Journal articles: 'Art, Namibian'

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Vu, Lung, Brady Burnett-Zieman, Lizl Stoman, Minh Luu, Johnface Mdala, Krista Granger, Steven Forsythe, Abeje Zegeye, and Scott Geibel. "Effects of the implementation of the HIV Treat All guidelines on key ART treatment outcomes in Namibia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0243749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243749.

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Background This study aimed to help the Namibian government understand the impact of Treat All implementation (started on April 1, 2017) on key antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes, and how this transition impacts progress toward the UNAIDS’s 90-90-90 HIV targets. Methods We collected clinical records from two separate cohorts (before and after treat-all) of ART patients in 10 high- and medium-volume facilities in 6 northern Namibia districts. Each cohort contains 12-month data on patients’ scheduled appointments and visits, health status, and viral load results. We also measured patients’ wait time and perceptions of service quality using exit interviews with 300 randomly selected patients (per round). We compared ART outcomes of the two cohorts: ART initiation within 7 days from diagnosis, loss to follow-up (LTFU), missed scheduled appointments for at least 30 days, and viral suppression using unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Results Among new ART clients (on ART for less than 3 months or had not yet initiated treatment as of the start date for the ART record review period), rapid ART initiation (within 7 days from diagnosis) was 5.2 times higher after Treat All than that among clients assessed before the policy took effect [AOR: 5.2 (3.8–6.9)]. However, LTFU was higher after Treat All roll-out compared to before Treat All [AOR: 1.9 (1.3–2.8)]. Established ART clients (on ART treatment for at least three months at the start date of the ART record review period) had over 3 times greater odds of achieving viral suppression after Treat All roll-out compared to established ART clients assessed before Treat All [AOR: 3.1 (1.6–5.9)]. Conclusions and recommendations The findings indicate positive effect of the “Treat All” implementation on ART initiation and viral suppression, and negative effect on LTFU. Additionally, by April 2018, Namibia seems to have reached the UNAIDS’s 90-90-90 targets.

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Shigwedha, Vilho Amukwaya. "The homecoming of Ovaherero and Nama skulls." Human Remains and Violence: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 2 (2018): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/hrv.4.2.5.

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In October 2011, twenty skulls of the Herero and Nama people were repatriated from Germany to Namibia. So far, fifty-five skulls and two human skeletons have been repatriated to Namibia and preparations for the return of more skulls from Germany were at an advanced stage at the time of writing this article. Nonetheless, the skulls and skeletons that were returned from Germany in the past have been disappointingly laden with complexities and politics, to such an extent that they have not yet been handed over to their respective communities for mourning and burials. In this context, this article seeks to investigate the practice of ‘anonymising’ the presence of human remains in society by exploring the art and politics of the Namibian state’s memory production and sanctioning in enforcing restrictions on the affected communities not to perform, as they wish, their cultural and ritual practices for the remains of their ancestors.

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Beyers, Jaco, and Lize Kriel. "John Muafangejo’s How God Loves His People All Over the World as Material Religion." Religion and the Arts 24, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02404002.

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Abstract The artworks produced at the Evangelical Lutheran Church Art and Craft Centre at Rorke’s Drift, KwaZulu-Natal, have been highly appraised and appreciated in South African art-historical circles, not in the least so as African expressions of postcolonial and anti-apartheid resistance. The work of Namibian artist John Muafangejo (1943–1987) is prominent amongst these. In this article, while borrowing generously from the methods of art historical research, our interest is primarily in works of art as objects of material religion. Erwin Panofsky introduced iconology as a way of determining the meaning of art. Iconology wants to enable the seeing of the unseen; seeing the transcendence—making it most applicable to the study of religion as a cultural practice. This article investigates in a critical way how iconology can assist in the study of material religion, especially as applied to the study of religious art. Because meaning is contextual, the conditions under which religious objects are made and interpreted are as important as the work itself. A discussion of a specific work by John Muafangejo originating from the Rorke’s Drift Centre will be conducted by testing the potential of iconology as an analytical tool in this African Christian environment.

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Botes, Anri. "The History of Labour Hire in Namibia: A Lesson for South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i1a2320.

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Labour hire, the practice of hiring out employees to clients by a labour broker, has been a part of Namibia’s history since the early 1900s in the form of the contract labour system. This form of employment was characterized by inhumanity and unfair labour practices. These employees were subjected to harsh working conditions, inhumane living conditions and influx control. The contract labour system continued until 1977, when it was abolished by the General Law Amendment Proclamation of 1977. It was during the 1990s that the hiring out of employees returned in the form of labour hire. It continued in this form without being regulated until it was banned in the Namibian Labour Act of 2007. In 2009 Africa Personnel Services, Namibia’s largest labour broker, brought a case before the court against the Namibian Government in an attempt to have the ban nullified on grounds of unconstitutionality. It argued that the ban infringed on its right to carry on any trade or business of its choice as contained in section 21(1)(j) of the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. APS triumphed. It was not until April 2012 that new legislation was promulgated in order to officially lift the ban and to regulate labour hire in its current form. This new legislation came into force in August 2012. Various very important provisions are contained in the Labour Amendment Act 2 of 2012 concerning labour brokers. Part IV of the Employment Services Act 8 of 2011, containing provisions for the regulation of labour brokers as juristic persons per se, was also introduced and came into force in September 2012. The aim of this note is to serve as a lesson to the South African government as to what could happen if labour brokers continue without legislation properly addressing the pitfalls associated with labour brokers. Also, it could serve as an example as to how the employees of a labour broker should be protected. In this regard the history of labour hire and the current strides in Namibia cannot be ignored.

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Dunaiski and Denning. "Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030075.

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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.

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Chinsembu, Wana W., and Kazhila C. Chinsembu. "‘Poisoned Chalice’: Law on Access to Biological and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge in Namibia." Resources 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9070083.

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Many countries in Africa provide ethnobiological resources (more especially ethnomedicinal plants), which are converted by companies and users from developed countries into biopharmaceutical products without any monetary benefits to the countries of origin. To mitigate the lack of benefits, African countries are beginning to enact access and benefit-sharing (ABS) legislation, though their wheels turn very slowly. Since many African ABS laws have not been appraised for their feasibility, this paper presents a contextual analysis of Namibia’s new ABS law: The Access to Biological and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge Act No. 2 of 27 June 2017. Even if several international conventions on ABS and local institutional structures guided the evolution of the 2017 Act, the main drivers for the enactment of the ABS legislation in Namibia are: Inequitable sharing of monetary benefits from the green economy, putative, but unproven cases of biopiracy, and political power contestations over ethnobiological resources. A critical analysis of important challenges faced by Namibia’s new ABS law include: Lack of adequate participatory consultations and technical capacity at the local level, discount of the non-commodity cultural value of TK, ambiguous and narrow definition of the term ‘community’, lack of a clause on confidentiality, and assertions that the new ABS law negatively impacts research in Namibian universities and botanic gardens. In contrast to South Africa’s ABS law, Namibia’s law is more onerous because it does not differentiate between commercial and non-commercial research.

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Shafuda, Christopher P. P., Rainer Lenz, and Matthew Mirecki. "Corporate Governance of SOEs and Compliance With the SOE Governance Act in Namibia: A Survey." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i4.17251.

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This paper assessed the practices and standards of Corporate Governance for SOEs in Namibia. The results revealed that the state of the SOEs Corporate Governance system in Namibia is weak. SOEs are nearly uncontrolled and unmonitored regarding their Corporate Governance. Although the Government spends roughly half the size of its annual development budget on funding SOEs, it is not controlling the performance of its investments. The Namibian system of Corporate Governance is a decentralised model and relies almost solely on the Line Ministries to ensure compliance. However, the majority of Line Ministries are not executing their assigned ownership power. Most Line Ministries do not establish extra units or divisions for SOE monitoring, and instead, delegate the task of monitoring performance to staff across different divisions.

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Kjaeret, Kristin, and Kristian Stokke. "Rehoboth Baster, Namibian or Namibian Baster? An analysis of national discourses in Rehoboth, Namibia*." Nations and Nationalism 9, no. 4 (October 2003): 579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00128.

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Durojaye, Ebenezer. "Involuntary Sterilisation as a Form of Violence against Women in Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 5 (June 29, 2017): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617714637.

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This article examines the meaning and nature of sterilisation. It equally discusses the historical context of involuntary sterilisation and its likely human rights implications. More importantly, it discusses the decision of the Namibian Supreme Court in Government of Namibia v LM and argues that the court fails to consider involuntary sterilisation as a form of human rights violation, particularly violence against women. The article contends that given the attendant mental, physical and emotional trauma a woman may suffer upon undergoing forced sterilisation, this would amount to an act of violence against women as recognised under international human rights law.

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Arzt, Clemens. "Preventive Powers of Police in Namibia – A Rights-Based Approach." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 52, no. 4 (2019): 504–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2019-4-504.

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Namibia gained independence and ended the rule of apartheid only in 1990. It is often lauded as a model of human rights-based countries in Africa. Immediately after independence, the country introduced a distinctly rights-based Constitution with a broad Bill of Rights and also promptly laid the base for a modern police by enacting the Police Act of 1990. In that framework the Namibian Police are endowed with a broad set of ‘police powers’, i.e. means or measures of the police like questioning, arrest, search and seizure etc. ‘Preventive’ powers as a legally distinctive feature refers to law and order policing and prevention of crime, both clearly to be distinguished from investigation of criminal offences. Standards of human and fundamental rights protection developed under criminal procedure law are not directly applicable when it comes to the broad field of “preventive” powers of police. Subsequently these powers often lack a clear cut notional and legal concept, resulting in a deficit of predictability and delimitations despite of a rights based approach in the Constitution and the Police Act in general.

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Bollig, Michael, and Hauke-Peter Vehrs. "The making of a conservation landscape: the emergence of a conservationist environmental infrastructure along the Kwando River in Namibia's Zambezi region." Africa 91, no. 2 (February 2021): 270–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000061.

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AbstractThe Kwando Basin of north-eastern Namibia is firmly embedded in current national and international conservation agendas. It is a key part of the world's largest transboundary conservation area, the Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area, and the home of seven community-based conservation areas (conservancies) and three smaller national parks (Mudumu, Nkasa Rupara and Bwabwata). While conservation agendas often start from the assumption that an authentic part of African nature is conserved as an assemblage of biota that has not been gravely impacted by subsistence agriculture, colonialism and global value chains, we show that environmental infrastructure along the Namibian side of the Kwando Valley has been shaped by the impact of administrative measures and the gradual decoupling of humans and wildlife in a vast wetland. The way towards today's conservation landscape was marked and marred by the enforced reordering of human–environment relations; clearing the riverine core wetlands of human habitation and concentrating communities in narrowly defined settlement zones; the suppression of specific, wetland-adapted subsistence practices; and the elimination of unwanted microbes with the help of insecticides. The interventions in the ecosystem and the construction of an environmental infrastructure have created a unique conservation landscape in the Namibian Zambezi region, which provides the foundation for its popularity and success.

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Gordon, Rob. "Not Quite Cricket: “Civilization on Trial in South Africa”: A Note on the First “Protest Film” Made in Southern Africa." History in Africa 32 (2005): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0009.

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Michael Scott, the long-term Gandhi-esque opponent of the South African government, was a man of many talents and one of his ignored skills was using a cine-camera. Between 1946 and 1948 as he worked in Tobruk squatter settlement near Johannesburg and environs and traveled to Namibia, in addition to his powerful writing, he also filmed scenes he encountered. The purpose of this note is to share the delight of viewing “Civilization on Trial in South Africa.” It is, as far as I can ascertain, the first “protest” film made in South Africa, yet is not mentioned in the standard histories of film in southern Africa (Cancel 2004, Davis, 1996, Botha/van Aswegen 1992, Tomaselli 1988). While working on another project I fortuitously came across a copy in the Smithsonian Film Archives that I had copied and have deposited in the Namibian Archives.The Smithsonian catalog dates this 24-minute edited black and white film to ca. 1950, and believes that it was shot between 1946 and 1952, prior to the implementation of the Group Areas Act, although it seems likely that shooting was completed earlier, before Scott was declared a Prohibited Immigrant in the late 1940s. Certainly, reading the documents on Scott's travels to Namibia, it seems likely that portions of his film was shot before 1948. In his autobiography, A Time to Speak, Scott mentioned showing the film in 1949 (Scott 1958:248). The Smithsonian obtained the film from the late Colin Turnbull, an Oxford educated Africanist anthropologist (J. Homiak, personal comment).

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Saunders, Chris. "Namibian Solidarity: British Support for Namibian Independence." Journal of Southern African Studies 35, no. 2 (June 2009): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070902919967.

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Shikongo, A., A. Shikongo, O. Kakujaha-Matundu, and T. Kaulihowa. "Revenue Productivity of the Tax System in Namibia: Tax Buoyancy Estimation Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 11, no. 2(J) (May 13, 2019): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i2(j).2826.

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Buoyancy refers to how tax revenue responds to a gross domestic product without correcting for discretionary alterations in the tax system. The paper assessed the buoyancy of Namibiaâ€™s overall tax system in an attempt to measure the response of the tax system in entirety because of fluctuations in the national income and/or the deliberate act by the government to increase tax rate, reviewed tax code and tax machinery etc. The study employed the Engle-Granger approach to the error correction model to estimate the tax buoyancy for the period 2001 to 2014. The empirical findings from the study revealed that overall the Namibian tax system is income inelastic and not buoyant. This is confirmed by a low and negative value of 0.036 which is less than unit. Thus, the economy is not generating sufficient revenue both through discretionary tax measure and through the expansion in the economic activities. Therefore, the government need to introduce measures that will allow for more tax revenue collection to have a stable revenue base. This also means the government need to keep track of tax mobilization with growth in the gross domestic product as well as to ascertain taxes that are productive.

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Meyer, Helen. "Educational Partnerships and Democratic Education in Namibia." Africa Today 49, no. 4 (December 2002): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2002.49.4.112.

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Lindeke, William. "BOOK REVIEW: Naldi, Gino J. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN NAMIBIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS. Ndabeni, South Africa: Juta and Co. 1995. and Dobell, Lauren. SWAPO'S STRUGGLE FOR NAMIBIA, 1960-1991: WAR BY OTHER MEANS. BASEL NAMIBIA STUDIES SERIES. and Forrest, Joshua Bernard. NAMIBIA'S POST-APARTHEID REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS: THE FOUNDING YEAR." Africa Today 46, no. 3-4 (July 1999): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.1999.46.3-4.236.

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Taffa, Negussie, Clay Roscoe, Souleymane Sawadogo, Michael De Klerk, Andrew L. Baughman, Adam Wolkon, Nicholus Mutenda, et al. "Pretreatment HIV drug resistance among adults initiating ART in Namibia." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73, no. 11 (August 20, 2018): 3137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky278.

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Amakali, Justina Meluwa Latenda. "Persuasive speech acts in the Namibian National Assembly." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 7, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 1205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v7i2.5156.

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This paper examined the speech acts used by Namibian Members of Parliament (MPs) during parliamentary proceedings. The main aim of this paper was to explain speech acts and show their intended persuasive effects in parliamentary discourse. Austin (1962) introduced three types of speech acts, locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. The paper attempted to critically demonstrate how MPs use persuasion strategies in their debates. These speech acts were uttered through assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives, as classified by Searle (1969). A qualitative approach was used in this paper whereby the Hansard were used to collect data. A purposeful sampling focusing on some MPs was used. This paper was guided by two theories, Austins Speech Act Theory and Aristotles Theory of Rhetoric. The need to apply rhetorical skills in debates is widely advocated for. Although not all members of parliament have a wide knowledge of rhetoric, acquiring and employing skills on rhetoric are prominent aspects of parliamentary debates. The findings of the paper revealed that members of parliament have the potential to use a variety of persuasive strategies in their speech acts by means of some rhetorical devices. It was concluded that most MPs deliberately make use of these speech acts as a persuasive mechanism in their discourse. Being the first study in parliamentary discourse in Namibia with regards to rhetoric, it is considered to be unique and adds value in the field of linguistics. It also serves as a pioneering research to researchers in political rhetoric.

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Ddamulira Mujuzi, Jamil. "The Namibian Combating of Domestic Violence Act in Practice." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 29, no. 2 (June 6, 2015): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebv004.

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George Barrie. "The Concept of “Indigenous Land Tenure” Surfaces in Namibia: A Comparative Overview ‒ Agnes Kahimbi Kashela v Katima Mulilo Town Council (SA 15/2017) [2018] NASC 409 (16 November 2018)." Obiter 42, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i1.11065.

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The facts in this case, which fell to be decided by the Supreme Court of Namibia in November 2018, can be succinctly put: in 1985, Ms Kashela’s late father was allocated a piece of land as part of communal land by the Mafwe Traditional Authority (MTA) in the Caprivi region of the then-South West Africa (now Namibia). In 1985, the Caprivi region fell under the then-South West Africa Administration. Following the independence of Namibia on 21 March 1990, all communal lands became property of the state of Namibia by virtue of section 124 of the Constitution of Namibia Act 1 of 1990, read with Schedule 5 of the Constitution. Paragraph (3) of Schedule 5 of the Constitution states that the afore-mentioned communal lands became property of the state “subject to any existing right, charge, obligation or trust existing on or over such property”.

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Iyamu, Tiko, and Suama Hamunyela. "An ANT Analysis of Healthcare Services for the Nomadic Patients of Namibia." International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation 6, no. 1 (January 2014): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijantti.2014010104.

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Patients seek attention and treatments to various types of diseases and symptoms. Diseases infection and symptoms are often not predictive. Normally, there is a spread and movement of people across the geographical locations, of both the rural and urban communities, in countries including Namibia. As such, healthcare could be needed at any location, and at any time. There is significant mobility of individuals and groups within a country. Unfortunately, the healthcare services are not always as mobile at the level and speed that individuals and groups does in Namibia. Hence, there is need for the mobility of healthcare services at both primary and secondary healthcare levels, particularly in the developing countries, such as Namibia. The population of Namibia is scantly spread among its towns and cities. The major towns and cities are situated, in the average of 175km far apart from each other, in the country's 825, 418km square landscape. The spread necessitates movements of individuals and groups, particularly the old, poor, and nomadic people. Unfortunately, healthcare records in the country are not centralised and virtualised, making accessibility into patients' records difficult or impossible, from any location. As a result, healthcare service delivering is challenged. This study therefore explored and examined the possibility of mobility of healthcare services to those who live in the country. The study employed the qualitative research method, within which data was gathered from primary healthcare service providers, using open-ended questionnaires. The Moments of Translation from the perspective of actor-network theory (ANT) was used as a lens in the analysis of the data, to examine and understand the power and factors, which influences mobility of healthcare service in Namibia. Categorisation of Patients, Response Time, Understanding the Actors, Actors' participatory to service delivery, and Actors' Alliance were found to be the influencing factors in the provision of mobility of healthcare services.

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Beck, Anke. "Elizabeth M. Amukugo, Education and Politics in Namibia: past trends and future prospects. Windhoek: New Namibian Books, 1993, 227 pp., 38.35 rands." Africa 64, no. 4 (October 1994): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161390.

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Koch, Frank. "Eine neue Sclerogibbiden-Gattung und -Art aus Namibia (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Sclerogibbidae)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (neue Folge) 42, no. 1 (March 3, 1995): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810420105.

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Koch, Frank. "Eine neue Sclerogibbiden-Gattung und -Art aus Namibia (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Sclerogibbidae)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 42, no. 1 (April 22, 2008): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19950420105.

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Matongo, Beauty. "Management of audio-visual records at the National Archives of Namibia." ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives 39, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/esarjo.v39i1.8.

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The study sought to determine the role that the National Archives of Namibia plays in the management of audio visuals in an attempt to curtail the deterioration of audio-visual archives which are kept in various organisations, some of which are unknown to the National Archives of Namibia. A qualitative method was applied in the study. The case study used the interpretive paradigm which enabled the researcher to triangulate the data collection instruments. Interviews, questionnaires and observation checklists were used to collect data. Content analysis was carried out to analyse data from interviews, document review and the observations. While Excel software provided descriptive statistics on graphs. The results indicated that AV materials were created and stored by various organisations, including the National Archives of Namibia, which oversees the management of all records. The Archives Act (Act 12 of 1992), section 4(1), gives a mandate to the National Archives of Namibia for control over records and archives of all formats in government offices, offices of local authorities and statutory institutions. Nonetheless, there are instances where AV materials are not deposited or stored in appropriate conditions. It is also apparent that different cataloguing and classification systems are used by different organisations. It is clear that most of the organisations manage AV materials in the same way as paper formats records. There is also an inadequately skilled workforce who were given a responsibility to manage AV materials. The study was limited to the Khomas region. Since there are 14 regions in Namibia, the findings cannot be generalized to other regions. Future studies should cover other regions. The results point to the need for the National Archives of Namibia to adopt an integrated approach to the management of AV records. This will require the NAN to work in cooperation with public sector institutions and empower them to preserve AV materials while, at the same time, they continue to deposit copies with the National Archives of Namibia. Unlike previous studies on management of audio visual archives in Namibia, this study included other organisations. The results give a clear picture of the role the National Archives plays in the management of audio visual records and archives.

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M. Kandemiri, Coletta, Nelson Mlambo, and Juliet S. Pasi. "Literary reconstructions of the 1904-1908 Herero Nama conflict in Namibia." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2020/v1n3a1.

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At the beginning of the 20th century (1904-1908), a genocide took place where Herero and Nama people of the then German South West Africa (present day Namibia) were nearly completely decimated by German soldiers. Through the selected factional novels, Parts Unknown (2018) by Zirk Van Den Burg, The Lie of the Land (2017) David Jasper Utley, The Weeping Graves of Our Ancestors (2017) by Rukee Tjingaete, The Scattering (2016) by Lauri Kubuitsile, and Mama Namibia (2013) by Mari Serebrov, this article explores the literary reconstruction of this Herero Nama conflict of 1904 to 1908 with German as the aggressor. The paper considers the pragmatic disposition of the Herero Nama conflict with the Germans as presented from a fictional perspective (faction) and how it is relevant to the reconstruction of the Herero Nama history. Additionally, there are various art forms that specify new modes of expression for the reconstruction of the same historical event and this paper pays attention to some of these forms as presented in the selected texts. Through the analysis, it was found that the selected historical novels recreate the same event but from different angles yet several incidents emerging in the novels relate to the historical reality that is now reenacted through art. Through the analysis of the historical novels, the researchers also found that there seems to be a thin line between the imaginative literary works and the historical events that took place. Lastly, the selected novels demonstrate literature’s immediacy to recreate some critical arguments that are still unsolved even in present day Namibia about the general welfare of the people with the problems that are still linked to the nation’s history.

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Hans, Linea, Steven Y. Hong, Laimi S. N. Ashipala, Leonard Bikinesi, Ndapewa Hamunime, Jacques W. N. Kamangu, Eliphas J. Hatutale, and Eric J. Dziuban. "Maintaining ART services during COVID-19 border closures: lessons learned in Namibia." Lancet HIV 8, no. 1 (January 2021): e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30334-9.

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Agabu, Andrew, Andrew L. Baughman, Christa Fischer-Walker, Michael de Klerk, Nicholus Mutenda, Francina Rusberg, Dorothea Diergaardt, et al. "National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0233341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233341.

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Background Namibia introduced the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (MTCT) program in 2002 and lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women (option B-plus) in 2013. We sought to quantify MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Methods During Aug 2014-Feb 2015, we recruited a nationally representative sample of 1040 pairs of mother and infant aged 4–12 weeks at routine immunizations in 60 public health clinics using two stage sampling approach. Of these, 864 HIV exposed infants had DNA-PCR HIV test results available. We defined an HIV exposed infant if born to an HIV-positive mother with documented status or diagnosed at enrollment using rapid HIV tests. Dried Blood Spots samples from HIV exposed infants were tested for HIV. Interview data and laboratory results were collected on smartphones and uploaded to a central database. We measured MTCT prevalence at 4–12 weeks post-delivery and evaluated associations between infant HIV infection and maternal and infant characteristics including maternal treatment and infant prophylaxis. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design. Results Based on the 864 HIV exposed infants with test results available, nationally weighted early MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery was 1.74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00%-3.01%). Overall, 62% of mothers started ART pre-conception, 33.6% during pregnancy, 1.2% post-delivery and 3.2% never received ART. Mothers who started ART before pregnancy and during pregnancy had low MTCT prevalence, 0.78% (95% CI: 0.31%-1.96%) and 0.98% (95% CI: 0.33%-2.91%), respectively. MTCT rose to 4.13% (95% CI: 0.54%-25.68%) when the mother started ART after delivery and to 11.62% (95% CI: 4.07%-28.96%) when she never received ART. The lowest MTCT of 0.76% (95% CI: 0.36% - 1.61%) was achieved when mother received ART and ARV prophylaxis within 72hrs for infant and highest 22.32% (95%CI: 2.78% -74.25%) when neither mother nor infant received ARVs. After adjusting for mother’s age, maternal ART (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03–0.29) and infant ARV prophylaxis (PR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.998) remained strong predictors of HIV transmission. Conclusion As of 2015, Namibia achieved MTCT of 1.74%, measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Women already on ART pre-conception had the lowest prevalence of MTCT emphasizing the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation before pregnancy. Studies are needed to measure MTCT and maternal HIV seroconversion during breastfeeding.

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Gartley, John. "BOOK REVIEW: Heuva, William. MEDIA AND RESISTANCE POLITICS: THE ALTERNATIVE PRESS IN NAMIBIA, 1960-1990. Basel Namibia Studies Series, 6. Basel, Switzerland: P. Schlettwein Publishing, 2001." Africa Today 51, no. 1 (September 2004): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2004.51.1.122.

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Gonzales, Michael C. "Re-educating Namibia: The Early Years of Radical Education Reform, 1990-1995." Africa Today 47, no. 1 (January 2000): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2000.47.1.104.

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Vasciannie, S. C. "The Namibian Foreign Investments Act: Balancing Interests in the New Concessionary Era." ICSID Review 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 114–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/7.1.114.

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Munyayi, Farai K., and Brian E. van Wyk. "The Comparison of Teen Clubs vs. Standard Care on Treatment Outcomes for Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy in Windhoek, Namibia." AIDS Research and Treatment 2020 (October 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8604276.

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Background. Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) are challenged to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieve and maintain virologic suppression. Group-based adherence support interventions, such as adherence clubs, have been shown to improve long-term adherence in ART patients. The teen club intervention was introduced in 2010 in Namibia to improve treatment outcomes for ALHIV by providing adherence support in a peer-group environment. Adolescents who have completed the full HIV disclosure process can voluntarily join the teen clubs. The current study compared treatment outcomes of ALHIV receiving ART at a specialized paediatric HIV clinic between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2017 in Windhoek, Namibia. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on routine patient data extracted from the electronic Patient Monitoring System, individual Patient Care Booklets, and teen club attendance registers. A sample of 385 adolescents were analysed: 78 in teen clubs and 307 in standard care. Virologic suppression was determined at 6, 12, and 18 months from study start date, and compared by model of care, age, sex, disclosure status, and ART regimen. Comparisons between adolescents in teen clubs and those receiving standard care were performed using the chi-square test, and risk ratios were calculated to analyze differences in ART adherence and virologic suppression. Results. The average clinician-measured ART adherence was 89% good, 6% fair, and 5% poor amongst all adolescents, with no difference between teen club members and adolescents in standard care ( p = 0.277) at 3 months. Virologic suppression over the 2-year observation period was 87% (68% fully suppressed <40 copies/ml and 19% suppressed between 40–999 copies/ml), with no difference between teen club members and those in standard care. However, there were statistically significant differences in virologic suppression levels between the younger (10–14 years) adolescents and older (15–19 years) adolescents at 6 months ( p = 0.015) and at 12 months ( p = 0.021) and between adolescents on first-line and second-line ART regimen at 6 months ( p = 0.012), 12 months ( p = 0.004), and 18 months ( p = 0.005). Conclusion. The teen club model delivering psychosocial support only did not improve adherence and virologic suppression levels for adolescents in a specialized paediatric ART clinic, neither were they inferior to standard care. Considering the limitations of this study, teen clubs may still hold potential for improving adherence and virologic suppression levels for older adolescents, and more robust research on adherence interventions for adolescents with higher methodological quality is required.

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Göllner-Scheiding, Ursula. "Die Arten der afrotropischen Gattung Neoplerochila Duarte Rodrigues, 1982 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Tingidae, Tinginae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 57, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.57.2.419-428.

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Die Gattung Neoplerochila wurde überarbeitet und eine Bestimmungstabelle für die Arten erstellt. Die Gattung umfasst jetzt acht Arten, von denen fünf bereits bekannt waren. Hinzu kommen zwei in der Gattung Physatocheila beschriebene Arten sowie die in der Republik Südafrika gefangene neue Art Neoplerochila millari. Die Gattung ist bisher nur in Namibia und Südafrika nachgewiesen worden. Drei Arten wurden an Olea spec. gefunden, von den anderen ist die Wirtspflanze nicht bekannt.StichwörterHeteroptera, Tingidae, Tinginae.Nomenklatorische Handlungenkatbergana (Drake, 1953) (Neoplerochila), comb. n. hitherto Physatocheila katberganamillari Göllner-Scheiding, 2007 (Neoplerochila), spec. n.weenenana (Drake, 1953) (Neoplerochila), comb. n. hitherto Physatocheila weenenana

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Kriger, Norma J. "BOOK REVIEW: Keulder, C., ed. STATE, SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY. A READER IN NAMIBIAN POLITICS. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers. 2000." Africa Today 50, no. 4 (June 2004): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2004.50.4.118.

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Compton, John S. "The mid-Holocene sea-level highstand at Bogenfels Pan on the southwest coast of Namibia." Quaternary Research 66, no. 2 (September 2006): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.05.002.

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AbstractThe radiocarbon ages of mollusc shells from the Bogenfels Pan on the hyper arid southern coast of Namibia provide constraints on the Holocene evolution of sea level and in particular, the mid-Holocene highstand. The Bogenfels Pan was flooded to depths of 3 m above mean sea level (amsl) to form a large subtidal lagoon from 7300 to 6500 calibrated radiocarbon years before present (cal yr BP). The mollusc assemblage of the wave sheltered lagoon includes Nassarius plicatellus, Lutraria lutraria, and the bivalves Solen capensis and Gastrana matadoa, both of which no longer live along the wave-dominated southern Namibian coast. The radiocarbon ages of mollusc shell from a gravely beach deposit exposed in a diamond exploration trench indicate that sea level fell to near or 1 m below its present-day position between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP. The rapid emergence of the pan between 6500 and 4900 cal yr BP exceeds that predicted by glacio-isostatic models and may indicate a 3-m eustatic lowering of sea level. The beach deposits at Bogenfels indicate that sea level rose to 1 m amsl between 4800 and 4600 cal yr BP and then fell briefly between 4600 and 4200 cal yr BP before returning to 1 m amsl. Since 4200 cal yr BP sea level has remained within one meter of the present-day level and the beach at Bogenfels has prograded seaward from the delayed arrival of sand by longshore drift from the Orange River. A 6200 cal yr BP coastal midden and a 600 cal yr BP midden 1.7 km from the coast indicate sporadic human utilization of the area. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies and help to refine the Holocene sea-level record for southern Africa.

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Böcker, Julia. "Juristische, politische und ethische Dimensionen der Aufarbeitung des Völkermords an den Herero und Nama." Sicherheit & Frieden 38, no. 1 (2020): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2020-1-50.

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Germany struggles to deal with its past colonial atrocities. From 1904 to 1908, the Empire has committed the first genocide of the 20th century in Africa; descendants of Herero and Nama in Namibia bear the consequences until today. Why full responsibility is still missing: the interdisciplinary approach identifies legal, political and ethical dimensions. The essential point is to recommend a political apology. If victim communities are included, this can be a powerful transitional justice tool even if the violence dates long back. With the return of art and human remains and with a remembrance culture, more instruments of conflict transformation are introduced.

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Tuhadeleni, Olivia Ningeninawa, and Linda Ndeshipandula Lukolo. "The perceptions of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment supporters with regard to their role towards ART adherence, at ART clinics in the intermediate hospital Oshakati, Namibia." International Journal of Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v5i1.6999.

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Background: The benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are undeniable: decreased morbidity and mortality, improved clinical outcomes, and decreased HIV transmission. In recent years, there have been remarkable efforts to roll out HIV support and treatment programs, resulting in ART access to nearly 4 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. However, a decisive step in improving outcomes of these programs relies on ART adherence. This study was conducted by aiming at exploring and describing the perceptions of patients on ART and treatment supporters about their roles in ART adherence. It was carried out at Oshakati ART clinic in the Intermediate Hospital Oshakati in Oshana region, Northern Namibia.Methods: The qualitative investigation was carried out on patients on ART and treatment supporters by means of unstructured interviews through convenient sampling technique. The data were analysed by content analytical method.Results: The study results from all respondents were consolidated, which gave a clear understanding regarding adherence at the ART clinic in Intermediate Hospital Oshakati. The perceptions of patients on ART and treatment supporters with regard to their role towards ART adherence were classified based on participants’ experiences into two main themes and sub-themes, including: 1) ART patients’ perceptions around their current roles in ART adherence comprise of four sub-themes of ART patients’ perceptions about taking medication daily, perceptions about collection of medicine supply and follow-up visits, perceptions about food and medication and perceptions about support in ART treatment; 2) Treatment supporters’ perceptions about their role in ART adherence consist of four sub-themes of perceptions about follow-up visits and collection of medicine, perceptions about psychosocial and emotional support, perceptions about giving food and medication and perceptions about encouraging personal hygiene.Conclusion: Patients and treatment supporters perceived adherence as an important aspect in the success of antiretroviral treatment. Giving patients correct information, personal motivation, patients understanding of treatment, traditional and religious beliefs were among other factors perceived by treatment supporters to be impacting on ART adherence.

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Lehmann, Fabian. "Fiction, space and desire in Namibian novels." Journal of Southern African Studies 46, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2020.1696032.

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Maedza, Pedzisai. "SOLD!: Restaging Dance, Death, and Disability." TDR/The Drama Review 63, no. 4 (December 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00883.

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Themba Mbuli's SOLD! integrates differently abled dancers in a performance that remembers the 1904–08 Namibian genocide. SOLD! pays homage to four unnamed women and a young boy whose mortal remains were among the first skulls repatriated from Berlin to Windhoek in 2011, as it animates the excesses of colonial officials who obtained body parts for use in eugenics, phrenology, and other racial-hygiene sciences.

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Formenti, Paola, Barbara D’Anna, Cyrille Flamant, Marc Mallet, Stuart John Piketh, Kerstin Schepanski, Fabien Waquet, et al. "The Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in Southern Africa Field Campaign in Namibia: Overview, Illustrative Observations, and Way Forward." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 7 (July 2019): 1277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0278.1.

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AbstractThe Aerosol, Radiation and Clouds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) project investigates the role of aerosols on the regional climate of southern Africa. This is a unique environment where natural and anthropogenic aerosols and a semipermanent and widespread stratocumulus (Sc) cloud deck are found. The project aims to understand the dynamical, chemical, and radiative processes involved in aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions over land and ocean and under various meteorological conditions. The AEROCLO-sA field campaign was conducted in August and September of 2017 over Namibia. An aircraft equipped with active and passive remote sensors and aerosol in situ probes performed a total of 30 research flight hours. In parallel, a ground-based mobile station with state-of-the-art in situ aerosol probes and remote sensing instrumentation was implemented over coastal Namibia, and complemented by ground-based and balloonborne observations of the dynamical, thermodynamical, and physical properties of the lower troposphere. The focus laid on mineral dust emitted from salty pans and ephemeral riverbeds in northern Namibia, the advection of biomass-burning aerosol plumes from Angola subsequently transported over the Atlantic Ocean, and aerosols in the marine boundary layer at the ocean–atmosphere interface. This article presents an overview of the AEROCLO-sA field campaign with results from the airborne and surface measurements. These observations provide new knowledge of the interactions of aerosols and radiation in cloudy and clear skies in connection with the atmospheric dynamics over southern Africa. They will foster new advanced climate simulations and enhance the capability of spaceborne sensors, ultimately allowing a better prediction of future climate and weather in southern Africa.

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Schroeder, Kate M. "Aawambo Kingdoms, History and Cultural Change: Perspectives from Northern Namibia, Lovisa T. Nampala and Vilho Shigwedha." Africa Today 54, no. 3 (March 2008): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.2008.54.3.136.

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Maio, Rui, Elao Martin, Jon Sojkowski, and Tiago Miguel Ferreira. "La arquitectura vernácula de Namibia: perspectivas para el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades locales." Ge-conservacion 11 (June 30, 2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v11i0.453.

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La arquitectura vernácula se reconoce comúnmente como la expresión fundamental de la diversidad cultural del mundo. Los desastres naturales, la falta de conocimiento y la sensibilización de las comunidades locales en general, el deseo de modernización y la globalización son algunos de los problemas más frecuentes responsables por amenazar la supervivencia del patrimonio vernáculo en África. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer frente a algunos de estos problemas relativos al patrimonio cultural vernáculo africano, proporcionando un detalle arquitectónico y la caracterización morfológica de la tribu “Owambo”, en el norte de Namibia. Con este caso de estudio, los autores tienen como objetivo destacar el valor universal excepcional del patrimonio cultural vernáculo en Namibia, y sensibilizar a la necesidad inmediata de proteger no sólo la integridad de estas estructuras, sino también de preservar estas técnicas antiguas y sostenibles de construcción como tradiciones vivas.

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Wright, Norman, and Douglas Miller. "Namibia's Damara culture center: a case study." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111125432.

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Subject area Tourism development, emerging market entrepreneurship. Study level/applicability This case may be used in lower or upper division courses. Lower division courses may want to focus on the elementary issues of project planning, business plan development, and marketing. Upper division courses will find opportunities to enhance the discussion with ethical dilemmas and more advanced business plan development. Case overview The case takes place in a nature conservancy in Namibia. A local villager wants to open an attraction portraying local customs, traditions, art, and dance for tourists. This case can be used as an introductory strategy case study in at least three types of classes, strategic management, entrepreneurship, or hospitality management. The case presents many opportunities for students to analyze various business topics, including start-up financing, competitive and industry analysis, questions of pricing, product, and promotion, government relations, tourism development, and ethics. It is designed to be taught in either a 1 hour class or a 1.5 hour class with student preparation taking between 2 and 3 hours depending on the questions assigned. If students are asked to complete a business plan the preparation and discussion time will be longer. Expected learning outcomes Students will demonstrate ability to prepare a business plan, conduct market research, and evaluate potential business idea using Porter's five forces. Students will also demonstrate depth of understanding ethical dilemmas in an emerging and foreign market. Supplementary materials Teaching note.

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Bigelow, Benjamin, and Stéphane Verguet. "Characterising the scale-up and performance of antiretroviral therapy programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: an observational study using growth curves." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e034973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034973.

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ObjectivesThe rate of change in key health indicators (eg, intervention coverage) is an understudied area of health system performance. Rates of change in health services indicators can augment traditional measures that solely involve the absolute level of performance in those indicators. Growth curves are a class of mathematical models that can parameterise dynamic phenomena and estimate rates of change summarising these phenomena; however, they are not commonly used in global health. We sought to characterise the changes over time in antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage in sub-Saharan Africa using growth curve models.DesignThis was a retrospective observational study. We used publicly available data on ART coverage levels from 2000 to 2017 in 42 sub-Saharan African countries. We developed two ordinary differential equations models, the Gompertz and logistic growth models, that allowed for the estimation of summary parameters related to scale-up and rates of change in ART coverage. We fitted non-linear regressions for the two models, assessed goodness of fit using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and ranked countries based on their estimated performance drawn from the fitted model parameters.ResultsWe extracted country performance in rates of scale-up of ART coverage, which ranged from ≤2.5 percentage points per year (South Sudan, Sudan, and Madagascar) to ≥8.0 percentage points per year (Benin, Zimbabwe and Namibia), using the Gompertz model. Based on BIC, the Gompertz model provided a better fit than the logistic growth model for most countries studied.ConclusionsGrowth curve models can provide benchmarks to assess country performance in ART coverage evolution. They could be a useful approach that yields summary metrics for synthesising country performance in scaling up key health services.

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Breunig, Peter, Johannes Behringer, Manuela Fels, and Jana Maidhof. "WEST OF THE BEST: ROCK ART AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE DORO !NAWAS REGION OF NORTHWEST NAMIBIA." Acta Archaeologica 89, no. 1 (December 2018): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0390.2018.12199.x.

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Rifkin, Riaan F., Linda C. Prinsloo, Laure Dayet, Magnus M. Haaland, Christopher S. Henshilwood, Enrique Lozano Diz, Stanley Moyo, Ralf Vogelsang, and Fousy Kambombo. "Characterising pigments on 30 000-year-old portable art from Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, southern Namibia." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (February 2016): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.028.

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Cooper, Allan D. "BOOK REVIEW: Bauer, Gretchen. 1998. LABOR AND DEMOCRACY IN NAMIBIA. Athens: Ohio University Press. 1971-1996." Africa Today 46, no. 3-4 (July 1999): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/aft.1999.46.3-4.223.

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Share, Pieter-Ewald, Alan G. Jones, Mark R. Muller, David T. Khoza, Marion P. Miensopust, and Susan J. Webb. "An audio-magnetotelluric investigation of the Otjiwarongo and Katima Mulilo regions, Namibia." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): B151—B171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0171.1.

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As an additional opportunistic component to the southern African magnetotelluric experiment, natural-source audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data were acquired during phase IV to investigate the local-scale electric conductivity subsurface structure in the Otjiwarongo and Katima Mulilo regions (Namibia) as an aid in locating the installation points for high-voltage direct current earth electrodes. The study showed that the shallow subsurface of areas containing one measurement site in the Otjiwarongo region and three sites in the Katima Mulilo region have appropriate high conductivities for the optimal placement of the earth electrodes. Both of the AMT surveys are situated close to the edge of the orogenic Neo-Proterozoic Damara mobile belt (DMB). Previous studies all suggest the existence of a highly conductive midcrustal zone, which correlates well with the spatial location of the DMB. Two-dimensional inverse modeling of the Otjiwarongo AMT data confirms the existence of the high-conductive zone at midcrustal depths (10–15 km). The high conductivity of the DMB is explained by the presence of interconnected graphite in the marble units present. The Katima Mulilo inversion results are characterized by a conductive upper crustal layer that does not form part of the DMB conductive belt. It was deduced that at the uppermost subsurface (maximum [Formula: see text]), Kalahari sediments are responsible for the high conductivity observed, whereas at greater depth (up to 6 km), its cause remains enigmatic, albeit the hypothesis of ironstone or graphite being present and causing the observed conductive upper crust.

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Williams, Christian. "Student political consciousness: Lessons from a Namibian mission school." Journal of Southern African Studies 30, no. 3 (September 2004): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305707042000254092.

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Kempton, Daniel R., and Roni L. Du Preez. "Namibian‐De Beers state‐firm relations: cooperation and conflict." Journal of Southern African Studies 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 585–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079708708559.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Art, Namibian'

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