Relevant bibliographies by topics / Arthropod-Borne Disease

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Arthropod-Borne Disease'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Arthropod-Borne Disease"

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Saldaña, Miguel A., Shivanand Hegde, and Grant L. Hughes. "Microbial control of arthropod-borne disease." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 112, no. 2 (February 2017): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760160373.

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Denman, Susan, and Ann Marie Hart. "Arthropod-borne Disease: West Nile Fever." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 11, no. 1 (January 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.10.017.

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Mairuhu, A. T. A., J. Wagenaar, D. P. M. Brandjes, and E. C. M. van Gorp. "Dengue: an arthropod-borne disease of global importance." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 23, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-004-1145-1.

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Qian, Zhuolei Jolly. "Biosafety Aspects of Arthropod-Borne Disease Vectors Laboratory." Applied Biosafety 22, no. 3 (June 9, 2017): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535676017713208.

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SPARAGANO, O. A. E. "Impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on agriculture and human populations in Europe." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 6 (September 20, 2005): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005526.

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Ticks are considered in Europe to be the most important arthropod group responsible for vector-borne diseases in humans, while in the tropics mosquitoes take over this position with ticks being the second most important. Over the last decade, vector-borne diseases have proliferated within Southern Europe (Blue tongue and West Nile viruses, both mosquito-borne diseases) while human ehrlichiosis (a tick-borne disease) has increased dramatically in Eastern Europe.
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Cavrini, Francesca, Paolo Gaibani, Anna Maria Pierro, Giada Rossini, Maria Paola Landini, and Vittorio Sambri. "Chikungunya: an emerging and spreading arthropod-borne viral disease." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 3, no. 10 (November 21, 2009): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.169.

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The infection caused by the virus Chikungunya is known since the last 50 years, but since the disease was mainly diffuse in geographical areas located in developing countries, a few research work have been made available until the appearance of an important epidemiological outbreak in 2005 in the island of La Reunion, that is part of metropolitan France even if located in the Southern Eastern part of the Indian Ocean. In 2007, a smaller outbreak of Chikungunya developed in the Northern Eastern part of Italy, where the local transmission has been made possible by the enormous population of Aedes albopictus and the presence of a viremic patient coming from the Indian Ocean area. Nowadays, Chikungunya is spreading in Southeast Asia countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore. This paper reviews different aspects of the disease caused by Chikungunya virus, including: history, epidemiology, biological and pathogenetic aspects, clinical pictures, diagnosis and treatment.
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Benelli, Giovanni, Riccardo Petrelli, and Angelo Canale. "Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development?" Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 5175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215175.

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Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.
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Melanson, Vanessa R., Jessica L. Scheirer, Marshall T. Van de Wyngaerde, Kevin Bourzac, Shuenn-Jue Wu, Tadeusz Kochel, and James C. McAvin. "Leveraging Arthropod-Borne Disease Surveillance Assays for Clinical Diagnostic Use." Military Medicine 179, no. 11 (November 2014): 1207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00019.

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Stanek, G., G. Wewalka, V. Groh, R. Neumann, and W. Kristoferitsch. "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LYME DISEASE AND EUROPEAN ARTHROPOD-BORNE BORRELIA INFECTIONS." Lancet 325, no. 8425 (February 1985): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91424-2.

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Tabachnick, Walter J. "Evolutionary Genetics and Arthropod-borne Disease: The Yellow Fever Mosquito." American Entomologist 37, no. 1 (1991): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/37.1.14.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Arthropod-Borne Disease"

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Ciocchetta, Silvia. "The vector potential of the mosquito Aedes koreicus." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119157/1/Silvia%20Ciocchetta%20Thesis.pdf.

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Despite the recent establishment and spread of Aedes koreicus mosquitoes in Europe, its natural history and its potential public health impact remain poorly described. This thesis provides the first detailed insights into the biology of Aedes koreicus and its capacity to transmit arboviral diseases. Field work in Italy evaluated a variety of surveillance techniques for this species and its propensity to bite humans. A laboratory colony established in Australia was used to characterise its reproductive biology and its ability to transmit chikungunya virus. The findings help us understand the invasion risks and the public health threat posed by Aedes koreicus
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Hasemann, Jose Enrique. "Dengue Fever in Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Use of the Explanatory Model in a Sample of Urban Neighborhoods to Contextualize and Define Dengue Fever Among Community Participants." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3728.

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This project elucidated the explanatory model of dengue fever held by members of urban communities in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The study was conducted over a four-month period from May-August of 2011, and it was divided into two stages. The first stage of the project consisted of volunteer participation with dengue fever surveillance brigades in the three communities with the highest incidence of dengue fever during the beginning of 2011. This initial stage employed participant observation as its research method. The second stage was conducted in a different community within Tegucigalpa. The primary research methods employed during the second stage of the project were participant observation, semi-structured questionnaires (n=18), and ethnographic surveys (n=32). The semi-structured questionnaires were conducted in three different low-socioeconomic status neighborhoods within the research community, and the ethnographic surveys were administered in a higher-socioeconomic status neighborhood within the same community. Participant observation was conducted in all four neighborhoods. The conceptions of dengue fever were evaluated across differing socio-economic statuses and the possibility of a folk characterization of dengue fever was investigated. The study also explored new avenues for prevention and assessed the impact of surveillance and informational campaigns. In significant aspects, the results from this study ran contrary to previous investigations on the topic (Kendall et al 1991); the results indicated that participants had an explanatory model of dengue fever very similar to the biomedical explanatory model. However, results also indicated that participants had a local-particular, etiological characterization of dengue fever that did not coincide with the biomedical explanatory model of dengue fever. In the latter respect, results were similar to those reported by Kendall et al (1991). Similarly, the participants in this study recognized poor communal cohesion and inadequate/inefficient governmental support or intervention as a prime promoter of dengue fever. The lack of communal cohesion and tension towards governmental authorities in relation to dengue fever has been described by Whiteford (1997). Finally, there were no apparent differences in the explanatory models held by low-socioeconomic status and high-socioeconomic status participants. This study contributes to the fields of anthropology and public health by 1) exploring differences in explanatory models across socio-economic status, 2) discussing local etiologies of dengue fever relating to dirt/filth, and 3) assessing local conceptions of dengue fever within the framework of a folk illness.
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Bitto, David. "In vitro analysis of viral fusion and receptor binding with a focus on selected arthropod-borne viruses of the families Bunyaviridae and Togaviridae." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:40875104-1eb6-47f6-b1e7-d26147c002a8.

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Emerging arthropod-borne viruses, such as alphaviruses and bunyaviruses, represent a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide, and for most of them, vaccines and specific treatments are unavailable. Viral host cell entry can be divided into several entry checkpoints, and the most important checkpoints for low pH-dependent enveloped viruses, such as bunyaviruses and alphaviruses, include receptor binding at the cell surface and, followed by endocytosis, low pH dependent membrane fusion from within intracellular compartments. A more thorough understanding of the detailed mechanisms allowing the viruses to pass these checkpoints is a pre-requisite for the design of viral entry inhibitors. This thesis reports the in vitro analysis of native alphavirus-receptor interactions, with the help of electron cryo-microscopy and icosahedral reconstruction of virus-recaptor complexes, using the prototypic alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and the C-type lectin DC-SIGN. Together with results from collaborative work on SFV glycosylation, this study provides progress in defining the binding sites of DC-SIGN at the surface of SFV. Second, an in vitro system for phlebovirus fusion was developed using standard fluorometry, and has been characterized with the help of electron cryo-microscopy. It was discovered that negatively charged phospholipids with a conical shape, including the late endosomal phospholipid BMP, allow efficient phlebovirus fusion in vitro, thereby providing a possible rationale for phlebovirus fusion in late endosomes. Furthermore, electron cryo-microscopy of phlebovirus-liposome complexes allowed the capture of early stage fusion intermediates and laid the basis for possible future higher resolution studies of these fusion intermediates.
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Ladj-Minost, Audrey. "Répulsifs d’arthropodes à durée d’action prolongée : étude pharmacotechnique, devenir in situ et efficacité." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10165/document.

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Les répulsifs sont des molécules naturelles ou synthétiques dont le but estd’empêcher l’approche des arthropodes afin de prévenir la transmission demaladies vectorisées. Un exemple type est celui de la transmission de Leishmaniainfantum responsable de la Leishmaniose canine, qui est contractée après la piqûre d’un chienpar un phlébotome. Divers répulsifs d’arthropodes sont commercialisés pour une applicationtopique, ils ont tous une durée d’action courte, imposant des applications répétées deformulations basiques de type solution.La formulation de molécules actives à propriétés répulsives incorporées dans des systèmesnanoparticulaires et présentant une action prolongée dans le temps a été retenue. Lesnanoparticules sont des vecteurs colloïdaux intéressants dans le domaine de la technologiepharmaceutique vu leur capacité à former des complexes avec des molécules hydrophobes,telles que la plupart des molécules répulsives (DEET, Picaridin®, IR3535®…). Le ciblage, laprotection contre la dégradation et le contrôle de la libération sont les avantages principauxapportés par les nanoparticules contenant une matière active.Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des nanoparticules (taille et potentiel zêta) permettantleur stockage dans les couches supérieures de la peau et une accroche le long des fibrespileuses ont été déterminées. Ainsi des nanoparticules cationiques de 200 nm de diamètre ontété formulées. Cette formulation originale inspirée du procédé de nanoprécipitation a permisl’obtention en une seule étape de suspensions concentrées en matière active (concentrationsupérieure à 10%) et sans ajout d’agents stabilisants. Une corrélation entre les profils delibération et l’efficacité sur insecte modèle (la drosophile) a été vérifiée. De ce fait, lepourcentage en polymère régule la libération de la molécule active encapsulée. Une efficacitérépulsive de formulations nanoparticulaires supérieure à 15 jours a été validéeexpérimentalement. La transposition d’échelle du procédé de nanoprécipitation permetd’envisager un développement industriel pour la formulation d’un répulsif d’arthropodeinnovant à longue durée d’action
The repellents are natural or synthetic molecules whose aim is to prevent theapproach of arthropods to avoid transmission of vector-borne diseases. A typicalexample is the transmission of Leishmania infantum responsible for canineLeishmaniasis, which is contracted after a sandfly bite on a dog. The arthropod repellentsmarketed for topical application have all a short action duration, requiring repeatedapplications of basic formulations (solution).The formulation of active molecules having repellent properties, incorporated intonanoparticle systems and having a prolonged action in time was selected. Nanoparticles arecolloidal carriers interesting in the pharmaceutical technology field due to their ability to formcomplexes with hydrophobic molecules, such as repellent molecules (DEET, Picaridin®,IR3535®...). Targeting, protection against degradation and control of the release are the mainadvantages provided by the nanoparticles containing an active ingredient.The nanoparticle physicochemical characteristics (size and zeta potential) permitting theirstorage in the upper dog skin layers and a along the hairs were determined. For that reasoncationic nanoparticles of 200 nm in diameter were formulated. This original formulationinspired from the nanoprecipitation process has allowed us to obtain one single stepconcentrated suspensions (above 10% of active molecules in the final product) and withoutstabilizer addition. A correlation between the release profiles and the effectiveness of modelinsect (Drosophila) has been verified. Therefore the percentage of polymer regulates therelease of encapsulated active molecules. Repellent efficacy of nanoparticulate formulationgreater than 15 days has been validated experimentally. The scale transposition of thenanoprecipitation process makes conceivable an industrial development for the formulation ofan innovative arthropod repellent having a long lasting effect
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Books on the topic "Arthropod-Borne Disease"

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Ciancio, A., and K. G. Mukerji. Integrated management of arthropod pests and insect borne diseases. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.

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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola, ed. Arthropod Borne Diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8.

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Ciancio, Aurelio, and K. G. Mukerji, eds. Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8.

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World Health Organization. Division of Vector Biology and Control. Geographical distribution of arthropod-borne diseases and their principal vectors. [Geneva, Switzerland]: World Health Organization, Vector Biology and Control Division, 1989.

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Society for General Microbiology. Symposium. Microbe-vector interactions in vector-borne diseases. Cambridge [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola. Arthropod Borne Disease. Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.

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Mavingui, Patrick, Claire Valiente Mor, and Pablo Tortosa. Exploiting symbiotic interactions for vector/disease control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0011.

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Arthropods transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals, including arboviruses, bacteria and parasites. No efficient treatments or control methods are available for many vector-borne diseases, especially for emerging diseases. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission is encouraged worldwide. Although transmission phenomenon is a result of complex interactions involving several actors evolving in a changing environment, the biotic relationship between pathogens and their vectors represents a key step in successful disease transmission. Recent studies highlighted a strong impact of microbiomes on the life-history traits of arthropod hosts. This chapter emphasizes those biotic interactions having an impact on adaptive traits influencing disease transmission. Evidence in behavioral alterations of vector populations/individuals with relevance to vector-pathogen transmission mitigation is reviewed. Opportunities to take advantage of such biotic processes in the control of vector-borne diseases in different epidemiological, entomological and environmental settings are explored.
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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola. Arthropod Borne Diseases. Springer, 2018.

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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola. Arthropod Borne Diseases. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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Integrated Management Strategy for Arboviral Disease Prevention and Control in the Americas. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120491.

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In recent years, conditions in the Region of the Americas have been highly favorable for the introduction and spread of arthropod-borne viral infections (arboviral diseases). Although dengue has been circulating for over 400 years, the number of cases reported since the year 2000 represents an unprecedented increase, with four serotypes in circulation. Since that year, 19.6 million cases of dengue have been reported to PAHO/WHO, including more than 800,000 severe cases and over 10,000 deaths. In 2015 and 2016 alone, more than 4.8 million cases were reported, 17,000 of them severe, resulting in 2,000 deaths. Despite a 23% reduction in the dengue case-fatality rate in the last six years (from 0.069% to 0.053%), the continued risk of severe disease and even death poses a serious public health problem in the Americas. Today, arboviruses present an extremely complex and unstable epidemiological situation, given the simultaneous epidemic circulation of three arboviral diseases and the risk that others could become epidemics, for example, Mayaro fever. Countries are aware that this complex situation can only be addressed with a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. The development of IMS-arbovirus is part of a history of technical cooperation between PAHO/WHO and the countries and territories of the Americas. It is based on the lessons learned during the development and implementation of national IMS-dengue programs in recent years. This history of cooperation is not new. It dates back to October 1947, with the adoption of Resolution CD1.R1 during the first Directing Council of PAHO. This resolution stated that the solution to the problem of urban yellow fever would be the eradication of Ae. aegypti in the entire hemisphere. The success of that campaign was demonstrated in 1962, with the eradication of this vector in 18 countries in the Region and several Caribbean islands.
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Book chapters on the topic "Arthropod-Borne Disease"

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Dias, João Carlos Pinto. "Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 245–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_17.

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Steverding, Dietmar. "Sleeping Sickness and Nagana Disease Caused by Trypanosoma brucei." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 277–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_18.

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Dutcher, James D., Lenny Wells, Timothy B. Brenneman, and Michael G. Patterson. "Integration of Insect and Mite Management With Disease and Weed Control in Pecan Production." In Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases, 133–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_6.

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Doucoure, Souleymane, Sylvie Cornelie, Pape M. Drame, Alexandra Marie, Emmanuel E. Ndille, Françoise Mathieu-Daudé, François Mouchet, Anne Poinsignon, and Franck Remoue. "Biomarkers of Vector Bites: Arthropod Immunogenic Salivary Proteins in Vector-Borne Diseases Control." In Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications, 1177–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_10.

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Linardi, Pedro Marcos. "Fleas and Diseases." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 517–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_33.

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Marcondes, Carlos Brisola. "Generalities and Importance of Arthropod-Borne Diseases." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 3–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_1.

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Contigiani, Marta S., Luis A. Diaz, and Laura B. Tauro. "Bunyaviruses." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 137–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_10.

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Leal-Balbino, Tereza Cristina, Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira, Maria Paloma Silva de Barros, Marise Sobreira, and Vladimir da Mota Silveira-Filho. "Plague and Tularemia." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 155–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_11.

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Ogrzewalska, Maria, Tatiana Rozental, Alexsandra R. M. Favacho, and Maria Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia. "Rickettsial Infections, Bartonella Infections, and Coxiellosis." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 171–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_12.

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Mafra, Cláudio, and Carlos Emmanuel Montandon. "Borreliosis." In Arthropod Borne Diseases, 193–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_13.

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Reports on the topic "Arthropod-Borne Disease"

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Palmer, Guy H., Eugene Pipano, Terry F. McElwain, Varda Shkap, and Donald P. Knowles, Jr. Development of a Multivalent ISCOM Vaccine against Anaplasmosis. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568763.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod+borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Our research focuses on development of a recombinant membrane surface protein (MSP) immunogen to replace current vaccines derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Briefly, we accomplished the following in our BARD supported research: i) characterization of the intramolecular and intermolecular relationships of the native Major Surface Proteins (MSP) in the outer membrane; ii) expression, purification, and epitope characterization of the recombinant MSP-2, MSP-3, MSP-4, and MSP-5 proteins required to construct the recombinant ISCOM; iii) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A induces CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for the outer membrane polypeptides; iv) identification of CD4+ T lymphocytes that recognize outer membrane polypeptide epitopes conserved among other wise antigenically distinct strains; v) determination that immunization with the outer membrane-Quil A construct does not affect the ability of ticks to acquire or transmit A. marginale; and vi) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A construct induces complete protection against rickettsemia upon homologous challenge and significant protection against challenge with antigenically distinct strains, including tick transmission. Importantly, the level of protection against homologous challenge in the MSP vaccinates was comparable to that induced by live blood-based vaccines and demonstrates that development of a new generation of vaccines is feasible.
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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.
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