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1
Haron, Muhammed. "Second International Congress on Islamic Civilization in Southern Africa." American Journal of Islam and Society 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v33i3.931.
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In 2006 the first International Congress of Islamic Civilization in SouthernAfrica was hosted by AwqafSA (www.awqafsa. org.za) and IRCICA (Centrefor Islamic History, Art, and Culture www.ircica.org) at the University of Johannesburg.IRCICA, the prime mover and funder of this and similar conferencesand congresses worldwide, has been actively promoting these platformsto bring academics, scholars, researchers, and other stakeholders together tohighlight research outputs and findings that reflect upon the status and positionof Muslim minorities worldwide. Since Southern African Muslim communitiesform an integral part of Africa’s Muslims, it decided to host a follow-upevent in the region.IRCICA once again teamed up with AwqafSA, which had been in closecontact with IRCICA since the 2003 Uganda “Islamic Civlization in EastAfrica” conference. For this congress, AwqafSA partnered with the InternationalPeace College of South Africa (IPSA) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). It also teamed up with ITV, Radio Al-Ansaar, and the MinaraChamber of Commerce. Since UKZN was the main academic partner, thecongress was held from March 4-6, 2016, at the Senate Chambers of UKZN’sWestville campus.The organizers’ objectives for the congress were to (a) increase people’sknowledge of the history and heritage of Southern Africa’s Muslims, (b)strengthen cooperation among Muslim and African nations and their peoplesby producing and disseminating Islamic and cultural knowledge, and (c) offera forum for the true understanding of Islamic culture in the world.Donal McCracken (acting dean of research, College of Humanities) officiallywelcomed the delegates. Following his opening remarks, the audienceheard from the representatives of the Congress Organizing Committee.Zeinoul Cajee (CEO, AwqafSA), Halit Eren (director-general, IRCICA), andShaykh Ighsaan Taliep (IPSA). Eren underscored the importance of these ...
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Sabău, Nicolae. "„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos…”. Colegamenti di amicizia di Coriolan Petranu con storici magiari." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2020.06.
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"„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos...” (“With kind regards, your old friend...”). Coriolan Petranu’s Friendly Connections to the Hungarian Historians. Coriolan Petranu is the founder of modern art history education and scientific research in Transylvania. He had received special education in this field of study that is relatively new in the region. He started his studies in 1911 at the University of Budapest, attending courses in law and art history. During the 1912-1913 academic year he joined the class of Professor Adolph Goldschmiedt (1863-1944) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin. The professor was an illustrious personality from the same generation as art historians Emil Mâle, Wilhelm Vögte, Bernard Berenson, Roger Fry, Aby Warburg, and Heinrich Wölfflin, specialists who had provided a decisive impetus to art historical research during the twentieth century. In the end of 1913, Coriolan Petranu favored Vienna, with its prestigious art historical school attached to the university from the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There he completed and perfected his education under the supervision of Professor Josef Strzygowski (1862-1941). The latter scholar was highly appreciated for his contributions to the field of universal art history by including the cultures of Asia Minor (Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Persia), revealing the influence that this area had on proto-Christian art, as well as by researching ancient art in Northern Europe. In March 1920 the young art historian successfully defended his doctoral dissertation entitled Inhaltsproblem und Kunstgeschichte (”Content and art history”). He thus earned his doctor in philosophy title that opened him access to higher education teaching and art history research. His debut was positively marked by his activity as museographer at the Fine Art Museum in Budapest (Szepműveszeti Muzeum) in 1917-1918. Coriolan Petranu has researched Romanian vernacular architecture (creating a topography of wooden churches in Transylvania) and his publications were appreciated, published in the era’s specialized periodicals and volumes or presented during international congresses (such as those held in Stockholm in 1933, Warsaw in 1933, Sofia in 1934, Basel in 1936 and Paris in 1937). The Transylvanian art historian under analysis has exchanged numerous letters with specialists in the field. The valuable lot of correspondence, comprising several thousands of letters that he has received from the United States of America, Great Britain, Spain, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, the USSR, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Egypt represents a true history of the stage and development of art history as a field of study during the Interwar Period. The archive of the Art History Seminary of the University in Cluj preserves one section dedicated to Hungarian letters that he has send to Hungarian specialists, art historians, ethnographers, ethnologists or colleagues passionate about fine art (Prof. Gerevich Tibor, Prof. Takács Zoltán, Dr. Viski Károly, Count Dr. Teleki Domokos). His correspondence with Fritz Valjavec, editor of the “Südostdeutsche Forschungen” periodical printed in München, is also significant and revealing. The letters in question reveal C. Petranu’s significant contribution through his reviews of books published by Hungarian art historians and ethnographers. Beyond the theoretical debates during which Prof. Petranu has criticized the theories formulated by Prof. Gerevich’s school that envisaged the globalization of Hungarian art between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and that also included in this general category the works of German masters and artists with other ethnic backgrounds, he has also displayed a friendly attitude and appreciation for the activity/works of his Hungarian colleagues (Viski Károly and Takács Zoltán). The previously unpublished Romanian-Hungarian and Hungarian-Romanian set of letters discussed here attest to this. Keywords: Transylvania, correspondence, vernacular architecture, reviews, photographs, Gerevich Tibor, Dr. Viski Károly "
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Grzybkowska, Teresa. "PROFESSOR ZDZISŁAW ŻYGULSKI JR.: AN OUTSTANDING PERSON, A GREAT PERSONALITY, A MUSEUM PROFESSIONAL, A RESEARCHER ON ANTIQUE WEAPONS, ORIENTAL ART AND EUROPEAN PAINTING (1921–2015)." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5602.
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Professor Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. (1921–2015) was one of the most prominent Polish art historians of the second half of the 20th century. He treated the history of art as a broadly understood science of mankind and his artistic achievements. His name was recognised in global research on antique weapons, and among experts on Rembrandt and Leonardo da Vinci. He studied museums and Oriental art. He wrote 35 books, about 200 articles, and numerous essays on art; he wrote for the daily press about his artistic journeys through Europe, Japan and the United States. He illustrated his publications with his own photographs, and had a large set of slides. Żygulski created many exhibitions both at home and abroad presenting Polish art in which armour and oriental elements played an important role. He spent his youth in Lvov, and was expatriated to Cracow in 1945 together with his wife, the pottery artist and painter Eva Voelpel. He studied English philology and history of art at the Jagiellonian University (UJ), and was a student under Adam Bochnak and Vojeslav Molè. He was linked to the Czartoryski Museum in Cracow for his whole life; he worked there from 1949 until 2010, for the great majority of time as curator of the Arms and Armour Section. He devoted his whole life to the world of this museum, and wrote about its history and collections. Together with Prof. Zbigniew Bocheński, he set up the Association of Lovers of Old Armour and Flags, over which he presided from 1972 to 1998. He set up the Polish school of the study of militaria. He was a renowned and charismatic member of the circle of international researchers and lovers of militaria. He wrote the key texts in this field: Broń w dawnej Polsce na tle uzbrojenia Europy i Bliskiego Wschodu [Weapons in old Poland compared to armaments in Europe and the Near East], Stara broń w polskich zbiorach [Old weapons in Polish armouries], Polski mundur wojskowy [Polish military uniforms] (together with H. Wielecki). He was an outstanding researcher on Oriental art to which he dedicated several books: Sztuka turecka [Turkish art], Sztuka perska [Persian art], Sztuka mauretańska i jej echa w Polsce [Moorish art and its echoes in Poland]. Prof. Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. was a prominent educator who enjoyed great respect. He taught costume design and the history of art and interiors at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow, as well as Mediterranean culture at the Mediterranean Studies Department and at the Postgraduate Museum Studies at the UJ. His lectures attracted crowds of students, for whose needs he wrote a book Muzea na świecie. Wstęp do muzealnictwa [Museums in the world. Introduction to museum studies]. He also lectured at the Florence Academy of Art and at the New York University. He was active in numerous Polish scientific organisations such as PAU, PAN and SHS, and in international associations such as ICOMAM and ICOM. He represented Polish art history at general ICOM congresses many times. He was also active on diverse museum councils all over Poland.
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Pchelovodova, Irina Vyacheslavovna, and Alevtina Vasilievna Kamitova. "WITH MUSIC THROUGH LIFE (TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF I. M. NURIEVA)." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2019-13-4-718-721.
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The article is devoted to the anniversary of Irina Murtazovna Nurieva, the prominent ethnomusicologist, Honored scientist, Doctor of Art. The author focuses on her scientific and creative activity and analyzes her contribution to the study of the Udmurt musical and song tradition. During her period of work in the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature UdmFRC UB RAS I. M. Nurieva published five monographs and more than a hundred articles. Her works are in demand not only among the academic community and teachers of higher education, but also of all those who are interested in folk culture. It was established that a high popularity rating of her research was achieved due to the involvement of the rich material from field practices in which she was directly involved During her activities she conducted a large number of expeditions (folklore-dialectological, folklore-ethnographic, folklore-choreographic), the geography of which, in addition to the Udmurt Republic, covers the Republic of Tatarstan, the Republic of Mari El, the Kirov region. The name of the Udmurt ethnomusicologist is known not only on a Russian scale, but also outside of it. I. M. Nurieva is a returning participant in international conferences, congresses.
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Korner, Paul I., and Frans H. H. Leenen. "Hypertension: Blood pressure regulating systems: cellular, integrative, and therapeutic aspects." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-238.
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This is only the second time in the long history of the International Physiological Congresses that a symposium on hypertension has formed part of the official satellite programme. After the 1983 IUPS Congress in Sydney, John Chalmers organized a magnificent satellite meeting at the Flinders Medical Centre in South Australia and we felt that we wished to continue the "tradition." Hypertension research has provided a wonderful example in recent years of how exciting it can be to apply very basic discoveries to the solution of practical problems. This meeting breaks new ground in being the first scientific event sponsored jointly by the Canadian Hypertension Society and the Australian High Blood Pressure Council. The meeting was made possible by generous financial support from Pfizer Canada and Pfizer Australia with, as co-contributors, Bayer Germany and Sandoz Australia. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Mrs. A. Garat of Pfizer Canada Medical Services in the organization of the meeting and Dr. Andrew Rankin who was responsible for all local arrangements.The Hypertension Satellite was held at Whistler, B.C., July 19–21, 1986, following the 30th International Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences in Vancouver. It provided a good forum for interdisciplinary information exchange. It also proved to be a pleasant social occasion in the beautiful setting of the coastal range of the Canadian Rockies. There were 48 invited speakers from Canada, Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Japan, and New Zealand. We were fortunate in having as our patrons two great names in hypertension research, Dr. Arthur Guyton and Dr. Sydney Friedman.Emphasis was on a large range of mechanisms that regulate blood pressure. There were sessions on cell biology, the kidney, autonomic nervous regulation, peptides (including, of course, atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin), and pathogenesis. The proceedings provide an up-to-date account of the position of the current "state of the art" in a number of important areas.
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Reams, Bernard D., and Mary Ann Nelson. "Immigration Reform and the Simpson-Rodino Act: A Legislative History of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-603) With Related Documents and Secondary Sources." International Journal of Legal Information 22, no. 1 (1994): 12–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500024495.
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The purpose of this bibliography is to provide the researcher with a listing of all the necessary documents for an exhaustive legislative history of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 as amended. Because the Act has its foundations in both legislative and executive studies, as well as reports and activities from previous Congresses, this compilation extends back to the 91st Congress (1970-1971). A bibliography of relevant readings is provided to give the researcher additional background information. The bibliography extends back to 1978. Additional citations to periodical articles from 1970-1977 can be found in Document No. 201.
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Cohen, Jill. "Access to Medical Care for HIV - Infected Individuals Under the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Duty to Treat." American Journal of Law & Medicine 18, no. 3 (1992): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007103.
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In 1990, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This Note examines the legislative history of the ADA and uncovers Congress's intent to impose a duty on health care providers to treat people with disabilities unless an individual poses a “direct threat” to the health or safety of others. This Note posits that, with the passage of the ADA, Congress imposed a statutory duty on health care providers to give care to people infected with HIV who qualify under the statute. This Note concludes that while the “direct threat” exception may lessen the impact of the ADA, those infected with HIV should enjoy greater access to health care than ever before.
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Shchedrina, Tatiana G. "International Congress of Philosophy As a Space for Personal Communication." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 12 (2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2020-12-29-33.
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The article looks into the World Philosophical Congress as a space for personal communication. The author examines the archival (primary epistolary) legacy of the organizers and participants of the Second Congress (Édouard Claparède, Henri Bergson, Vladimir Nikolaevich Ivanovsky, Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov). H. Bergson’s letters to Ed. Claparède show us how the topics of speeches formed, what role journals played in organizing congresses, and how the participants of this event reacted to the publication of reports and speeches. It is returning to the history (to the handwritten and published materials) of international philosophical congresses of the beginning of XX century, that allows us today to comprehend the trends in the development of Philosophical issues, to record the successive thematic areas that have not lost their relevance for modern intellectual culture, and also to show the existential specifics of reflection about congresses, which manifested itself in reviews of V.N. Ivanovsky and G.I. Chelpanov. Their discourse about plenary and sectional reports, evaluations of speeches, as well as general conclusions about the strength and weaknesses of this intellectual event in the life of the world (international) philosophical community, resulted from their own philosophical interests. The most significant attention is paid to the “fatal flaws” of any philosophical congress (according to Chelpanov’s apt remark): lack of live communication (debate on reports), as well as “the lack of one language, equally accessible to all participants”. Both of these flaws are genuinely unavoidable. Even with the expansion of the technical possibilities of transferring information, the monologue of speakers and terminological pluralism persist throughout the existence of World philosophical congresses.
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Genova, Irina. "AICA Congress in Poland in 1960: “International Character of Contemporary Art”." Sledva : Journal for University Culture, no. 40 (April 7, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/sledva.20.40.14.
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The art historian prof. Irina Genova traces the history of AICA (Association internationale des critiques d’art) and focuses on its congress in Poland (Warsaw and Krakow) in 1960. The carefully chosen topic of the congress, “International Character of Contemporary Art”, meant to provide a meeting point for Western European and Eastern European artists and to open the post-Stalinist Eastern art scene to the contemporary tendencies of the abstract painting. The situation was different in the different countries. The research draws a parallel between the quite open Polish scene and the more conservative and closed Bulgarian one and the reception the congress had in those two contexts.
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Labuda, Adam. "Polska i niemiecka historia sztuki w polemicznym dyskursie - sympozjum w Rogalinie w roku 1973." Artium Quaestiones, no. 28 (May 22, 2018): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2017.28.9.
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Polish and German Art History in a Polemic. The Rogalin Symposium of 1973 Summary The paper recapitulates a discussion over the book, Das Kunstwerk zwischen Wissenschaft und Weltanschauung, ed. Martin Warnke, Köln 1970, which was an aftermath of a pungent statement made by critical German art historians at the Congress of German Art Historians held in Köln in 1970. The main idea of the book was showing the “work of art as an object of ideological interests, a victim of ideological interventions” (Warnke) – in this case, those of a nationalist, Nazi, and fascist origin. A critical impulse triggered by the congress and the book was the main reason for organizing a symposium in Rogalin in 1973, during which art historians from Poznań delivered papers-comments on four articles included in the German publication. Taking into consideration the key message of the book, in the first place they focused on the methodological and theoretical assumptions adopted by German scholars. Stressing the discrepancy between the goals and assumptions of the German publication and its Polish reception, the author treats the papers delivered in Rogalin as evidence of a methodological shift in Polish art history of the early 1970s. His main observations are the following: the end of the dominant approach focusing on the artwork itself; a shift toward approaching it in terms of the communicative triad “sender-work-recipient”; acknowledging the inevitable involvement of the art historian (scholar-recipient) in that historically determined framework. It is notable that the Polish scholars virtually ignored the ideological and critical approach to the evolution of art history that was developed in the German book. Moreover, the paper presents the historical background of both the Köln conference and its proceedings as well as the specific determinants of art history in the communist Poland, particularly as regards its contacts with the two German states.
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Condon, Rachel. "Paying for America’s Elections: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and Information Access." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i4.7217.
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This paper provides an overview of the legislative history of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), known popularly as McCain-Feingold. It will also explore the challenges to the act in the courts. The paper will conclude with a review of access to campaign finance reports resulting from the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. With a rich legislative history that spans several Congresses as well as a history of judicial interventions which have shaped the law as it stands today, it is pertinent that the American people have access to information associated with the law so as to better understand the federal election process and assess its strengths and weaknesses in advance of the 2020 elections.
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Primus, Richard. ""The Essential Characteristic": Enumerated Powers and the Bank of the United States." Michigan Law Review, no. 117.3 (2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.3.essential.
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The idea that Congress can legislate only on the basis of its enumerated powers is an orthodox proposition of constitutional law, one that is generally supposed to have been recognized as essential ever since the Founding. Conventional understandings of several episodes in constitutional history reinforce this proposition. But the reality of many of those events is more complicated. Consider the 1791 debate over creating the Bank of the United States, in which Madison famously argued against the Bank on enumerated-powers grounds. The conventional memory of the Bank episode reinforces the sense that the orthodox view of enumerated powers has been fundamental, and agreed upon, from the beginning. But in 1791, Members of the First Congress disagreed about whether Congress needed to point to some specific enumerated power in order to create the Bank. Moreover, Madison’s enumerated powers argument against the Bank seems to have involved two rethinkings of Congress’s enumerated powers, one about the importance of enumeration in general and one about the enumeration’s specific application to the Bank. At the general level, Madison in the Bank debate elevated the supposed importance of the enumerated-powers framework: in 1787 he had been skeptical that enumerating congressional powers could be valuable, but in the Bank debate he described the enumerated-powers framework as essential to the Constitution. At the particular level, Madison’s enumerated-powers argument against the Bank seems to have been an act of last-minute creativity in which he took constitutional objections that sounded naturally in the register of affirmative prohibitions, but which the Constitution’s text did not clearly support, and gave them a textual home by translating them into the register of enumerated powers. Madison’s move may have set a paradigm for enumerated powers arguments at later moments in constitutional history: subsequent enumerated-powers arguments down to those against the Affordable Care Act might be best understood as translations of constitutional objections best expressed in terms of affirmative prohibitions, forced into the register of enumerated powers because the relevant prohibitions are not found in the Constitution.
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Ansolabehere, Stephen, Maxwell Palmer, and Benjamin Schneer. "Divided Government and Significant Legislation: A History of Congress from 1789 to 2010." Social Science History 42, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.42.
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This article presents and analyzes the most comprehensive database to date of significant acts of Congress—from 1789 to 2010—to test whether divided party control of government affects the number of important acts Congress passes. We find that unified control corresponds with one additional significant act passed per Congress in the nineteenth century and four additional such acts in the twentieth century. However, party control of government cannot explain the broad historical trends in the rate at which Congress passes significant legislation. Nixon in 1969 was far more successful with a Democratic Congress than was McKinley in 1897 with a Republican one.
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McCoy, Garnett. "The Rise and Fall of the American Artists' Congress." Prospects 13 (October 1988): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005329.
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In the fall of 1929, just after the stock market crash but before its effects were widely felt, a group of radical artists and writers in New York established the John Reed Club, named after the already legendary journalist, poet, and revolutionary activist. The founders, some of them members of the Communist Party, some loosely associated with the party's cultural magazine New Masses, were committed but restless young men in search of a focus for their political energies. Soon after the club began, the artist members created an art school, organized exhibitions, and sponsored a lecture series and discussion groups with emphasis on the practice and theory of art and art history from a Marxist point of view. As the Depression deepened, with dire consequences to artists dependent on an art market in a state of collapse, the John Reed Club's approach attracted growing attention.
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McCoy, Garnett. "The Rise and Fall of the American Artists' Congress." Prospects 13 (October 1988): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006773.
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In the fall of 1929, just after the stock market crash but before its effects were widely felt, a group of radical artists and writers in New York established the John Reed Club, named after the already legendary journalist, poet, and revolutionary activist. The founders, some of them members of the Communist Party, some loosely associated with the party's cultural magazine New Masses, were committed but restless young men in search of a focus for their political energies. Soon after the club began, the artist members created an art school, organized exhibitions, and sponsored a lecture series and discussion groups with emphasis on the practice and theory of art and art history from a Marxist point of view. As the Depression deepened, with dire consequences to artists dependent on an art market in a state of collapse, the John Reed Club's approach attracted growing attention.
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Rodríguez Montes, José Antonio. "DECLINE OF CLINICAL ART AND TECNOLOGICAL MEDICINE BOOM." Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, no. 87(02) (2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2021.87.02.02.
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Currently there is a consensus that the clinical art have been greatly deteriorating during the past 50 years. This problem has raised worldwide attention through as increase in publications, courses, symposia and congress. The erosion of bedside teaching and the consequent decline of clinical skills, notably wrongfull and inadequate use of new technologies. At as result, it becomes difficult if not impossible obtain an appropiate collection of the synptoms sufferick for the sick. Together with the medical history, the physical examination is mandatory for the correct diagnosis and developing the treatment plan. In this paper, the decline of clinical art is exposed and how this ancient heritage of medical practice can be recovered.
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Grandy, Christopher. "Original Intent and the Sherman Antitrust Act: A Re-examination of the Consumer-Welfare Hypothesis." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 2 (June 1993): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700012973.
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An important tenet of the Chicago School of antitrust asserts that the Sherman Act's framers sought to foster consumer welfare. This article challenges that interpretation by re-examining the legislative history. That history suggests that a consumer-welfare standard did not survive the legislative process and that, if anything, Congress focused on the behavior of producers.
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McLaughlin, Patrick A., Oliver Sherouse, Mark Febrizio, and M. Scott King. "Is Dodd-Frank the Biggest Law Ever?" Journal of Financial Regulation 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjab001.
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ABSTRACT The passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2010 continued a trend toward lengthier and more complex acts of Congress. In this article, we use novel metrics of the size, scope, and complexity of acts of Congress to assess Dodd-Frank’s place in this trend. Our analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that, in terms of its regulatory effects, Dodd-Frank is the biggest act of Congress in recent history and may become the biggest ever. We argue that this trend toward longer and more complex laws can cause deterioration in the quality of the regulations the laws authorize for two procedural reasons. First, a large act can create a regulatory surge that overwhelms the quality control process. Second, because a large act can precipitate the creation of many regulations by different agencies that target the same industry, the agencies create rules in relative ignorance of their potential interactions.
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Andraka-Christou, Barbara. "Policy process lessons from the Orphan Drug Act: applications for health policy advocates." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-12-2013-0052.
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Purpose – The Orphan Drug Act has provided the pharmaceutical industry with incentives to research and develop drugs for orphan diseases: rare diseases with little profit potential. It is considered very successful legislation by legal scholars, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and orphan drug activists. The policy process of the Act provides an important model of the policy process for future incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the important incentives of the Act and the historical events leading up to the Act. The paper applies three different theoretical models of the public policy process to understand the emergence of the Orphan Drug Act: Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, and Social Constructionism Theory. The paper then synthesizes the public policy process lessons from each perspective and provides four recommendations for other social activists seeking to propel incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation for under-researched diseases. Design/methodology/approach – The author analyzes the history of the Orphan Drug Act based on publicly available scholarly research, government documents, and interest group publications. The author then applies three public policy theories to the history of the Orphan Drug Act to explain the emergence of the Act and to extract policy process lessons for future disease activists. Findings – Regardless of which theoretical perspective the Orphan Drug Act is analyzed from, some common themes of the policy process emerge. First, focussing events are instrumental in capturing the public’s sympathy and Congress’s attention. Second, in its activities and proposed legislation, a coalition should provide a role for all relevant and important actors. Third, the target groups of the legislation were construed positively, increasing the pressure for Congressmen to pass some kind of bill. Finally, the proper construction of “the problem” is instrumental to passing effective legislation as a “solution.” Originality/value – The Orphan Drug Act is widely considered successful incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation. However, because it was originally passed in 1983 and has not had public attention since the early 1990s (when it was amended), it has rarely been written about in recent years. However, its lessons are still highly relevant to policy activists, especially disease activists. Furthermore, existing articles focus on the impact of the legislation and ways to amend it, rather than on the passage of the Act.
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IZUMI, MASUMI. "PROHIBITING "AMERICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS"." Pacific Historical Review 74, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165.
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In September 1971 Congress repealed the Emergency Detention Act, Title II of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950. This act had authorized the President to apprehend and detain any person suspected as a threat to internal security during a national emergency. This article analyzes the Title II repeal campaign between 1967 and 1971, revealing that the public historical memories of Japanese American internment greatly influenced support for repeal in Congress and among the American public. Civil rights and antiwar protesters both feared that such a law might be used against them, but Japanese Americans had been interned during World War II. Their presence in the repeal campaign made the question of detention starkly real and the need for repeal persuasive. Conversely, their work for repeal allowed them to address a painful part of their American experience and speak publicly as a community.
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TURPIN, JOHN. "Visual Culture and Catholicism in the Irish Free State, 1922–1949." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 57, no. 1 (January 2006): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904003185.
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In the newly independent Irish Free State, a triumphalist Catholicism was embodied visually in mass-produced imagery and revivalist architecture. The Academy of Christian Art was set up in 1929 to regenerate Catholic art and architecture, but it failed to address the challenge of Modernism. A debate between eclectic and modern form was most acute in architecture, where the Hiberno-Romanesque and the neo-Classical were favoured by lay and cleric alike. Stained glass was the one form where Modernism was influential. The culmination of populist Catholicism and its visual representation was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 with its temporary public altars and massive spectacle: a manifestation of Irish national identity.
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Bunting, Lynda, and Ani Matosian. "Classifying photography." Art Libraries Journal 36, no. 4 (2011): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030747220001720x.
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Photography has long been a part of the Library of Congress classification tables. At the time of its inclusion, photography was not considered an art form and thus was placed in the T – Technology schedule instead of the N – Fine Arts schedule. This article will discuss various aspects of photography classification, including its history, the reasons behind and development of alternative schedules, the challenges of classifying artists’ books with a photographic basis, and the feasibility of maintaining alternative schedules with the proliferation of shelf-ready books.
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Vasilyev, Alexander. "The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of the 1930 as the classic example of a near-sided economic policy of the U.S. government during the Great Depression." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2021): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.1.34632.
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The object of this research is the antirecession policy of the United States during the Great Depression. The subject of this research The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, process of its adoption, and consequences. Special attention is given to the history of increase of tariffs on imported goods. The legislative bill drafted by congressmen R. Smoot and W. Hawley is considered one of the unsuccessful economic reforms in the history of the United States. The tax reform was conceived before the recession and was called to protect local farmers from excess of cheap foreign agricultural products on American markets. However, there was no substantial benefit from the increased tariffs on imports. Most historians find that this measure worsened the position of the lower classes of the population. There is also an opposing opinion that the legislation did not play a serious role in deepening of the recession. The article analyzes the extent of the impact of this legislation in the U.S. during the 1930s. The scientific novelty of this research consists in utilization of the transcripts of addresses of the members of U.S. Congress as the sources for research of the process of passing the legislation, as well as press materials in order to examine opinions on the legislative bill and consequences of increased tariffs. It is established that the adoption of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act had negative consequences for the economy, although not as severe as commonly cited. The impact of the new law was not as substantial on the background of the ongoing Great Depression. Passing of the protection measures took place almost simultaneously with other countries, with some countries raising the tariffs before the United States. The tax reform greatly affected the political situation in the United States, playing its role in diminishing the ratings of the President and the Republican Party.
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Sakai, Naotaka. "Japanese Symposium of Performing Art Medicine, Kawasaki, July 19, 2004." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2004.4031.
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It has been more than 20 years since the first symposium on performing arts medicine was held in Aspen, and last year, the European Congress of Musicians Medicine had their 10th meeting in Turku, Finland. However, there has never been a conference or symposium on performing arts medicine held in Japan, despite the large numbers of professional musicians and dancers in that country. This past July, Dr. Naotaka Sakai and four other physicians who have been treating the medical problems of musicians, as well as a manager who has been taking care of musicians’ medical and life insurance, organized the first Japanese Symposium of Performing Art Medicine.
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HIJIYA, JAMES A. "The Conservative 1960s." Journal of American Studies 37, no. 2 (August 2003): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875803007072.
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The American conservatives of the 1960s have arrived at last. Not in Washington, not in positions of power – they did that during the “Reagan Revolution” of the 1980s and the Republican Congresses of the 1990s. No, it is in history itself, the record of events, that the right is finally appearing. Now that the elephant has occupied the parlor, scholars are inquiring whence it came.
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Craig, Lee A. "The Political Economy of Public-Private Compensation Differentials: The Case of Federal Pensions." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 2 (June 1995): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700041073.
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Numerous empirical studies indicate that, as a result of rent-seeking behavior, public-sector workers are overcompensated relative to their private-sector counterparts, with pensions representing part of the difference. I present a history of the Federal Employees Retirement Act of 1920 and show that rent seeking by federal workers cannot explain several features of the act. Instead, I argue that the act represented an optimal incentive contract between Congress and civil service employees in which civil servants accepted mandatory retirement and a compensating wage differential in exchange for the federal pension plan.
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Irwin, Douglas A. "Trade Policy in American Economic History." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409.
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This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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Misiuna, Jan. "Zarys historii regulacji finansowania kampanii wyborczych w USA." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2011.1.8.
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The article presents the history of the US campaign finance law. It describes acts passed by the Congress, starting from the Tillman Act of 1907, followed among others by Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and finished with McCain-Feingold Act of 2002. There are also described the most important decisions of the US Supreme Court related to the campaign finance including Newberry vs. United States (256 U. S. 232 (1921)), Buckley v. Valeo (424 U. S. 1 (1976)), McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (540 U. S. 93 (2003)) Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (130 S. Ct. 876 (2010)) of 2010. The paper also how has changed the attitude of the Supreme Court towards campaign finance regulation The article also recalls the historical events, such as Teapot Dome Scandal and Watergate, that were important stimuli for passing new law by the Congress. The background of the Supreme Court decisions is also provided.
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Alentieva, Tatiana. "President Andrew Johnson Impeached: The First Presidential Impeachment in American History." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.18.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the mechanism of impeachment procedure on the example of the first practical application of it in the history of the U.S. in relation to President Andrew Johnson. This created a necessary precedent in the further political struggle between the branches of government and has made the study of the history of the first presidential impeachment an urgent problem. Impeachment cases were brought against six subsequent presidents: Cleveland, Hoover, Truman, Nixon, Reagan, and G.W. Bush in the lower house of Congress. W. Clinton and D. Trump’s impeachment was discussed in the Senate, but was not successful. Methods and Materials. The article is based on materials from the American press as well as cartoons. The novelty of the source base is in combination of verbal and visual materials. The author used theoretical concepts developed within the framework of interdisciplinarity. The problem-chronological approach was the methodological basis of the research. In American historiography, Johnson is regarded as the “worst” President in U.S. history. However, the debate over the legitimacy of the first impeachment of a President in U.S. history has not subsided until now. In American studies, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson has not been specifically considered. Analysis. The conflict between the President and Congress was caused by the Reconstruction policy. The confrontation between the two branches of government led to impeachment. The President was charged in connection with the dismissal of Secretary of War E. Stanton, which was a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The article examines how the impeachment procedure was implemented by Congress and why it failed. Results. Despite the failure, the first impeachment of a President in the history of the United States showed the effectiveness of the “checks” and “balances” mechanism in implementing the principle of separation of powers. It has become a deterrent to the relationship between the President and Congress.
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Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus, and Katie Keith. "ACA Litigation: Politics Pursued through Other Means." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 45, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8255433.
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Abstract Despite its passage a decade ago, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) remains a politically divisive law. These political divisions have long been on display in Congress, in the White House, and in states. A long-standing stalemate in Congress—where Republicans cannot repeal the law and Democrats cannot improve it—has emboldened efforts by the executive branch to act unilaterally to implement, or undermine, the ACA. In turn, the law's opponents and supporters have turned to the courts to promote their favored policy agendas through both broadside attacks on the law and targeted challenges to its implementation. Litigation has become politics pursued through other means. These challenges have often been brought, or opposed, by state attorneys general and governors, with red-state coalitions facing off against blue-state coalitions. ACA litigation has also been characterized by forum shopping, nationwide injunctions, and questions about the court as a truly adversarial forum. This article briefly reviews the history of ACA litigation, discusses these legal norms in the context of the historic health reform law, and considers the implications of this history and the changing judiciary for future health reform efforts.
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Gerrard, Michael B. "An Environmental Lawyer's Fraught Quest for Legal Tools to Hold Back the Seas." Daedalus 149, no. 4 (October 2020): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01818.
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The law is the principal mechanism by which society resolves disputes and implements policies. For more than forty years, I have worked to use the law to address environmental problems, initially by trying to stop projects that would increase pollution and harm communities. But there are limits to what the courts can do without explicit direction from legislatures. Climate change is a prime example. Some have seen litigation as a silver bullet, but at least so far that has not been the case. Elections matter more than lawsuits. Until and unless elections bring to power a president, a Congress, and local officials who will take the necessary measures, litigation is needed to inhibit those who will try to move backwards, spur on those with good intentions, help implement the policies set by wise Congresses past, and continue the quest for redress for victims. Well-crafted laws can also lead the way to solutions.
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Bush, Darren. "The Death of the Tunney Act at the Hands of an Activist D.C. Circuit." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18756146.
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The Tunney Act and its 2004 Amendment have sought to eliminate judicial rubber-stamping of antitrust consent decrees. Congress sought to assure meaningful judicial review of consent decrees to assure they were in the public interest. The caselaw in the D.C. Circuit undermines the purpose, intent, and plain meaning of the Tunney Act by arguing that such review would present separation of powers issues, an argument at best disingenuous in light of other settlements readily rejected within the Circuit. The Article commences with a review of the legislative history of the original Tunney Act. The article next examines the D.C. Circuit cases against that the drafters of the Amendment to the Tunney Act are rebelling. This legislative history is highlighted and extended in the legislative history of the 2004 TunneyAct Amendment. The article next describes how D.C. district courts uniformly ignore and dismiss the Congressional intent behind the 2004 Amendment under the auspices of prosecutorial discretion. Finally, the Article tackles the (false) problem of separation of powers the D.C. Circuit case law presents and proposes a solution to this deadlock that is true to the original intent of the Tunney Act.
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Chander, Sunil. "Congress—Raj Conflict and the Rise of the Muslim League in the Ministry Period, 1937–39." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013822.
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The Government of India Act of 1935 was a constitutional device meant to extend the Raj's political alliances in Indian society. The Congress Party, on the other hand, construed the Act as a new challenge to the demand for independence. The authorities discovered that the Congress ministers’ primary loyalties lay with the imperatives of the party and not with the constitutional arrangement. Concern on this account was heightened by the resurgence of ground-level Congress activism. The Congress strengthened and expanded its volunteer organization while it governed the provinces. If the formal party institutions were weakened by corruption and factionalism during the ministry period, its grass-roots cadres were revitalized and mobilized opinion against compromises with the Raj, strengthening the ministers’ hands in any major clashes with the authorities. The latter were disturbed by links between the Congress ministers and party activity hostile to the Raj, even though a certain convergence of Congress and British interests kept the experiment of provincial autonomy going. The official response to this situation consisted, at one level, of making expedient concessions.But the authorities explored an alternative possibility as well. The Muslim League, which emerged as a mass party after 1937, was not exactly an ally, but it offered the most powerful resistance to the possibility of total mobilization under the Congress.
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Kościuczuk, Krzysztof. "Looking Back at Looking Forward: Art Exhibitions in Poland for the 1975 AICA Congress." Ikonotheka 26 (June 26, 2017): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1690.
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The above text examines the 11th Congress of the International Association of Art Critics (AICA) organised in the People’s Republic of Poland in September of 1975 upon the initiative of Professor Juliusz Starzyński, who was the head of the organisation’s Polish Section. The congress, whose offi cial theme was “Art – Science – Technology as Elements of the Development of our Epoch”, marked the second AICA event in history to be held in Poland, and while Starzyński himself did not live to see the result of his efforts, the intent to commission a number of collateral exhibitions across the country – meant to serve as surveys of Polish art – was successful. Those attending the congress had the occasion to visit the cities of Cracow, Łódź, Warsaw, and Wrocław. The text takes a closer look at two of these exhibitions: Voir et Conçevoir (Widzieć i rozumieć) which was developed for Cracow’s historic Cloth Hall, a part of the city’s National Museum, by Mieczysław Porębski in collaboration with Andrzej Pawłowski, and the exhibition that came to be known as Critics’ Picks (Krytycy sztuki proponują), which was held at the Central Bureau of Art Exhibitions, known as the Zachęta, in Warsaw. The concept of each, it is argued, was driven by a need for experiment. While the former exhibition came to be remembered as an innovative, if not radical, way of engaging the permanent museum display in which the highlights of Polish 19th-century art were juxtaposed with several new commissions by contemporary artists, the latter – the result of no less an experimental concept in which a group presentation was based on a survey conducted among local critics – remains largely forgotten – the upshot of a series of compromises, largely enforced by the political situation of the time. Exploring Voir et Conçevoir and Critics’ Picks as exhibitions in state institutions within the context of an international event, the paper seeks to shed light on the intersection of offi cial artistic practices and politics in the People’s Republic of Poland in the mid-1970s in an attempt to identify the key agents that were active in the fi eld as well as the defi ning conditions of their activity – or, in other words, to ask the question as to what kind of offi cial statements were made possible at the time and how they were motivated.
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Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Justin Peck. "Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941–1950." Law and History Review 31, no. 1 (February 2013): 139–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000181.
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The mid-1960s witnessed a landmark change in the area of civil rights policy in the United States. After a series of tortuous internal battles, with Southern legislators using all available procedural tools to maintain their states' discriminatory Jim Crow legal systems, the United States Congress adopted two statutes—the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965—which insured civil and political equality for all Americans. The Acts of 1964 and 1965 were the culmination of a decade-long struggle by black Americans to secure the citizenship rights that had been denied to them for more than a half century. Beginning with the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision, the civil rights movement built momentum, as formal organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) grew in strength and informal (grass roots) organizations spread throughout the South and the Nation. As national public opinion shifted increasingly toward providing new civil rights guarantees for blacks, Congress responded with new legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (the first civil rights law since 1875), the Civil Rights Act of 1960, and a legislative proposal to prohibit the poll tax in 1962 (which would be ratified by three-quarters of the states in 1964 and become the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution).
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CAMPBELL, JAMES T. "ROMANTIC REVOLUTIONARIES: DAVID IVON JONES, S. P. BUNTING AND THE ORIGINS OF NON-RACIAL POLITICS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 39, no. 2 (July 1998): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007208.
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The Delegate for Africa: David Ivon Jones, 1883–1924. By Baruch Hirson and Gwyn A. Williams. London: Core Publications, 1995. Pp. x+272. £8.50, paperback (ISBN 897640-02-1).S. P. Bunting: A Political Biography, new edition. By Edward Roux. Bellville: Mayibuye Books. 1993. Pp. 200. No price given, paperback (ISBN 1-86808-162-1).Outsiders looking at the recent history of South African politics are apt to be struck by two conundrums. How can a nation that pushed the logic of ‘race’ as far as any society in history also have produced one of the world's most enduring non-racial political traditions? And how, in a period that has seen the crumbling of the Soviet Union and the discrediting of communist parties throughout the world, has the South African Communist Party (SACP) not only survived but risen to power, in coalition with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions?
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Tillery, Alvin B. "Foreign Policy Activism and Power in the House of Representatives: Black Members of Congress and South Africa, 1968–1986." Studies in American Political Development 20, no. 1 (April 2006): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x06000058.
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On 3 October 1986, the 99th Congress—acting at the behest of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)—voted to override President Ronald Reagan’s veto of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA). The passage of this bill, which placed strict economic sanctions on the white supremacist regime in South Africa, was a watershed moment in American politics for two reasons. First, veto overrides in the foreign policy-making arena are an exceedingly rare form of legislative action. More importantly, this was the first time in American history that the members of a minority group were able to use their positions within the Congress to translate a parochial desire into foreign policy against the will of a sitting president.
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Colwell, Chip. "Can Repatriation Heal the Wounds of History?" Public Historian 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2019.41.1.90.
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In 1990, the US Congress passed the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which in part established a legal procedure for Native Americans to reclaim cultural items and ancestral remains from museums and federal agencies. Many advocates have framed NAGPRA as a kind of restorative justice in which “healing” is fundamentally integrated into the repatriation process. This article engages with a growing literature that ensures questions of healing are not just casually asserted but closely examined, by critically analyzing why and how NAGPRA has led to the kinds of conflict resolution and peace-building envisioned by some of its proponents. A survey of tribal repatriation workers reveals that “healing” for Native American communities is not uniform in practice or merely the end point of conflict. Rather, it is expressed in five different themes, illustrating that healing is one component of a complex socio-political process that circles around the law’s implementation.
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Carpintero, Helio, and Fania Herrero. "Early Applied Psychology: The Early Days of the IAAP." European Psychologist 7, no. 1 (March 2002): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.7.1.39.
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This study presents an approach to the origins of applied psychology, with consideration of the social and cultural context surrounding the development of science in Europe from the end of the 19th century. The second part provides quantitative information on the contents of applied psychology in its early history by looking at the evolution of participation, countries, authors, and subjects at the International Congresses of Applied Psychology from 1921 to 1958. This is done by applying bibliometric analysis objective methodology on the indexes and proceedings volumes.
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Horner, Susan L. "The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986: Its History, Provisions, Applications and Implications." American Journal of Law & Medicine 16, no. 4 (1990): 453–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800008510.
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Congress granted qualified immunity from liability for peer review participation to physicians, osteopaths and dentists, created a national practitioner data bank to track inept, incompetent or unprofessional physicians, and enacted procedural rules for due process, privilege restrictions, and reporting and disbursement of information. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 is now in full force, and peer review participants are anxious to cloak themselves with immunity from actions brought by health care professionals. Although its goals are worthy, HCQIA's effects remain to be seen. Serious loopholes appear to exist, warranting close monitoring and possibly early amendment of the Act. Cautious judicial assessment is needed, in order to prevent not only circumvention of the Act's requirements by artful litigants, but also use of the national data bank by health care entities as a pretext for denying privileges and escaping antitrust liability.
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Huo, Zhengxin. "I. An Imperfect Improvement: The New Conflict of Laws Act of the People's Republic of China." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 4 (October 2011): 1065–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000534.
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On 28 October 2010, the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress adopted China's first statute on the Conflict of Laws: the ‘Act on the Application of Laws over Foreign-related Civil Relationships’ (‘Conflicts Act’).1 The adoption was an historic event in Chinese legislative history, as it indicates China has modernised its conflict-of-law rules after many years of unremitting efforts made by legislators and scholars. More importantly, it means that ‘a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics’ has been successfully established, and allows China to claim to have a systematic legal system.2
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Knox, Robert, Michael O. Adams, and Gbolahan S. Osho. "History and Relevance of Patronage, the Civil Service Reform and the Pendleton Act: The Rationale for Congressional Intervention." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i2.10950.
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The ownership of land determined ones importance. However, the church was one of the largest single property holders in Italy. By the 11th century, Bishops were competing with wealthy rural families to become patrons” of local land – owners. To combat the political problems in 1867 The Tenure of Office Act was passed during Andrew Jackson term; Congress passed the Act in an effort to secure a greater role in the appointive process. The act specific that those appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate could only be removed from office with the Senate’s approval. Hence, the goal of this research is to examine the implications of political pressure on the evolutionary process with new emergent paradigm characterized by three anti-government values: personal accountability limited and decentralized government, and community responsibility for delivery or social services.
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ASHENMILLER, JOSHUA. "The Alaska Pipeline as an Internal Improvement, 1969-1973." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 461–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.3.461.
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Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific,the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
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GONZALES, PHILLIP, and ANN MASSMANN. "Loyalty Questioned: Nuevomexicanos in the Great War." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 629–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.4.629.
Full textAbstract:
Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific,the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
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Pallitto, Robert. "The Legacy of the Magna Carta in Recent Supreme Court Decisions on Detainees' Rights." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 03 (June 30, 2010): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000624.
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The legacy of the Magna Carta is apparent in the Supreme Court's recent decisions regarding detainees' rights. Asked to evaluate strong claims of executive power, the Court has had occasion to consider the origin and scope of habeas corpus, which many scholars see as a product of the Magna Carta. The majority opinion inBoumedienev.Bush(2008) traced the history of the writ of habeas corpus back to the Magna Carta and relied on that lineage to rule that Guantanamo detainees were entitled to petition for habeas corpus, even though Congress had explicitly denied them that right in the 2006 Military Commissions Act (MCA) and the 2005 Detainee Treatment Act (DTA).
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DeCanio, Samuel. "Populism, Paranoia, and the Politics of Free Silver." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000010.
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This essay defends the Populists against charges that they espoused an irrationally conspiratorial view of American history. Focusing on monetary policy, and the free silver issue in particular, I argue that the Populists correctly suspected that bankers conspired to demonetize silver and demonstrate that William Ralston, president of The Bank of California, secretly bribed Treasury Department bureaucrats and used Western congressmen to pass the Coinage Act of 1873. Ralston's involvement in silver's demonetization has important ramifications for our understanding of the free silver movement. Some of the congressmen who helped Ralston demonetize silver paradoxically went on to lead the free silver movement, blaming Eastern financiers for the measure they helped pass, and created organizations such as the American Bimetallic League and the American Bimetallic Party, organizations that popularized the ideas subsequently adopted by the Populists and William Jennings Bryan. As some leaders of the free silver movement were deeply involved in silver's demonetization, this period exhibited levels of duplicity that have been unrecognized until now.
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Schatzmann-Von Aesch, Béatrice. "XX IAMHIST Congress: the History of the Future: Visions from the Past." Journal of British Cinema and Television 1, no. 1 (May 2004): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2004.1.1.93.
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Mendelsohn, Ezra. "The Art and Artists of the Fifth Zionist Congress: Heralds of a New Age (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 23, no. 4 (2005): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2005.0160.
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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Origins of the Junk-Mail Controversy: A Media Battle over Advertising and Postal Policy." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006734.
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On 30 June 1971, the tradition-bound U.S. Post Office, long steeped in politics, ceased operating as a cabinet-level department. The next day marked the birth of the U.S. Postal Service, a government corporation. This transformation, arguably the most fundamental restructuring of a major federal agency in American history, ended 180 years of congressional postal ratemaking. By ceding ratemaking authority to a commission, Congress hoped to elevate sound pricing principles and scrupulous administrative procedures over the impressionistic claims and political influences that had characterized the legislative process. Yet the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act could not wipe away two centuries of history. Ratemakers—whether legislators before 1971 or administrators thereafter—frequently found themselves confronted with mailers invoking tradition, history, and social values to bolster their arguments. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the struggle to find junk mail's proper place in postal policy.
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HAYASHI, ROBERT T. "Transfigured Patterns: Contesting Memories at the Manzanar National Historic Site." Public Historian 25, no. 4 (2003): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.51.
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On February 18, 1992 the United States Congress passed legislation establishing the Man-zanar National Historic Site, an act that would turn the neglected site of a former American concentration camp for Japanese Americans into a site of national remembrance for all Americans. This article discusses the legislative process involving Manzanar's designation as a National Historic Site and how it reveals the ongoing tendency to equate American Nikkei history with only the World War II period. The creation and subsequent interpretation of the site also highlighted the complications of identifying a place with only one layer of its history. The recognition and interpretation of Manzanar threatened the maintenance of local histories and led to contestations between California residents, Japanese Americans, the National Park Service, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.