally of the powers of literature, challenged by the new narrative art that is cinema. Finally, a last stage opens with the theatre and the experience of travelling. A visual origin and a form of confrontation to the other seem to link together these very different writing pratices. The theatre, visual art and textual other, then the cultural other perceived through a web of both old and new images, half-way between reality and imagination dramatically change the relation of writing to image
Chèvre, Mathilde. "Renaissance enfantine : La création arabe en littérature pour la jeunesse depuis 1967, reflet et projet des sociétés (Égypte, Liban, Syrie)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3091.
Full textAfter the defeat of 1967, known as the naksa, a generation of Syrian, Egyptian and Lebanese intellectuals began writing and illustrating children's books. In doing so they gave form to an idealized future. Children's literature that developed in the Arab world during the 1970s was greatly influenced by the ideological climate of the time. It laid the structural, thematic and graphical foundations on which today's work is based. The goal of authors, illustrators and publishers was to produce works for Arab children which described the world in which they were growing up. Their work was centered on themes, on the different levels of Arabic, on the figurative image, its heritage, its structure and its codes and conventions. Their objective was literary, artistic, and a quest for cultural identity. They were the vanguard of a renaissance, a nahda for children.These questions form the basis of this research. It concentrates on the avant-guard movement in children's literature from the 1970s to the present day. It attempts to study the way it worked and what was published, to observe the connections between the work itself, its aims, the way it was produced and its message. The research involves, on the one hand, documenting recollections and stories, both collective and individual, tracing the heritage and interconnections among of those involved, to follow the development of their ideological, artistic and economic motivation. It will also involve a detailed study of illustrated books for children, an examination of the thematic evolution over time, as well as a semiological reading of the books themselves, with reference to their linguistic and graphic structure
Benadrz-Cantarel, Marta. "La volonté et l'acte d'écriture dans les œuvres de Cyprian Norwid et Paul Valéry." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20039.
Full textThe works of NORWID and VALERY are based on a specific method of literary output inseparable from an important brain work which moves the postulate of the poet or the writer's inspiration towards the reader while updating harmoniously the inheritances of the classicism and the romanticism. It's precisely the analysis of the thought process of these two poets, thinkers, artists and philosophers both unclassifiable and often paradoxical that is the object of this study which has for aim to show their surprising resemblance beyond their differences, the most obvious one being their temporal time lag: NORWID belongs to the nineteenth century while VALERY is essentially in keeping with the twentieth century. We recognize in them two builders who in their "act to write" are constantly establishing a parallel between the work of the poet and that of the musician, the architect and the artist painter. By making use of the correlation of arts, each of them builds an open work, based on an active voluntarism and they are craftsmen for whom the execution of the literary work is more important than the work itself. They built themselves in a space-time which is appropriate to them, and show that the literary exercise which reflects them does not really come under easiness. The aim of this thesis is to have the work of Norwid better known in France by comparing it to Valéry's one, whose “Cahiers” constitute the explicit source of his poetic creation, and their works introduce a particularly modern relation between the writer, the work and the reader. This thesis also allows to check that Norwid and Valéry are always inspiring the literature and the arts of the XXIth century not only because their thought is in keeping with a European space but also because their consciousness and their modernity make them complete, universal and humanistic artists
Nzondo, Léonard. "La poétique romanesque de Michel Rio : essai sur l'oeuvre romanesque de Michel Rio." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF20014.
Full textFar to the fashions and the main trends, the Michel Rio's romanesque work takes place among literature and philosophy, art and science. This doctoral thesis gives the means to achieve an open reading of this work, careful to its theorical stokes and its topics (art, eroticism, dandysm, melancholy, death). Overstepping the field of literature, working about interdisciplinary approaches, Michel Rio's romance rexamine a founding dream of literature. Michel Rio's work also reconsider the arthurian legend through the rewriting of Merlin, Morgan and Arthur's Myth. This appropriation bring forward Arthur's legend in the history. It transposes the legend in the Brittany of the IVth and the Vth century and not the XII one, as usual in literary tradition. This free analysis givens an new poetic dimension to the legend
Lapeyre, Marie-Laurence. "La représentation romanesque de la peinture hollandaise du siècle d' or dans les romans français et anglophones depuis Marcel Proust." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070022.
Full textAll through the history of Western art, literature and painting have had polemical but constructive relationships. In the thick of this exchange, the representation of the Dutch painting of the Golden age is brought out in strong relief in contemporary novels. Among the reasons for the particular interest of the novelists in this school of painting, can be found : its innovating strength, its profuse production, its closeness with the world of the novel ; and also, among he crowd of talented little masters, the patronage of some legendary figures now seen as the beacons of the artistic universe : Rembrandt, Vermeer and Hals. Having forced its way into the novel with Balzac, Dutch painting is then seen in Gautier's and the Goncourts'work, and holds a high rank in Remembrance of Things Past : Rembrandt is indisputably recognized as a genius, and Proust bas highly contributed to the recognition of Vermeer's excellence. Dutch painters may sometimes be met in the work of some acknowledged authors, but are mostly represented in the recent popular editions. This study deals with the status bestowed on to the description by French and English novels since Proust, with the means used to involve the painting - as an object - in the narrative dynamic, with the way the legendary figure of the painters is perpetuated or bent, and in the end, with what's become today of the artist's novel
Janulardo, Ettore. "L'image de la ville dans l'architecture, la peinture et la narration italiennes de l'entre-deux-guerres." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2018.
Full textCréac'h, Martine. "La peinture de Poussin en partage : Claude Simon, René Char, André du Bouchet, Yves Bonnefoy et Philippe Jaccottet." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA082021.
Full textVallespir, Mathilde. "L'exorcisme produit par des oeuvres poétiques et musicales de la guerre et du direct après-guerre : 1939-1945." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040211.
Full textThe objective of this work is to circumscribe an "agencement" (arrangement) of specific art: the exorcism produced on a receiver by musical or poetical works from the Second World War and the immediate after-war period by R. Char, H. Michaux, O. Messiaen et A. Jolivet. When encountering these works, the receiver exorcises the war-related violence by confronting the negation of the other characterising Auschwitz with the advent of another entity rising from the perception conditioned by these works. Such a perceptive "alterisation" rests on a contradictory functioning of perception, which de-constructs itself whilst happening, and which blurs perception. In a first part, we set the theoretical basis for our approach, by encircling the specificity of music and language based on a criticism of association usually made between both of them. We then analyse the mere "agencement" of exorcism by describing its fundamental manifestation - the process of "brouillage" (confusion) - in a second part. We define the semiotic sources for this process which are specific to language and music, as well as its manifestation more distinctively perceptive in both systems, through its power of de-construction and des-involvement. That way, we manage to define the "brouillage" as a monstrous "agencement". The last part of this work is dedicated to the reinsertion of this "agencement" into the more general "agencement" of exorcism. We show how the "brouillage" can change to "alterisation", with the reading of metaphor itself changing into the creation of a hetero-universe of belief, and the paradox into "hetero-dox", when listening operates along benchmarks which are marginal compared to expectations. To conclude, we propose a general modelling of the "agencement" of exorcism as a way of substituting to the other, as a challenge to the violence of History
Cavalié, Elsa. "Réécrire l’Angleterre (1900-1945) dans la littérature britannique contemporaine." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20113.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the rewritings of Edwardian & Georgian England in contemporary fiction, with a specific focus on J. L. Carr's A Month in the Country, Ian McEwan's Atonement, Julian Barnes's Arthur and George and Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy (Regeneration, The Eye in the Door and The Ghost Road). When choosing to go back to England's archetypal places, such as the English pastoral landscape and the “South Country”, “retro-Edwardian” novels question these territories' legitimacy and the ‘origin' of Englishness. Similarly, the English country houses are sometimes perceived as mazes in which their inhabitants get lost when trying to have one last look through their windows. Moreover, the concept of “community” is questioned, through its relationship to the Strange/Familiar dichotomy, in novels that are sometimes written “from the margins”. Gentlemanliness, its definition and ethos are then destabilized and the repression of feelings evoked. Still, regeneration is always deemed possible, whether it be thanks to the “talking cure” or artistic development. Furthermore, novels revisiting Georgian and Edwardian England are strongly metafictional, reflecting on the writing of History where fact and fiction are intermingled in order to create a dialogic relationship with the English literary tradition. Then “rewriting the past” is considered as an ethical enterprise where literature may reconcile such apparently contrasted concepts as postmodernism and humanism
Huchet, Stéphane. "La configuration du monde esthetique autour des annees 1920 : phenomenologie, critique et antinomies de l'universel et de l'originaire." Paris, EHESS, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990EHES0309.
Full textDauphin, Sandrine. "Art et totalitarisme : l'esthétique comme instrument de propagande." Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020070.
Full textIn the first part of the twentieth century, the antagonism between communism and facism was not limited only to ideological and military levels but was also present at cultural levels. Indeed mussolini's italy, hitler's germany and staline's ussr created a common aesthetic in spite of political opposition. Thus, these totalitarian states exploited art for the purpose of propaganda. If art is an active agent of communication between men, then art can also be the manner for ideological expression. How then did art change, orientate and modify an individual's perception of the world in general? architecture reflected pomp and luxury while its large scale works expressed authority crousing fear and admiration at the same time. As for support of the "plastic arts", they allowed, deification of the supreme chief and permitted the announcement of the new man. Art was giving rise form to the totalitarian utopia which existed to transform human nature. Art was not simply the society's reflection but the reflection of the idea the power made of its people. Its allowed the people to believe in spiritual union with the state and its chief
Wilfert-Portal, Blaise. "Paris, la France et le reste. . . : importations littéraires et nationalisme culturel en France, 1885-1930." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010596.
Full textBray, Suzanne. "Ecrivains et apologistes en Grande-Bretagne, 1900-1963 : GKChesterton, Dorothy L. Sayers, TS Eliot et C.S. Lewis." Lille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL30006.
Full textHervé-Montel, Caroline. "Les premiers romans en français au Liban et en Egypte (1908-1933) : renaissance littéraire et conscience nationale." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030092.
Full textUnder the impetus of the Nahda and French scholarly expansion, novelistic French literature appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in Lebanon and Egypt with the assertions of national consciousness: collective identities took shape in narratives which built up national imagination by setting down important myths and debating social values. In terms of inter-textual relationships, these first novels originated partly from Arab classical literature, which constituted national cultural heritage, and partly from French literature which provided major aesthetic models – the historical, realist and naturalist novels – but also from local travel and colonialist literature which were reinvested in the novels. In the Levant, French is an alter langue – alternative language -, but in Egypt novels are more influenced by the contact of languages and cultures, and in Lebanon by norms of scholarly French. Edited in Paris, the works are engaged in different channels of recognition: the novelists of Lebanon are received by nationalist followers of Maurice Barrès and the novelists of Egypt by the international pacifists and Europe magazine. In Lebanon, literature in the French language is integrated into national teleology, because the role devised for Lebanon by its first national elite as a cultural crossroads implicates bilingualism. On the contrary, the Egyptian literary arena, despite a remarkably dynamic bilingualism in the interwar years, fractured in the mid 1930’s when writers in the French language freed themselves from purely nationalist themes
Shindô, Hisano. "Les écrits sur l’art d’André Breton : 1920-1944." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20060.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the writings of Andre Breton on the arts between the first years of his career and the end of The Second World War. If Surrealism began as a movement of literature, it goes without saying that arts have occupied an essential place in this group. Obviously, the success of the surrealism in the field of art is encouraged by the passion of Breton in this area. The art works inspired Breton to write many texts. A part of these texts is generally regarded as “art critic”. However the reflections of the writer on the art is not confined to this genre. Some essays and autobiographical stories tell episodes created by the art works. In addition, the artistic question may take the main place in the argumentative and theoretical texts.The writings of Breton may be located in the filiation of the modern poetry, from Baudelaire to contemporary poets as Jacques Dupin or Bernard Noël. These texts discuss the competitive relation between poetry and painting. The texts of Breton don’t try to give the superiority to the verbal expression rather than to the visual representation or vice versa, but to point out the interlacing of language and image. Far from seeking to find a coherent concept of the writer concerning the field of art, our analysis tries to show how the visual images have influence on the writing of Breton. In the first part, we will focus on the reflections of Breton on the art in the 1920s, the development of which crossed the borders of genres of texts. In the next part, we will find that a more important place is given in the 1930s to research on the visual representations, which then relate directly the main concerns of the writer : unconscious desire, its revelation and realization. The last part will be devoted to the contribution of visual representations in the “myth of Surrealism”, which occupied the important place in the concerns of the group during the 1940s. Following the evolution of Breton’s reflections on the plastic art in chronological order, our analysis will show that the activity of Breton around the visual art had a close relationship with his writing. The interest both for the plastic arts and for the poetry does not lead to proclaim the supremacy of one over the other, still less to pretend to the fusion of the two areas. Inseparable from the writing, but always outside or rather at the margin of the wrigting, the visual representations have the effect of putting the writings in question. However, such a discrepancy between texts and images implies the participation of the reader-spectator who, is invited to magnetic field of the Surrealism
Bertrand-Dorléac, Laurence. "Art, culture et société : l'exemple des arts plastiques à Paris entre 1940 et 1944." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990IEPP0015.
Full textIn France, the humanistic values crisis culminated during the German occupation and the Vichy regime. During this period , art inherited much of the pre-war situation. But disruptions, both in intensity and nature modified the artistical scene. Art, as an expression of patriotic pride was is considered as a reflection of modern decadence : the lack of ideal, individualism, and democracy. Under the "national revolution" art became an instrument of development and revival after a return to order and tradition. In many respects, the "Secretariat general des beaux-arts" thought of a widely approved art policy magnifying the tradition, the fine craft, the monumentalism and the edifying subjects. The artistic world, by nature reluctant to state dirigism, resisted against the governmental positions concerning corporatism and exclusion policy. Besides, few artists accepted to serve the "service artistique du Marechal" which was attached to his person. If some artists entered the French resistance movement, some created subversive works while the majority of them staid aside and bred on its production the fancy of the many people visiting various art places. The German regime, on its side, proceeded with its own exhibitions, being encouraged by French ultras as Rebatet, and being comforted by the German journey of some famous artists : Vlaminck, Derain, Despiau, etc. Meanwhile the nazi authorities spent most of their time on their exclusion policy towards jewish and mason artists. Censorship was discontinued against the exhibition of works considered as "degenerated". Art was a stake for an authoritarian power aiming at controlling society, and an outlet for a population looking forward to returning back to normality
Conésa, Jean-Claude. "Les relations entre art et design, de 1907 à 1930, dans les avant-gardes : le Werkbund allemand, le Bauhaus de Weimar et le constructivisme russe." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010521.
Full textThis relationships between art and design are affected by a lot of economic, social and industrial variations also important than esthetics modalities. Analysed under its induced configuration rather than autonomous, then design is considered like a real methodological way to understand the leading role it played towards art when the latter lost its mimetic part. In the same way, we analyse the three historical movements in our corpus (German Werkbund till 1914, the Bauhaus of Weimar and Russian constructivism till 1930), we have tried to indicate the most important theoretical structures that characterize these movements : place of artistic training in the plan of action of the Deutscher Werkbund ; relationships between art and craft industry ; the organicist permanent feature in the end of the nineteenth century spirit up to the twenties of the twentieth century ; the modalities of utopian philosophy and the community wishes of the first bauhaus. Russian constructivism for itself fitted an aesthetics of the intervention on the social and politic real to a revolution of artistic action. Constructivist artists were conscious of the distorsion of their pratics when they had to resolve the necessity to joint form and function, individuality and society, laboratory experiment and to stand the test of reality. The ability of art resistance to all socioeconomic shady deal implies above all efficiency of critical power of art to reality. It would be necessary to understand relationships between art and design in building mediations. The new borning link will be the design. If will permit to authentify the sense of the relation between artist and the world which he is censed to improve, without doing of this improvement the sense of the necessity of art. The condition and the nature of the artistic intervention on the reality will be signified essentially by the emergence of a disciplin "socialising" the act of creation. In this context, the artist's involvement to this new task seems be determinated by the "usefulness' degree of art and its capacity to he less contempluted than used
Mimanda, Jean-Hilaire. "La vision de l'Afrique noire dans la littérature coloniale et romanesque (1900-1950)." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30025.
Full textTwo various visions from 1900 to 1945. Vision of the traveller and the conqueror. - abounds in stereotypes : wild nature, savage man (black, under-developed) - having another soul, superstitions, illogical. . . - vision of the colonizer willing to valorize : the use of the colour man "bete de somme" (hard work) despite their inabilities (ills, weakness, laziness) and the valorization of the ground despite its handicaps. Thus the black french africa a country of all dangers for the travellers, becomes an eldorado for the administrators fond of statistics. - since 1945, a decolonization of mythe has been put in practice. Works of blacks (senghor), of intellectuals (african presence and marcel criaule) and in a way of the political class (the meeting of brazzaville) (creation of the french union). Yet, the strereotypes lead a hard life, and the mythes go on existing despite this wake up of the black consciousness and this evolution of the metropolitan vision
Amidon, Catherine S. "La politique artistique française des années trente : étude des expositions en France et à l'étranger." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010663.
Full text"French art and politics in the thirties : a study of french and foreign exhibitions" is an analysis of : paintings in the context of exhibitions, the political ideologies of those who planned these cultural events, and the commentaries of them by critics the wars. The evolution of a system of exhibitions in France, and the diffusion of the values it embraced, developed at the same time as analogous institutions in other countries. The national systems controled in France by non-elected civil servants - provided politically charged input into the international system. In France the works and the exhibitions were used as tools to deal with the social crisis and depression. The image of artistic stability constrasts with the social agitation of protests in the streets in 1934 and the take-overs at the building site of the exposition universelle in Paris in 1937. France, Italy and Germany are the principal countries in this study, although the United States and England are also essential to the understanding of the problems specific to international exhibitions with a directive influence on world politics. This study of exhibitions in the thirties permits the consideration of different and otherwise undefinable aspects of french culture between the wars essential to understanding its' art and politics
Varcin, Élise. "Mussolini et la littérature, du socialisme au fascisme." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN057.
Full textThis thesis explores the relationship of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) with literature from his youth to the end of his political career.Based on a large corpus of documents selected from the 44-volume “Opera omnia di Benito Mussolini”, this work analyzes and contextualizes, on the one hand, the reflections on literature which Mussolini develops in writings of various nature (short essays, reviews, speeches addressed to intellectuals, newspaper articles outlining his cultural politics) and, on the other, his own attempts at literary writing (which include poems, short stories, novels and theatre pieces).The purpose of the first part of the thesis is at once to reconstruct Benito Mussolini’s intellectual and political career until he rose to power in 1922 - drawing special attention to his cultural and literary education – and to study the place which he assigns to literature and to culture during the fascist regime.The second part combines the literary and stylistic analysis of Mussolini’s “literary” texts with his fundamental conceptions of literature and of the social role of the writer which can be drawn from his reflections throughout his political career to offer a better understanding of the function which he attributes to literature within his totalitarian project of a new fascist civilization
Questa tesi verte sul rapporto di Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) con la letteratura, dai suoi anni di formazione fino alla fine della sua carriera politica.A partire da un vasto corpus di testi selezionati tra i 44 volumi dell’Opera omnia di Benito Mussolini, essa contestualizza e analizza, da una parte, le riflessioni sulla letteratura che Mussolini sviluppa in scritti di varia natura (saggi critici, recensioni, discorsi agli intellettuali, articoli di politica culturale) e, dall’altra, i testi nei quali si cimenta in prima persona nella scrittura letteraria (poesie, novelle, romanzi, opere teatrali).La prima parte di questo lavoro propone al contempo una ricostruzione del percorso intellettuale e politico di Mussolini fino all’ascesa al potere del 1922 – rivolgendo un’attenzione particolare alla sua formazione culturale e letteraria – e uno studio dello spazio che accorda alla letteratura e alla cultura durante il regime fascista. Nella seconda parte, l’analisi letteraria e stilistica dei testi “letterari” di Mussolini, considerata alla luce delle principali concezioni della letteratura e del ruolo dello scrittore che emergono dalle riflessioni teoriche che sviluppò lungo la sua carriera politica, consente di comprendere meglio la funzione che attribuisce alla letteratura nel suo progetto totalitario di creazione di una nuova civiltà fascista
Laplénie, Jean-François. ""Puissances voisines" : études pour une histoire structurelle de la réception de la psychanalyse dans les milieux littéraires de langue allemande (1900-1930)." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030093.
Full textThe constitution of the psychoanalytical movement around Sigmund Freud in the decade 1900-1910 corresponds to a strategy aiming to diffuse Freudian psychoanalysis into the literary field, which initiates a situation of concurrency between the two domains. The writers react to this attack against their own territory by insisting on the fundamental difference between their artistic practice and psychoanalysis : through a reflection on the knowledge of the writer, as opposed to that of the scientist ; through a reinterpretation and a translation of Freudian concepts according to the codes of the literary field, notably those of Romanticism ; through a strategy of public controversy, in the press or in their own works. This counter-attack ends in a defusing of the danger by way of integrating psychoanalysis inside the literary device. The present study analyses those mechanisms using P. Bourdieu’s theory of fields and M. Espagne and M. Werner’s theory of cultural transfers
Decu, Adriana. "Le symbolisme mineur à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXème siècle." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA1020.
Full textThe analyzed period, 1880- 1916 (the interval between the year of the first issue of Literatorul and the year when Romania entered World War I) is often ignored, at least when it comes to minor symbolists who, even if they will not succeed to elevate to the standards of symbolist poetry, creating more like Eminescu, nevertheless they will keep with strictness the specific symbolist themes: the floral universe, the Satanism, the autumn, the musical instruments. My attempt is to analyze the beginnings of Romanian symbolism, to reconstruct the poetic outset surrounding Literatorul , including not only the general opinion about this literary current but also the sources of inspiration, the critics’ opinion, the programmatic context of the literary circle, and finally, as a novelty my thesis brings, some studies about minor symbolists who were never the object of a detailed analyze. Without trying to be a direction study our thesis is rather a dossier unexamined for a long time by the literary justice and now by presenting each aspect of their creation may represent a “pleading for reconsideration”
Gispert, Marie. ""L'Allemagne n'a pas de peintres" : diffusion et réception de l'art allemand moderne en France durant l'Entre-deux-guerres, 1918-1939." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010666.
Full textOlivieri, Jean-Daniel. "Il Baretti (1924-1928) : situations et thématiques : études croisées." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE2012.
Full textThis study is dedicated to the last review of Piero Gobetti, Il Baretti, which was published from 1924 till 1928. Initially conceived as a literary supplement to Rivoluzione Liberale (1922-1925) more politically committed, this publication became completely autonomous, and could survive the abolition of Rivoluzione Liberale and the death of Gobetti in banishment. This magazine tries to defend and to illustrate a conception of function and of dignity of the intellectual, and asserts the need to struggle against provincialism and cultural nationalism. The study intends to combine the historical and literary analysis, with an aim of emphasizing the overall significance and the historical importance of this publication. The first two parts of the analysis concentrate on the context and its importance for the understanding of the intentions of the review. The third part aims at giving an interpretation of the speech of Il Baretti, by highlighting the main topics which are literary tradition, aesthetic perception and critical approach. The fourth part opens the synthesis on the question of a European conscience, and on the conception of culture and of duty of the intellectual. The study of the review forces to make cross various approaches, in order to reveal implicit statements and to update of it the values and the polemical load, from the point of view of a cultural history. The study of the review forces to make cross various approaches, in order to reveal implicit statements, the values they convey and the controversy they lead, from the point of view of a cultural history
Godé, Maurice. "Les théories utopiques dans les revues expressionnistes allemandes : "der Sturm", "die Aktion", "die Weiben Blätter" : théories et réalisations." Aix-Marseille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX10051.
Full textHermetet, Anne-Rachel. "La littérature française contemporaine dans les revues italiennes : étude de réception (1919-1943)." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040249.
Full textFrom a huge reception study of French literature in Italy during the inter war period in literary periodical (some 2500 articles), the author establishes its scope, quality, and conditions. Using the concepts of generation and 'literary field', she intends to show the very social conditions which make the reception of a foreign literature, in the context of an ever totalitatizing political regime. Moreover, she articulates this aspect with the mechanisms proper to the coining of the specific critical discourse applied to the analysis of foreign literature
Derbez, Laëtitia. "Étude comparative entre les œuvres vocales de Luigi Nono des années 1960 et les musiques anciennes." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0131.
Full textIn establishing new basis of writing, a new culture, some composers, far from rejecting their past, want to use it. But this reference to the past is done through far-reaching origins, taking back to early music. Luigi Nono, one of these few, present this idea: to take inspiration from the past, act in the present for the best possible future. It is then crucial for him to set himself in a historic filiation and to institute an additional step in the evolution of the history of music. In his lecture “Text-Music-Singing” given in Darmstadt in 1960, he links some of his works with early music, especially of Middle Ages and Renaissance. Following this parallel inducted by the composer, present work shows the truth about this inspiration of the Ancients (and not a fictive inspiration) by linking five vocal works of Luigi Nono from 1955 to 1960 (Il canto sospeso, La terra e la compagna, Cori di Didone, Sarà dolce tacere and « Ha Venido » Canciones para Silvia) and early music through three processes of composition: pluritextuality, syllabisation and spatialisation, processes taken from the lecture and the writings of the composer. Once these techniques are defined in Luigi Nono’s works, present work will compare traces and notes he wrote in his early music scores and enlighten us on his inspiration of the Ancients
Manguito, Armanda. "Images de femmes dans la littérature portugaise des années 20 et 30." Bordeaux 3, 2001. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2001BOR30058.
Full textJannière, Hélène. "Représenter et diffuser l'architecture moderne : les revues françaises et italiennes, 1923-1939." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0075.
Full textKaravia, Panagiota. "Le dialogue dans le récit de témoignage de la première guerre mondiale." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030005.
Full textSituated on the borders dividing the factual from the fictional, testimonial narratives of the First World War offer us a wide collection of wartime experiences presented in a series of loosely related episodes. The dialogue, which functions as a veritable focus of communicative and ideological effervescence in these testimonies, allows the reader to compensate for the absence of a true teleological structure of the narrative. Gifted with an internal dynamic force, it serves to enhance the fluctuating interaction of the combatants and encourages the birth and the maintenance of several "conversational narratives" between them. Based on different examples taken from the testimony of Barbusse, Dorgelès, Genevoix and Myrivilis, we examine the mechanism used by the combatants in order to reproduce their painful apprenticeship of the trenches and the battlefront. Inspired by recent studies on the conversational narrative, the collective memory and the testimonial pact, we analyse their protests and their demands as well as their reflections about their difficulty in communicating their experience. We finish by demonstrating how dialogue elucidates testimonial writing and its impasses
Cabrol, Isabelle. "La poésie surréaliste espagnole à la croisée des avant-gardes esthétiques et des avant-gardes politiques." Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA030136.
Full textThis work endeavors to establish and identify the relationships of Spanish surrealist poetry with both the esthetic and the political avant-gardes, between 1929 and 1934. The study specifically focuses on the work of poets such as Rafael Alberti, Emilio Prados, José María Hinojosa, Luis Cernuda, Federico García Lorca, Manuel Altolaguirre, Xavier Abril, and Pablo Neruda. It aims at demonstrating how deeply the various 'isms' of the early 20th century have influenced Spanish surrealism well into the late 1920s, a process which in turn made it possible for the driving force of surrealism to help radicalize Spanish poetry during the 1930s. By first offering a detailed analysis of all the major European avant-garde movements - from Russian and Italian futurism to dadaism, ultraism and Esprit Nouveau along with an overview of their respective leaders' most influential work - including the famous "Residencia de Estudiantes group", the first part of the study focuses on the ideological stakes that come to light between 1909 and 1929. It then proceeds to detail the Spanish avant-garde's choices at the turn of the 1920s; this part is based on a thorough analysis of two surveys carried out by La Gaceta Literaria, and G. Diego's Anthology of Spanish poetry. Finally, through the example of the Malaga 'Litoral group', the work seeks to establish the fully-fledged collective and programmatic character of a subversive and revolution-oriented Spanish surrealism
Fahd, Marie. "La modernité de l'origine : acentralité et cubisme narratif dans The Recognitions de William Gaddis." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC137.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation focuses on The Recognitions (1955), which was the first novel by the major American writer, William Gaddis (1922-1998), who is generally classified as a postmodernist. By addressing this work through an interdisciplinary lens, I have chosen to place it at a crossroads between literature, painting, philosophy and the history of religions. The aim is to show that especially in Gaddis’s initial literary effort, the author can be seen as an exponent of a kind of modernity—which is not entirely modernist or postmodernist as traditionally defined--notably in his exploration of centerlessness, as articulated in the loss of a stable origin. In the same modern vein is the author’s ironic attitude toward the past and his maintaining of a certain critical distance from religion and aesthetics. His inventive approach to the theme of origins in art as well as his treatment of fakeness, forgery and authenticity highlight his modernity. In addition, his modern approach in The Recognitions will be shown to be revealed in the interplay between painterly and literary techniques and concerns. Centerlessness and cubism in the novel’s narrative techniques and the notion of origin in art are three critical concepts. They allow us to envision three variant threads of Gaddis’s modernity, opening up a profound meditation on artistic and literary creation
Dethurens, Pascal. "De l'Europe en littérature : création littéraire et culture européenne au temps de la crise de l'esprit (1918-1939)." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030163.
Full textThis new system doctoral thesis in comparative literature is a study of the european idea among the interwar years' writers. How, from 1918 to 1939, has been constituted, first in a sporadic way, then in a more and more organized and systematical manner, a new meeting point, for the most varied novelists, poets and dramatists, were some of them even the most unfamiliar to the others ; how, too, during the same double decade, the european idea gradually invaded a whole territory of theliterary production, and in such a way that it seamed, from the ephemeral concern to the detailed research according to the situations, a supreme and before unknown pole of the works ; how, at last, from the point of reference that valery called the foundation act of the "spirit crisis", and during the twenties and the thirties, suddenly appeared a feeling, never suspected before in literature, that clutched a whole generation with a rare anxiety in front of what has been thought as the imminent extinction or as the death of the european culture : such are the main facts, generally forgotten, that this work would like to set out in order to understand what managed, at the dawn of modernity, to rally so many writers, artists and philosophers, without the subordination nor the allegiance of none of them, around the same questioning
Costadura, Edoardo. "Le partage classique : le débat sur le classicisme dans les échanges littéraires entre la France et l'Italie pendant l'entre-deux-guerres." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA080957.
Full textMy working hypothesis was the following : reception of literary works on either side of the alps between 1919 and 1939 was largely determined by what could be called - to quote luciano canfors - ideologies of classicism. The purpose of this study is not simply to verify the validity of this hypothesis, - but to analyze, on the one hand, the relationship that each of these two national literatures established during the 1920's and 1930's with the valuers of classicism and tradition, and on the other hand, the ways in which the "other" literaturs was received as a consequence of this relationship. This involves reconstructing a veritable discourse on french literature in italy, wheres in france reception of italian literature often echoed the debates taking place in italy instead of being the result of carefully articulated reflection. Finally, this study attempts to test these analyses in the light of a number of texts : not "primary" texts, but translations, that is "secondary" texts in which reading becomes an act, and reception mechanisms are crystallized