Academic literature on the topic 'Art, Lesotho'
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Journal articles on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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Mazel, A. D., and A. L. Watchman. "Accelerator radiocarbon dating of Natal Drakensberg paintings: results and implications." Antiquity 71, no. 272 (June 1997): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085069.
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As Rosenfeld & Smith report in this number of ANTIQUITY, the reconciliation of conventional chronologies for rock-art with the emergent radiocarbon-based dates is not proving an easy affair. Here are the first steps for the classic area of San hunter-gatherer art, on the South Africa/Lesotho border.
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Thackeray, J. Francis. "The wounded roan: a contribution to the relation of hunting and trance in southern African rock art." Antiquity 79, no. 303 (March 2005): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113663.
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A 1934 photograph of a man dressed in an animal skin and a painting of three figures in a cave at Melikane, Lesotho led to a new hypothesis about the role of the roan antelope in both the economy and beliefs of early Africa. The author shows that not only art, but language too, may reach back to a time when the need for food first began to find expression in ritual.
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Lenela, Maletsatsi, and Stephen Knight. "Effectiveness of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in adults with HIV associated tuberculosis in Lesotho in 2012." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 32, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v32i3.44.
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Background:Lesotho has a huge burden of human immunodeficiency virus associated tuberculosis (HIV-TB). In this study we compared the effectiveness of early versus late commencement of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults living with HIV-TB in Lesotho.Methods: Three out of 17 hospitals were randomly selected and data extracted from the hospitals’ tuberculosis (TB) treatment registers for 247 adults living with HIV-TB who completed TB therapy during the first quarter of 2012.Results: Eighty (32%) commenced ART early (4 weeks), 100 (41%) were started late (≥4 weeks) and 67 (27%) received no ART. Both early and late ART initiators were more likely to have a successful TB outcome (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 10.1, 95% CI: 3.7 - 27.5 and AOR 8.4, 95% CI: 3.4 - 20.6, respectively) relative to the group who had no ART (p 0.001).Conclusions: Effective treatment exists for managing HIV-TB simultaneously. The guidelines for initiation of ART in adult HIV-TB in Lesotho have not been fully implemented, but those who commenced ART had significant clinical benefits. Health departments must address the challenges encountered in treating HIV-TB simultaneously to ensure those co-infected receive optimal care.
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Gill, Michelle M., Heather J. Hoffman, Majoalane Mokone, Vincent J. Tukei, Matsepeli Nchephe, Mamakhetha Phalatse, Appolinaire Tiam, Laura Guay, and Lynne Mofenson. "Assessing Very Early Infant Diagnosis Turnaround Times: Findings from a Birth Testing Pilot in Lesotho." AIDS Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2572594.
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Very early infant diagnosis (VEID) (testing within two weeks of life), combined with rapid treatment initiation, could reduce early infant mortality. Our study evaluated turnaround time (TAT) to receipt of infants’ HIV test results and ART initiation if HIV-infected, with and without birth testing availability. Data from facility records and national databases were collected for 12 facilities offering VEID, as part of an observational prospective cohort study, and 10 noncohort facilities. HIV-exposed infants born in January–June 2016 and any cohort infant diagnosed as HIV-infected at birth or six weeks were included. The median TAT from blood draw to caregiver result receipt was 76.5 days at birth and 63 and 70 days at six weeks at cohort and noncohort facilities, respectively. HIV-exposed infants tested at birth were approximately one month younger when their caregivers received results versus those tested at six weeks. Infants diagnosed at birth initiated ART about two months earlier (median 6.4 weeks old) than those identified at six weeks (median 14.8 weeks). However, the long TAT for testing at both birth and six weeks illustrates the prolonged process for specimen transport and result return that could compromise the effectiveness of adding VEID to existing overburdened EID systems.
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Pepenene, Limakatso, and Ntsele Radebe. "Retelling the history of Lesotho : an interplay between orality, painting and film in Kalosi Ramakhula’s works." Issue 1 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2516-2713/2018/v1n1a5.
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Kalosi Ramakhula is the producer of Moshoeshoe: The Mountain King Volumes 1, 2 and 3, a series of videofilms which narrate the history of Lesotho in the 19th century. His production emerges as a rewriting of history in a context where historical documentation is predominantly authored by historians and ethnographers who complement their research through oral resources. Ramakhula uses a unique approach which incorporates visual art by way of historical paintings created to accomplish a coherent mixture with the established print, sound and vision media of documentary cinema. He collaborates with contemporary Basotho artists commissioned to produce elaborate naturalistic paintings of historical significant characters, sites, events and social practices of the period being depicted. Through an exploration of the concepts of multimodality and intermediality, the article uses a semiotic analysis of selected paintings to examine the multiple layers of potential meanings communicated by the film-maker. We argue that Ramakhula’s retelling strategy explicitly creates a link with the experience of nation building in the past and the present. The paintings are a significantly expressive form of media in this regard, creating a consciousness of Bosotho-ness as the one concept that in principle remains constant despite transformation over the centuries. Ramakhula’s work is seen therefore, as having the potential to create space for negotiations around contemporary debates on nation building in Lesotho.
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Challis, Sam, Jeremy Hollmann, and Mark McGranaghan. "‘Rain snakes’ from the Senqu River: new light on Qing's commentary on San rock art from Sehonghong, Lesotho." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 48, no. 3 (September 2013): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2013.797135.
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Vandendyck, Martin, Mabaruti Motsamai, Mwenya Mubanga, Sebakeng Makhakhe, Syanness Tunggal, Sylvie Jonckheree, Gilles Van Cutsem, Amir Shroufi, and Tom Decroo. "Community-Based ART Resulted in Excellent Retention and Can Leverage Community Empowerment in Rural Lesotho, A Mixed Method Study." HIV/AIDS Research and Treatment - Open Journal 2, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/hartoj-2-107.
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Brown, Jennifer Anne, Alain Amstutz, Bienvenu Lengo Nsakala, Ulrike Seeburg, Fiona Vanobberghen, Josephine Muhairwe, Thomas Klimkait, and Niklaus Daniel Labhardt. "Extensive drug resistance during low-level HIV viraemia while taking NNRTI-based ART supports lowering the viral load threshold for regimen switch in resource-limited settings: a pre-planned analysis from the SESOTHO trial." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 5 (February 18, 2021): 1294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab025.
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Abstract Objectives WHO guidelines on ART define the HIV-1 viral load (VL) threshold for treatment failure at 1000 copies/mL. The Switch Either near Suppression Or THOusand (SESOTHO) trial, conducted in Lesotho from 2017 to 2020, found that patients with persistent viraemia below this threshold (100–999 copies/mL) benefit from switching to second-line ART. This pre-planned nested study assesses the prevalence of resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in SESOTHO trial participants. Methods The SESOTHO trial [registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03088241)] enrolled 80 persons taking NNRTI-based first-line ART with low-level HIV-1 viraemia (100–999 copies/mL) and randomized them (1:1) to switch to a PI-based second-line regimen (switch) or continue on first-line therapy (control). We sequenced relevant regions of the viral pol gene using plasma samples obtained at enrolment and 36 weeks. RAMs were classified with the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. Results Sequencing data were obtained for 37/80 (46%) participants at baseline and 26/48 (54%) participants without viral suppression to <50 copies/mL at 36 weeks (21 control participants and 5 switch participants). At baseline, 31/37 (84%) participants harboured high-level resistance to at least two drugs of their current regimen. At 36 weeks, 17/21 (81%) control participants harboured resistance to at least two drugs of their current regimen, while no PI-associated resistance was detected in the 5 switch participants with ongoing viraemia. Conclusions Among persons with low-level viraemia while taking NNRTI-based first-line ART enrolled in the SESOTHO trial, the majority harboured HIV-1 with RAMs that necessitate ART modification. These findings support lowering the VL threshold triggering a switch to second-line ART in future WHO guidelines.
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Amstutz, Alain, Jennifer Anne Brown, Isaac Ringera, Josephine Muhairwe, Thabo Ishmael Lejone, Thomas Klimkait, Tracy Renée Glass, and Niklaus Daniel Labhardt. "Engagement in Care, Viral Suppression, Drug Resistance, and Reasons for Nonengagement After Home-Based Same-Day Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Lesotho: A Two-Year Follow-up of the CASCADE Trial." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 10 (November 29, 2019): 2608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1126.
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Abstract Background The CASCADE trial showed that compared with usual care (UC), offering same-day (SD) antiretroviral therapy (ART) during home-based human immunodeficiency virus testing improved engagement in care and viral suppression 12 months after diagnosis. However, questions remain regarding long-term outcomes and the risk of propagating drug resistance. Methods After completion of the primary endpoint at 12 months, participants not in care in both arms were traced and encouraged to access care. At 24 months, the following outcomes were assessed in both arms: engagement in care, viral suppression, and reasons for nonengagement. Furthermore, we explored the acquisition of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among SD arm nonlinkers. Results At 24 months, 64% (88/137) in the SD arm vs 59% (81/137) in the UC arm were in care (absolute difference [AD], 5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −6 to16; P = .38) and 57% (78/137) vs 54% (74/137) had documented viral suppression (AD, 3%; 95% CI, −9 to 15; P = .28). Among 36 participants alive and not in care at 24 months with ascertained status, the majority rejected contact with the health system or were unwilling to take ART. Among 8 interviewed SD arm nonlinkers, 6 had not initiated ART upon enrollment, and no acquired DRMs were detected. Two had taken the initial 30-day ART supply and acquired DRMs. Conclusions SD ART resulted in higher rates of engagement in care and viral suppression at 12 months but not at 24 months. Leveling off between both arms was driven by linkage beyond 12 months in the UC arm. We did not observe compensatory long-term disengagement in the SD arm. These long-term results endorse SD ART initiation policies. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02692027.
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Bachmann, Nadine, Amrei von Braun, Niklaus D. Labhardt, Claus Kadelka, Huldrych F. Günthard, Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire, Barbara Castelnuovo, et al. "Importance of routine viral load monitoring: higher levels of resistance at ART failure in Uganda and Lesotho compared with Switzerland." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky436.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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Riep, David Matthew Merkel. "House of the Crocodile: south Sotho art and history in southern Africa." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2616.
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The inability to attribute art objects to the Basotho culture remains a problem for art historians and anthropologists alike. Current publications on the arts of Africa include few, if any, objects attributed to South Sotho-speakers, and often attribute Basotho objects under the broad label of "southern African," rather than linking them to artists from this particular culture. This is largely due to a lack of research on Basotho arts and culture, as well as the widespread belief that the cultures of the region are simply too enmeshed with one another for the arts to be distinguished. However, it is important that we be able to tell the art of one African people from another if we are ever to understand accurately how art expresses peoples' ideas and beliefs about themselves and the world in which they live. Through this project I challenge the label of "southern Africa" that is so often used in attributing art objects from the region, and develop a definitive system of identification for Basotho objects. This system differentiates Basotho arts from works produced by other cultures in southern Africa, and produces the first all-inclusive anthology of South Sotho art history. While my work first and foremost demonstrates the existence of a unique and identifiable Basotho visual style, it also investigates the roles that stylistic characteristics have played in the presentation of southern Sotho identity beginning with the formation of the Basotho polity 200 years ago. Furthermore I identify the contextual and cultural significance of an entire range of Basotho forms, generating a better understanding of Basotho art and culture.
In order to complete this, I use a Morellian approach to identify and define the unique and specific visual aspects found among Basotho arts. This type of analysis is based solely on the external physical characteristics of a work of art, and focuses on the identification of similarities and differences within a group of objects. The resulting data provides a taxonomy for the classification of cultural, regional, and local styles through the isolation of the visual aspects of individual objects. However, because the Morellian methodology takes a morphological approach, I use historical literature and contemporary interviews to connect the function and social context to the objects in order truly to develop an art history of the Basotho. Through this analysis, I identify visual aspects that are unique to southern Sotho arts, and further locate visual signs that assert one's specific clan lineage within the broad "southern Sotho" cultural grouping. This allows me to clearly define the meaning and significance of the "Basotho" cultural moniker, and develop a nuanced understanding of identity amongst southern Sotho peoples.
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Chaka, Limakatso Elizabeth. "Pitseng de Thomas Mofolo, roman sesotho (Afrique australe) : texte et contexte." Paris, INALCO, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INAL0019.
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Thomas Mokopu Mofolo (1876-1948), né au Lesotho, est l'auteur de trois romans de langue sesotho : "Moeti oa bochabela" (1907), "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (2003), "Pitseng" (1910) et "Chaka" (1925), "Chaka, une épopée bantoue" (1940). L'objectif de la thèse est d'analyser le roman "Pitseng" en le situant par rapport à son contexte de production et à l'ensemble de l'oeuvre romanesque de l'auteur. Pour ce faire, nous traduisons le roman en français, en respectant le registre de langue et le style proche de l'oralité, et Mofolo étant le premier romancier de langue sesotho, le contexte d'émergence de cette littérature est étudié notamment le rôle de la prese missionnaire et sa relation avec la littérature locale ainsi que la standardisation de l'orthographe de la langue sesotho du sud en 1906 (chapitre 1). L'analyse du roman Pitseng comprend cinq chapitres : la présentation générale portant sur l'organisation du récit, l'articulation des thèmes et les rôles des personnages (chapitre 2) ; l'étude de l'espace, notamment des éléments qui entrent en jeu pour construire l'espace référentiel, imaginaire et culturel (chapitre 3) ; l'analyse de la société traditionnelle telle qu'elle apparaît dans le roman, en particulier l'ensemble des valeurs dont celle, centrale, de l'humanisme (chapitre 4) ; l'observation de la langue et du rôle du narrateur (chapitre 5) donnent accès aux représentations de la conscience et du pluralisme linguistiques de l'Afrique australe ainsi qu'à la construction du discours des sociètés traditionnelle et chrétienne dans le roman ainsi que celle du style oral dans son rapport avec l'écriture romanesque (chapitre 6). L'analyse des deux autres textes de l'auteur, "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (chapitre 7) et "Chaka" (chapitre 8), permet de comprendre l'articulation de "Pitseng" avec ces oeuvresThomas Mokopu Mofolo (1876-1948), born in Lesotho, is the author of three novels written in Sesotho language : "Moeti oa bochabela" (1907), "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (2003), "Pitseng" (1910) et "Chaka" (1925), "Chaka, une épopée bantoue" (1940). The aim of this research is to study the novel "Pitseng", analyze the context of its production as well as its relationship with the other literary works of author. In order to achieve this, we translate the novel into French, in a way that respects the language register and the oral style of the original novel. Mofolo is the first novelist to write in Sesotho. The research therefore dealswith the emergence of Sesotho literature, in particular, the role of the missionary press and its relationship with the local literature. It begins by examining the 1906 standardization of Southern Sesotho orthography (Chapter 1). The analysis of the novel itself is presented in the first five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a discussion of the general presentation of the novel focusing on the structure of the narrative, themes and characters. Chapter 3 deals with the referential, imaginary and cultural settings in "Pitseng". Chapter 4 analyses the portrayal of traditional society, in particular its values at the centre of which is humanism. Chapter 5 is an analysis of language and the role of the narrator in fictional prose. It studies the representation of the linguistic awareness and pluralism of Southern Africa as well as the construction of discourse characteristic of traditional and Christian societies. Chapter 6 probes into relationship between orality and written fictional prose. A comparative analysis of "Pitseng" with the other two novels of the author appears in Chapter 7 which deals with "Moeti a bochabela" ("L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant"), and Chapter 8 wich focuses on "Chaka". This comparative approach is expected to enhance the understanding of the articulation of "Pitseng" with these two literaty works
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Mokhethi, Motselisi Christine. "Factors constraining exporting from Lesotho based manufacturing enterprises." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32392.
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Exporting is a popular mode of internationalisation for a variety of reasons. For
instance, many enterprises prefer exporting because it permits them to learn from
competition with minimum resources committed by the enterprise. However, it is
noted in literature that enterprises face various constraints when exporting.
Earlier studies, mostly conducted in developed countries, have documented
several exporting constraints. The studies do not agree on the grouping of factors
constraining exporting and elements that form such groupings. Also, it is
acknowledged in literature that generalising findings from developed countries to
developing countries would not necessarily be appropriate, hence studies in
developing countries such as Lesotho are necessary and, to the researcher’s
knowledge, this study is the first to be conducted in Lesotho. This formal study,
therefore, was carried out to test the hypotheses developed from literature
regarding factors that constrain exporting.
Lesotho is land locked, being completely surrounded by the Republic of South
Africa. It is believed that Lesotho’s setting can bring insights into exporting as the
country becomes a popular destination for export-oriented investors. Although
enterprises operating in Lesotho had been exporting prior to 2000, there was a
major boost of exports at the beginning of 2000 when Lesotho became eligible for exports to the United States, Canada and European markets under the
agreement in the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). The AGOA agreement
brought a flow of Asian export-oriented investors into Lesotho. Lesotho’s exports
are concentrated in the apparel and textile industries and are destined to a few
countries, predominantly South Africa and the United States.
The literature review covers the globalisation of the business environment.
Further, the international entry modes are discussed along with the theories that
explain the decision of the enterprises to initiate the internationalisation process.
Finally, the exporting mode of internationalisation is discussed detailing the
constraints that enterprises face when engaging in exporting.
A questionnaire was used to collect data. The instrument first underwent a
rigorous evaluation by experts who are knowledgeable about the subject. The
experts proposed changes that were adopted prior to conducting a pilot study. A
judgemental sampling approach was used where manufacturing enterprises
located in seven of ten industrial areas in Lesotho, who agreed to participate in
the study, were issued one questionnaire each. The questionnaires were
distributed to key informants who were regarded as managers directly
responsible for international operations. Alternatively, chief executive officers
were approached in situations where enterprises did not employ international
operation’s managers. A response rate of 94.7 percent was obtained. The study revealed that exporting constraints are internal to the enterprises and
that three factors, as opposed to the five that were hypothesised, constrain
exporting. The study further revealed that perceived exporting constraints varied
according to the size of the enterprise as well as the ownership structure thereof.
Recommendations were made relating to actions aimed at minimizing exporting
constraints. Lastly, future areas of research were identified.
The study will be beneficial to enterprises as they will be able to adopt suitable
measures to overcome or reduce the impact of exporting constraints. Also, the
study will inform policy makers in Lesotho with regards to areas where appropriate assistance should be provided. In addition, the study would inform
business educators regarding areas of training for exporters, which will address
the training needs of exporters. Lastly, researchers interested in exporting will
find other avenues that can be researched in order to build the field of exporting.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
am2013
Business Management
unrestricted
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Mosothoane, Motena Bernice. "A capability analysis of the working relationships between principals and chairpersons of school management committees in Lesotho." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7065.
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Magister Educationis - MEdA larger number of schools in Lesotho are owned and controlled by churches whereas the government pays teachers’ salaries and provides school facilities through the national budget. It is through this partnership that the Lesotho government and the churches have a strong link that characterises the Lesotho school management system. However, there have been some major shifts taking place in the education sector of Lesotho that are affecting the way schools are organised, managed and governed. The BCP government considered to revise all the education bills which resulted in the enactment of the LEA of 1995. The LEA of 1995 vested the responsibility of the management of primary schools on democratically elected committees. The study investigated the working relationships between principals and chairpersons of school management committees (SMCs) of selected church primary schools in Lesotho. The focus of the study was to analyse the working relationships between principals and chairpersons of the SMCs towards their roles and responsibilities as set out in the LEA of 1995. The study was approached from the capability approach. The core of the capability approach is to evaluate the achievement of a society by paying attention to what its members are able to be and to do. One of the roles of the SMCs is to allocate resources in schools by recommending for the appointment of teachers. Therefore, the study utilised the capability approach in order to explore the freedoms that principals have towards choosing resources that they want for schools. The study adopted the qualitative research approach. Data was collected through three qualitative research instruments namely, semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. The interviews were conducted for 16 participants who comprised the chairpersons of the two SMCs (RCC and LEC), principals’ representatives, teachers’ representatives and principals who were non-members of the SMCs. The purpose of the observations was to observe the physical environments, the behaviours of schools as well as the general availability of resources. Document analysis was done in order to draw on the conclusions of the contents of the SMCs’ records of minutes, schools’ financial reports and progress reports. The researcher used different methods of data collection in order to find answers to the research questions and also to achieve the aims of the study. The researcher used both constant comparative method and content analysis to analyse data. The data was analysed and interpreted against the views of the participants and literature review. The study confirmed that in both of the SMCs, most of the principals generally had satisfactory working relationships with the chairpersons. The findings of this study revealed that even though the SMCs perform their roles and responsibilities as set out in the LEA of 1995, there are some broad challenges that church schools face that emanate from the social conversion factors such as social norms, culture and practices within church schools, and environmental conversion factors like geographical locations. The findings further revealed that lack of adequate resources such as classrooms and teachers hampered the teachers’ capability to deliver instruction in a normal way because they had to teach multi-grades. These were found to be the challenges that affected the principals’ freedoms and capabilities to use and convert resources into achievement. Furthermore, the study exposed fair decision-making regarding resource allocation by the SMCs. Principal were free to use school funds as long as they submit the financial reports to the SMCs at the end of the year. However, the conclusion drawn from document analysis showed that not all the schools under study submitted financial reports. The findings reflect that there are no transparent guarantees in some of the school regarding the control and use of school funds. The findings of this study have some implications and recommendations to the Ministry of Education and training, church schools, teachers and principals who wish to work in church schools. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education and Training should reconsider the representation of one principal for six schools in the SMCs by establishing the school management system that calls for one school management committee per school. The Ministry of Education and Training in partnership with churches should make efforts to delineate the appropriate roles of churches in the provision of education with regard to the local hiring system whereby the SMCs select teachers to be appointed in their schools. Teachers should be transferred to the schools where multi-grade teaching is still practised in order to rationalise distribution of teachers in church schools. Principals and teachers should make informed decisions when choosing the schools that they want to work at, especially if it is a church school. They should make sure that the church schools they choose to be appointed to shall serve their beliefs, not only to focus on salaries.
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LEKUNYA, KELEBONE. "Exploring the sub-national spatial and economic development impacts of the African growth and opportunity act (agoa) in Lesotho." Diss., University Of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58470.
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Rapid and sustainable economic growth and progressive social and spatial development through industrial development, has been a persistent challenge for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A commonly held “solution” to this challenge has been to provide access of manufactured goods from the SSA-region to the dynamic markets of the affluent North. This perceived wisdom led to the passing of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 by the 200th Congress of the United States of America. In this exploratory study, the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, with specific reference to the economic and spatial development outcomes of the Act in the country, is explored. The findings of the study reveal that the larger settlements where the AGOA-factories are located have shown little improvement, neither from an economic, nor from a spatial perspective. The same applied to villages to which AGOA factory workers sent their remittances. This was due to the meagreness of the remittances – a function of the low wages paid in the factories and the resulting limited disposable income to support small-scale businesses in these villages. While AGOA did result in the creation of tens of thousands of job opportunities for unskilled and semi-skilled Basotho youth, it did not provide them with portable skills for use after leaving the factory floor. AGOA was also not found to have motivated the youth or local entrepreneurs to tap into the manufacturing sector. On the spatial development side, a number of landlords in the larger settlements subdivided their land and built residential rental units for the factory workers. Some landlords also sold their land illegally and informally, resulting in haphazard land development. The research findings suggest that, while “trade and development boosting tools”, like AGOA, may be useful in providing term-based job opportunities for unskilled workforce, they will most likely not have as significant a positive impact on (1) the local economy, (2) the creation of an indigenous industrial class, or (3) the building of sustainable human settlements. Other supporting instruments, in addition to tools such as AGOA, will need to be developed locally, to achieve these goals. In addition to the research findings providing an insight into the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, they should also be of assistance to scholars and policy-makers working on the development of trade-driven tools in support of struggling regions.Dissertation (Masters)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Mandela Rhodes Foundation
Town and Regional Planning
MASTER OF TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (RESEARCH)
unrestricted
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Lekunya, Kelebone. "Exploring the sub-national spatial and economic development impacts of the African Growth and Opportunity Act 2000 (AGOA) in Lesotho." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61308.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid and sustainable economic growth and progressive social and spatial development through industrial development, has been a persistent challenge for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A commonly held "solution" to this challenge has been to provide access of manufactured goods from the SSA-region to the dynamic markets of the affluent North. This perceived wisdom led to the passing of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 by the 200th Congress of the United States of America. In this exploratory study, the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, with specific reference to the economic and spatial development outcomes of the Act in the country, is explored. The findings of the study reveal that the larger settlements where the AGOA-factories are located have shown little improvement, neither from an economic, nor from a spatial perspective. The same applied to villages to which AGOA factory workers sent their remittances. This was due to the meagreness of the remittances a function of the low wages paid in the factories and the resulting limited disposable income to support small-scale businesses in these villages. While AGOA did result in the creation of tens of thousands of job opportunities for unskilled and semi-skilled Basotho youth, it did not provide them with portable skills for use after leaving the factory floor. AGOA was also not found to have motivated the youth or local entrepreneurs to tap into the manufacturing sector. On the spatial development side, a number of landlords in the larger settlements subdivided their land and built residential rental units for the factory workers. Some landlords also sold their land illegally and informally, resulting in haphazard land development. The research findings suggest that, while "trade and development boosting tools", like AGOA, may be useful in providing term-based job opportunities for unskilled workforce, they will most likely not have as significant a positive impact on (1) the local economy, (2) the creation of an indigenous industrial class, or (3) the building of sustainable human settlements. Other supporting instruments, in addition to tools such as AGOA, will need to be developed locally, to achieve these goals. In addition to the research findings providing an insight into the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, they should also be of assistance to scholars and policy-makers working on the development of trade-driven tools in support of struggling regions.Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Town and Regional Planning
MTRP
Unrestricted
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Mohobane, Thabiso. "The Characteristics and Impacts of Landfill Leachate from Horotiu, New Zealand and Maseru, Lesotho: A Comparative Study." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20080214.163007/index.html.
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Tsoene, Litsabako Hilda. "An investigation into factors that are associated with low learners' performance in development studies (DS) as compared to geography performance at Cambridge Overseas School Certificate (COSC) in the Southern region of Lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5946.
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Molapo, Tšoarelo. "A comparative analysis of the protection of women's labour rights in the apparel industries of the Southern African Customs Union member states of South Africa and Lesotho, under the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9164.
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Includes bibliographical references.The introduction of the African Growth and Opportunity Act agreements between the Government of the United States of America and eligible Sub-Saharan countries has helped to highlight the shortcomings of labour laws in certain African states. These shortcomings are particularly evident in the textiles and clothing industries of these developing African countries. Provisions were created by the act for eligible African countries to export products duty free to American markets. One of the products exported by Africa states are textiles. This research aims to examine the shortcomings and benefits of labour laws of South Africa and Lesotho, two countries who have been granted access for their textile exports into the United States of America. An examination will also be done of the labour laws in China and Taiwan as predominant investors and owners in the apparel industries of South Africa and Lesotho where labour disputes have arisen between the Asian factory owners and local staff. The research indicates that irrespective of geographic location, garment workers’ labour rights are neglected the world over, (especially those of women) and that multinational corporations deliberately seek to subcontract garments from those countries with less labour regulation in order to source products cheaply.
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Mokhanya, Sello. "MT Moorosi's past and present : interpreting San rock art at MTM 1 site in the Quthing District of Lesotho." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6965.
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The most significant challenge facing rock art research in Lesotho is to provide meaning to San rock paintings that abound in the country. In the past rock art researchers in Lesotho appear to have focused on site identification and documentation. While there are many sites that needed to be interpreted, this challenge was made more difficult by the Euro-centric approach of many researchers. In the absence of reliable interpretive theories, the challenge of finding meaning in San rock paintings remains a forlorn hope. Drawing on San ethnography and neuropsychological research, approaches that have been demonstrated as useful interpretive tools in southern Africa, I take up this challenge of interpreting a San rock art site from Lesotho.
While concerned with one site known as MTM 1 in south-eastern Lesotho, in the Quthing District, I use an ethnographic approach and neuropsychological research as tools for understanding paintings at MTM 1. In using these two approaches to interpret rock paintings, it becomes evident that San rock art in this region can best be understood through the use of these approaches. This work, then contributes to the few efforts by previous researchers to interpret rock paintings in Lesotho.
Books on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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(Project), Imago Mundi, ed. Swaziland / Lesotho, the wonder of art: Contemporary artists from Swaziland / Lesotho. Italy: Fabrica, 2014.
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Jolly, Pieter. Two related rock art conservation/education projects in Lesotho: A final and an interim report. Maseru?: s.n., 2006.
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Land, Act Policy Seminar (1984 Quthing Lesotho). Proceedings: Lesotho Land Act Policy Seminar. Madison: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
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Franklin, Anita Shanta. Land law in Lesotho: The politics of the 1979 Land Act. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995.
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Mda, Zakes. Marotholi travelling theatre: The theatre for development project of the National University of Lesotho. Roma, Lesotho: Mazenod Institute, 1986.
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Mda, Zakes. Marotholi Travelling Theatre: The Theatre-for-Development Project of the National University of Lesotho. [Roma, Lesotho?]: The Project, 1990.
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Plug, Ina. Middle and Later Stone Age hunters and their prey in southern Africa. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.26.
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Identifications of animal remains from southern African Stone Age sites are complicated by the abundancy of taxa, skeletal differences, a wide variety of habitats, and the fragmented condition of most of the bone samples. Studies in osteomorphology and osteometry are essential. There are regional variations in species sizes combined with changes in bone sizes within and between taxa. Seasonality and animal migrations are demonstrated in the highlands of Lesotho and the semi-arid Karoo. Faunal studies of Sibudu and Bushman Rock Shelter show the contrast between two rock shelters that are geographically separated but overlap in occupation periods.
Book chapters on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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"Lesotho." In Aid for Trade at a Glance 2009, 211–12. OECD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264069022-57-en.
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"Lesotho." In Aid for Trade at a Glance 2011, 282–83. OECD, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/aid_glance-2011-59-en.
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"Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Lesotho." In Aid for Trade at a Glance 2019, 364–65. OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/1a560d5e-en.
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"Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for Lesotho." In Aid for Trade at a Glance 2013, 266–67. OECD, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/aid_glance-2013-52-en.
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Rantšo, Tšepiso Augustinus, and Khotso Ketsi. "The State and Community-Based Projects of Environmental Conservation in Promoting Mountain Ecotourism in Lesotho." In Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry, 245–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1302-6.ch014.
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Lesotho is divided into four ecological zones, the Highlands, the Foot Hills, the Senqu River Valley, and the Lowlands. Many people in these geographic areas are faced with poverty, unemployment, and other social problems. As a result, they exploit the natural environment for making a living. To conserve the endangered natural species and promote mountain ecotourism, the Lesotho Government established national parks and nature reserves. These state-owned national parks followed a top-down approach where the locals were not involved in the decision-making. Thus, these were subjected to vandalism from communities in the adjacent areas. Some locals have established botanical gardens to conserve environmental resources, thus promoting mountain ecotourism. The state, NGOs, and private entrepreneurs support community-based projects of environmental conservation and mountain ecotourism. While some of the destinations have resulted in establishment of communication networks, many places in the Highlands remain inaccessible and thus negatively impact mountain ecotourism.
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Ntuli, Esther, Arnold Nyarambi, Joachim Jack Agamba, and Victor Ntuli. "Globalization and Teacher Education." In Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Next-Generation Teacher Education, 313–30. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9948-9.ch018.
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This chapter examines the challenges to 21st century content preparation and pedagogy from the perspective of teaching professionals from different African countries: Cameroon, Ghana, South Africa, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Specifically, the chapter explores the views and experiences of the participants during and after teacher preparation programs. Findings reveal common challenges, specific 21st century skills that are overlooked, and those not yet fully integrated in teacher preparation programs. The chapter offers suggestions for improvement based on the views of participants, research-based literature review, and best practices in teacher preparation programs.
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DiClemente, R. J., R. A. Crosby, and J. P. Sims. "Global Burden of HIV/AIDS." In Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention, 1–12. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675486.003.0001.
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Beginning with the observation that AIDS has a tendency to invade subpopulations within a nation that are the most marginalized, this chapter provides case examples of the epidemic within five different nations. Specifically, the authors discuss Lesotho, the United Kingdom, Thailand, Ukraine, and India. The chapter characterizes the vast differences that exist across the national HIV epidemics that comprise the AIDS pandemic. The authors examine specific vulnerable populations, such as sex workers, intravenous drug users, transgendered people, and men who have sex with other men. They also discuss the role of social conditions and social norms, such as women’s rights, not only in the spread of but also the treatment of HIV.
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Morolong, Bantu Lulu K. "Reflections From Inside the World of Empowered Women." In Socio-Economic Development, 1389–407. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1.ch071.
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Poverty is one of the most critical problems facing developing regions. In Lesotho, poverty is more deeply entrenched in the rural areas and closely linked to severe degradation of land on which rural livelihoods depend. Landlessness affects Basotho women more adversely than men who have better employment opportunities as mine labour migrants in South Africa. This chapter therefore, presents the case of Thota-ea-Moli Multi-Purpose Cooperative as a response to further threats of poverty to a community that lost its land to a government project. The chapter maps the historical trends of Basotho women's empowerment and their pivotal role in development and poverty alleviation through cooperatives. Having outlined the project design and implementation processes, its achievements and challenges are highlighted and their impact on Thota-ea-Moli women's economic and socio cultural empowerment. Future trends that hold promise for women's further empowerment are also presented.
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Mafube, Makatleho Amelia, and Segomotso Masegonyana Keakopa. "Customer Services at the Library Archives of the National University of Lesotho." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 62–76. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7429-3.ch004.
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This chapter provides an assessment of customer services at the Library Archives of the National University of Lesotho (NUL). It set to find out whether the services delivered to customers in the archives meet customers' information needs. The population of this study were students, archivists, administrators, lecturer/researchers, the public and NUL Library management. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches in the case study design and collected data using questionnaires, interviews, observations and document analysis. From the data analysis, the study has revealed that customers using the Archives at NUL are not fully satisfied with the services offered. It has also emerged that there were no archive policies in place relating to creation, distribution, maintenance and access. It has been observed that there were inadequate and inappropriate facilities necessary to provide quality services at NUL Archives Unit. At the end it is recommended that archives policies that will guide in effective and efficient service delivery in the organisation be developed.
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Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "South Africa." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0049.
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The Republic of South Africa, known as South Africa, occupies the most southern tip of Africa with a coastline stretching from the border of Namibia on the Atlantic Ocean (south-west coast) of Africa, down to the tip of Africa and then north along the south-east coast to the border of Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. South Africa is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), and Mozambique and surrounds the small landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho in the east-central region of South Africa. The total area of South Africa is approximately 1.22 million square kilometres (km), with a population of an estimated 58.78 million (2019). The country is divided into nine provinces, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Free State, Kwa-Zulu Natal, Northwest, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo. Gauteng Province is the most densely populated province with approximately 809.6 people per square kilometre, Kwa-Zulu Natal being the second most densely populated at 120.7 people per square kilometre, with Western and Eastern Cape following substantially behind at 59.1 and 51.1 people per kilometres respectively. There are three capitals in South Africa: Pretoria in the Gauteng province (administrative), Cape Town in the Western Cape (Legislative), and Bloemfontein in the Free State (Judicial). The
Conference papers on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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Lethole, Lieketseng, June Palmer, and Edwin de Klerk. "EXPLORING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TEACHER LEADERSHIP IN LESOTHO HIGH SCHOOLS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end133.
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Whilst teacher leadership is an evolving concept with a potential that has yet to be realized, the fostering of teachers’ leadership growth remains a sustainability element in education worldwide. Teacher leadership for sustainability indicates a fresh and extended consideration of leadership emphasising sustainability principles and providing leadership that transforms the school environment while engaging in collaborative efforts to do so. Located in the interpretive paradigm, this qualitative study sought to elicit the views of Heads of department (HoDs) and District Education Managers (DEMs) in Lesotho high schools to explore the views they consider most relevant in developing teacher leadership skills to ensure leadership succession as sustainable practice. The findings reveal that to achieve sustainable teacher leadership, there is a need to withdraw from a top-down hierarchical model of leadership towards more flexible, transformative, and empowering approaches to leadership. Furthermore, in order to maintain sustainable teacher leadership, HoDs and DEMs must be innovative in providing reflective plans for professional development that can sustain teachers throughout their careers and foster learning environments that are healthy for teachers, learners, and the school. The study recommends that school leaders should mobilise the leadership expertise of teachers in their schools in order to create more chances for transformation and capacity building. Sustainable teacher leadership can help bring about great improvements in a school, including extending the scope of leadership beyond what the HoDs and DEMs cannot achieve alone, and building their relationship capacity to become collaborative change agents.
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Zengeya, Theressa Madzingesu, Gregory Alexander, and Desiree Pearl Larey. "CONSIDERATIONS OF TALENT MANAGEMENT IN RETENTION OF ACADEMICS IN THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end127.
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The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of talent management practices at the National University of Lesotho in the retention of talented academics. The university has immense competition within the local, regional and international labour market. It isthreatened by high mobility and low retention of highly qualified staff, which has affected the quality of learning, especially postgraduate programmes. The study employed Bourdieu’s social theory and Adam’s theory of equity as a theoretical lens to understand talent management practices to retain talented academics. Bourdieu’s theory was used to offer insight on the various forms of capital, and how the capitals could be instrumental in the design and implementation of talent management practices in order to increase retention of talent in universities. In this study ‘talent’ is used to refer to holders of doctorates, associate professors and professors or researchers of new information and theories and inventors of new technology with great potential to make a significant impact on the university’s productivity. A literature review was undertaken to examine how the social theory of Bourdieu, particularly the conversion of different kinds of capital (symbolic capital) are used by the university to recognise the value of talented academics in order to retain these academics. Following a qualitative methodology and purposive sampling, data was generated through semi-structured interviews and document analysis to advance a critical and interpretive understanding of the perspectives of talent management from both management and talented academics in the university. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise the data. The data from fourteen (14) participants composed of management and academics revealed that, though the university is implementing talent management practices, it does not have an official and structured talent management program, which is imperative in retaining academics. This study concludes by advocating the design and implementation of a formal, contextual and structured talent management framework, in consultation with all key stakeholders, in order to increase retention of talent academics in the National University of Lesotho.
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Orosz, Matthew S., and Amy V. Mueller. "Dynamic Simulation of Performance and Cost of Hybrid PV-CSP-LPG Generator Micro Grids With Applications to Remote Communities in Developing Countries." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49513.
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Energy infrastructure in rural areas of developing countries is currently deployed on an ad-hoc basis via grid extension, public and private sector solar home system (SHS) service using photovoltaic (PV) panels, and community distributed generation systems, also called mini or micro grids. Universal access to energy is increasingly pursued as a policy objective via e.g. the U.N. Millennium Develop Goals (MDG), Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All), and U.S. Power Africa initiatives. Rational allocation of energy infrastructure for 1.6b people currently lacking access requires a screening process to determine the economic break-even distance and consumer connection density favoring topologically diverse energy technology approaches. Previous efforts have developed approaches to determine grid-connection break-even distances, but work on micro-grid and SHS break-even distance and density is limited. The present work develops an open access modeling platform with the ability to simulate various configurations of PV, Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), and fueled generator backup systems with exhaust waste heat recovery. Battery and thermal storage options are examined, and typical meteorological year (TMY) data is combined with probabilistic and empirical load curve data to represent the appropriate physical dynamics. Power flow control strategy and infrastructure is optimized for a minimum tariff (USD/kWh) for cost recovery. Cost functions derived from manufacturers’ data enable performance and economic assessment for a case study micro grid in Lesotho.
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Klutse, Senanu Kwasi. "The problem of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa." In The Challenges of Analyzing Social and Economic Processes in the 21st Century. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/casep21c.9.
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A wide range of policy-related variables have a persistent influence on economic growth. This has consistently maintained the interest of economists on the determinants of economic growth over the years. There is consensus however that for countries to grow sustainably, a lot of stall must be placed on higher savings rate as this makes it easy for such countries to grow faster because they endogenously allocate more resources to inventive activities. Due to data difficulties in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) it is nearly impossible for one to consider important variables such as accumulation of knowledge and human capital when analysing growth sustainability. Studying four lower middle-income countries in SSA – Ghana, Republic of Congo, Kenya and Lesotho – this study tests the hypothesis of sustainable growth by using a Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) model to examine the relationship between savings, investment, budget deficit and the growth variable. The results showed that savings had a significant but negative relationship with the GDP per capita (PPP). A Granger Causality test conducted showed that savings does not granger cause GDP per capita (PPP), the HDI index, deficit and investment. This leads to the conclusion that growth in these countries are not sustainable. The study recommends that policy makers focus on the savings variable if these countries will want to achieve sustainable growth.
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Boyle, Paul M., and Brent C. Houchens. "Hands-On Water Purification Experiments Using the Adaptive WaTER Laboratory for Undergraduate Education and K-12 Outreach." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55108.
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A bench-top educational system, the Adaptive Water Treatment for Education and Research (WaTER) Laboratory, has been developed as part of a year-long capstone design project. The Adaptive WaTER Lab teaches students about the effectiveness of various water purification techniques. Stackable housings employ six different filtration and purification methods including: sediment filtration, carbon filtration, chemical disinfection, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and ultraviolet light disinfection. Filtration pressure is supplied by a hand or foot pump, and two rechargeable batteries are required for the UV sterilization unit. The advantages and limitations of each technique are investigated, with learning performance criteria measured by knowledge of: material costs, contaminant removal or neutralization capabilities (from large sediment to bacteria and viruses to chemicals), robustness and longevity, and power requirements and efficiencies. Finally, suitable combinations of treatment techniques are studied for specific contamination issues, with the ultimate goal of producing potable water. The importance of sustainable water use is also discussed. Background information and suggested experiments are introduced through accompanying educational packets. This system has had a successful impact on undergraduate education. The metrics of success include a published journal article, an awarded EPA P3 educational grant and a pending patent for the undergraduates involved in the development of the Lab. Other undergraduates are currently involved in a design for manufacturability study. Finally, the Lab has served as a demonstration tool in a new interdisciplinary engineering course “Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development.” The Adaptive WaTER Lab has also been used in hands-on outreach to over 300 underrepresented K-12 students in the Houston area. Two high school students borrowed the original prototype of the Lab to use in an Earth Day demonstration, and one student recently worked on an individual project using the Lab. Because the Lab is portable and requires only human and solar power (to recharge the batteries via a solar backpack), it is also ideal for educational efforts in developing nations. Labs are currently being produced for outreach and donation via three international projects to install water purification systems and/or educational Labs in schools and clinics in Mexico, Lesotho and Swaziland, in collaboration with the Beyond Traditional Borders and Rice 360 health initiatives.
Reports on the topic "Art, Lesotho"
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Orrnert, Anna. Review of National Social Protection Strategies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.026.
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This helpdesk report reviews ten national social protection strategies (published between 2011-2019) in order to map their content, scope, development processes and measures of success. Each strategy was strongly shaped by its local context (e.g. how social development was defined, development priorities and existing capacity and resources) but there were also many observed similarities (e.g. shared values, visions for social protection). The search focused on identifying strategies with a strong social assistance remit from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub-Sarahan African and South and South-East Asian regions1 (Latin America was deemed out of scope due the advanced nature of social protection there). Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa are most widely available. Few examples are available from the MENA region2 – it may be that such strategies do not currently exist, that potential strategy development process are in more nascent stages or that those strategies that do exist are not accessible in English. A limitation of this review is that it has not been able to review strategies in other languages. The strategies reviewed in this report are from Bangladesh (2015), Cambodia (2011), Ethiopia (2012), Jordan (2019), Kenya (2011), Lesotho (2014), Liberia (2013), Rwanda (2011), Uganda (2015) and Zambia (2014). The content of this report focuses primarily on the information from these strategies. Where appropriate, it also includes information from secondary sources about other strategies where those original strategies could not be found (e.g. Saudi Arabia’s NSDS).
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.