Academic literature on the topic 'ART / Techniques / Drawing'
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Journal articles on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Dal Fovo, Alice, Jana Striova, Enrico Pampaloni, and Raffaella Fontana. "Unveiling the Invisible in Uffizi Gallery’s Drawing 8P by Leonardo with Non-Invasive Optical Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 7995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177995.
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Until recently, the study of drawings by old masters has been confined to the art history conservation field. More specifically, scientific investigations of Leonardo’s drawings are still very few, possibly due to the latter’s extreme fragility and artistic value. However, analytical data are crucial to develop a solid knowledge base of the drawing materials and techniques used by artists in the past. In this work, we report on the application of non-invasive optical techniques on a double-sided drawing by Leonardo belonging to the Uffizi Gallery (8P). We used multispectral reflectography in the visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) regions to obtain a spectral mapping of the drawing materials, to be subsequently integrated with technical information provided by art historians and conservators. Morphological analysis by microprofilometry allowed for the identification of the typical wave-like texture impressed in the paper during the sheet’s manufacture, as well as of further paper-impressed traits attributable to the drawing transfer method used by Leonardo. Optical coherence tomography revealed a set of micrometric engraved details in the blank background, which lack any trace of colored material, nor display any apparent relation to the drawn landscape. The disclosure of hidden technical features allowed us to offer new insights into Leonardo’s still under-investigated graphic practices.
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Alviana, Fibri Ledia, Istri Romawanti, Shirly Rizki Kusumaningrum, and Radeni Sukma Indra Dewi. "ELEVATING THE STUDENTS CREATIVITY BY ART DRAWING." SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah 1, no. 3 (November 9, 2022): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v1i3.294.
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Through art education, students can develop their potential, hone their intelligence, exercise their creativity, and form their personality. Drawing activities in general are activities that are in great demand by elementary school students. To increase student creativity, teachers want to apply the use of grattage techniques. The grattage technique is one of the drawing techniques in fine arts. This study aims to find out how the grattage technique is applied and whether there is an increase in creativity after drawing using this grattage technique. This research is a class action research consisting of 2 cycles, which was conducted on grade 4 students of UPT SD Negeri Talun 03. From the results of the study, there was an increase in student creativity in using grattage techniques which was shown by an increase in the percentage of learning completion in cycle 2. And more than 70% of students are declared complete learning.
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Kustiawan, Usep. "Drawing, Cutting, Sticking to Improve Early Childhood Art Skills." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i12.007.
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Art education is given to children with various purposes but all of them are based on the belief that art shapes children's sensitivity in life. Fine art is a branch of art that is created using visual elements and can be appreciated through the senses of the eye. One of the art activities for early childhood can be done through drawing collage techniques or pasting techniques. Drawing collages can be developed using one of the M3 techniques, namely drawing activities that begin withdrawing activities, which are then continued by cutting and then continuing with the activity of pasting the work on the prepared media. The purpose of this research and development is to develop collage drawing activities through the Drawing Cut and Stick (M3) technique in terms of attractiveness, convenience and safety in improving the fine arts abilities of early childhood group B according to the type of theme of activities in kindergarten.
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Kennedy, Hailey, and Hugh McKenzie. "Art and Archaeology." Pathways 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pathways50.
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Observational skills provide the foundation for both drawing and archaeological techniques. Drawing was frequently employed within archaeology as a recording technique or to produce technical illustrations for published academic papers. However, in recent years the widespread use and adoption of digital photography and 3D imagery has resulted in a decline of its use and such skills are now only briefly considered in archaeological teaching as practical and worthwhile endeavors. This paper considers the role drawing can have within archaeology and suggests that drawing is a useful tool to aid in critical observation. With the integration of specialist interviews, an art workshop experiment was created. This workshop experiment was created to explore drawing as a learning technique in which to aid in developing the observational skills of undergraduate archaeology students. The results of this study suggest that drawing is a useful mode of observation, one that enables researchers to gain a deeper understanding of what they observe, that it can be used to see.
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Husanov, Raximjon. "Techniques for teaching students realistic visualization of presence in the lessons of fine arts." Общество и инновации 3, no. 4/S (May 15, 2022): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss4/s-pp217-221.
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It is the basis of all types of Fine Arts. The artist is based on painting, regardless of which of the types of Fine Arts he creates. He expresses his observations, his research on the compositions of the great works, first with the first lines in the pen. As for the creation of works of art, these executed drawings serve as an auxiliary resource to the artist. The artist begins the creation of this or that picture with a pencil. After that, this work of art gives the viewer an aesthetic pleasure through a palette of colors. In other words, without pencil drawing, no artist can make his work mature. Realistic painting teaches to master the basics, methods and skills of drawing, to know the sequence in describing and to be able to use various illustrative tools. Learning the basics of drawing, it is worth noting that the drawing is built on the principle of drawing in stages, depending on the thing itself. In this article, the lessons of Fine Arts give students an idea and feedback on the methods of teaching realistic images of existence.
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Sukharev, A. I., G. S. Baymukhanov, and T. Y. Pozdnyakova. "PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MASTERING CHARCOAL DRAWING TECHNIQUES BY ART STUDENTS." Современные проблемы науки и образования (Modern Problems of Science and Education), no. 6 2023 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/spno.33047.
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Liang, Ruohan, and Elis Syuhaila binti Mokhtar. "Teaching For Art Criticism: Application of Feldman’s ‘Method of Art Criticism’ to Students' Expressive Ink Figure Paintings." International Journal of Education and Humanities 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fv2k8m75.
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This study collected artworks from 30 first-year art education students and conducted critical analysis using Feldman’s ‘Method of Art Criticism’. Visual data were analyzed quantitatively; descriptive statistical techniques were used. Scores are viewed as mean scores and frequencies to determine how students' critical abilities are reflected. Use the Pearson correlation coefficient to find correlations between students' expressive ink figure drawings and art critical ability scores. Research indicates, Most students performed slightly better than average in critical analysis and performed best in selected analysis among the four areas of assessment (Description, Analysis, Interpretation, Judgment). In the context of students' expressive ink figure drawing and critical skills, the findings indicate that there is a certain connection between students' art critical skills and expressive ink figure drawing.
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Triana, Rizki Sevi, and Joko Pamungkas. "Drawing and Coloring Using Crayon with Gradation Technique at Kindergarten." Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 6, no. 5 (July 19, 2022): 5165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i5.2761.
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As an Early Childhood Education teacher, you are required to be able to understand the world of art and develop interesting art lessons for children. This research was conducted to understand the process of learning art to students at the Institute. By using this type of qualitative descriptive research, the researcher will examine the facts in the field with detailed interpretations. Data collection techniques using observation, documentation, and interviews. The data analysis uses data collection, data reduction, data display, verification, and affirmation of conclusions. The research proves that the results of introducing art learning concepts to students through drawing and coloring activities using gradation techniques using crayon at kindergarten in Jember can be developed well. From the results of this study, it has a positive impact on students and is beneficial for developing their faith, honing their talents, and creativity to be even more enthusiastic in the art learning process.
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Olivero, Lucas Fabian, and António Bandeira Araújo. "Desiderata for a Performative Hybrid Immersive Drawing Platform." i-com 21, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2022-0009.
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Abstract We discuss the design requirements of a software platform for constructing immersive environments through handmade spherical perspective drawings in a performative setting, with concurrent interactive live feed of the spherical drawing’s VR visualization. We investigate current best practices and available software in order to extract functionalities, requirements, improvements, possible integrations and future developments. We map the base requirements of the software from three sources: the state of the art of drawing techniques for spherical perspectives (equirectangular, azimuthal equidistant and cubical), the available software for their practice and the experimentation with novel hybrid artefacts. For the latter, we use a node-based program that allows us to prototype the workflow before entering a pure coding stage. The desired software platform should integrate well within digital art practices, stimulate and facilitate the practice of anamorphic handmade spherical drawings, and expand spherical perspectives’ applications through the emerging media of Hybrid Immersive Models (HIMs).
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Cui, Ziwei. "Application of Line Integral Convolution Techniques in the Generation of Fine Art Painting Effects." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6872214.
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Since the 1980s, nonrealistic drawing techniques have become one of the main focuses of research in computer graphics. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer graphics, nonrealistic drawing techniques have become capable of rendering any digital image into an image with an alternative artistic style. As a result, many scholars have focused on the pencil sketch style. Against this backdrop, research into how to create more realistic art drawings has become a hot topic. Although the rapid development of computer technology has led to advances in art drawing techniques, traditional fine art painting methods are not yet able to simulate realistic pencil sketches in a quite realistic way. In other words, the following issues have been noted. For example, they fail to simulate the gradation of shades and densities of real sketches, the direction of the shadows does not conform to the general rules of sketching, and the results produced are not artistic and realistic. After all, unlike realistic graphics, which seeks a photo-like realism, nonrealistic graphics wants to highlight the message of the image with the help of computer simulations. As a result, nonrealistic graphics often ignores unimportant details in the image. On the other hand, nonrealistic graphics can also simulate an artist’s painting to a certain extent, thus producing an artistically effective image. Many nonrealistic drawing methods have been devised to simulate the styles of oil, watercolour, and ink, but not many algorithms have been developed to generate colour sketches. In order to address this topic, this study improves a fine art drawing generation approach based on the line integral convolution techniques. To be specific, this investigation begins by segmenting the colour images through cluster analysis. Two basic colours are then assigned to each region by calculating the colour variability, and the density of each colour is calculated using a two-tone mapping technique. After that, the line integral convolution technique is applied to generate sketch textures for each of the two basic colour layers, and the two layers are fused to produce the coloured textures. At the same time, a neon transform is used to generate the sketch contour lines. Eventually, the contours are blended with the coloured textures to obtain the coloured sketch effect. The experimental results show that the art painting generation method designed in this paper is able to automatically transform from colour images to coloured pencil drawings, thus improving the efficiency of the process as well as meeting the real-time requirements.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Puhakka, Heli. "From analogue to digital: Drawing the human form by examining creative practices, techniques and experiences of practitioners within immersive technology." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134466/1/Heli_Puhakka_Thesis.pdf.
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Advancements in virtual reality (VR) have facilitated a new drawing experience for digital artists. These have provided the experience for artists to have an embodied human-computer interaction (HCI) while drawing. This project focuses on exploring and understanding how analogue life drawing practices can be redefined in the digital realm of virtual reality. In this practice-led project, the analogue life drawing creative practice is the foundation for making immersive drawing artworks in the virtual environment. This is alongside theoretical research into aesthetic experience, embodiment, disembodiment and presence in conjunction with conducting semi-structured interviews to understand other drawing practitioner experiences with immersive drawing.
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Mazzamati, Suzanne Goulart Mattos [UNESP]. "Rotinas de Invenção: uma experiência de arte na escola." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151355.
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Esta dissertação relata uma experiência em arte e educação desenvolvida em uma escola particular em São Paulo, entre os anos de 1984 a 2016. São abordadas, neste relato, quatro práticas: o ateliê livre, o ensino sistemático de desenho, as técnicas e as formas de ver e os rituais de convivência. A análise e a reflexão sobre as práticas desenvolveu-se no caminhar do relato, sob o ponto de vista e o apoio de diversos autores, entre eles, Cecília Salles, Jorge Larrosa, Paulo Freire, Jacques Rancière, Michel de Certeau, Ítalo Calvino, Carl Jung, Thierry de Duve e Celso Favaretto, além de depoimentos dos professores e falas dos alunos. O diálogo entre tantos vetores faz saltar à vista a importância do ensino da arte nas escolas em sua complexidade, em sua vitalidade e em sua contribuição para um crescimento integrado do aluno, com espaço para ser e estar no grupo. A pesquisa analisa documentos produzidos pelas equipes de arte e traz imagens ilustrativas desse processo.
The present dissertation describes an experience on art and education carried out in a private school in São Paulo, between 1984 and 2016. In such report, four practices are broached: free workshop, systematic drawing instruction, different techniques and ways of seeing, and rituals of coexistence. Analysis and reflections on such practices were developed during the course of the report, under the point of view and support of several authors, among them, Cecília Salles, Jorge Larrosa, Paulo Freire, Jacques Rancière, Michel de Certeau, Ítalo Calvino, Carl Jung, Thierry de Duve, Celso Favaretto, in addition to teacher testimonials and student talks. The dialog between so many vectors stresses the importance of art teaching in schools in all its complexity, vitality and in its contribution to an integrated growth of the student, with space to be and relate to the group. The survey analyses documents produced by art teams and presents illustrative images of such a process.
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Mayhew, Margaret 1936. "Modelling subjectivities: life-drawing, popular culture and contemporary art education." Phd thesis, Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7735.
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Viewegh, James. "Life! land, air, and sea : a series of mixed media drawings on plexiglass." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864920.
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The creative project was a series of three, mixed media drawings created on multiple layers of transparent plexiglass. The artist designed a frame in which three sheets of plexiglass were contained. This unit portrayed a three-dimensional drawing. The artist then experimented with a variety of mediums to determine which material was best suited for successful rendering on plexiglass. The artist then did a number of sketches to determine what images would best convey the idea of humankind's close connection to the land, air, and sea.The primary accomplishments achieved in this project were the knowledge gained in the experimentation of materials and the ability to create a composition on multiple layers of plexiglass. Through these successes, the artist was able to effectively create a series of three three-dimensional mixed media drawings.Department of Art
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Pearce, Stewart 1954. "Effects of computer administration upon a tree drawing projective technique." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277283.
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Projective tree drawing techniques are used by clinicians and therapists to assess the personality and emotional state of patients. This study compares the results of administering a computerized projective tree drawing technique with the results obtained by a pencil and paper counterpart. Both techniques are based upon the tree drawing component of the House-Tree-Person technique and related tests. With Compute-A-Tree, subjects created tree pictures from a menu of preselected imagery while subjects taking the conventional form of the technique produced spontaneous tree drawings. A post-drawing questionnaire (PDQ) employing a Likert scale was used to measure subjects attitudes regarding their tree images. The mean score for computer rendered trees was higher than the mean score for conventionally rendered images. Similarities were found between responses to the images obtained through the two forms of administration.
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Atkins, John L. "Personal anthropological observations." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/724963.
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The creative project dealt with the artist creating a vocabulary of images derived from past and present cultures in order to create a series of highly personalized anthropological narratives. The artist intended the narrative drawings to invoke archaic moods rather than summon literal responses.The accomplishments of this creative project were further development of the artist's personal imagist style, success in relating personal anthropological observations through narratives, and progress in media experimentation. By creating more contrast between forms, by varying value against value and deep space against shallow space, the artist was able to achieve superior compositional studies.Department of Art
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Sefer, Ibrahim. "Newly arrived children's art / story book 2004." [Adelaide]: Migrant Health Service, 2004. http://www.health.sa.gov.au/library/Portals/0/drawings-and-dreams-newly-arrived-childrens-art-story-book.pdf.
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This project was funded by the Department for Families and Communities A collaboration between Ibrahim Sefer, newly arrived boys and girls aged between 4 and 14 years from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds and the Migrant Health Service (Adelaide Central Community Health Service).
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Mulholland, Richard. "'From dreams and visions and things not known' : technique and process in David Smith's drawings." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 2010. http://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/433/.
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For the American sculptor, David Smith (1906–1965), drawing was a language to replace words. It was the subconscious immediacy of drawing that allowed formal concepts to take shape during the laborious process of welding steel. In the 1950s, Smith’s sculptural output increased dramatically in both scale and quantity. At the same time, his drawings acquired a separate identity, largely independent of his sculpture, yet these drawings, and indeed much of Smith graphic process, have to date not been studied in depth from a technical perspective. Utilising the technical study as its mode of inquiry, this thesis investigates the complex tacit knowledge present in Smith’s work, particularly as it exists in the relationship between the practice of drawing and the practice of sculpture, and applies it to the understanding of his oeuvre. Unravelling this tacit or hidden knowledge reveals that Smith attached much significance to materials. More pertinently perhaps, this approach prompts a hypothesis that argues for a simultaneous and synergistic material relationship between sculptural and drawing in Smith’s practice. The elucidation of the tacit within Smith’s work when framed within recent understanding of the importance of tactile perception in experiencing works of art reveals that Smith may have used materials that both perceptually and physically extended drawing into three dimensions and further, that these materials often had resonance with materials used in his sculpture. Studying the technical aspects of Smith’s process inevitably provides a framework for discussion on durability, damage and authenticity in his work. Smith’s extensive investigation into materials - both industrial and artistic – is discussed as a function of his self-identity not as artist, but rather as industrial worker, with a pragmatic interest in the use of durable materials in his work, both graphic and sculptural. The fact that a significant number of Smith’s painted sculptures and drawings have aged poorly is therefore difficult to reconcile. It raises questions about the true durability of his media, why they have deteriorated and, more importantly, how an understanding of the tacit, and of technique and process might be crucial for decisions made for their conservation. In this context the deterioration of a substantial number of Smith’s iconic drawings from the 1950s is discussed in juxtaposition with the now notorious decision in the early 1970s to completely remove badly deteriorated paint from a number of his unfinished sculptures by the then Executors of Smith’s estate, ostensibly to preserve the integrity of his work. That alteration has occurred in both drawing and sculpture in Smith’s work is highly significant, given Smith’s lack of demarcation between the disciplines. It provides a base for discussion on the meaning of intent, damage and restoration in Smith’s work and suggests that even small changes in surface texture, gloss or colour might irrevocably alter our perception of it. The results of the investigation provide several important observations: Firstly, that there is a considerable tacit dimension to Smith’s graphic work not previously considered in studies of his practice and that in understanding this it becomes clear that Smith used drawing in a more complex and vital manner than previously considered. Secondly, that Smith’s drawings were informed to a great extent by both three-dimensionality and by the materials he chose, that tactility and notions concerning the haptic perception of objects might provide insight into Smith’s work, and that this can be applied equally to drawing as much as sculpture. Thirdly, that Smith’s ideological stance as an industrial worker profoundly affected his process and the materials choices he made, and finally, that change in Smith’s works whether the result of deterioration or deliberate intervention might profoundly alter perception and understanding of such nuanced work.
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Roome, John William. "Creative applications of basic computer software: a practice-led exploration of visual art and design thinking drawing and animation." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1336.
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2013Digital drawing and animation, using basic computer software, opens up new possibilities in creative practice-‐led research. The digital medium, with its relative ease of reproduction and storage of images, facilitates a reflective method of thinking-‐while-‐ drawing, thereby stimulating the creative process and providing a unique means of reflection-‐in-‐action. The computer’s ability to record images allows for temporal disruption, providing possibilities for exploring alternative creative solutions as well as retrospective, reflection-‐on-‐action. This thesis presents an interrogation of the researcher’s creative practice, as well as the findings and creative artefacts of other relevant practitioners in the field of digital drawing, animation, and related creative activities. A reflexive methodology was used to investigate the relationship between making, doing, and knowing in creative practice. The findings are supported by creative outputs (making), reflection on the creative process in relation to supporting literature (doing), and knowledge resulting from this reflection together with related theoretical research (knowing). The research revealed that digital drawing and animation supports new modes of making resulting in the production of original creative artefacts. It was further revealed that in relation to “doing”, the digital medium supports reflective practice by enabling the creative practitioner to document and reflect on these outputs both during and after making. The resulting reflexive actions combined with theoretical research lead to revelations concerning the relationship between thinking and drawing when using digital media as well as in a broader sense. The study thus contributes insights concerning art and design thinking, and makes a contribution to new developments in visual arts and design research. Practice-‐led research introduces a theoretical paradigm that has methodological implications particularly in the context of the current re-‐structuring and transformation of art and design education at South African Universities of Technology. The findings indicate that digital drawing and animation can encourage a critical and reflective approach not only in the work of creative practitioners by supporting new modes of making, but that it also has positive implications for visual arts research and teaching. In this regard the research highlights the need for promoting the integration of theory and practice in visual arts and design education curricula.
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Costa, Juliana Braga. "História, arte e arquitetura: Flavio Motta e o ensino como ofício." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-13092018-135126/.
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Esta tese investiga as aproximações e os diálogos entre as artes, as técnicas e a cultura e de que modo eles reverberam no processo de formação e na prática dos arquitetos. O espaço aqui privilegiado é a Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo dos anos 1950 a 1970. Trata-se de entender de que maneira a instituição se insere nos campos artístico, intelectual e profissional contemporâneos, especialmente em São Paulo, e, ao mesmo tempo, de que modo as relações com os meios artísticos adentram o espaço acadêmico, definindo não apenas um perfil de formação peculiar no período, mas também uma compreensão da arquitetura como atividade inseparável de outros ramos da cultura. Investigamos essas relações através da trajetória do professor, crítico e historiador da arte Flavio Motta, percorrendo sua carreira intelectual e docente desde a formação em Pedagogia na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da USP nos anos 40, passando por suas experiências de trabalho com educação artística junto ao Museu de Arte de São Paulo e a Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado, até sua atuação decisiva na construção institucional e na reformulação acadêmica e político-pedagógica do curso de arquitetura da , ao longo dos quase 30 anos em que esteve ligado a esta escola.This thesis investigates the approximations and dialogues between arts, techniques and culture and how they reverberate in architect\'s process of formation and practice. It is focused on the Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo between 1950 and 1970. What it proposes is an understanding on how that institution inserts itself in the contemporary artistic, intellectual and professional fields, especially in São Paulo, and at the same time in which ways artistic fields entry academic space to the point of defining a particular formation in the mentioned period including architecture as an activity inseparable from other branches of culture. We investigate these relations looking at the trajectory of the professor, critic and art historian Flavio Motta. We go through his intellectual and teaching career from his degree in Pedagogy at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the USP in the 1940s, his experiences in artistic education at Museu de Arte de São Paulo and Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado, to his decisive role in the institutional construction and academic/ political-pedagogical reformulation of the architecture degree during almost 30 years he was connected to this school (eu colocaria FAU-USP invés de this school).
Books on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Tusbasa, Hirono. Shoujo Manga Techniques: Drawing Basics. S.l: Digital Manga Publishing, 2005.
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Lohan, Frank. Sketching birds: Pen, pencil, and ink wash techniques. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2012.
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1931-, Wakeham Duane A., ed. A guide to drawing. 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1988.
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1931-, Wakeham Duane A., ed. A guide to drawing. 5th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
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Press, Running, and Inklink (Firm), eds. Ways of drawing cats: A guide to expanding your visual awareness. Philadelphia, Pa: Running Press, 1994.
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Silver, Rawley A. Stimulus drawings and techniques. 3rd ed. Monroe, N.Y: Trillium Books, 1986.
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Porter, Tom. Designer primer: For architects, graphic designers, & artists. London: Butterworth Architecture, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Murry, Natalie. "Postmortem Drawing." In Digital Forensic Art Techniques, 189–208. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351047166-11.
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Murry, Natalie. "Composite Drawing." In Digital Forensic Art Techniques, 47–65. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351047166-3.
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Li, Lei, Yongqiang Zhou, Chunxiao Liu, Yingying Xu, and Jie Fu. "State-of-the-Art Line Drawing Techniques." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1249–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1839-5_135.
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Page, Joanna. "Introduction." In Decolonial Ecologies, 1–24. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0339.08.
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The visual arts have played an integral role in the collection, identification, study, and exhibition of flora and fauna since the earliest times. The introduction traces ways in which art has participated in the construction of knowledge about the New World in particular, drawing on relevant recent scholarship by Daniela Bleichmar, Mauricio Nieto Olarte, and Juan Pimentel, among others. It focuses on how animal and plant life in Latin America were documented by chroniclers of the early colonial period, in the great scientific expeditions of the Enlightenment, and in museum exhibition practices of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The introduction outlines how the more recent artworks studied in this book develop a critique of the Enlightenment’s quest for a universal scientific language, searching instead to pluralize epistemologies. Returning to technologies of knowledge that were often designed to yield greater objectivity and universalism, Latin American artists have adapted these for different purposes: to reentwine natural history with human history, to historicize a timeless and universal nature, and to reconnect modern science with forms of knowledge it has marginalized since the eighteenth century. These techniques allow them to intervene critically in debates about environmental change and to explore decolonial and post-anthropocentric perspectives on the relationships between humans and the natural world.
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Scott, Michael. "Knowledge of Governance as Knowledge for Governance: Spatialized Techniques of Neutralization." In Knowledge for Governance, 51–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_3.
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AbstractThe term governance often evokes processes of negotiation and collaboration between civil society, private sector, and state actors. Yet, governance processes also involve a contest of ideas in efforts to legitimate state-backed decision making. Drawing on empirical cases of coastal property developments in South Australia, this chapter investigates how key actors in land-use governance—such as developers, planners, politicians, and scientists—reflexively deploy “techniques of neutralization” to deflect critiques and manage opposition to contentious new developments. The author explores how these techniques draw on particular spatial metaphors and images to suggest that, somewhat ironically, a tacit meta technique is to neutralize the projected environmental risks to coastal space through narratives of time. By outlining these everyday techniques of neutralization, the author argues that such routines are a form of knowledge of governance—knowing what can be said and ways of speaking within governance processes—that is in turn a form of knowledge for governance.
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Aktulga, H., V. Ravindra, A. Grama, and S. Pandit. "Machine Learning Techniques in Reactive Atomistic Simulations." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 15–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16248-0_2.
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AbstractThis chapter describes recent advances in the use of machine learning techniques in reactive atomistic simulations. In particular, it provides an overview of techniques used in training force fields with closed form potentials, developing machine-learning-based potentials, use of machine learning in accelerating the simulation process, and analytics techniques for drawing insights from simulation results. The chapter covers basic machine learning techniques, training procedures and loss functions, issues of off-line and in-lined training, and associated numerical and algorithmic issues. The chapter highlights key outstanding challenges, promising approaches, and potential future developments. While the chapter relies on reactive atomistic simulations to motivate models and methods, these are more generally applicable to other modeling paradigms for reactive flows.
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Ahrens, Jill, and Russell King. "Onward Migration and Transnationalism: What Are the Interconnections?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12503-4_1.
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AbstractThis introductory chapter sets the scene for the book. It defines onward migration as a migration trajectory that involves extended stays in two or more destination countries and distinguishes it from competing and overlapping terms like stepwise and transit migration. Onward migration is a growing phenomenon within overall global migration dynamics, although statistics to document the scale and trends of this type of migration are scarce. The main aim of the chapter is to examine how onward migration and transnationalism are connected. This is achieved both by reference to a range of existing literature and by citing evidence from the succeeding chapters in the volume. We demonstrate both how transnationalism can shape onward migration and, the reverse, how different onward migration trajectories may result in different forms of transnationalism. In this latter context, we identify inter-generational, split, widening and re-routed transnationalism, again drawing on examples both from the book and from the wider literature. The final section of the chapter consists of a methodological discussion on the practicalities of researching onward migration and multi-sited transnationalism, in which the technique of multi-sited ethnography is discussed, critiqued and modified.
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Djenar, Dwi Noverini. "Just Like Conversation?: Speech and Thought Presentation in Indonesian Adolescent Fiction." In Language Practices Among Children and Youth in Indonesia, 125–45. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4775-1_8.
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AbstractThis chapter examines a remark by an observer of Indonesian adolescent literature that the language in Indonesian Teenlit novels resembles “spoken language,” implying that it is conversational in style. Drawing on approaches to speech and thought presentation initially applied to the study of English language texts, the chapter shows that direct speech and free direct speech are the main techniques employed by Indonesian authors to represent the speech and thought of adolescent characters. It is argued that the observer’s remark is not an indication that the language in Teenlit is indeed like conversational language. Rather, it represents an intuitive judgment that attests to the authors’ effective use of the techniques.
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Zeng, Zheni, Zhiyuan Liu, Yankai Lin, and Maosong Sun. "Biomedical Knowledge Representation Learning." In Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing, 433–62. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1600-9_12.
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AbstractAs a subject closely related to our life and understanding of the world, biomedicine keeps drawing much attention from researchers in recent years. To help improve the efficiency of people and accelerate the progress of this subject, AI techniques especially NLP methods are widely adopted in biomedical research. In this chapter, with biomedical knowledge as the core, we launch a discussion on knowledge representation and acquisition as well as biomedical knowledge-guided NLP tasks and explain them in detail with practical scenarios. We also discuss current research progress and several future directions.
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Giolla, Erik Mac, Pär Anders Granhag, and Zarah Vernham. "Drawing-based deception detection techniques: a state-of-the-art review." In Reviewing Crime Psychology, 24–39. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429346927-3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Curcic, Dimitrije. "INTERVENTION PROCEDURE IN DRAWING CLASSES FOR NON-ART UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: THE IMPACT OF ASSIGNMENT REDESIGN ON STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE." In EduCon Bangkok – International Conference on Education, 08-09 July 2024. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/ictel.2024.150-168.
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Drawing allows students to actively engage with the topic they are learning, as opposed to only taking knowledge passively (Abdullah et.al., 2023). The endeavor to teach fundamental freehand drawing techniques to non-art university students poses distinct challenges necessitating the adaptation of specific instructional methodologies. This study investigates the impact of assignment design as a part of instructional methods in a freehand drawing course tailored for non-art students and its consequent effects on student performance. Employing a multifaceted data collection methodology involving intervention, post-intervention analysis, and self-reflection questionnaires about students' perceptions of the learning process, the study seeks to elucidate which interventions in instructional procedure are efficient in improving students’ overall performance. The study cohort comprises 63 second-year students drawn from diverse faculties at Prince of Songkla University in Hat Yai, Thailand, encompassing eleven students from the first semester and fifty-two from the second semester of the academic year 2023. Through visual analysis post-intervention, informed by standardized rubric score criteria, the findings evince a significant correlation between assignment themes and student performance. Furthermore, discernible enhancements across various assignment categories suggest a marked improvement in learning outcomes attributable to the redesigned assignments implemented in the second semester compared to their counterparts in the first semester of the academic year 2023.
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Mitchell, Thomas J., Jess Thom, Matthew Pountney, and Joseph Hyde. "The Alchemy of Chaos: A Sound Art Sonification of a Year of Tourette’s Episodes." In ICAD 2019: The 25th International Conference on Auditory Display. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2019.040.
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Touretteshero is the name of a organisation that aims to raise awareness of Touette’s syndrome by sharing and celebrating the creativity and humour of the involuntary vocal and movement tics that characterise the condition. This paper documents the development of a Touretteshero project called The Alchemy of Chaos, a sound art piece that translates a year of intensive ticcing episodes (or ‘ticcing fits’) into a six minute sonification. The work emphasises both the faithful representation of data and the aesthetic sound quality, drawing techniques and ideas from sound design for film, which is often used to convey information about a visual scene in ways that can be used for sonfication. Specifically, the work uses Chion’s elements of auditory setting: short punctual sounds that can express locations with minimal sonic references. Sound parameters are also classified into groups that have ‘data significance’ and those that do not, with aesthetic interventions limited to those parameters that do not impact on data transparency. The resulting piece was included within a keynote talk at the Royal Albert Hall in the UK and the paper includes a qual-itative reflection on the work and the potential value that sound design techniques for film can bring to the auditory display community.
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Arnautu, Irina, and Ioan Cioara. "ARAHPAINT, A POWERFUL DESIGNING TOOL FOR TEXTILE REPEAT PATTERNS." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-243.
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Textile design is basically the process of creating designs for woven, knitted or printed fabrics. To create a seamless repeat pattern or design on a textile fabric are used different traditional and digital art techniques. A pencil and paper could be present during the first part of this process. In order to complete a design and transfer it to the textile surface, before fabric weaving, knitting or printing process, it is necessary to use professional software. ArahPaint is Arahne's open source software which can be downloaded it for free along with a demo version of programs ArahWeave for weaving and ArahDrape for mapping. ArahPaint is a drawing program for the textile professionals, but in equal measure and for the engineering students who intend to develop their full creative potential as surface textile pattern designers. This paper presents the advantages of using ArahPaint as an inspired and unlimited teaching tool based on the elements and principles of construction of seamless repeat patterns. Some of the most important features of ArahPaint program are related to ability to magnifying the drawings with a specifiable scale, degree of magnification and units, to working with large images up to 30.000 x 30.000 pixels, to drawing instantaneous in seamless repeat across borders, to viewing multiple repeats, to previewing the pattern in repeat and to generating fast pattern designs with special filters. ArahPaint contains many other useful tools for creative works, which, obviously, can never replace the human creativity, imagination and innovation, but can be used to explore a variety of repeat pattern formats. In connection with the process of converting a design idea into a fabric are presented the steps and modalities to creating repeat patterns for Jacquard woven fabrics.
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Nuredin, Ibram. "Portraits of the Balchik tartars from the paintings of Nicolae Tonitza and Iosif Iser." In Latinitate, Romanitate, Românitate. Conferinţa ştiinţifică internaţională, Ediția a 7-a. Moldova State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/lrr2023.15.
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The communication refers to the portraits of Tatars from the plastic creations of the masters Nicolae Tonitza (1886-1940) and Iosif Iser (1881-1958), painters who brought to Romanian plastic art a modern vision, a universal openness, a compo- sitional maturity supported by chromatic harmonies.Through multiple techniques – oil on canvas, gouache on cardboard, watercolour, drawing, charcoal or ink – Nicolae Tonitza and Iosif Iser reproduced the typologies of ethnic Tatars, captured in decorative backgrounds, in marine fragments or classical Dobrudjan architecture of interwar Balchik – houses, streets, gates, cafés, windows. The expressive, unique figures of Tatars are, most of the time, created with an economy of artistic means, in images full of compassion, love, brotherhood and humanism.
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Vermisso, Emmanouil. "Fragmented Layers of Design Thinking: Limitations and Opportunities of Neural Language Model-assisted processes for Design Creativity." In Design Computation Input/Output 2022. Design Computation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/dcio.2022.mmlw2640.
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This paper offers insights about the otherwise limited NLM-driven methodologies, supporting an examination of design creativity following the ‘process’ approach. [Abraham 2018] Recent application of AI models which rely on natural language processing (semantic references) is increasingly popular because of their directness and ease-of-use. Neural Language Models (NLMs) like VQGAN+CLIP, DALL-E, MidJourney) offer promising results, [Rodrigues, et al. 2021] seemingly bypassing the need for expensive datasets and technical expertise. Naturally, such models are limited because they cannot capture the multimodal complexity of architectural thinking and human cognition in general [Penrose 1989]. Alternative approaches propose the combination of NLMs with other artificial neural networks (ANNs) i.e. StyleGAN; CycleGAN which are custom-trained on domain-specific data. [Bolojan, Vermisso and Yousif 2022] Architects seek to expand their agency within such AI-assisted processes by controling the input encoding, so they can subsequently convert the generated outcomes to 3D models fairly directly. Still, AI models of computer vision like NLMs and GANs offer 2-dimensional output, which requires extensive decoding into 3-dimensional format. While this may seem severely constraining, it presents a silver lining when it comes to furthering design creativity. Designers are asked to scrutinize their methods from a cognitive standpoint, because these methodologies not only encourage, but demand thorough interrogation of the design intentionality, the design decision making factors and qualification criteria. Text-to-image correlation, on which NLMs rely, and their 2-dimensional output, ensure that certain important considerations are not circumvented. Instead of obtaining a 3D model, multiple possible -fragmented- versions of it are separately implied. Often, ‘fake’ images generated by the ANNs promote contradictory inferences of space, which require further examination. The hidden opportunity within the limited format of AI models echo Neil Spiller’s comments about the advantage of drawing over animation techniques twenty years ago: “Enigma is a creative tool that allows designers to see bifurcated outcomes in their sketches and drawings; it plays on the inability of drawings to faithfully record the distinct placement and extent of architectural elements”. [Spiller 2001] Comparing animations to static drawings, Spiller praised the drawing’s ability to hold “…an imagined past and an imagined future”. ‘Reading’ these results involves the (human) disentanglement of high and low-level features and consciously allocating their corresponding qualities for curation. The process of evaluating ‘parts-to-whole’ visual relationships is noteworthy because it depends on shifting our attention away from certain features, and an unconscious binding of visual elements. [Dehaene 2014] The philosopher Alain wrote that “The art of paying attention, the great art,…supposes the art of not paying attention…the royal art”. [Dehaene 2021]. According to neuroscientists, the brain uses attention as an amplifier and selective filter, during one of the three major attention systems (Alerting; Orienting; Executive Attention). [Dehaene 2021] Orienting our attention addresses what we focus on and what we don’t. Suppressing the unwanted information, through interfering electrical waves, is useful for processing the object of attention. Considering the ANNs’ results at ‘Gestalt’ level, we can structure the AI-assisted process to ensure low-level features (composition) is retained while enhancing high-level (detail) features (Fig.1a).
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Tsang, Alan, Bryan Wilder, Eric Rice, Milind Tambe, and Yair Zick. "Group-Fairness in Influence Maximization." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/831.
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Influence maximization is a widely used model for information dissemination in social networks. Recent work has employed such interventions across a wide range of social problems, spanning public health, substance abuse, and international development (to name a few examples). A critical but understudied question is whether the benefits of such interventions are fairly distributed across different groups in the population; e.g., avoiding discrimination with respect to sensitive attributes such as race or gender. Drawing on legal and game-theoretic concepts, we introduce formal definitions of fairness in influence maximization. We provide an algorithmic framework to find solutions which satisfy fairness constraints, and in the process improve the state of the art for general multi-objective submodular maximization problems. Experimental results on real data from an HIV prevention intervention for homeless youth show that standard influence maximization techniques oftentimes neglect smaller groups which contribute less to overall utility, resulting in a disparity which our proposed algorithms substantially reduce.
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POLYNSKAYA, I. N., and P. M. SHVETS. "TECHNIQUE OF TEACHING SCHOOLCHILDREN OF DRAWING WITH NATURA IN FINE ART CLASSES." In CHALLENGES AND QUESTIONS MODERN SCIENCE part 2. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/pivsn-03-2019-27.
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Liang, Hao, Shuai Yang, Wenjing Wang, and Jiaying Liu. "Instance-Aware Coherent Video Style Transfer for Chinese Ink Wash Painting." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/114.
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Recent researches have made remarkable achievements in fast video style transfer based on western paintings. However, due to the inherent different drawing techniques and aesthetic expressions of Chinese ink wash painting, existing methods either achieve poor temporal consistency or fail to transfer the key freehand brushstroke characteristics of Chinese ink wash painting. In this paper, we present a novel video style transfer framework for Chinese ink wash paintings. The two key ideas are a multi-frame fusion for temporal coherence and an instance-aware style transfer. The frame reordering and stylization based on reference frame fusion are proposed to improve temporal consistency. Meanwhile, the proposed method is able to adaptively leave the white spaces in the background and to select proper scales to extract features and depict the foreground subject by leveraging instance segmentation. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over state-of-the-art style transfer methods in terms of both temporal coherence and visual quality. Our project website is available at https://oblivioussy.github.io/InkVideo/.
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Furusho, Yoshiko, and Kazunori Kotani. "Objective & Subjective Evaluation Models of Pencil Still Drawings for Art Education." In 2017 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2017.8227473.
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Banu, Ionuț Alexandru. "Embroidery on drawings — pieces from the textile collection of Dr. Nicolae Minovici Museum of Popular Art." In Simpozion internațional de etnologie: Tradiții și procese etnice, Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975841733.04.
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In a first part, the paper proposes to analyze a short introduction regarding the history of embroidery, from its appearance to embroidery techniques, especially in the Romanian space. In the second part of the paper, a part of the embroideries owned by the museum is analyzed, as well as one of embroidery techniques called the irásos technique. Th is is an embroidery technique of Hungarian origin, a combination of colors and stitching taken to the level of art. On the territory of our country, it is specifi c to the Călata area. Călata or Kalotaszeg is the area between Huedin and Cluj, an area rich in history, but especially ethnography. It should be remembered that, between 1919—1932, Dr. Nicolae Minovici held the position of full professor and head of the department of forensic medicine at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj. He was president of the College of Physicians, founder of the society of professional forensic doctors and of the fi rst journal of forensic medicine in Romania (1936). His collection of traditional art, exhibited today in the museum he designed and created in the early twentieth century, is enriched with pieces from this ethnographic area, from pottery to traditional shirts and embroidery, including eight Hungarian embroidery pieces, made in the irásos technique.
Reports on the topic "ART / Techniques / Drawing"
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Kanivets, Oleksandr V., Irina М. Kanivets, Natalia V. Kononets, Tetyana М. Gorda, and Ekaterina O. Shmeltser. Development of mobile applications of augmented reality for projects with projection drawings. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3745.
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We conducted an analysis of the learning aids used in the study of general technical disciplines. This allowed us to draw an analogy between physical and virtual models and justify the development of a mobile application to perform tasks on a projection drawing. They showed a technique for creating mobile applications for augmented reality. The main stages of the development of an augmented reality application are shown: the development of virtual models, the establishment of the Unity3D game engine, the development of a mobile application, testing and demonstration of work. Particular attention is paid to the use of scripts to rotate and move virtual models. The in-house development of the augmented reality mobile application for accomplishing tasks on a projection drawing is presented. The created mobile application reads, recognizes marker drawings and displays the virtual model of the product on the screen of the mobile device. It has been established that the augmented reality program developed by the team of authors as a mobile pedagogical software can be used to perform tasks both with independent work of students and with the organization of classroom activities in higher education institutions.
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Aroca, Patricio A. Microcredit Impact Assessment: The Brazilian and Chilean Cases. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012276.
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The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of micro-entrepreneurs income on two Brazilian and Chilean microcredit programs. Drawing on two unique sources of data, control groups are built using the propensity score to match beneficiaries of micro-credit programs with non-beneficiaries with similar characteristics. Using propensity score and matching techniques, the authors compare the average income of individuals that received microcredit to that of control groups, formed by people with similar characteristics. The results for the Brazilian data show a high positive impact of the microcredit programs, especially for those associated with banks. In the Chilean case the evidence is weaker for bank-based programs and NGO based programs appear to have no positive impact at all.
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Lank and Mudge. L51785 Development of Long Range Ultrasonic Methods of Assessing Pipeline Condition. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010654.
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The purpose of this phase of the work was to establish the performance of the technique with regard to defect detection, so that its application as a field inspection tool could be assessed. To this end, trials were conducted at the GRI West Jefferson Pipeline Simulation Facility near Columbus, Ohio, on a 24in. diameter specimen, situated in the pull rig, containing 128 controlled, well documented metal loss defects, used primarily to assess resolution of internal inspection tools. : An extensive study was carried out on this specimen, which enabled firm conclusions to be drawn about the defect detection capabilities of the technique. In addition to this specimen, the flow loop at West Jefferson enabled the performance and achievable test range of the 24in. transducer, which was produced to be assessed. Both the flow loop and the defect specimen were coated with fusion bonded epoxy, which enabled the concerns of the NDT Supervisory Committee about the effect of such coatings on the long range ultrasonic technique to be addressed.
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Tan, Li, Qiong Liu, Yun Chen, Ya-Qiong Zhao, Jie Zhao, Marie Aimee Dusenge, Yao Feng, et al. Efficacy of sonic activation techniques on tubular dentin sealer penetration：A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0116.
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Review question / Objective: Is sonic activation techniques more effective than conventional needle irrigation for the tubular dentin sealer penetration. The included study was a randomized controlled trial. Eligibility criteria: A comprehensive search was conducted for all published studies evaluating efficacy of percentage and maximum depth of sealer penetration, following the use of SI and standardized irrigants (NaOCl and EDTA). Because this can hardly be measured clinically, only confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies were selected owing to wide use of this methodology for evaluating tubular dentin sealer penetration. The studies using previously filled roots or animal teeth, artificial debris, and plastic blocks, and studies measuring the penetration of tubular dentin sealers in lateral root canals, isthmus, or artificial grooves were excluded to maintain the standardized sample selecting and measuring (Virdee et al. 2018). The search was limited to articles published between January 2000 and June 2022 to ensure conclusions were drawn from contemporary data. There are no language restrictions on filtering articles to ensure the integrity of included data.
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Jimenez, Emmanuel, Hugh Waddington, Neeta Goel, Audrey Prost, Andrew Pullin, Howard White, Shaon Lahiri, Anmol Narain, and Raag Bhatia. Mixing and Matching: Using Qualitative Methods to Improve Quantitative Impact Evaluations (IEs) and Systematic Reviews (SRs) of Development Outcomes. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cip5.
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Recent books about evaluations to study the quantitative impact of development programs and projects typically devote a chapter or two of the need to complement the analysis with other methods – specifically qualitative techniques. They often cite how qualitative techniques help explain the reason for positive or negative quantitative results. This is key if the one is to draw conclusions for accountability or for learning to improve future program design. Or they explain how qualitative work is critical to make sure that quantitative data are collected in the right way. Despite these textbook recommendations, there has been a wide range of experiences in how using both quantitative and qualitative methods have affected the overall quality of evaluations. In many cases, the qualitative analysis consists mostly of quotes to justify findings from the quantitative work. While this helps provide context, there is not much value-added beyond making the an otherwise ‘dry’ quantitative presentation more interesting. Some recent evaluations have begun to change this practice and have arguably improved the quality of impact evaluations in terms of their relevance, the inferences that are drawn from them and their applicability to policymakers and programme implementers. This includes the use of innovative techniques to form the specific evaluative questions being asked and tested, to gather the right type of data and information on outcomes and intermediating variables, to explain findings and to disseminate them to the appropriate decision-makers. This paper will review this work. It will canvass a purposeful sample of experts from a variety of disciplines to gather the success stories, and where apparently well-planned approaches have failed to add the value expected of them. It will then draw lessons for future evaluations as a basis for guidance on the use of mixed methods.
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Hossain, Niamat Ullah Ibne, Farjana Nur, Raed Jaradat, Seyedmohsen Hosseini, Mohammad Marufuzzaman, Stephen Puryear, and Randy Buchanan. Metrics for assessing overall performance of inland waterway ports : a Bayesian Network based approach. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40545.
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Because ports are considered to be the heart of the maritime transportation system, thereby assessing port performance is necessary for a nation’s development and economic success. This study proposes a novel metric, namely, “port performance index (PPI)”, to determine the overall performance and utilization of inland waterway ports based on six criteria, port facility, port availability, port economics, port service, port connectivity, and port environment. Unlike existing literature, which mainly ranks ports based on quantitative factors, this study utilizes a Bayesian Network (BN) model that focuses on both quantitative and qualitative factors to rank a port. The assessment of inland waterway port performance is further analyzed based on different advanced techniques such as sensitivity analysis and belief propagation. Insights drawn from the study show that all the six criteria are necessary to predict PPI. The study also showed that port service has the highest impact while port economics has the lowest impact among the six criteria on PPI for inland waterway ports.
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George, Darin. L52315 Testing of Environmentally-Friendly Gas Sampling Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010176.
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Recent environmental concerns have led to calls for reduced hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere from a variety of sources. One source of emissions being examined in this regard is natural gas spot sampling methods that vent pipeline gases to the atmosphere. Some sampling techniques and equipment have been developed that do not emit greenhouse gases, but the need exists to test these methods for their ability to collect accurate, representative samples. Another related concern is the accuracy of samples drawn from streams near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). While the spot sampling methods recommended by current industry standards perform well on streams far above their HDP, little data are available on their performance near or at the HDP, where poor sampling methods can cause heavy hydrocarbons to condense from the sample and distort the analysis. This project evaluated the ability of four natural gas spot sampling methods, including two zero emissions sampling methods, to capture accurate, representative samples of gas streams at or near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). Two of the sampling methods tested were variations on the GPA fill-and-empty method, with additional steps intended to heat the sampling equipment above the HDP or clear condensed hydrocarbon liquids from the sample line. The other two sampling methods, which use the A+ Q2 sample cylinder and a constant-pressure floating-piston sample cylinder, were developed to prevent condensation of heavy hydrocarbons during the sampling process.
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Burns, Malcom, and Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.
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Rosinska, Olena. Образи батьків у молодіжних серіалах: наратив протистояння. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11748.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the research in the publication is the method of parents-children conflicts construction and the typology of parents’ images in teen serials of Ukraine and Poland. For analysis such series as “School” (Ukraine, 2017), “First sparrows” (Ukraine (2020), “Sex, Insta and ZNO” (Ukraine, 2021), “Sexify” (Poland, 2021) have been chosen; that allows drawing parallels between these media products made at different time, specify the methods of reflecting the conflicts between parents and children, peculiarities in constructing the parents’ images in each of the series, typology of the images due to psychological problems actualized in the series. The purpose of the research is to specify media narratives in representing the parents-children conflict and images formation based on the material of teen series. The purpose of the research can be reached due to the application of content analysis as a system research technique for objective description of the available content of communication in media material; such methods of analysis as comparison, synthesis, narrative analysis. Due to the use of the above methods, the following results have been reached: summarized the typology of conflicts in the series specified outlining those storylines and characters related to these conflicts, in particular, the conflict of opinions, values and behavior; determined and systemized typological images of parents in the series being researched – aggressive parents, parents imposing their own vision of the future on a child, making them implement parents’ own dreams and comply with the stereotypes topical for them; asocial parents, parents who cannot cope with their own lives, etc.: write the narrative strategies of formation of these kinds of images. Thus, the research outlines particular media psychological problems related to the narratives in teen series made in Ukraine and Poland. The perspective of the research is the engagement of larger volume of media materials of the thematic group, determination of new problematic areas to deepen media psychological context. Key words: teen series, narrative, typology of images, conflict.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.
Full textAbstract:
Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...