Academic literature on the topic 'Art occidental'
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Journal articles on the topic "Art occidental"
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Midal, Fabrice. "La méditation, un art... très occidental !" Les Grands Dossiers des Sciences Humaines N° 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gdsh.055.0019.
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Harty, Kevin J. "L'imaginaire médiéval dans le cinéma occidental by François Amy de la Bretèque." Arthuriana 15, no. 2 (2005): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/art.2005.0024.
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Fitzi, Gregor. "The Heuristic Significance of Art Sociology." Simmel Studies 26, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1091334ar.
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Art sociology may be simply seen as a specialised domain of sociological research. Yet the article suggests that it has also an overarching diagnostic significance to gain a better understanding of ongoing societal transformation trends. It analyses the classical contribution of Weber, Simmel and Bourdieu to the topic. Weber develops a causal-historical explanation for the development of occidental music. It becomes a key to the interpretation of the specific occidental form of rationalism beyond religion and economy. Simmel has a different approach. Art is for him one of the expressions of the modern times that he wants to describe to understand the transformation of the society in which he lives. The diagnostic function of art is at the centre of interest. Bourdieu, on his side, proposes a historical reconstruction for the development of the intellectual field in France during the 19th century. In this frame, art contributes to a symbolic revolution that establishes autonomous societal fields and promotes a qualitative differentiation of complex societies. Yet, Bourdieu’s researches on art have also a diagnostic potential. Building on the analytical heritage of the classics, the article inquiries into the loss of autonomy of the art field in the contemporary art market and contributes to the debate on the heuristic significance of art sociology.
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Singh, Sohini. "Occidental Encounters and Impressions." Indian Historical Review 45, no. 1 (June 2018): 58–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617750663.
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The visual and literary chronicles of British Residents and Surveyors comprise a reservoir of information on the historical, social and economic milieus of various territorial regions within the Indian subcontinent. Further, they contain copious documentation on the art and architectural heritage of these regions. Straddling the realms of antiquarianism and archaeology, the concomitant processes of survey and documentation evolved during the seventeenth century and acquired a panoptic character by the nineteenth century. They were essentially products of the interface between the diametrically opposed occidental and oriental cultures and were furthered by the expedients of colonialism. This article is divided into three parts. The first part delves into the relationship between antiquarianism and archaeology. The second part elucidates upon the practices of surveying and documentation in India. The third part elaborates upon the career of Lt. Frederick Charles Maisey and his explorations in central India with special reference to his mid-nineteenth century illustrations of Chanderi’s architectural edifices and structural members. Chanderi, a town of historical importance in Madhya Pradesh, is interspersed with tombs, step-wells, mosques and free-standing gateways of Indo-Islamic affiliation, ascribable largely to the fifteenth century. Some of these edifices are in a bad state of preservation and Maisey’s illustrations have been instrumental in reconstructing their effaced architectonic and decorative details. The illustrations under purview have also contributed towards a holistic understanding of the architectural style at Chanderi, an area which is fairly uncharted.
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Mankovskaya, Nadezhda Borisovna. "Postmodernism as Myths Generating Practice." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2009): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik1126-45.
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The article deals with an aspect of postmodernism in art connected with the creation of new type of myths also on the base of newest technology. Speciicity of postmodern myths generation in cinema, literature, painting, actual art-practices is turned out. Particularities of its occidental and Russian varieties are analyzed on the examples of P. Greenaway, M. Barney, D. Prigov, I. Kabakov creations.
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Akšamija, Mehmed. "An Analysis of the Use of Terminological Determinants “Art of Islam”." Illuminatio 1, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 16–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52510/sia.v1i2.11.
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This article follows from the previously published paper and pertains to a distinctive phenomenological analysis of the structure/form and the production of the modality of miniature/illumination/pictorial representation, namely the productive-reflective orientation of homo islamicus with a separate analysis of his profanely-aestheticized discourse of action/arrangement/design.
A particular attention is paid to the paradigm of reduction, i.e. to a possible transformation of the cognitive and productive-reflective orientation by means of denaturalization/ stylization, as well as to the analysis of the status of homo islamicus's paradigmatic and predefined position within both the profane-cognitive and recognitive-sacral production. The characterization of his work and his fulfillment of religious life within the aesteticized discourse of qadar/ṣināʿat was also used to discuss the opposition to the occidental academic approach/understanding, imposed by the inappropriate need to reduce any form of creative action to common Western denominators. Substance of the emergence of creative action is theoretically elaborated by means of the cognitive discourse of qadar/ṣināʿat, together with activating figurality on the idea of the closed concept of the collaborative-cognitive practice. The expansion of theoretical discourse allowed the presence of a new view on the religious-aesthetic philosophy and associated terms, respecting the specifics deriving from the basic traditional interpretations of the Islamic forms of aestheticized orientation. This brief analysis is intended to initiate a discussion on the issues of theoretical and historical other part of the „history of arts“ and „artistic production“ in the critical framework of both occidental and Islamic attitudes/views. This brief analysis is intended to initiate a discussion on the issues of theoretical and historical other part of the „history of arts“ and „artistic production“ in the critical framework of both occidental and Islamic attitudes/views. At the same time, it will contribute to a possible fundamental discourse for defining the expression homo islamicus's Islamic creative action' as an academic field within a broader discipline entitled as the „history of arts“.
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Ying-Ling Huang, Michelle. "Introducing the art of modern China: trends in exhibiting modern Chinese painting in Britain, c.1930–1980." Journal of the History of Collections 31, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy017.
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Abstract By 1930, the British public took a stronger interest in early Chinese art than in works produced in the pre-modern and modern periods. However, China’s cultural diplomacy in Britain during war-time, as well as the interactions between collectors, scholars and artists of both countries, helped refresh Occidental understanding of the tradition and recent achievements of Chinese art. This article examines the ways in which modern Chinese painting was perceived, collected and displayed in Britain from 1930 to 1980 – the formative period for the collecting and connoisseurship of modern Chinese art in the West. It analyses exhibitions of twentieth-century Chinese painting held in museums and galleries in order to map trends and identify the major parties who introduced the British public to a new aspect of Chinese pictorial art. It also discusses prominent Chinese painters’ connections with British curators, scholars and dealers, who helped establish their reputation in Britain.
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Antón Sánchez, John. "BUEN VIVIR, VIVIR BIEN O UBUNTU VS. MAL VIVIR DESDE UNA VISIÓN AFRODESCENDIENTE EN ECUADOR." NULLIUS: Revista de pensamiento crítico en el ámbito del Derecho 2, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/revistaderechos.v2i1.3527.
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La Constitución ecuatoriana del 2008, define que el desarrollo del país deberá ser orientado por el Buen Vivir o del Sumak Kawsay (art. 257). Esta es una idea movilizadora que ofrece alternativas a los problemas del desarrollo tanto del país como de la humanidad. El Buen Vivir es un modelo distinto al desarrollo occidental. Está basado en los planteamientos de los pueblos andinos y amazónicos, y es tomado como objetivo central de la política pública del Estado. Este artículo propone una introducción a la comprensión del concepto de buen vivir desde la visión del pueblo afroecuatoriano, que bien pudiera llamarse Ubuntu.
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Fernandez, James, Jordi Sabater i Pi, and J. Oriol Sabater i Coca. "Els Tatuatges Dels Fang de l'Africa Occidental: Art, Simbolisme i Biologia en una Manifestació Artística Poc Coneguda." African Arts 27, no. 2 (April 1994): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337091.
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Hosne, Ana Carolina. "Matteo Ricci’s Occidental Method of Memory (Xiguo Jifa) (1596): Untranslatable Images of a Classical Art of Memory in Ming China." Journal of Early Modern History 22, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342554.
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AbstractOne of the attributes of the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) was his prodigious memory. The humanistic education received at the Roman College enabled him to master the classical art of memory. In China, Ricci discovered that memorization was essential to the learning process required for the civil service examinations to hold posts within the empire, and so he composed the Xiguo Jifa (1596) (Occidental Method of Memory), based on one of the commonest mnemonic systems—the architectural type—to help candidates memorize contents for these examinations. Ricci chose Chinese characters as mnemonic images to be placed in mental structures. This article aims to show how Ricci’s choice of Chinese characters as mnemonic images in China deviated from one of the main functions of an art of memory: to mediate between words and images, creating bridges and modes of translation from one another, thus rendering those images “untranslatable.”
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Art occidental"
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Alard, Mireille. "L'Art des Bashileele, Kasai occidental." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376111572.
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Papastavrou, Hélène. "Recherche iconographique dans l'art byzantin et occidental du XIe au XVe siècle : l'Annonciation /." Venise : Institut hellénique d'etudes byzantines et post-byzantines de Venise, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41234521w.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Art et archéologie--Paris 1, 1996. Titre de soutenance : La scène initiale de l'incarnation à Byzance et dans l'art occidental à la fin du Moyen âge.Résumé en grec. Bibliogr. p. 405-427.
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Maldonado, Guitemie. "Le biomorphisme dans l'art occidental des années trente : l'analogie créatrice." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040274.
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Ce travail propose un parcours à travers des œuvres et des textes réunis par leur contexte d'émergence, les années trente principalement en Europe, et un intérêt commun pour les principes de la vie. Cette tendance, baptisée en 1935 "biomorphisme" avec un succès relatif, déploie en peinture et en sculpture un vocabulaire de formes domine par la courbe et les associations organiques ; elle est représentée par des artistes tels que Jean Arp, Joan Miro ou encore Henry Moore ; elle diffuse également dans les domaines de l'architecture, du design, du graphisme et de la photographie, contribuant à leur mutation. En cela elle se révèle symptomatique d'une volonté encore implicite de renouvellement de la logique du développement de l'art. Cette étude entend analyser le fonctionnement historique et la position très particulière du biomorphisme dans le contexte polarise de l'entre-deux-guerres : un entre-deux entre recherche formelle et référence au monde vivant, entre invention et reproduction. Face au caractère diffus de la tendance et à l'imprécision de ses descriptions courantes, ce mémoire présente une analyse des formes employées et de leurs principes de construction, dans une interaction avec les théories morphogénétiques en plein essor à l'époque. Enfin, il analyse le mode de création et de perception de ce type de vocabulaire en termes d'analogie créatrice, mettant en rapport l'art et la vie qu'elle soit biologique ou psychique.
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Desbordes, Chrystelle. "La notion d’éphémère dans l’art occidental des années 1960-1970 : approches phénoménologiques d’un concept artistique." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20102.
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Des artistes des années 1960-1970 rendent l'éphémère tangible au sein de l'oeuvre. Se manifestant diversement (entre immanence et transcendance), l'éphémère appartient au vocabulaire de l'Art Cinétique, du Nouveau Réalisme, de l'Arte Povera, du Land Art, de l'Art Conceptuel, de "l'art d'action", ou à des artistes inclassables (Klein, Beuys). En analysant des oeuvres historiques, la thèse fait un premier "état des lieux" d'une question d'histoire de l'art et d'esthétique essentielle pour la compréhension de l'art contemporain. La méthode est fondée sur une lecture de l'éphémère au sein de trois paradigmes fondamentaux de la création d'alors : l'oeuvre "dans" la vie ; l'oeuvre processuelle ; reproductibilité et irréproductibilité de l'oeuvre. Entre présence, absence et mémoire, l'oeuvre éphémère dépasse les seules données du visible et invite à une phénoménologie de la perception, participant à la redéfinition de l'objet d'art imposée par les révolutions artistiques du vingtième siècleArtists of the sixties and seventies make ephemeral tangible within the work of art. Far from being homogeneous in its modes of demonstration (between immanence and transcendence), the artistic concept of short-lived is then readable in the artistic tendencies of the Kinetic art, Happening, New Realism, Arte Povera, Perfomance Art, Land Art, Conceptual Art. . . , even in works of non classable artistis (Klein or Beuys). On the basis of "historical" works, the method is founded on a reading of transitory framed in three fundamental paradigms of the creation of the studied period : Work "in" the life, Processual work, Reproducibility and irreproducibility of work. More generally, the enumeration of these paradigms is suggesting that time is from now one of the major data of the artistic practice. In the same time, it form a typology of the various modes of demonstration or phenomenologic approaches of the ephemeral in the contemporary art and an observation of its aesthetic stakes
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Grison, Laurent. "Figures géographiques dans l'art occidental. Les formes de l'échange." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA070127.
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Le but de nos travaux est d'analyser et de comprendre l'usage des figures géographiques dans les représentations artistiques du XVè s. à aujourd'hui, dans le cadre de la civilisation occidentale. Nous définissons la figure géographique comme une forme fondamentale de l'espace, un chorème. C'est une figure de sens, un trope, qui porte sur le signifié. Notre postulat de départ est que l'art est écriture créative de l'espace : les artistes sont des producteurs d'espaces tout autant que des utilisateurs d'espaces. Nous considérons que nulle représentation de l'espace, nulle utilisation d'une figure géographique, n'est innocente, c'est-à-dire sans arrière-pensées ou soumise au seul hasard. La représentation est toujours polysémique et porte un sens plus ou moins explicite à travers des éléments de spatialité repérables. Nous montrons que les figures géographiques, éléments rhétoriques fondamentaux, sont utilisées pour convaincre. Souvent métaphores prégnantes, elles font plus qu'illustrer : elles déterminent le sens des représentations. Considérant les figures géographiques comme l'ossature de la pensée représentative ou créatrice, nous envisageons les dynamiques de celles-ci dans l'espace et le temps. En étudiant tout particulièrement les figures du carrefour et de la bifurcation dans de nombreuses œuvres, nous mettons au jour des systèmes complexes de références. Nous proposons plusieurs concepts opératoires dont ceux d' "interspatialité", "d'indice de distanciation" et d' "orbialisation". Notre démarche géographique est comparative et notre travail croise, de facto, plusieurs disciplines universitaires. Nous définissons une rhétorique de l'espace qui est une sorte de topologie artistique, une science des lieux qui est aussi celle des figures géographiques. Nous choisissons de nommer cette science la "chorémartistique"The aim of our work is to analyse and understand the use of geographic figures in artistic representations from the fifteenth century to the present, in the framework context of western civilization. We define geographic figure as a fundamental spatial form, a "choreme". It is a figure of meaning, a trope, which relates to the signified. Our initial premise is that art is a creative composition of space : artists are as much producers of space as they are users of space. We consider that no spatial representation, no use of a geographic figure is accidental, that is to say without underlying design or the product of mere chance. Representation is always polysemous, has multiple levels of meaning which may be understood more or less explicitly through identifiable spatial elements. We show that geographic figures, fundamental rhetorical devices, are used in order to be persuasive. Often used as loaded metaphors, they do more than simply illustrate: they determine the meaning of representations. Considering geographic figures as the framework of the creative or representative process, we consider the dynamics of the latter in space and time. By studying in particular the figures of intersection and bifurcation in numerous works, we bring to light complex referential systems. We propose several operational concepts such as "interspatiality", distance effect index and "orbialization". Our geographic approach is comparative and as a result our work cuts across several academic disciplines. We define a rhetoric of space which is a kind of artistic topology, a science of places which is also the science of geographic figures. We choose to name this science the "choremartistique"
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Guy, Emmanuel. "Évolution des formes dans l'art figuratif paléolithique occidental : introduction à une grammaire stylistique." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010635.
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Nos recherches portent sur l'etude des modes de representation dans l'art figuratif des chasseurs-cueilleurs du paléolithique supérieur. Loin de réduire l'analyse du style à un simple outil chronologique (comme c'est habituellement le cas), nous avons souhaité mettre en oeuvre une vaste exploration du corpus figuratif préhistorique afin d'identifier certaines manières ; spécifiques de représenter. En effet, toute figure fait appel à un répertoire conventionnel de formes, indispensable à sa lisibilité par le groupe social dont elle procède. Ce code de représentation, conçu et élaboré par le groupe, constitue un témoignage privilégié de sa façon particulière de voir le monde. Notre objectif a donc été d'établir, par l'observation la plus rigoureuse possible, une grammaire des formes paléolithiques qui mette ainsi en lumière les transformations de la vision artistique et par la même, celles de la conceptualité au sein des cultures préhistoriques. Au terme de cet première évaluation, dix organisations formelles specifiques temoignant de conceptions distinctes ont ete mises en lumières. Bien entendu, il ne s'agit là que d'une toute première évaluation des différents principes d'expression paléolithique qui devra être enrichie d'observations nouvelles afin de permettre ulterieurement d'en mieux saisir les mécanismes internes, les tendances, les butsOur research is centered upon the study of the means of representation in the figurative art of the hunters-gatherers of the upper palaeolithic. Far from reducing the study of style to a simple chronological tool (as is often the case) we wish to engage a vast exploration of the prehistoric figurative corpus, in order to demonstrate specific manners of representation. Indeed, every figure refers to a conventional range of forms that are indispensable to its legibility by the social group that it proceeds. This representational code conceived and developed by the group, constitutes a primary testimony of its particular world-view. Our objective was, therefore to establish, by rigourous observation, a grammar of palaeolithic forms which illuminates the transformations of the artistic vision, and in the sane time, those of the way of thinking of prehistoric cultures. Our stylistic approach permit to identify ten specific formal organisations. Of course, this first evaluation on prehistorical languages has to be completed later on, in order to better grasp their objectives tendancies, and goals
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Braun, Suzanne. "Le Massif occidental de l'Abbatiale de Marmoutier dans le cadre régional et dans l'Empire." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR20015.
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L'étude porte sur le massif occidental à trois tours de l'ancienne église abbatiale de Marmoutier (Bas-Rhin) dans le cadre régional et dans l'Empire. .The study deals with the tree towered western facade of the former abbey church of Marmoutier in the context of the region and Empire. .
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Valérius, Madely. "Masques africains, masques du théâtre occidental, maquillages : problèmes esthétiques, art, mode et/ou expression." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100043.
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Valérius, Madely. "Masques africains, masques du théâtre occidental, maquillages problèmes esthétiques, art, mode et/ou expression." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375952197.
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Alard, Mireille. "L'Art des Bashileele (Kasai Occidental)." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010618.
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L'art des basileele, du kasai occidental, au zaire, concerne essentiellement l'etude des objets de bois, remarquables par leur sculpure et par leur decor. Le groupe apparente des " wongo peripheriques " est assimile au groupe leele. Notre but etait de degager les caracteres stylistiques des objets d'art, et, en explorant leurs fonctions, de preciser les structures sociales et l'histoire de ce peuple. L'etude des objets d'art leele nous permettra donc d'apprehender, diachroniquement et synchroniquement, la culture leele dont les composantes sont difficilement seriables. Tris livres composent cette these. Dans le livre un, une approche generale de la societe leele est tentee. Elle insiste sur les structures sociales complexes dues a une mise en place des populations echelonnee, des le dix septieme siecle. En consequence, trois entites se partagent le territoire. Les bakumu de tundu (les chefs), les baowa et les "wongo interieurs" emancipes. Les bakumu de tundu, diriges par le nyimi, ont une autorite nomi nale et tutelaire. Baowa et "wongo interieurs" ont une autonomie seculie re et sont groupes en "villages-freres" a la politique agressive temperee par les lois de la polyandrie. La diversite brouillonne des objets d'art rend compte de ces turbulences. Le livre deux est specifiquement consacre a l'analyse morphologique des objets et au degagement des styles et des sous-styles. Les variations formelles dans le temps sont analysees. Le reperage des fonctions polymorphes des objets d'art donne lieu a des constatations historiques indiquant: des mises en place migratoires successives (kete, kongo, mongo), et un amalgame ancien. Le pays leele fait donc figure de carrefour culturel. Le livre trois pose des questions et des hypotheses. Le systeme des decors est faiblement interpretable comme un appareil pictographique. La determination des styles et des sous-styles indique des influences venues de l'exterieur (kuba, pende, cokwe). La position de repli historique des bashileele est par la nettement mise en relief.
Books on the topic "Art occidental"
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1953-, Diawara Manthia, Lageira Jacinto, Scott Kitty, Lapp Axel, Kremer Patrick, Currid Brian, and Werthern Wilhelm von 1964-, eds. The repair: From Occident to extra-Occidental cultures. Berlin: Green Box, 2014.
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Humbert, Jean-Marcel. L' égyptomanie dans l'art occidental. Courbevoie, Paris: ACR, 1989.
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Beatriz Amelia Mejía de Millán. Arquetipos del arte occidental. Pereira, Colombia: [s.n.], 1991.
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Torres, María Dolores G. Del arte occidental al arte nicaragüense. León, Nicaragua: Centro de Arte, Fundación Ortíz-Gurdián, 2003.
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Le féminin dans l'art occidental: Histoire d'une disparition. Paris: Différence, 2007.
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Proche-lointain: Approche comparée de l'art chinois et occidental. Paris: You Feng, 2008.
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Mitter, Partha. Art and nationalism in colonial India: Occidental orientations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Art occidental"
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Naylor, Stephen. "Beyond the Occidental." In The Venice Biennale and the Asia-Pacific in the Global Art World, 135–66. New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: [Routledge research in art museums and exhibitions]: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351062107-10.
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Dragojlovic, Ana. "Balinese Art, Religion, and Community in the Netherlands." In Historic Engagements with Occidental Cultures, Religions, Powers, 197–211. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137405029_11.
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Unschuld, Paul U. "Art de soigner et crise énergétique." In Approches occidentales et orientales de la guérison, 245–46. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0330-2_92.
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Chow, Y. S., Virendra K. Gupta, Sue W. Nicolson, Harley P. Brown, Vincent H. Resh, David M. Rosenberg, Edward S. Ross, et al. "Western Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4211–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2647.
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Dalarun, Jacques. "Bérard, évêque des Marses. Un art de gouverner." In Hagiographie, idéologie et politique au Moyen Âge en Occident, 255–75. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.hag-eb.1.101039.
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"RÉCIT DE L’EXIL OCCIDENTAL." In Contemporary Art, World Cinema, and Visual Culture, 27–70. Anthem Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvf3w2p5.7.
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Ott, John. "Occidental Arrangements: MoMA’s Emerging Global History of Art at Midcentury." In Modern in the Making. Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350186385.ch-012.
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Karaca, Banu. "Modernity, Nationalism, and Civilizing the Arts." In The National Frame, 29–55. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823290208.003.0002.
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Unsettling narratives on the purported alterity of Turkey and Germany, Chapter 1 discusses parallels and differences in German (1871) and Turkish nation-building (1923) and the role of art in claiming modern nationhood. It examines tropes of Turkey’s “belated modernity” and Germany’s Sonderweg as two discourses of exceptionalism that have significantly shaped the art world and asks what these tropes reveal and obscure. The young Turkish republic witnessed an enthusiastic embrace of artistic modernism, as Ottoman art was deemed unfit for the modern nation-state. In contrast, Germany officially decried modernism as decidedly “un-German.” It was only in the 1950s that the Federal Republic adopted explicitly occidental cultural policies to overcome longstanding anti-western and anti-modernist currents as part of its post-WWII rehabilitation. How can one explain the persisting asymmetry in the perception of Turkish and German art, given that Turkey’s attempt to align itself with Western modernity by rationalizing artistic expression in the 1920s predates West-Germany’s shift to occidental cultural policies that were only established after 1945? The controversies surrounding “national art” and continued anxieties regarding modern belonging discussed in this chapter show how ideas of modernity and civility remain indebted to processes of violence that art must always disavow.
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Konstantynenko, Ksenija. "Ucraina tra forme e colori: una trasformazione dei percorsi storici." In Eurasiatica. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-382-3/011.
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The article is an analysis of the peculiarities of the Ukrainian representative art. It is important that, in spite of not having its own State, Ukrainian ethnical group has produced a sort of “artistic homeland”, with images having a high symbolic meaning. The contradiction between occidental influences in other fields and an apparently traditional structure of religious representations is explicable. Especially, the article focuses on the great importance of color, as well as on the abundance of motives connected to joyful colors of nature in 19th and 20th century art, up to now. It is deduced that Ukrainian art tends to turn tragic events into perfect beautiful shapes based on nature and on the life cycle, and thus acquires a positive therapeutic aim.
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Diamantides, Marinos, and Anton Schütz. "From Jerusalem to Rome via Constantinople." In Political Theology. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697762.003.0006.
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The globalisation of the Western-Christian institutional order in its manifest legal aspects, but not necessarily of its latent religious aspects, puts a supplement of importance onto the need of grasping its genesis. The most decisive note is located — or so we argue — in unfolding the classical division between polis and politics on the one hand, and the household and the art of handling it (management or oikonomia) on the other, in Christian times. These divides delivered the blueprint for the divide that would differentiate, over more than a millennium, the public power of the Roman Empire in its Eastern and Western re-embodiments from that of the Church. We also refer, by way of contrast, to the pre-Christian biblical model of the divide. Further, by contrast to Giorgio Agamben, we specify that while the today thoroughly studied occidental West, availing of a simplified trinitarian creed, instituted legitimate public power as subject to on-going conflictual competition between the so-called ‘two powers’, the still much less studied East struggled to preserve the unity, or as the Byzantines called it, 'symphony', of the Whole in line with its (original) version of Trinitarianism.
Conference papers on the topic "Art occidental"
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Flores, José Antonio. "En Femenino." In Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura (JIDA). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/jida.2022.11630.
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The presence of women is already the majority in architecture students, with a growing trend for years; not so, for now, in the teaching staff. Architecture, like other disciplines in the Western world, has traditionally been male, but today the classrooms are full of young women who want to be architects. Teaching in architecture schools, despite the abundance of feminist studies, does not generally take into account the gender perspective. The study plans do not provide specific spaces for this matter, which favors the invisibility of women's work in the discipline and does not offer enough non-male references to students. This paper presents a two-year teaching experience that includes the gender perspective in the teaching of History of art and architecture for first-year students. La presencia de mujeres es ya mayoritaria en el estudiantado de arquitectura, con una tendencia creciente desde hace años; no así, por ahora, en el claustro docente. La arquitectura, como otras disciplinas en el mundo occidental, ha sido tradicionalmente masculina, pero hoy las aulas están llenas de chicas que quieren ser arquitectas. La docencia en las escuelas de arquitectura, pese a la abundancia de estudios feministas, no tiene generalmente en cuenta la perspectiva de género. Los planes de estudio no prevén espacios específicos para este asunto, lo que favorece la invisibilidad del trabajo de las mujeres en la disciplina y no ofrece suficientes referentes no masculinos a los/las estudiantes. Esta comunicación presenta una experiencia docente de dos años que incluye la perspectiva de género en la enseñanza de la Historia del arte y de la arquitectura para estudiantes de primer curso.
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Pérez Martínez, Henar. "El artista radicante como etnógrafo. Sus prácticas y sus recorridos." In III Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales :: ANIAV 2017 :: GLOCAL. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2017.4868.
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La globalización estética es un proceso en el que las tendencias culturales y artísticas, sin perder sus características y peculiaridades locales, se ven inmersas en el circuito global compartiendo lenguajes, intenciones y espacios. Este arte de la era global tiene como marca histórica inicial la caída del muro de Berlín y previamente el nacimiento de movimientos sociales que reivindican la igualdad entre los hombres y los derechos humanos, como “Negritud” o el “Movimiento de Países No Alineados”. En el arte occidental del siglo XX hay numerosos movimientos que aluden al primitivismo del “otro”. El arte naif, el primitivismo, el surrealismo, el expresionismo abstracto, el informalismo o el art brut, Sin embargo, en el arte de la era global, el giro etnográfico se distingue de estos movimientos por la autoconciencia de sí mismo y la integración de las especificidades culturales. Se ha producido un desplazamiento de los temas centrales del arte, pasando del giro político-económico (la brecha entre el capitalismo y el comunismo) a la identidad cultural. Más sencillamente, se traslada la problemática de lo social a lo cultural y antropológico. Asistimos pues, en la era del arte globalizado y el mundo hipercomunicado, a una desterritorialización de las identidades culturales que se reproducen gracias al reconocimiento y la asimilación de las raíces del “otro”. Los flujos migratorios y los nomadismos voluntarios perfilan nuevas formas de creación y pensamiento manifestándose en una miscelánea etnográfica que puede ser representada en un único hilo discursivo. La figura encargada de generar este significado y conjugar el mestizaje cultural será el artista radicante. El artista radicante se expresa en nombre del otro cultural o étnico, no desestima sus creencias, ideas o culturas originarias sino que las transcodifica y las pone en escena en contextos y formatos heterogéneos.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.4868
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Gallardo Ramírez, Cristina. "Propuesta metodológica para la evaluación y regeneración integral del espacio turístico litoral: la Costa del Sol Occidental." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6137.
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La actividad investigadora que se presenta, en fase inicial, forma parte de una futura tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo es la definición de una Metodología para evaluar y plantear estrategias de regeneración integral del espacio turístico litoral, surgido a mediados del siglo XX con la expansión del turismo de masas en el Mediterráneo peninsular, al constatarse la escasez de intervenciones para la recuperación del espacio turístico tradicional, además de su carácter eminentemente sectorial, a pesar de su gran extensión territorial en nuestro país.
Este Método, que será ensayado en el tramo de la conurbación litoral costasoleña entre Torremolinos y Marbella, ha de dar respuesta a tres elementos clave -cambio climático, salud y eficiencia-, propiciando la generación de ámbitos urbanos funcional y ambientalmente autosuficientes. The research presented in this abstract, which is in an initial phase, forms part of a future PhD thesis whose objective is the definition of a Methodology to assessment and integral regeneration of the Mediterranean coastal tourist areas in Spain, which is transformed since the start of tourism as massive activity in the mid-twentieth century, because it is verified that the interventions to renewal these consolidated tourist areas are limited and mostly have a sectorial character, despite of the important extents of these zones in our country.
This Method, which will be tested on the Costa del Sol conurbation between Torremolinos and Marbella, must offer an answer to three key elements -climate change, health and efficiency- in order to propitiate self-sufficient urban areas in their functional and environmental behaviour.
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Orduña Giró, Paula. "El suelo rural en el planeamiento territorial: lógicas e instrumentos en tres territorios del Sur de Europa occidental." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6329.
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En Europa la preocupación por el planeamiento urbanístico ha evolucionado notablemente: el ámbito rural se descubre como ámbito de valores y estructuras que la cultura urbanística desea dotar de protagonismo. Este trabajo se interesa por la evolución de las teorías, modelos e instrumentos del planeamiento territorial para ordenar el suelo rural en Cataluña, Francia e Italia. La aproximación pretende resumir un siglo de recorrido en el tratamiento del suelo rural comparando los instrumentos de tres casos de estudio: la región metropolitana de Barcelona, la aglomeración urbana de Lyon y la provincia de Bolonia. Los tres son regiones con una larga tradición de planeamiento, en muchos momentos ejemplar. In Europe, concerns regarding urban planning have evolved notably: rural areas are now recognized as a field of values and structures that planning culture wishes to bring to front. This paper examines the evolution of common meanings, terms and tools referring rural land in Catalonia, France and Italy’s Regional Planning. The approach resumes a century’s overview on rural land treatment and compares instruments used in three study cases: metropolitan region of Barcelona, urban agglomeration of Lyon and the province of Bologna, regions with a long planning tradition, often considered as exemplary.
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Uribe Tami, María Fernanda. "Vivienda social en Medellín: propuesta de un modelo habitacional diferente para Ciudadela Nuevo Occidente." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6124.
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¿Propone la Ciudadela Nuevo Occidente en Medellín una nueva forma de hacer ciudad? ¿Ha conseguido la intervención mejorar las condiciones en la calidad de vida de la población de bajos ingresos que fue a habitar allí? Son las dos preguntas base que pretende responder este artículo a partir del estudio de caso mencionado, Ciudadela Nuevo Occidente. Su selección obedece a que éste proyecto buscó, y continua aun en ello, institucionalizar un modelo replicable de ocupación territorial de vivienda social a gran escala para acceder formalmente al suelo.
Su desarrollo ha demostrado que es una propuesta, sin duda, innovadora en materia de vivienda social en altura, que ha permitido a un gran número de población contar con techo y servicios públicos domiciliarios y que ha consolidado procesos interinstitucionales importantes para su posible construcción. Logros inigualables. No obstante logros que no llegan a transformar del todo un modelo de ocupación y una realidad social preexistente. En el artículo se cuestiona la configuración del espacio físico construido y los avances en la calidad de vida y en la sostenibilidad económica por parte de una población con condiciones de alto nivel de desempleo, bajo nivel académico o escasas oportunidades laborales entre otras. What are the possible transformations in the new city development proposed in Ciudadela Nuevo Occiendente? And what progression in the living condition has been reached by the people who went to live there? Those are the two questions we attempt to respond in this article through the study case Ciudadela Nuevo Occiendente. The project intends to generate, and still does, a replicable integral improvement of large-scale urban planning to formally access to urban land.
The achievements reached an improvement in new construction techniques, providing housing and covering aqueducts nets or consolidated important institutional processes. However these physical changes failed to transform the social model established there.
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Pack, Brenda, Graham D. M. Andrews, Sarah R. Brown, Willis E. Hames, N. Moreno, and Pablo Davila-Harris. "DOUBLE DATING AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF SILICIC LAVAS AND IGNIMBRITES FROM THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCE (MEXICO): INSIGHTS INTO THE SOURCES AND TIMESCALES OF MAGMA GENERATION IN AN ARC FLARE-UP." In 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-292505.
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Aunta Peña, Andrés Mauricio. "Análisis territorial y dinámicas regionales en el nor-occidente de caldas a partir de la conectividad, la centralidades y las capacidades municipales." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6044.
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El objetivo de este artículo es comprender la planeación regional a partir del análisis del Nor-occidente de Caldas,
para determinar mediante categorías explicativas de integración territorial (conectividad, centralidades y
capacidades), cómo están ocurriendo las dinámicas regionales en este territorio específico, evidenciando
continuidades y rupturas (convergencia), e indicando potencialidades y limitaciones para su desarrollo.
Estas categorías explicativas, serán analizadas a la luz del proceso de Construcción de Visión Subregional que
distintas autoridades, instituciones y organizaciones en el Nor Occidente de Caldas vienen adelantando con el
apoyo del Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), para aportar bases analíticas como insumo a este
proceso de planeación estratégica territorial. The aim of this paper is to understand the regional planning from the analysis of the North-West of Caldas, to
determine by explanatory categories of territorial integration (connectivity, centrality and municipal capacity), how
regional dynamics are occurring in this specific area, showing continuities and ruptures (convergence), and
indicating potential and limitations for development.
These explanatory categories, will be analyzed in light of the process of building Subregional Vision that various
authorities, institutions and organizations in the North West of Caldas come forward with support from the National
Planning Department, to provide analytical foundations as input to this process territorial strategic planning.
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García Martínez, Pedro. "El canon are-bure-boke: una conexión contemporánea entre fotografía, arquitectura y filosofía; una conexión entre Japón y Francia." In III Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales :: ANIAV 2017 :: GLOCAL. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2017.4827.
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En los escritos de algunos arquitectos japoneses contemporáneos como Toyo Ito, Kazuyo Sejima o Ryue Nishizawa es relativamente frecuente encontrar términos empleados por autores posestructuralistas franceses sin que se profundice en el vínculo intelectual que relaciona ambas prácticas aparentemente tan separadas disciplinaria y geográficamente. El texto pretende ahondar en algunos de los hechos que explicitan esta relación y en su importancia. Para ello, la investigación se centra inicialmente en la figura de Koji Taki, quien junto a los fotógrafos Daido Moriyama, Yutaka Takanashi y el escritor Takahiko Okada fundaron la revista Provoke, haciendo trascender el papel documental que hasta entonces se le había otorgado a la fotografía, transformándola en un vehículo que permitiera comunicar con más efectividad las inquietudes políticas y sociales que se respiraban en Tokio en los años sesenta y convertirlas en desencadenantes del hecho creativo. Seguidamente, el texto explica los principales rasgos del canon are-bure-boke, empleado por los integrantes del citado grupo. A continuación, se explicitan datos que sitúan a algunos de los fotógrafos de Provoke en el medio parisino. Lo cual permite entender que en la formulación del citado canon se encontraran principios teóricos que desde el principio se constituyeron como intereses compartidos con la corriente de pensamiento francés que se ha mencionado anteriormente. La posterior relación de Taki con Ito, como fotógrafo de sus obras y como profesor de Sejima permite cerrar el círculo relacional planteado. El texto concluye señalando como, en este caso particular las fotografías del grupo citado jugaron un papel principal, ya que además de codificar una realidad compleja permitieron un intercambio de ideas entre oriente y occidente capaz de trascender el lenguaje. Este marco conceptual habilita una vía de aproximación alternativa a las realizaciones de los arquitectos, en añadidura a las que tradicionalmente empleadas por la crítica.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.4827
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Shaibi, Rashid Al. "Mukhaizna Steam Injectors Thermal Efficiency & Insulated tubing Pilot Evaluation." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172930-ms.
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Abstract Occidental operates a steam flood project in Mukhaizna which is a giant deep heavy oil field in south Oman. Wellbore heat losses from steam injectors is one of the challenges that degrades the steam flood thermal efficiency for a deep reservoir. In addition, wellbore heat losses increase the thermal stress on the casing and lead to wellbore damage. In aim to reduce wellbore heat losses, insulated tubing was introduced and a Pilot was carried out to select the optimum insulated tubing product in the market. Ten Injectors were instrumented and completed with insulated tubing from four different vendors in addition to two bare strings used as a reference base line. Data were collected and evaluated in eight months period. Field thermal conductivity was obtained for the tested products using DTS temperature data from the outermost casing, the Thermocouples data from the tubing outer wall and temperature logs during injection in aid of a calibrated wellbore model. The conducted analysis and the field observations were sufficient to resolve the thermal performance between the tested products. This paper describes the Pilot configuration and the evaluation methodology. Analysis output and field observations are summarized and presented in addition to the raw data collected from the instruments and temperature logs.
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Dobri, Mirona Letitia, Alina-Ioana Voinea, Constantin Marcu, Eva Maria Elkan, Ionuț-Dragoș Rădulescu, and Petronela Nechita. "MINDFULNESS: A PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHOD OF ACCEPTANCE AND CENTERING OF THE MENTAL FRAMEWORK." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.29.
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Mindfulness as a term comes from Buddhist traditions, translating as awareness, concentration or remembrance. Western neuroscientists define mindfulness practices as a combination of emotional and attentional training regimes that help cultivate physical and psychological well-being and improve emotional regulation while noting neurobiological changes in the brain. The formal introduction of oriental ways of thinking into western philosophy, psychology and medicine happened decades ago, generating a large spectrum of discussions and scientific works concerning the therapeutic applications of mindfulness practice. Basing our presentation on a thorough study of scientific papers, we propose a synthesis of the theoretical aspects related to mindfulness and a new perspective regarding its applications in clinical psychiatric care. The modern occidental approaches of the practice are adapted into methods used in cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. The benefits of formal practice proven from the neurological perspective are the result of a less reactive autonomic nervous system. Regulation of attention, body awareness, regulation of emotions, increased capacity of adaptation is just a few of the mechanisms involved. Therefore, it is integrated into western psychotherapy as an adjunctive or alternative method of treatment for several psychiatric disorders among which are depression, anxiety, substance use, smoking cessation, insomnia. In conclusion, mindfulness has shown to have great promise in clinical application, and the hope is to be used in the future with the purpose of improving mental and physical wellbeing and quality of life.
Reports on the topic "Art occidental"
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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.
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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus, and Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.
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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.
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Ullman, Diane, James Moyer, Benjamin Raccah, Abed Gera, Meir Klein, and Jacob Cohen. Tospoviruses Infecting Bulb Crops: Evolution, Diversity, Vector Specificity and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695847.bard.
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Objectives. The overall goal of the proposed research was to develop a mechanistic understanding of tospovirus evolution, diversity and vector specificity that could be applied to development of novel methods for limiting virus establishment and spread. Our specific objectives were: 1) To characterize newly intercepted tospoviruses in onion, Hippeastrum and other bulb crops and compare them with the known tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and its isolates; 2) To characterize intra- and interspecific variation in the virus transmission by thrips of the new and distinct tospoviruses. and, 3) To determine the basis of vector specificity using biological, cellular and molecular approaches. Background. New tospoviruses infecting bulb crops were detected in Israel and the US in the mid-90s. Their plant host ranges and relationships with thrips vectors showed they differed from the type member of the Tospovirus genus, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Outbreaks of these new viruses caused serious crop losses in both countries, and in agricultural and ornamental crops elsewhere. In the realm of plant infecting viruses, the tospoviruses (genus: Tospovirus , family: Bunyaviridae ) are among the most aggressive emerging viruses. Tospoviruses are transmitted by several species of thrips in a persistent, propagative fashion and the relationships between the viruses and their thrips vectors are often specific. With the emergence of new tospoviruses, new thrips vector/tospovirus relationships have also arisen and vector specificities have changed. There is known specificity between thrips vector species and particular tospoviruses, although the cellular and molecular bases for this specificity have been elusive. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. We demonstrated that a new tospovirus, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) caused "straw bleaching" in onion (Allium cepa) and lisianthus necrosis in lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum). Characterization of virus isolates revealed genetic diversity among US, Brazilian, Dutch and Israeli isolates. IYSV was not seed transmitted, and in Israel, was not located in bulbs of infected plants. In the US, infected plants were generated from infected bulbs. The relationship between IYSV and Thrips tabaci was shown to be specific. Frankliniella occidentalis, the primary vector of many other tospoviruses, did not transmit IYSV isolates in Israel or the US. Furthermore, 1': tabaci populations varied in their transmission ability. Transmission was correlated to IYSV presence in thrips salivary glands. In Israel, surveys in onion fields revealed that the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman was the predominant species and that its incidence was strongly related to that of IYSV infection. In contrast, in the U.S., T. tabaci and F. occidentalis were present in high numbers during the times sampled. In Israel, insecticides reduced onion thrips population and caused a significant yield increase. In the US, a genetic marker system that differentiates non-thrips transmissible isolates from thrips transmissible isolate demonstrated the importance of the M RNA to thrips transmission of tospoviruses. In addition, a symbiotic Erwinia was discovered in thrips and was shown to cause significant artifacts in certain types of virus binding experiments. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Rapid emergence of distinct tospoviruses and new vector relationships is profoundly important to global agriculture. We advanced the understanding of IYSV in bulb crops and its relationships with thrips vector species. The knowledge gained provided growers with new strategies for control and new tools for studying the importance of particular viral proteins in thrips specificity and transmission efficiency.
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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.