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Labandeira, Conrad C., and Bret S. Beall. "Arthropod Terrestriality." Short Courses in Paleontology 3 (1990): 214–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001811.
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Since the late Paleozoic, insects and arachnids have diversified in the terrestrial world so spectacularly that they have become unquestionably the most diverse group of organisms to ever inhabit the planet. In fact, this 300 million year interval may appropriately be referred to as the age of arthropods. What is the origin and history of terrestrial arthropods? How is arthropod diversity maintained on land? In this rhetorical context we will discuss (1) the degree to which terrestriality is found in arthropods, (2) the physiological barriers to terrestrialization that arthropod clades confronted, (3) the historical record of arthropod diversity on land based on paleobiological, comparative physiological and zoogeographical evidence, and (4) some tentative answers to the “why” of terrestrial arthropod success. We are providing a geochronologic scope to terrestriality that includes not only the early history of terrestrial arthropods, but also the subsequent expansion of arthropods into major terrestrial habitats.
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Legg, David A., Mark D. Sutton, Gregory D. Edgecombe, and Jean-Bernard Caron. "Cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (October 10, 2012): 4699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1958.
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Extant arthropods are diverse and ubiquitous, forming a major constituent of most modern ecosystems. Evidence from early Palaeozoic Konservat Lagerstätten indicates that this has been the case since the Cambrian. Despite this, the details of arthropod origins remain obscure, although most hypotheses regard the first arthropods as benthic predators or scavengers such as the fuxianhuiids or megacheirans (‘great-appendage’ arthropods). Here, we describe a new arthropod from the Tulip Beds locality of the Burgess Shale Formation (Cambrian, series 3, stage 5) that possesses a weakly sclerotized thorax with filamentous appendages, encased in a bivalved carapace, and a strongly sclerotized, elongate abdomen and telson. A cladistic analysis resolved this taxon as the basal-most member of a paraphyletic grade of nekto-benthic forms with bivalved carapaces. This grade occurs at the base of Arthropoda (panarthropods with arthropodized trunk limbs) and suggests that arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming . Predatory and fully benthic habits evolved later in the euarthropod stem-lineage and are plesiomorphically retained in pycnogonids (sea spiders) and euchelicerates (horseshoe crabs and arachnids).
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Muli, Risda, Chandra Irsan, and Suheryanto Suheryanto. "KOMUNITAS ARTHROPODA TANAH DI KAWASAN SUMUR MINYAK BUMI DI DESA MANGUNJAYA, KECAMATAN BABAT TOMAN, KABUPATEN MUSI BANYUASIN, PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 13, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.13.1.1-64.
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Pencemaran tanah yang diakibatkan oleh penambangan minyak bumi berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan, vegetasi, dan kelimpahan arthropoda. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian dampak pencemaran minyak bumi di tanah terhadap komunitas Arthropoda. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan struktur komunitas arhtropoda tanah di sekitar lokasi eksplorasi minyak bumi. Kelembapan, pH, suhu tanah, dan kadar TPH tanah diukur dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap indeks keanekaragaman, dominansi, dan kemerataan arthropoda. Penelitian dilakukan di sumur minyak bumi Desa Mangunjaya Kecamatan Babat Toman pada tanggal 19-24 Februari 2015. Arthropoda dikoleksi menggunakan pit fall traps dan corong barlese-tullgren, pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 96 titik. Identifikasi arthropoda dilakukan di Laboratorium Entomologi Jurusan Hama Penyakit Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian. Analisis kadar TPH tanah menggunakan metode Gravimetri dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sriwijaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata TPH dan pH tanah di lokasi eksplorasi minyak bumi yang dilakukan oleh Pertamina EP Asset 1 Field Ramba lebih rendah daripada eksplorasi oleh masyarakat. Kelembaban dan suhu tanah di lokasi eksplorasi oleh Pertamina EP Asset 1 Field Ramba lebih tinggi daripada di lokasi eksplorasi masyarakat. Kadar TPH, pH, kelembaban, dan suhu tanah tidak berpengaruh terhadap indeks keanekaragaman, dominansi, dan kemerataan arhtropoda. Rata-rata indeks keanekaragaman arthropoda tergolong rendah dengan nilai indeks kurang dari 1. Soil contamination caused by the extraction of petroleum affects the environment, vegetation, and abundance of arthropods. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of oil pollution on the ground against arthropod community. The research has conducted to determine the differences of terrestrial arthropod around petroleum exploration. Moisture, pH, temperature, and soil TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) levels were measured and analyzed to determine its effect on the diversity index, dominance, and evenness of arthropods. The research has been done in the petroleum wells in Mangunjaya village of Babat Toman Toman districts on February 19 to 24, 2015. Arthropods samples were taken using pit fall traps and funnel barlese-tullgren, total sampling points are 96 points. Identification of the arthropod family has been done in Entomology Laboratory of the Agriculture Plant Disease Faculty Sriwijaya University. Analysis of soil TPH levels are using Gravimetry methods carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory of Science Faculty, Sriwijaya University. The results showed an average TPH and pH of soil in petroleum exploration conducted by Pertamina EP 1 Field Asset Ramba lower than in locations that made exploration by the public. Moisture and soil temperature at the location of the exploration by Pertamina EP 1 Field Asset Ramba are higher than in public exploration location. TPH levels, pH, moisture, and soil temperature do not affect the diversity, dominance, and evenness arhtropod index. However, the average index of arthropod diversity is low with an index value of less than 1.
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Bolduc, Elise, Nicolas Casajus, Pierre Legagneux, Laura McKinnon, H. Grant Gilchrist, Maria Leung, R. I. Guy Morrison, et al. "Terrestrial arthropod abundance and phenology in the Canadian Arctic: modelling resource availability for Arctic-nesting insectivorous birds." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 2 (February 12, 2013): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.4.
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AbstractArctic arthropods are essential prey for many vertebrates, including birds, but arthropod populations and phenology are susceptible to climate change. The objective of this research was to model the relationship between seasonal changes in arthropod abundance and weather variables using data from a collaborative pan-Canadian (Southampton, Herschel, Bylot, and Ellesmere Islands) study on terrestrial arthropods. Arthropods were captured with passive traps that provided a combined measure of abundance and activity (a proxy for arthropod availability to foraging birds). We found that 70% of the deviance in daily arthropod availability was explained by three temperature covariates: mean daily temperature, thaw degree-day, and thaw degree-day2. Models had an adjusted R2 of 0.29–0.95 with an average among sites and arthropod families of 0.67. This indicates a moderate to strong fit to the raw data. The models for arthropod families with synchronous emergence, such as Tipulidae (Diptera), had a better fit (average adjusted R2 of 0.80) than less synchronous taxa, such as Araneae (R2 = 0.60). Arthropod abundance was typically higher in wet than in mesic habitats. Our models will serve as tools for researchers who want to correlate insectivorous bird breeding data to arthropod availability in the Canadian Arctic.
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Maher, Garrett M., Graham A. Johnson, and Justin D. Burdine. "Impervious surface and local abiotic conditions influence arthropod communities within urban greenspaces." PeerJ 10 (January 24, 2022): e12818. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12818.
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The abundance of arthropods is declining globally, and human-modification of natural habitat is a primary driver of these declines. Arthropod declines are concerning because arthropods mediate critical ecosystem functions, and sustained declines may lead to cascading trophic effects. There is growing evidence that properly managed urban environments can provide refugium to arthropods, but few cities have examined arthropods within urban greenspaces to evaluate their management efforts. In this study, we surveyed arthropod communities within a medium-sized, growing city. We investigated arthropod communities (abundance, richness, diversity, community composition) within 16 urban greenspaces across metropolitan Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA). We focused our efforts on urban gardens and pocket prairies, and measured environmental variables at each site. We collected 5,468 individual arthropods that spanned 14 taxonomic orders and 66 morphospecies. The results showed that community composition was influenced by impervious surface, white flower abundance, and humidity. Total arthropod abundance and diversity were positively associated with humidity. For specific orders, Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) abundance was negatively associated with temperature, and positively associated with site perimeter-area ratio. Hemiptera (true bugs) were negatively associated with impervious surface and positively associated with humidity. These findings show that impervious surfaces impact arthropod communities, but many of the observed changes were driven by local abiotic conditions like temperature and humidity. This suggests that management decisions within urban greenspaces are important in determining the structure of arthropod communities. Future studies on arthropods in cities should determine whether manipulating the abiotic conditions of urban greenspaces influences the composition of arthropod communities. These results should inform city planners and homeowners of the need to properly manage urban greenspaces in cities to maintain diverse arthropod assemblages.
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Kwok, Alan B. C., and David J. Eldridge. "The influence of shrub species and fine-scale plant density on arthropods in a semiarid shrubland." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 4 (2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15019.
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Plant-resident arthropods are closely tied to the distribution of their hosts across multiple spatial scales. Shrubs provide habitat for a range of arthropods, and variations within shrubland ecosystems may affect arthropod communities. We examined the role of shrub species and density in structuring arthropod communities in an encroached Australian woodland using two common and widespread shrub species, Turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and Silver Cassia (Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia). We found five times more arthropods (Psocoptera, Collembola and Hemiptera) on Eremophila compared with Senna. Furthermore, Psyllidae were found only on Eremophila. In total we recorded 39 Hemipteran species; 13 from Eremophila, 16 from Senna and 10 common to both shrub species. Each shrub species supported a unique arthropod assemblage, even though they grow in close proximity (<15 m). In contrast, we found limited effects of fine-scale plant density, with plants growing in low and high density supporting similar arthropod communities. Our study indicated that isolated shrubs in these woodlands support a variety of arthropods, and shrub species is a more important driver of arthropod community structure than fine-scale density.
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Pfeffer, Sarah, and Harald Wolf. "Arthropod spatial cognition." Animal Cognition 23, no. 6 (November 2020): 1041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01446-4.
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AbstractThe feats of arthropods, and of the well-studied insects and crustaceans in particular, have fascinated scientists and laymen alike for centuries. Arthropods show a diverse repertoire of cognitive feats, of often unexpected sophistication. Despite their smaller brains and resulting lower neuronal capacity, the cognitive abilities of arthropods are comparable to, or may even exceed, those of vertebrates, depending on the species compared. Miniature brains often provide parsimonious but smart solutions for complex behaviours or ecologically relevant problems. This makes arthropods inspiring subjects for basic research, bionics, and robotics. Investigations of arthropod spatial cognition have originally concentrated on the honeybee, an animal domesticated for several thousand years. Bees are easy to keep and handle, making this species amenable to experimental study. However, there are an estimated 5–10 million arthropod species worldwide, with a broad diversity of lifestyles, ecology, and cognitive abilities. This high diversity provides ample opportunity for comparative analyses. Comparative study, rather than focusing on single model species, is well suited to scrutinise the link between ecological niche, lifestyle, and cognitive competence. It also allows the discovery of general concepts that are transferable between distantly related groups of organisms. With species diversity and a comparative approach in mind, this special issue compiles four review articles and ten original research reports from a spectrum of arthropod species. These contributions range from the well-studied hymenopterans, and ants in particular, to chelicerates and crustaceans. They thus present a broad spectrum of glimpses into current research on arthropod spatial cognition, and together they cogently emphasise the merits of research into arthropod cognitive achievements.
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Ulyani, Ulyani, Alfian Rusdy, and Hasnah Hasnah. "Preferensi Arthropoda terhadap Warna Perangkap pada Pertanaman Kopi Arabika di Desa Atang Jungket Kabupaten Aceh Tengah." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 4, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v4i2.7456.
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Abstrak. Arthropoda merupakan filum yang paling dominan di antara filum hewan lainnya jika ditinjau dari keanekaragaman, penyebaran, dan jumlah spesiesnya. Pada pertanaman kopi arabika terdapat arthropoda yang berperan sebagai herbivor, musuh alami, serangga penyerbuk, serangga netral, dan dekomposer. Secara umum, tindakan pengelolaan yang dilakukan oleh petani pada pertanaman kopi di Desa Atang Jungket Kabupaten Aceh Tengah adalah dengan menggunakan pestisida sintetik tanpa mempedulikan kondisi agroekosistemnya. Supaya agroekosistem kopi tetap stabil dan berkelanjutan, maka perlu dilakukan tindakan pengelolaan yang ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan perangkap warna dimana proses penemuan inang serangga didasari oleh faktor visual yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui warna perangkap yang disukai oleh arthropoda pada areal pertanaman kopi arabika. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode purposive sampling (ditetapkan) dengan luas lahan 5.000 yang berjumlah 138 tanaman, kemudian dibagi menjadi empat petak secara berjajar. Setiap petak diambil 20 tanaman sampel dengan menggunakan perangkap warna merah, kuning, hijau, dan putih. Peubah yang diamati meliputi komposisi dan kelimpahan arthropoda berdasarkan warna perangkap, indeks similaritas famili antar warna perangkap, serta kepadatan relatif Famili Scolytidae. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arthropoda yang ditemukan berjumlah 2.062 individu yang terdiri dari 2 kelas, 12 ordo, dan 72 famili. Ordo Hymenoptera merupakan ordo dengan jumlah individu paling banyak. Perangkap warna kuning merupakan paling banyak memerangkap arthropoda yaitu 552 individu dibandingkan perangkap warna merah, hijau, dan putih yang masing-masingnya hanya 547 individu, 527 individu, dan 436 individu. Nilai indeks similaritas famili arthropoda antar warna perangkap tergolong rendah berarti keragaman famili yang menyusun komunitas tersebut tinggi. Kepadatan Famili Scolytidae berjumlah 0,02 individu/m2 dan kepadatan relatif 0,04%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan tanah dan tanamannya secara ekologis masih menguntungkan, tidak mengancam keberlangsungan budi daya tanaman.Preference of Arthropod to Color of Trap on Arabica Coffee Plantation in Atang Jungket Village Aceh Tengah DistrictAbstract. Arthropods are the most dominant phylum among other animal phyla when viewed from the diversity, distribution, and number of species. In arabica coffee plantation there arthropods that act as herbivor, natural enemies, pollinating insects, neutral insects, and decomposers. In general, the management actions carried out by farmers on coffee plantations in Atang Jungket Village, Central Aceh District is to use synthetic pesticides regardless of agro-ecosystem condition. For coffee agro-ecosystem to remain stable and sustainable, it is necessary to do an environmentally friendly management action that is by using color trap where the process of invention of insect host is based on visual factor which aim to know color of trap were liked by arthropod in arabica coffee plantation area. This research uses purposive sampling method with 5,000 land area of 138 plants, then divided into four plots in a row. Each plot was taken 20 sample plants using red, yellow, green, and white traps. The observed variables include the composition and abundance of arthropods based on the trap color, the family similarity index between the trap colors, and the relative density of the Scolytidae Family. The results showed that the arthropods were 2,062 individuals consisting of 2 classes, 12 orders, and 72 families. The Hymenoptera Order is the order of the largest number of individuals. The yellow trap is the most arthropod trap of 552 individuals compared to the red, green, and white traps of 547 individuals, 527 individuals and 436 individuals each. The value of the arthropod family similarity index between the trap colors is low, meaning that the diversity of families that make up the community is high. The Scolytidae Family density was 0.02 individuals/m2 and the relative density was 0.04%. This indicates that the management of land and plants are ecologically still profitable, not threatening the sustainability of cultivation of crops.
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MAMAT, NUR SYAHIRAH, NURUL AINA ADNAN, MUHAMMAD FAIZ ZAKARIA, SURZANNE MOHD AGOS, AMIN SAFWAN ADNAN, DZULHELMI MUHAMMAD NASIR, LAILATUL-NADHIRAH ASRI, et al. "Arthropod Communities on Sonneratia caseolaris along Selangor River, Kampung Kuantan, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4463.2022.
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Sonneratia caseolaris commonly known as mangrove apple or Berembang in the Malay language, is a species of plant in the family Lythraceae. Area of S. caseolaris along Selangor River in Kampung Kuantan has become a natural habitat for a variety of arthropods. This study aimed to identify the species variations in arthropod communities at different selected stations along Selangor River at two different sampling times. Present study was conducted for six consecutive months (August 2010 until January 2011) at 19 selected stations along the Selangor River. Sampling was conducted once per day and night. Sweeping method by using sweep nets were used as the arthropod sampling method. Data analysis was done quantitatively to determine the composition of arthropod community. A total of 7,707 individual arthropods collected belonging to 10 different orders consisting of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea and Araneae. A total of 4,563 arthropod individuals were sampled at night, which was more than the daytime (3,144 individuals), with Station 17 recorded the highest arthropod individual out of the 19 sampling sites. During the night, the firefly, that belongs to the Lampyridae family showed the highest arthropod composition. The presence of arthropod biodiversity along the Selangor River reveals that the S. caseolaris area is important in maintaining a diverse community of fireflies and other arthropods for conservation purposes.
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Wang, Kehong, Xingzhong Yuan, Guanxiong Zhang, Shuangshuang Liu, Fang Wang, Hong Liu, Mengjie Zhang, and Lilei Zhou. "Diversity and Distribution of Riparian Arthropods in the Drawdown Zone of China’s Three Gorges Reservoir." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 1340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz104.
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Abstract Riparian zones are interesting habitats as they are important transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but highly threatened by human disturbances. They support a high arthropod diversity as they experience periodic flooding disturbance and sharp environmental gradients. Their associated arthropod fauna are of high conservation value. Nevertheless, their arthropod diversity remains largely unknown, and its distribution pattern along elevational gradients is poorly understood. Few data are available on the effects of flood regimes and other factors in determining riparian arthropod communities. In this study, we investigated the diversity and distribution of riparian arthropods along an elevational gradient and determined the major factors structuring the arthropod communities in the drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Significant compositional and structural changes of riparian arthropod communities were observed along the test elevational gradient. The abundance and richness of riparian arthropods increased with elevation. The relative abundance of predators decreased with elevation, whereas the saprovores and omnivores showed an upward trend along the elevational gradient. Redundancy analysis showed that there were significant interactions between the flood regimes, plant communities, and soil conditions. Among these environmental factors studied, flood duration was the main factor in structuring the riparian arthropod communities. Conservation and restoration strategies should consider flood duration in the operation of large reservoirs because riparian arthropods are particularly sensitive to flood regimes.
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Calheiros-Nogueira, Bruno, Carlos Aguiar, and María Villa. "Plant Functional Dispersion, Vulnerability and Originality Increase Arthropod Functions from a Protected Mountain Mediterranean Area in Spring." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040889.
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Plant diversity often contributes to the shape of arthropod communities, which in turn supply important ecosystem services. However, the current biodiversity loss scenario, particularly worrying for arthropods, constitutes a threat for sustainability. From a trait-based ecology approach, our goal was to evaluate the bottom-up relationships to obtain a better understanding of the conservation of the arthropod function within the ecosystem. Specifically, we aim: (i) to describe the plant taxonomic and functional diversity in spring within relevant habitats of a natural protected area from the Mediterranean basin; and (ii) to evaluate the response of the arthropod functional community to plants. Plants and arthropods were sampled and identified, taxonomic and functional indices calculated, and the plant–arthropod relationships analyzed. Generally, oak forests and scrublands showed a higher plant functional diversity while the plant taxonomic richness was higher in grasslands and chestnut orchards. The abundance of arthropod functional groups increased with the plant taxonomic diversity, functional dispersion, vulnerability and originality, suggesting that single traits (e.g., flower shape or color) may be more relevant for the arthropod function. Results indicate the functional vulnerability of seminatural habitats, the relevance of grasslands and chestnut orchards for arthropod functions and pave the way for further studies about plant–arthropod interactions from a trait-based ecology approach.
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Briggs, Derek E. G. "Arthropod paleobiology." Paleobiology 11, no. 4 (1985): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011672.
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An international conference on “Fossil Arthropods as Living Animals” was held at the Royal Society of Edinburgh on October 25–27, 1984. Major international conferences devoted to fossil arthropods are rare events. The previous one, which was held in Oslo in July 1973 as a NATO Advanced Study Institute, resulted in a volume on “Evolution and Morphology of the Trilobita, Trilobitoidea and Merostomata” (Martinsson 1975). Participants in the Edinburgh meeting heard 28 contributions covering all aspects of arthropod paleobiology. Most are published as a special issue of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences (Waterston 1985). All four major arthropod groups are treated (trilobites, crustaceans, chelicerates, and uniramians), as well as trace fossils and some groups of problematic status.
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Gkisakis, V. D., D. Kollaros, and E. M. Kabourakis. "Soil arthropod biodiversity in plain and hilly olive orchard agroecosystems, in Crete, Greece." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11531.
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Soil arthropod biodiversity was monitored in 24 olive orchards located in eight different sites in Messara, Crete, covering the two main agroecological zones of olive oil production, hilly and plain. Monitoring was done weekly for five weeks per season, from autumn 2011 to summer 2012, using pitfall traps. Subgroups of functional taxa were defined with respect to services of biological pest control and of nutrient cycling. Comparison of the different agroecological zones in terms of abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and functional subgroups was performed. Coleoptera (39.52%), Formicidae (27.3%), Araneae (8.77%) and Collembola (5.32%) were the most abundant taxa found in the olive orchards. Hilly orchards presented higher total arthropod diversity, but lower abundance due to family Tenebrionidae. Arthropod richness did not differ between agroecological zones. Functional arthropods were a major part of total abundance (76.7%) and presented a trend of higher catches abundance in the hilly orchards arthropods with seasonally statistically significant differences. Shannon Index of Diversity showed higher arthropod diversity in the hilly orchards, being significantly higher in spring. The less intensive olive production in hilly areas appeared to favour soil arthropod diversity.
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KURNIAWAN, ISMA DWI, CAHYO RAHMADI, REZZY EKO CARAKA, and TIARA E. ARDI. "Short Communication: Cave-dwelling Arthropod community of Semedi Show Cave in Gunungsewu Karst Area, Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190314.
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Kurniawan ID, Rahmadi C, Caraka RE, Ardi TE. 2018. Short Communication: Cave-dwelling Arthropod community of Semedi Show Cave in Gunungsewu Karst Area, Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 857-866. Arthropods are a major group of animals which have significant roles in maintaining cave ecosystem stability. Semedi is a new show cave, but information about arthropods in this cave was not available. The use of cave as a tourist attraction will bring environmental changes which potentially disturb cave-dwelling arthropod community. This study aimed to measure arthropod diversity and their relation to abiotic factors in Semedi Show Cave. Arthropods were sampled by hand collecting, a combination of pitfall and bait traps, and Berlese extractor. Abiotic factors measured were climatic and edaphic parameters. Sampling was conducted in the 3 zones of Semedi cave (Entrance, Twilight, and Dark). Data were analyzed by calculation of richness (Margalef), diversity and evenness (Shannon-Wiener) indices, cluster and correlation analyses. A total 1095 individuals of arthropods consisting of 102 morphospecies, belonging to 6 Classes, and 19 Orders were sampled during this study. The entrance zone had higher richness and diversity indices (richness=12.80, diversity=3.40) than the twilight zone (richness=7.85, diversity=3.25) and the dark zone (richness=5.35, diversity=2.63). Meanwhile, the twilight zone had higher evenness index (0.85) than the entrance zone (0.77) and the dark zone (0.77). Each zone of Semedi cave had different abiotic conditions. Abiotic conditions and Arthropod communities in the twilight and dark zones were more similar to each other than to those of the entrance zone. The statistical analyses showed that there were significant correlations between abiotic factors and arthropod communities. Semedi had various cave-dwelling arthropods. Sustainable management of show cave should be applied to minimize the destructive impact of tourism activities on the cave arthropod community.
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Hernandez, Emmanuel Pacia, Anisuzzaman, Md Abdul Alim, Hayato Kawada, Kofi Dadzie Kwofie, Danielle Ladzekpo, Yuki Koike, et al. "Ambivalent Roles of Oxidative Stress in Triangular Relationships among Arthropod Vectors, Pathogens and Hosts." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071254.
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Blood-feeding arthropods, particularly ticks and mosquitoes are considered the most important vectors of arthropod-borne diseases affecting humans and animals. While feeding on blood meals, arthropods are exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) since heme and other blood components can induce oxidative stress. Different ROS have important roles in interactions among the pathogens, vectors, and hosts. ROS influence various metabolic processes of the arthropods and some have detrimental effects. In this review, we investigate the various roles of ROS in these arthropods, including their innate immunity and the homeostasis of their microbiomes, that is, how ROS are utilized to maintain the balance between the natural microbiota and potential pathogens. We elucidate the mechanism of how ROS are utilized to fight off invading pathogens and how the arthropod-borne pathogens use the arthropods’ antioxidant mechanism to defend against these ROS attacks and their possible impact on their vector potentials or their ability to acquire and transmit pathogens. In addition, we describe the possible roles of ROS in chemical insecticide/acaricide activity and/or in the development of resistance. Overall, this underscores the importance of the antioxidant system as a potential target for the control of arthropod and arthropod-borne pathogens.
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Schindler, Bracha Y., Amiel Vasl, Leon Blaustein, David Gurevich, Gyongyver J. Kadas, and Merav Seifan. "Fine-scale substrate heterogeneity does not affect arthropod communities on green roofs." PeerJ 7 (March 19, 2019): e6445. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6445.
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Green roofs, which are roofs with growing substrate and vegetation, can provide habitat for arthropods in cities. Maintaining a diversity of arthropods in an urban environment can enhance the functions they fill, such as pest control and soil development. Theory suggests that the creation of a heterogeneous environment on green roofs would enhance arthropod diversity. Several studies have examined how arthropod diversity can be enhanced on green roofs, and particularly whether substrate properties affect the arthropod community, but a gap remains in identifying the effect of substrate heterogeneity within a green roof on the arthropod community. In this paper, it is hypothesized that creating heterogeneity in the substrate would directly affect the diversity and abundance of some arthropod taxa, and indirectly increase arthropod diversity through increased plant diversity. These hypotheses were tested using green roof plots in four treatments of substrate heterogeneity: (1) homogeneous dispersion; (2) mineral heterogeneity—with increased tuff concentration in subplots; (3) organic heterogeneity—with decreased compost concentrations in subplots; (4) both mineral and organic heterogeneity. Each of the four treatments was replicated twice on each of three roofs (six replicates per treatment) in a Mediterranean region. There was no effect of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod diversity, abundance, or community composition, but there were differences in arthropod communities among roofs. This suggests that the location of a green roof, which can differ in local climatic conditions, can have a strong effect on the composition of the arthropod community. Thus, arthropod diversity may be promoted by building green roofs in a variety of locations throughout a city, even if the roof construction is similar on all roofs.
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Sousa, Maria Freire de, Marcos Gino Fernandes, and Anderson José da Silva Guimarães. "Influence of Bt Maize on Diversity and Composition of Non-target Arthropod Species." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p201.
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Non-target arthropods may be affected by toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressed in transgenic maize. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible impacts of Bt maize on the diversity and the composition of non-target arthropod species by analyzing one field cultivated with conventional maize (no expressing transgenic protein) and three fields cultivated with transgenic maize (expressing Bt proteins). In each field was sampled 50 entirely plants for the number of arthropod specimens and registred the degree of injury caused by the chewing insects. A total of 2.525 specimens of arthropods, comprising 29 species from 25 families, were recorded on 3.000 sampled plants. The most diverse family belonged to the order Hemiptera. Based on Shannon and Simpson indexes, the Bt-transgenic cultivar EXP3320YG had lower level of non-target arthropod diversity than other cultivars. From this study, it is clear that the diversity of non-target arthropods on maize crop is negatively affected by Cry1Ab protein, while the Cry1A105+Cry2Ab2+Cry1F proteins, and Cry1A105+Cry2Ab2+Cry3Bb1 proteins do not have any effect on arthropod species diversity and composition.
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JESUS, Anamélia de Souza, Reyna Isabel CASTILLA TORRES, Jean Carlo de QUADROS, Alisson Nogueira CRUZ, João VALSECCHI, Hani R. EL BIZRI, and Pedro MAYOR. "Are larger primates less faunivorous? Consumption of arthropods by Amazonian primates does not fulfil the Jarman-Bell and Kay models." Acta Amazonica 52, no. 3 (September 2022): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202200842.
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ABSTRACT Terrestrial arthropod groups, including insects, spiders, and millipedes, represent an important food resource for primates. However, species consumed and patterns and rates of arthropod-related feeding for most frugivorous primates are still poorly known. We examined stomach contents of 178 Amazonian primate specimens of nine genera and three families obtained from community-based collections voluntarily donated by subsistence hunters. Based on our results, we assessed whether consumption patterns followed the expected negative relationship between arthropod ingestion and body size as postulated in the Jarman-Bell and Kay models. We identified 12 consumed arthropod taxa, including insects (beetles, grasshoppers, ants, flies, caterpillars, praying mantises, and others), spiders and millipedes. Medium and large-bodied primates consumed a greater diversity (measured by Simpson’s diversity index) and richness of arthropods, but differed in terms of composition of taxa consumed. Cacajao, Sapajus and Cebus consumed proportionally more Orthoptera and Coleoptera compared to the other primate genera analyzed. We did not find significant correlations between richness and diversity of arthropods consumed and primate body mass. There was a slight tendency for the decrease in the relative content of arthropods in the diet with increased body mass in medium and large primates, which does not provide full support for the Jarman-Bell and Kay models. The study of arthropod consumption by arboreal primates in the wild remains challenging. Our study suggests that arthropods supply essential nutrients for frugivorous primates, and provides an alternative method to analyse faunal consumption patterns in primates.
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Dassou, A. G., S. D. Vodouhè, A. Bokonon-Ganta, G. Goergen, A. Chailleux, A. Dansi, D. Carval, and P. Tixier. "Associated cultivated plants in tomato cropping systems structure arthropod communities and increase the Helicoverpa armigera regulation." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 6 (April 10, 2019): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000117.
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AbstractCultivating plant mixtures is expected to provide a higher productivity and a better control of pests and diseases. The structure of the arthropod community is a major driver of the magnitude of natural pest regulations.With the aim of optimizing pest management, a study was carried out to determine the effect of the cropping system type (tomato mono-cropping vs. mixed-cropping) on the diversity and abundance of arthropods from three trophic groups (herbivores, omnivores, predators) and the abundance of Helicoverpa armigera. Therefore, the diversity of cultivated plants and arthropod communities was assessed within tomato fields from 30 farmer's fields randomly selected in South of Benin. Results showed that the arthropod abundance was significantly higher in mixed-cropping systems compared with mono-cropping systems, although the crop type did not alter significantly the arthropod diversity, evenness, and richness. At the level of taxa, the abundances of generalist predators including ants (Pheidole spp., and Paltothyreus tarsatus) and spiders (Araneus spp. and Erigone sp.) were significantly higher in mixed fields than in mono-crop fields. Then, the abundances of omnivore-predator trophic groups have a negative significant effect on the H. armigera abundance. This study allowed better understanding of how plant diversity associated to tomato fields structures arthropod's food webs to finally enhance the ecological management of H. armigera.
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Tovar-Sanchez, Efraĺn. "Canopy arthropods community within and among oak species in central Mexico." Current Zoology 55, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.2.132.
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Abstract Quercus rugosa and Q. laurina are species that presents a wide geographical distribution range in temperate forests of Mexico. Oak canopies contain a considerable portion of arthropod diversity and the arthropods fauna fulfill a wide variety of ecological roles. We examined the effect of oak species and seasonal changes on some community structure parameters (diversity, composition, similarity, biomass, rare species, and density of arthropod fauna) of canopy arthropods. In total, 40 oak canopies were fogged during rainy and dry season. A total of 614 identified arthropod morphospecies were recognized belonging to 22 orders associated with tree canopies. A separation of host tree species during both seasons, suggesting a different community structure on host plants species was demonstrated by the principal component analyses (PCA), therefore, differences between oak species results in phenotypes that structure the composition of the arthropod community. Q. laurina registered the highest densities, diversity index and number of rare species in comparison with Q. rugosa. While arthropod biomass showed an inverse pattern. Trees more close to one another (spatial distance) register a more similar canopy arthropod fauna. This study suggests that the trees of Q. laurina could act as a center of biodiversity by the accumulation of arthropod fauna with a considerable number of rare species, which presents wide ecological roles or is involved in critical processes that maintain forest ecosystems.
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Effah, Evans, D. Paul Barrett, Paul G. Peterson, Murray A. Potter, Jarmo K. Holopainen, and Andrea Clavijo McCormick. "Effects of Two Invasive Weeds on Arthropod Community Structure on the Central Plateau of New Zealand." Plants 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070919.
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Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and broom (Cytisus scoparius), originally from Europe, are the main invasive plants on New Zealand’s North Island Central Plateau, where they threaten native flora and fauna. Given the strong link between arthropod communities and plants, we explored the impact of these invasive weeds on the diversity and composition of associated arthropod assemblages in this area. The arthropods in heather-invaded areas, broom-invaded areas, and areas dominated by the native species mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and Dracohyllum (Dracophyllum subulatum) were collected and identified to order. During summer and autumn, arthropods were collected using beating trays, flight intercept traps and pitfall traps. Diversity indices (Richness, Shannon’s index and Simpson’s index) were calculated at the order level, and permutational multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA) was used to explore differences in order-level community composition. Our results show a significant variation in community composition for all trapping methods in both seasons, whereas invasive plants did not profoundly impact arthropod order richness. The presence of broom increased arthropod abundance, while heather was linked to a reduction. Under all possible plant pairings between heather, broom, mānuka, and Dracophylum, the impact of neighbouring plant identity on arthropod community composition was further explored for the samples collected using beating trays. The results suggest that during plant invasion, arthropod communities are affected by neighbouring plant identity and that impacts vary between arthropod sampling methods and seasons.
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Mcmunn, Marshall S., Louie H. Yang, Amy Ansalmo, Keatyn Bucknam, Miles Claret, Cameron Clay, Kyle Cox, et al. "Artificial Light Increases Local Predator Abundance, Predation Rates, and Herbivory." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 1331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz103.
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Abstract Human activity is rapidly increasing the radiance and geographic extent of artificial light at night (ALAN) leading to alterations in the development, behavior, and physiological state of many organisms. A limited number of community-scale studies investigating the effects of ALAN have allowed for spatial aggregation through positive phototaxis, the commonly observed phenomenon of arthropod movement toward light. We performed an open field study (without restricted arthropod access) to determine the effects of ALAN on local arthropod community composition, plant traits, and local herbivory and predation rates. We found strong positive phototaxis in 10 orders of arthropods, with increased (159% higher) overall arthropod abundance under ALAN compared to unlit controls. The arthropod community under ALAN was more diverse and contained a higher proportion of predaceous arthropods (15% vs 8%). Predation of immobilized flies occurred 3.6 times faster under ALAN; this effect was not observed during the day. Contrary to expectations, we also observed a 6% increase in herbivory under ALAN. Our results highlight the importance of open experimental field studies in determining community-level effects of ALAN.
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Paudel, A., and S. Tiwari. "Abundance and Diversity of Soil Arthropods in Different Habitats in Chitwan Nepal." Journal of the Plant Protection Society 7, no. 01 (August 8, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpps.v7i01.47299.
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Arthropod diversity is generally influenced by the type of habitat in an agro-ecosystem. Crop diversity, soil types, nature of habitats (intensive, semi-intensive and natural), proximity to natural habitats, landscape complexity etc. are the major arthropod diversity influencing factors. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the diversity of various arthropod species among different habitats such as mango orchard, litchi orchard, vegetable field, organic field and uncultivated land during March 2021. Arthropod sampling was taken on every three- day interval using pitfall trap. The composition, relative abundance, and diversity indices of the arthropods of five different habitats were analyzed. Maximum abundance was recorded in uncultivated land (N = 398) and minimum in the vegetable field (N = 61). Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (1.76) and species richness (9.67) were found highest in mango orchards. The greatest evenness was recorded in the vegetable field (0.91) and more dominance index was recorded in uncultivated land (0.60). There was a significant difference in total abundances of arthropods between vegetable fields than in the organic and uncultivated fields, being highest in uncultivated land followed by litchi, mango and organic field. Hymenopterans were the most abundant order (53.55%) followed by Coleoptera and Arachnida. These arthropods were crop pests and beneficial. Beneficial arthropods population was more than crop pests. Such beneficial arthropods play a vital role to deliver an ecosystem service. This study can help to develop a conservation and management protocol for beneficial arthropods in the agro-ecosystem.
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Broza, M., and I. Izhaki. "Post-Fire Arthropod Assemblages in Mediterranean Forest Soils in Israel." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 4 (1997): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970317.
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The presence of soil micro- and macroarthropod species was surveyed after severe fire in a mixed forest dominated by Aleppo pine on Mt. Carmel, Israel. Arthropods were sampled, and separated into 19 taxa (mainly orders or classes). The effects of 2nd-5th post-fire years, seasons, habitats (burned and unburned) and tree species (pine or oaks) on the relative abundance of soil arthropods were analyzed by linear redundancy analysis. Arthropod distribution along the first axis of the analysis was non-random, so all these factors influenced arthropod community composition. Arthropod composition in the 2nd and 3rd postfire years was different from later years, demonstrating outbreaks of pioneers. After five post-fire years arthropod populations were not completely recovered. Significant seasonal differences in population size were detected, indicating summer, and to lesser extent also winter, as unfavorable periods in that region, as was well demonstrated with Collembola. The resilience of arthropods under burned oaks differed from the arthropods sampled under burned pines. Seven taxa were highly correlated to the unburned zone and included the main microarthropod groups (Collembola, Protura, Acari, and Pauropoda) and Coleoptera, Thysanoptera and Chilopoda. Only two orders showed a distinct association with-the burned zone: Psocoptera and Homoptera; the latter was represented almost solely by specimens of a pioneer species, Rhizoicus sp. (Pseudococcidae).
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Kaľavský, Martin, Peter Fenďa, and Milada Holecová. "Arthropods in the nests of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)." Slovak Raptor Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0030-6.
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Arthropods in the nests of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) In 2008 we analyzed nest material from 25 nests of the Common Kestrel nesting in the residential and rural areas of Bratislava. 4486 arthropod individuals were determined, belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmata, Oribatida, Diptera and Siphonaptera. The arthropod fauna in the nests of the Common Kestrel can be classified into 4 groups: mites, dipteran larvae, adult beetles and dipterans. Three families of avian ectoparasites were present, comprising 26% of the total arthropod abundance. The remaining 74% of arthropod abundance in the nests comprised coprophagous and nidicolous species.
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Jokimäki, Jukka, Esa Huhta, Juhani Itämies, and Pekka Rahko. "Distribution of arthropods in relation to forest patch size, edge, and stand characteristics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-074.
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We studied the abundance of arthropods in relation to forest patch size, edge orientation, distance from the forest - open-land edge, and stand characteristics in pine-dominated forests in northern Finland. Arthropod samples were collected using the sweep-net method. The total catch of arthropods, catches from the field layer and deciduous shrubs, the numbers of flying arthropods, small (<1 mm) arthropods, and the numbers of seven different arthropod taxa (viz. Linyphiidae (Arachnida), Cicadellidae (Homoptera), Diptera, Brachycera (Diptera), Nematocera (Diptera), and Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)) were lower in large forest patches (>5 ha) than in small patches (5 ha). The edge orientation and the type of adjacent open area (clearcut area or treeless mire) had no impact on the abundance of arthopods in the patches. The distance from the forest edge affected the total abundance of arthropods, small arthropods, flying arthropods, and Coleoptera (especially Cantharidae) in that all decreased in number from the forest edge to the interior of the forest stand. The abundance of many arthropod taxa correlated positively with the numbers of saplings, deciduous shrubs, and spruces. It was clear that the existence of these vegetation characteristics mainly explained the observed differences in the abundance of arthropods between forest patches of different sizes and also between forest edges and stand interiors.
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Basset, Yves. "Aggregation and synecology of arboreal arthropods associated with an overstorey rain forest tree in Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000660x.
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ABSTRACTThe cohesion of the arthropod community associated with the rain forest tree Argyrodendron actinophyllum was studied in a warm subtropical rain forest in Australia. The distribution of most arthropods was contagious on the foliage of A. actinophyllum. Chewers and phloem-feeders were more clumped than epiphyte grazers and parasitoids. Arthropod predator-prey ratios were high and relatively constant over time, as revealed by measures of their activity. However, similar ratios in abundance and species-richness of arthropods foraging on foliage showed high variability in space and no consistent trends. Species associations on the foliage were difficult to predict and did not constitute either a single, well-united community or well-delimited subcommunitics. Most of the data suggest that on the foliage of A. actinophyllum, the cohesion of the arthropod community is not extremely strong. Apart from methodological constraints, possible reasons for this include the influence of host-tree phenology, and the high arthropod-diversity of the rain forest environment.
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Tristiana Kusuma, Andi Dian, Ayu Kartini Parawansa, and St Subaedah. "EFEKTIVITAS BEBERAPA JENIS BIOINSEKTISIDA TERHADAP KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN POPULASI ARTHROPODA PADA EKOSISTEM PADI SAWAH." AGROTEK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pertanian 3, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotek.v3i2.85.
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Bioinsecticides have the potential to affect arthropod populations in lowland rice ecosystems. The purpose of this study are 1) Knowing the effect of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lecanii on population and diversity of arthropods and 2) Knowing the effectiveness of giving 0.5 gram / 1.4 liter of water and 1 gram / 1.4 liter of water to each bioinsecticide on Arthropod population and diversity was carried out in Turikale District, February 2019 until April 2019. This study used a 2 factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the type of bioinsecticide and the second factor is the bioinsecticide dose of data analysis using Anova in the STAR 2.0.1 2013 program to see the average number of arthropod populations in each treatment. The results of the study showed that 1) The administration of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lecanii affected the population but did not affect the diversity of arthropods. 2) Each dose of 0.5 gram / 1.4 liter of water and 1 gram / 1.4 liter of water in each bioinsecticide effectively suppresses the arthropod population of the herbivorous group. Which means the use of bioinsecticides on diversity and arthropod populations in rice plants is feasible to be developed.
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Salman, Ibrahim, and Leon Blaustein. "Vegetation Cover Drives Arthropod Communities in Mediterranean/Subtropical Green Roof Habitats." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 4209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114209.
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Worldwide, urban areas are expanding both in size and number, which results in a decline in habitats suitable for urban flora and fauna. The construction of urban green features, such as green roofs, may provide suitable habitat patches for many species in urban areas. On green roofs, two approaches have been used to select plants—i.e., matching similar habitat to green roofs (habitat template approach) or identifying plants with suitable traits (plant trait approach). While both approaches may result in suitable habitats for arthropods, how arthropods respond to different combinations of plants is an open question. The aim of this study was to investigate how the structural complexity of different plant forms can affect the abundance and richness of arthropods on green roofs. The experimental design crossed the presence and absence of annuals with three Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (common name: stonecrops) treatments—i.e., uniformly disrupted Sedum, clumped disrupted Sedum, and no Sedum. We hypothesized that an increased structural diversity due to the coexistence of different life forms of plants on roofs is positively related to the abundance and richness of arthropods. We found that arthropod abundance and richness were positively associated with the percent of vegetation cover and negatively associated with substrate temperature. Neither arthropod abundance nor richness was influenced by the relative moisture of substrate. We also found that arthropod abundance and richness varied by green roof setups (treatments) and by seasonality. Arthropod abundance on green roofs was the highest in treatments with annuals only, while species richness was slightly similar between treatments containing annuals but varied between sampling periods. This study suggests that adding annuals to traditional Sedum roofs has positive effects on arthropods. This finding can support the development of biodiverse cities because most extensive green roofs are inaccessible to the public and can provide undisturbed habitat for several plant and arthropod species.
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Goosey, Hayes B., Joseph T. Smith, Kevin M. O’Neill, and David E. Naugle. "Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Community Response to Livestock Grazing: Implications for Avian Conservation." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz074.
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Abstract Terrestrial arthropods are a critical component of rangeland ecosystems that convert primary production into resources for higher trophic levels. During spring and summer, select arthropod taxa are the primary food of breeding prairie birds, of which many are imperiled in North America. Livestock grazing is globally the most widespread rangeland use and can affect arthropod communities directly or indirectly through herbivory. To examine effects of management on arthropod community structure and avian food availability, we studied ground-dwelling arthropods on grazed and ungrazed sagebrush rangelands of central Montana. From 2012 to 2015, samples were taken from lands managed as part of a rest-rotation grazing program and from idle lands where livestock grazing has been absent for over a decade. Bird-food arthropods were twice as prevalent in managed pastures despite the doubling of overall activity-density of arthropods in idle pastures. Activity-density on idled lands was largely driven by a tripling of detritivores and a doubling in predators. Predator community structure was simplified on idled lands, where Lycosid spiders increased by fivefold. In contrast, managed lands supported a more diverse assemblage of ground-dwelling arthropods, which may be particularly beneficial for birds in these landscapes if, for example, diversity promotes temporal stability in this critical food resource. Our results suggest that periodic disturbance may enhance arthropod diversity, and that birds may benefit from livestock grazing with periodic rest or deferment.
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Lampert, Evan C., Z. Ren Cylkowski, Katie A. McDonough, and Collin R. Young. "Arthropod Associations Show Naturalization with Non-Native Quercus Species in the Georgia Piedmont." Journal of Entomological Science 57, no. 3 (June 22, 2022): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes21-61.
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Abstract Native plants may coevolve with native arthropods and may be associated with greater arthropod diversity than non-native plants. Thompson Mills Forest, a state arboretum owned by the University of Georgia and located in Braselton, GA, is home to a variety of oak (Quercus L., Fagacaeae) species, both native and non-native to Georgia. Arthropods were sampled from 20 trees belonging to 12 species, 8 native and 4 non-native, using beat sheets for 10 consecutive weeks in 2018. More than 500 arthropods were collected, with Coleoptera, Araneae, and Psocodea comprising more than 70% of the arthropods collected. Neither abundance nor Shannon index varied among trees of native or non-native origin or among tree species, although both variables peaked during the middle of the sampling period. Multivariate analyses showed similar arthropod communities were associated with native and non-native oaks. The results suggest that non-native plants may naturalize and, if so, may interact with arthropod communities in similar ways as native congeners. Further research into the long-term ecological interactions with non-native plants is recommended.
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Bethin, Jacob, Rayda K. Krell, and C. Thomas Philbrick. "New arthropod-Podostemaceae associations in Central and South America." ZooKeys 1129 (November 11, 2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1129.91398.
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Podostemaceae are a unique family of aquatic angiosperms found in river rapids and waterfalls throughout southern Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Podostemaceae are understudied, and consequently, the arthropods associated with these plants are not well known. We sought to expand knowledge of arthropod-Podostemaceae associations to better understand the impact of these plants on aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. We examined samples of Podostemaceae collected between 1998 and 2007 from Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, and Venezuela for arthropods even though these samples were not collected with the intent to investigate arthropod-Podostemaceae associations. We examined 15 samples of Podostemaceae, including 10 species never evaluated for arthropod associations, and found over 9000 arthropods representing 12 different orders. The most abundant orders were Diptera (77.88%), Trichoptera (12.90%), Coleoptera (3.35%), and Lepidoptera (2.42%). We found several arthropods not previously reported from Podostemaceae, including Collembola and Acari, documented several instances of insects boring into plant tissues, and provide the first report of an insect-induced gall on Ceratolacis pedunculatum C.T. Philbrick, Novelo & Irgang.
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Fontes, Benjamin. "Update of Arthropod Containment Guidelines." Applied Biosafety 24, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535676019845270.
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The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene’s American Committee of Medical Entomology has released their updated edition (Version 3.2) of the Arthropod Containment Guidelines. The Guidelines were written to provide pertinent risk assessment and risk management information for the safe handling and rearing of arthropods used in research. The format of the Guidelines is like the outline used in the CDC/NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Four Arthropod Containment Levels (ACLs) are described, with increasing requirements for safety and security from ACL-1 to ACL-4. Each containment level provides information on standard practices, including standard and special practices, storage, labeling, monitoring and trapping escaped arthropods, training, medical surveillance, safety equipment, and facility design.
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Chan, Eric K. W., Yixin Zhang, and David Dudgeon. "Arthropod 'rain' into tropical streams: the importance of intact riparian forest and influences on fish diets." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 8 (2008): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07191.
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Terrestrial arthropods might represent an important energy source for stream predators, but these trophic linkages have seldom been studied in the tropics. Terrestrial arthropod inputs (essentially, arthropod ‘rain’) into four streams with different riparian vegetation (two draining shrublands and two draining forests) were measured over three consecutive seasons (dry, wet, dry) from 2005 to 2007 in monsoonal Hong Kong. Predatory minnows, Parazacco spilurus (Cyprinidae), were collected and their consumption of terrestrial arthropods was estimated. Inputs of arthropods were dominated by Diptera, Collembola, Formicidae and aerial Hymenoptera, accounting for ≥73% of the arthropod abundance. Seasonal variation was marked: numbers in the dry seasons were approximately half (47–57%) those in the wet season, and biomass fell to one-third (33–37%) of the wet-season value. Shrubland streams received 19–43% fewer individuals and 6–34% less biomass than shaded forest streams. An analysis of fish diets in three of the four streams showed that terrestrial insects and spiders were more important prey in the two forest streams, accounting for 35–43% of prey abundance (39–43% by volume) v. 28% (27%) in the shrubland stream. Because riparian vegetation is the source of terrestrial arthropod inputs to streams, degradation of streamside forests that reduce these inputs will have consequences for the diets of stream fishes.
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Vankosky, M. A., H. A. Cárcamo, H. A. Catton, A. C. Costamagna, and R. De Clerck-Floate. "Impacts of the agricultural transformation of the Canadian Prairies on grassland arthropods." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 6 (October 6, 2017): 718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.47.
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AbstractThe prairie grasslands have been transformed to become the primary source of agricultural production in Canada. Soon after its establishment, the Biological Survey of Canada recognised the urgent need to document the arthropods of the prairie grasslands, especially in the few pristine remnants. Although this initiative has yielded considerable progress in documenting the species present in the Prairies Ecozone, comprehensive ecological studies are sparse. Landscape effects on arthropods are well studied elsewhere, but no equivalent studies have been published for the Canadian Prairies. Crop rotation varies landscape composition annually, changes host plant resources in fields, and interacts with other agricultural inputs to disturb pest and beneficial arthropods. Despite only a handful of studies on grazing, there is an emerging pattern: moderate grazing increases arthropod diversity and benefits certain arthropod guilds. Abiotic inputs elicit variable responses from different arthropod taxa; Carabidae (Coleoptera) are best studied, with some information available for ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and aquatic arthropods. Biotic inputs include arthropods released for biocontrol of weed and insect pests; evidence indicates that biocontrol agents of insects have a greater potential for impact on native communities of arthropods. The studies reviewed here reveal important trends and research gaps to be addressed in the future.
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Long, Jennifer A., and Philip C. Stouffer. "Diet and Preparation for Spring Migration in Captive Hermit Thrushes (Catharus Guttatus)." Auk 120, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.2.323.
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Abstract Seasonal changes in food choice by migratory birds often reflect changes in relative food abundance and increased energetic demand. Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus) in southeastern Louisiana are highly frugivorous during winter but forage exclusively on arthropods just prior to spring migration. We hypothesized that this switch to an exclusively arthropod diet would lead to an increase in fat reserves compared to a frugivorous diet, and that fat birds would initiate migration sooner and display more migratory activity than lean birds. We tested these hypotheses on captive Hermit Thrushes maintained on either an arthropod only diet or a mixed fruit and arthropod diet and measured changes in fat score, body mass, and nocturnal migratory activity (Zugunruhe) from February to April 2000. We found that the arthropod-only treatment led to greater body mass and greater amounts of subcutaneous fat than the mixed fruit and arthropod treatment by the third week of the experiment. Despite those differences, body mass was not correlated with intensity of Zugunruhe. We also did not find a significant difference in intensity or onset of Zugunruhe between treatments. We concluded that because Hermit Thrushes are short-distance migrants, large fat reserves are not crucial for their migration. Consequently, fruit and arthropods appear to be equivalent with respect to migratory behavior.
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Šťastná, Pavla, and Václav Psota. "Arthropod diversity (Arthropoda) on abandoned apple trees." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051405.
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In 2010 and 2011, the occurrence of arthropods on apple trees without management was monitored near the village of Velké Bílovice, South Moravia, in two selected localities (an abandoned apple tree orchard and a road apple tree alley). Arthropods in tree tops were killed using deltamehtrin applied with a fogger (Puls Fog). Each collection always contained the material from 5 trees in each site. In 2010, three collections were performed (28/4, 20/5, and 9/7), two in 2011 (11/5 and 23/6). Representatives of eleven orders were captured. Of all the orders trapped, Coleoptera was represented most frequently, the Hymenoptera and Diptera followed. In the alley, individuals of the Coleoptera (34%) were caught most frequently, the Hymenoptera (19.6%) and Hemiptera (17.4%) followed. In the orchard, the Coleoptera (41.4%) was represented most frequently, followed by the Hymenoptera (21.9%) and Diptera (15%). In both the environments, species with negative economic impact were recorded (e.g. Anthonomus pyri, Tatianaerhynchites aequatus, Cydia pomonella, Rhynchites bacchus). However, a greater number of pest antagonists were also found (Scambus pomorum, Coccinella septempunctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Pentatoma rufipes, Orius spp.). Some species were important in faunistic terms, as some critically endangered species were recorded (e.g. Dipoena erythropus, Cryptocephalus schaefferi), and the Plectochorus iwatensis species was recorded for the first time in the Czech Republic.
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Carmona, Gabriela Inveninato, Emily Robinson, Julia Nogueira Duarte Campos, and Anthony Justin McMechan. "Impact of the Timing and Use of an Insecticide on Arthropods in Cover-Crop-Corn Systems." Insects 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040348.
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Cover crops provide a habitat for pests and beneficial arthropods. Unexpected pest pressure in a cover-crop-to-corn system can occur and result in increased use of insecticides. Eight site-years of on-farm field studies were conducted in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of insecticide timing relative to cover-crop termination on arthropod activity in a cover-crop-to-corn system. The treatments consisted of (i) glyphosate to terminate the cover crop, (ii) glyphosate and pyrethroid tank mix to terminate the cover crop, and (iii) glyphosate to terminate the cover crop and pyrethroid application 25 days after the termination. Arthropod activity was measured with pitfall traps before and at each treatment application. A total of 33,316 arthropods were collected. Total arthropods, Collembola, and Aphididae were the only taxa reduced with an insecticide application. The other arthropod taxa were mainly influenced by the sampling period. No significant pest pressure occurred at any site-year. Insecticide applications are not generally needed in a cover-crop-to-corn system. Scouting for pests and applying strategies only when necessary is crucial to conserve potentially beneficial arthropods in the system.
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Tao, Yan, Zhongqiang Wang, Chen Ma, Hongshi He, Jiawei Xu, Yinghua Jin, Haixia Wang, and Xiaoxue Zheng. "Vegetation Heterogeneity Effects on Soil Macro-Arthropods in an Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains, China." Plants 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100418.
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The harsh environmental conditions in alpine tundra exert a significant influence on soil macro-arthropod communities, yet few studies have been performed regarding the effects of vegetation heterogeneity on these communities. In order to better understand this question, a total of 96 soil macro-arthropod samples were collected from four habitats in the Changbai Mountains in China, namely, the Vaccinium uliginosum habitat, Sanguisorba sitchensis habitat, Rhododendron aureum habitat, and Deyeuxia angustifolia habitat. The results revealed that the taxonomic composition of the soil macro-arthropods varied among the habitats, and that dissimilarities existed in these communities. The abundance, richness and diversity in the D. angustifolia habitat were all at their maximum during the sampling period. The vegetation heterogeneity affected the different taxa of the soil macro-arthropods at various levels. In addition, the vegetation heterogeneity had direct effects not only on soil macro-arthropod communities, but also indirectly impacted the abundance, richness and diversity by altering the soil fertility and soil texture. Overall, our results provide experimental evidence that vegetation heterogeneity can promote the abundance, richness and diversity of soil macro-arthropods, yet the responses of soil macro-arthropods to vegetation heterogeneity differed among their taxa.
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Greenspan, Sasha E., Mariana L. Lyra, Gustavo H. Migliorini, Mônica F. Kersch-Becker, Molly C. Bletz, Cybele Sabino Lisboa, Mariana R. Pontes, et al. "Arthropod–bacteria interactions influence assembly of aquatic host microbiome and pathogen defense." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1905 (June 26, 2019): 20190924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0924.
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The host-associated microbiome is vital to host immunity and pathogen defense. In aquatic ecosystems, organisms may interact with environmental bacteria to influence the pool of potential symbionts, but the effects of these interactions on host microbiome assembly and pathogen resistance are unresolved. We used replicated bromeliad microecosystems to test for indirect effects of arthropod–bacteria interactions on host microbiome assembly and pathogen burden, using tadpoles and the fungal amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis as a model host–pathogen system. Arthropods influenced host microbiome assembly by altering the pool of environmental bacteria, with arthropod–bacteria interactions specifically reducing host colonization by transient bacteria and promoting antimicrobial components of aquatic bacterial communities. Arthropods also reduced fungal zoospores in the environment, but fungal infection burdens in tadpoles corresponded most closely with arthropod-mediated patterns in microbiome assembly. This result indicates that the cascading effects of arthropods on the maintenance of a protective host microbiome may be more strongly linked to host health than negative effects of arthropods on pools of pathogenic zoospores. Our work reveals tight links between healthy ecosystem dynamics and the functioning of host microbiomes, suggesting that ecosystem disturbances such as loss of arthropods may have downstream effects on host-associated microbial pathogen defenses and host fitness.
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Sayuthi, Muhammad, and Hasnah Hasnah. "Arthropods in Different Vegetation in Nutmeg Plantation in Aceh Province." International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research 6, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v6i2.25196.
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Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout) is a leading commodity from Aceh Province. The high yield of nutmeg oil and its distinctive aroma makes it in demand by the world market. The production of nutmeg plants is currently decreasing due to the disturbance of nuisance organisms so that nutmeg plants get sick and die. Appropriate agro eco-management of the nutmeg system is thought to overcome these problems. Such as by conserving the diversity of arthropod communities. Information regarding the presence of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation is very limited in South Aceh District. This study investigates the abundance of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation in different vegetation to detect the causes of the decline in nutmeg production in the South Aceh district. Sampling was carried out at 2 locations with different vegetation conditions, using the determining sub-samples. Each location consisted of 200 individual nutmeg plants, and at each location, several 20 individual nutmeg plants were assigned as samples. The results showed that the total collection of arthropod populations at the location I found nine orders, namely Araneae, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera. Location II found 12 orders, namely Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Embioptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmatodea). The class of insects and arachnids found at these two locations is part of the Phylum Arthropoda.
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Naoki, Kazuya. "Arthropod Resource Partitioning Among Omnivorous Tanagers (Tangara SPP.) in Western Ecuador." Auk 124, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.1.197.
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Abstract The distribution and abundance of food are primary factors affecting resource-use patterns in birds. Many bird species eat several food types, which may differ in their distribution and overall abundance. I studied foraging ecology of seven sympatric species of Tangara at Mindo, Ecuador, to determine whether the patterns of resource use differed between two food types: arthropods and fruits. Interspecific differences in arthropod-foraging were manifested in the fine segregation of microhabitat preference combined with different habitat use. By contrast, interspecific differences in fruit-foraging were manifested in preferences for different plant genera, often associated with different habitats. No evidence was found for spatial partitioning of the same fruit species. Interspecific overlap in fruit-for- aging was 3× higher than that in arthropod-foraging, and species of Tangara that frequently joined the same mixed-species flocks differed largely in arthropod-foraging but overlapped greatly in fruit-foraging. The differences in patterns between arthropod and fruit-foraging may be explained by the different characteristics of arthropods and fruits as food resources. High sympatry of species of Tangara and other omnivorous tanagers, in general, appears to be maintained not because fruits are abundant, resulting in little competition for them, but because these tanagers specialize on different microhabitats for foraging arthropods. Segregación de Artrópodos como Recurso Alimenticio de Tangaras Omnívoras (Tangara spp.) en el Oeste de Ecuador
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Bertone, Matthew A., Misha Leong, Keith M. Bayless, Tara L. F. Malow, Robert R. Dunn, and Michelle D. Trautwein. "Arthropods of the great indoors: characterizing diversity inside urban and suburban homes." PeerJ 4 (January 19, 2016): e1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1582.
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Although humans and arthropods have been living and evolving together for all of our history, we know very little about the arthropods we share our homes with apart from major pest groups. Here we surveyed, for the first time, the complete arthropod fauna of the indoor biome in 50 houses (located in and around Raleigh, North Carolina, USA). We discovered high diversity, with a conservative estimate range of 32–211 morphospecies, and 24–128 distinct arthropod families per house. The majority of this indoor diversity (73%) was made up of true flies (Diptera), spiders (Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), and wasps and kin (Hymenoptera, especially ants: Formicidae). Much of the arthropod diversity within houses did not consist of synanthropic species, but instead included arthropods that were filtered from the surrounding landscape. As such, common pest species were found less frequently than benign species. Some of the most frequently found arthropods in houses, such as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) and book lice (Liposcelididae), are unfamiliar to the general public despite their ubiquity. These findings present a new understanding of the diversity, prevalence, and distribution of the arthropods in our daily lives. Considering their impact as household pests, disease vectors, generators of allergens, and facilitators of the indoor microbiome, advancing our knowledge of the ecology and evolution of arthropods in homes has major economic and human health implications.
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Nell, Cee S., Riley Pratt, Jutta Burger, Kristine L. Preston, Kathleen K. Treseder, Dana Kamada, Karly Moore, and Kailen A. Mooney. "Consequences of arthropod community structure for an at-risk insectivorous bird." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): e0281081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281081.
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Global declines in bird and arthropod abundance highlights the importance of understanding the role of food limitation and arthropod community composition for the performance of insectivorous birds. In this study, we link data on nestling diet, arthropod availability and nesting performance for the Coastal Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus sandiegensis), an at-risk insectivorous bird native to coastal southern California and Baja Mexico. We used DNA metabarcoding to characterize nestling diets and monitored 8 bird territories over two years to assess the relationship between arthropod and vegetation community composition and bird reproductive success. We document a discordance between consumed prey and arthropod biomass within nesting territories, in which Diptera and Lepidoptera were the most frequently consumed prey taxa but were relatively rare in the environment. In contrast other Orders (e.g., Hemiptera, Hymenoptera)were abundant in the environment but were absent from nestling diets. Accordingly, variation in bird reproductive success among territories was positively related to the relative abundance of Lepidoptera (but not Diptera), which were most abundant on 2 shrub species (Eriogonum fasciculatum, Sambucus nigra) of the 9 habitat elements characterized (8 dominant plant species and bare ground). Bird reproductive success was in turn negatively related to two invasive arthropods whose abundance was not associated with preferred bird prey, but instead possibly acted through harassment (Linepithema humile; Argentine ants) and parasite transmission or low nutritional quality (Armadillidium vulgare; "pill-bug"). These results demonstrate how multiple aspects of arthropod community structure can influence bird performance through complementary mechanisms, and the importance of managing for arthropods in bird conservation efforts.
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Buxton, Mmabaledi, Malebogo Portia Buxton, Honest Machekano, Casper Nyamukondiwa, and Ryan John Wasserman. "A Survey of Potentially Pathogenic-Incriminated Arthropod Vectors of Health Concern in Botswana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 10556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910556.
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Arthropod vectors play a crucial role in the transmission of many debilitating infections, causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the economic significance of arthropods to public health, public knowledge on vector biology, ecology and taxonomic status remains anecdotal and largely unexplored. The present study surveyed knowledge gaps regarding the biology and ecology of arthropod vectors in communities of Botswana, across all districts. Results showed that communities are largely aware of individual arthropod vectors; however, their ‘potential contribution’ in disease transmission in humans, livestock and wildlife could not be fully attested. As such, their knowledge was largely limited with regards to some aspects of vector biology, ecology and control. Communities were strongly concerned about the burden of mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies and ticks, with the least concerns about fleas, bedbugs and lice, although the same communities did not know of specific diseases potentially vectored by these arthropods. Knowledge on arthropod vector control was mainly limited to synthetic chemical pesticides for most respondents, regardless of their location. The limited knowledge on potentially pathogen-incriminated arthropod vectors reported here has large implications for bridging knowledge gaps on the bio-ecology of these vectors countrywide. This is potentially useful in reducing the local burden of associated diseases and preventing the risk of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases under global change.
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Schowalter, T. D., and L. M. Ganio. "Vertical and seasonal variation in canopy arthropod communities in an old-growth conifer forest in southwestern Washington, USA." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 6 (December 1998): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054304.
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AbstractVariation in canopy arthropod abundances and community structure were evaluated in an old-growth (500-year-old) forest at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility in southwestern Washington, USA. Arthropods were sampled at three canopy levels and two seasons in each of four tree species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Abies grandis, and Thuja plicata). The four tree species had distinguishable arthropod species compositions and community organization. Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae) had a particularly distinctive canopy fauna dominated by several mite taxa which did not occur on the other tree species (all Pinaceae). Pseudotsuga menziesii hosted a relatively diverse arthropod fauna with greatest richness of taxa and functional groups. Distinct arthropod assemblages were not observed among canopy levels and sampling dates, but these factors significantly influenced abundances of 63% of the arthropod taxa, either individually or interactively with other factors. These data indicate that forests managed for fewer tree species eliminate important components of arthropod diversity in Pacific Northwest forests and that sampling for biodiversity assessment also should represent season and canopy level.
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Stuntz, Sabine, Christian Ziegler, Ulrich Simon, and Gerhard Zotz. "Diversity and structure of the arthropod fauna within three canopy epiphyte species in central Panama." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 2 (March 2002): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002110.
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The arthropod fauna inhabiting 90 individuals of three different species of epiphyte was investigated in the moist lowland forest of the Barro Colorado National Monument in Panama. In total, 3694 arthropods belonging to 89 morphospecies and 19 orders were collected. While arthropod abundance was primarily a function of host plant biomass irrespective of epiphyte species, there were pronounced differences in species richness, species composition and guild structure of the arthropod faunas of the three epiphyte species. Although all study plants were growing in close proximity on the same host tree species, there was remarkably little overlap in the species assemblages across epiphyte taxa. The inhabitant species also differed dramatically in their ecological functions, as feeding guild and hunting guild analyses indicated. The influence of plant size, structure and impounded leaf litter on arthropod diversity is discussed. We conclude that epiphytes are microhabitats for a diverse and numerous fauna, and that different species of epiphytes foster both taxonomically and ecologically very distinct arthropod assemblages.
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Edgecombe, Gregory D. "Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 51, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437.
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Phylogenomics underpins a stable and mostly well-resolved hypothesis for the interrelationships of extant arthropods. Exceptionally preserved fossils are integrated into this framework by coding their morphological characters, as exemplified by total-evidence dating approaches that treat fossils as dated tips in analyses numerically dominated by molecular data. Cambrian fossils inform on the sequence of character acquisition in the arthropod stem group and in the stems of its main extant clades. The arthropod head problem incorporates unique appendage combinations and remains of the nervous system in fossils into a scheme mostly based on neuroanatomy and Hox expression domains for extant forms. Molecular estimates of arthropod origins in the Cryogenian or Ediacaran predate a coherent picture from the arthropod fossil record, which commences as trace fossils in the earliest Cambrian. Probabilistic morphological clock analysis of trilobites, which exemplify the earliest arthropod body fossils, supports a Cambrian origin, without the need to posit an unfossilized Ediacaran history.
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Harrow, I. D., K. A. F. Gration, and N. A. Evans. "Neurobiology of arthropod parasites." Parasitology 102, S1 (January 1991): S59—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073297.
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Many medically important diseases of man are caused by blood-sucking arthropods which serve as vectors for a wide range of viral, bacterial, protozoal and nematode infections (Table 1). Furthermore, serious economic losses are caused by the numerous arthropod parasites which infect domesticated animals (for examples, see Table 2). Among these the ixodid hard ticks are particularly important and it has been estimated that the global cost of hard tick infections is $7000 million per annum (F.A.O., 1984). Not surprisingly, there have been strenuous efforts to control infections caused by arthropods.
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DZULHELMI MUHAMMAD NASIR, RADZMIN ISHAK, NURSYEREEN MOHD NASIR, ASSYIRA HASI, PHILIP YAP, NORKASPI KHASIM, CHRISTHARINA S. GINTORON, and KAMIL AZMI TOHIRAN. "Diversity of Arthropods in an Oil Palm Plantation in Sabah." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4722.2022.
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Malaysia is one of the largest palm oil-producing countries in the world. Located in the Southeast Asia region, this country is also known as one of the mega biodiversity-rich countries which contains numerous species. In this study, arthropods were sampled using sticky traps at three sites within an oil palm dominated landscape. We examined how vegetation structure affects arthropod community distribution within an oil palm plantation. The number of arthropod species was significantly greater at higher vegetation complexity structures. The findings also showed that the number of arthropod species that had been recorded for the three sites had nearly reached asymptote. This study suggests that maintaining vegetation complexity through sustainable agriculture practice as recommended by the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) may be useful in supporting arthropod species within oil palm plantations.