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1
Yeasmin, Tania, Hamida Khanum, and Rimi Farhana Zaman. "Seasonal prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i1.23335.
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The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85%), followed by winter (75%) and rainy (55%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71%) than adult (80.95%) and young (56%) sheep and higher in female (77.27%) than in male (68.42%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P<0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 45-55, 2014
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Sabiá Júnior, Elias Ferreira, Luis Felipe Santos Menezes, Israel Flor Silva de Araújo, and Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz. "Natural Occurrence in Venomous Arthropods of Antimicrobial Peptides Active against Protozoan Parasites." Toxins 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100563.
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Arthropoda is a phylum of invertebrates that has undergone remarkable evolutionary radiation, with a wide range of venomous animals. Arthropod venom is a complex mixture of molecules and a source of new compounds, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Most AMPs affect membrane integrity and produce lethal pores in microorganisms, including protozoan pathogens, whereas others act on internal targets or by modulation of the host immune system. Protozoan parasites cause some serious life-threatening diseases among millions of people worldwide, mostly affecting the poorest in developing tropical regions. Humans can be infected with protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, responsible for Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis. There is not yet any cure or vaccine for these illnesses, and the current antiprotozoal chemotherapeutic compounds are inefficient and toxic and have been in clinical use for decades, which increases drug resistance. In this review, we will present an overview of AMPs, the diverse modes of action of AMPs on protozoan targets, and the prospection of novel AMPs isolated from venomous arthropods with the potential to become novel clinical agents to treat protozoan-borne diseases.
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Azevedo, Rodney K. de, Vanessa D. Abdallah, and José L. Luque. "Acanthocephala, Annelida, Arthropoda, Myxozoa, Nematoda and Platyhelminthes parasites of fishes from the Guandu river, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Check List 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.4.659.
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Using information from all published reports and data collected during several parasitological surveys between April 2003 and September 2009, a checklist of the parasites of fishes from Guandu River, southeastern of Brazil was generated. A total of 85 parasite species, 54 named species (1 Acanthocephala, 1 Cestoda, 2 Crustacea, 13 Digenea, 11 Nematoda, 23 Monogenea and 3 Myxozoa) and 31 undetermined species (3 Acanthocephala, 2 Cestoda, 1 Crustacea, 8 Digenea, 8 Nematoda, 4 Hirudinea, 3 Monogenea and 2 Myxozoa) in 21 fish host species from Guandu River, were listed in the current study, including 36 new locality records and 36 new host records. Also, a host-parasite list is included herein.
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Walossek, Dieter, John E. Repetski, and Klaus J. Müller. "An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod, Heymonsicambria taylori n.sp. (Arthropoda incertae sedis: Pentastomida), from Cambrian – Ordovician boundary beds of Newfoundland, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-149.
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A three-dimensionally and completely preserved phosphatized microfossil has been found in Cambrian–Ordovician boundary bed limestones of the Green Point Formation at Green Point, western Newfoundland, Canada. It represents a new form of larvae, previously described by D. Walossek and K.J. Müller from Upper Cambrian anthraconitic limestones ("Orsten"). These authors identified the fossils as instars of marine stem-group representatives of the "tongue worms," Pentastomida. Pentastomida are parasites that today infest various land tetrapods and are presumed to represent one of the closest extant relatives of the Euarthropoda. This new fossil possesses remarkably well-preserved trunk limb vestigia and anal region. It is another example of exceptional three-dimensionally preserved, phosphatized fossils of the Orsten type that is no longer spatiotemporally restricted to the Upper Cambrian of Sweden.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Paleobiology of Predators, Parasitoids, and Parasites: Death and Accomodation in the Fossil Record of Continental Invertebrates." Paleontological Society Papers 8 (October 2002): 211–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001108.
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Carnivory is the consumption of one animal by another animal; among invertebrates in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems this type of feeding can take three forms: predation, parasitoidism, and parasitism. Differences among these three functional modes involve (i) whether the duration of feeding on the prey item is quick or there is an accommodation, coevolutionary or otherwise, between the carnivore and the host prey; (ii) whether the prey or host is killed; (iii) whether single or multiple prey or host items are consumed during the carnivore's lifespan, and (iv) the relative sizes of the carnivore and its prey or host. Uniformitarian and nonuniformitarian evidence directly relating to the history of carnivory can be found in exceptionally preserved deposits from the mid-Paleozoic to the Recent, but such evidence is relatively rare because carnivores are the least represented trophic group in ecosystems. Six types of paleobiological data provide evidence for carnivory: taxonomic affiliation, fossil structural and functional attributes, organismic damage, gut contents, coprolites, and indications of mechanisms for predator avoidance.Only 12 invertebrate phyla have become carnivorous in the continental realm. Six are lophotrochozoans (Acanthocephala, Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Nemertinea, Mollusca, and Annelida) and six are ecdysozoans (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Pentastoma, and Arthropoda). Most of these groups have poor continental fossil records, but the two most diverse—nematodes and arthropods—have comparatively good representation. The record of arthropods documents (i) the presence of predators among primary producers, herbivores, and decomposers in early terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) the addition later in the fossil record of the more accommodationist strategies of parasitoids and parasites interacting with animal hosts; (iii) the occurrence of simpler food-web structures in terrestrial ecosystems prior to parasitoid and parasite diversification; and (iv) a role for mass extinction in the degradation of food-web structure that ultimately affected carnivory. Future research should explore how different modes of carnivory have brought about changes in ecosystem structure through time. Despite numerous caveats and uncertainties, trace fossils left by predators on skeletons of their prey remain one of the most promising research directions in paleoecology and evolutionary paleobiology.
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Riley, J., DM Spratt, and PJA Presidente. "Pentastomids (Arthropoda) Parasitic in Australian Reptiles and Mammals." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 1 (1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850039.
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Records of pentastomid arthropods parasitic in Australian reptiles and mammals are reviewed, with particular reference to material collected recently. Specimens representative of six genera are described. Sebekia sp. from the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylusporosus, is the first record of the genus in Australia and probably represents a new species. A nymph with double hooks, from the dasyurid marsupial Satanellus hallucatus, is determined as Waddycephalus sp. This represents the first evidence of double hooks in nymphal forms of the genus and of the role of marsupials as intermediate hosts of Waddycephalus. Nymphs from the peramelid marsupial, Isoodon macrourus, and from S, hallucatus are determined as Armillifer australis Riley & Self, 1981; those from Perameles nasuta are identified as A. arborealis Riley & Self, 1981. These represent the first records of marsupials as intermediate hosts of Armillifer. Adults of the genus Elenia Heymons, 1932 are confirmed as parasites of varanid lizards. E. australis Heymons, 1932 is recognized and it is suggested that specimens described by Heymons (1939), allegedly from Varanus varius at Townsville, Qld, may represent a new species. The cosmopolitan porocephalid Linguatula serrata Frolich, 1789 is recorded from the nasopharynx of the dingo or wild dog and the validity of the indigenous species, L. dingophila Johnson, 1910 is discussed. The cephalobaenid Raillietiella amphiboluri Mahon, 1954 is reported from Amphibolurus barbatus.
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Pospekhov, V. V., G. I. Atrashkevich, and O. M. Orlovskaya. "Parasites of graylings (Thymallidae: Thymallus) from the northern continental coast of the Okhotsk Sea." Izvestiya TINRO 200, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-965-977.
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For the first time, generalized data on parasites of two subspecies of arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus pallasi and Th. a. mertensi) from the largest salmon rivers of the northern coast of the Okhotsk Sea, as the Taui, Yama and Gizhiga, are presented. In total, 39 species of parasites are found including 38 helminth species belonging to 26 genera, 19 families, 5 classes and 3 types (Plathelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Acanthocephales), and 1 parasitic copepod (Crustacea; Arthropoda). Among the flatworms, trematodes have the highest species diversity — 19 species belonged to 8 genera of 6 families, and cestodes are presented by 6 species (6 genera of 5 families). Nematodes are presented by 8 species (8 genera of 5 families), and acanthocephalans — by 5 species (4 genera, 3 families, 2 classes). The graylings parasites are distributed with 2 ecological groups: the freshwater parasites including 29 species (4 cestodes, 16 trematodes, 5 nematodes, 3 acanthocephalans, and 1 copepod) and the marine parasites including 10 species (2 cestodes, 3 trematodes, 3 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans). Th. a. mertensi from the Taui River basin is distinguished by the highest diversity of parasites (32 species), their high diversity is observed for the same species from the Gizhiga (20 species), and for Th. a. pallasi from the Yama (24 species), as well. More than a half of helminths (22 species) are noted by medical and veterinary importance and/or are able to spoil organoleptic properties of the seafood.
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Malloch, David. "Fungi with heteroxenous life histories." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-395.
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Heteroxenous (multiple host) life histories are characteristic of many groups of parasitic protista and animals, including Zoomastigina, Apicomplexa, Mesozoa, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Pentastomida, and Arthropoda. Parasitic fungi, including the Chytridiomycota and the Dikaryomycota (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), may also have heteroxenous life histories and have many features in common with parasites from other groups. In spite of many conceptual similarities, the study of parasitic fungi has occurred in isolation, resulting in the creation of a separate vocabulary and literature. Many of the concepts developed by zoologists are useful to mycologists and allow examination of parasitic fungi from new perspectives. These new perspectives reveal that heteroxenous fungi are not only similar to heteroxenous protistans and animals but that they also have unique characteristics of their own. Chief among these is a high level of endocyclic asexual reproduction, a phenomenon promoting exponential increases of infections in definitive host populations. Heteroxeny appears to have a number of benefits including (i) increased lifetime reproductive success, (ii) increased transmission efficiency (iii) enhanced effectiveness in colonizing ephemeral or periodically appearing hosts and hosts occurring in low population densities, (iv) maintenance or enhancement of overdispersed frequency distributions in host populations, and (v) enhancement of genetic exchange through multiple dispersal events. Key words: fungi, heteroxenous, parasite, life histories.
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Harrow, I. D., K. A. F. Gration, and N. A. Evans. "Neurobiology of arthropod parasites." Parasitology 102, S1 (January 1991): S59—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073297.
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Many medically important diseases of man are caused by blood-sucking arthropods which serve as vectors for a wide range of viral, bacterial, protozoal and nematode infections (Table 1). Furthermore, serious economic losses are caused by the numerous arthropod parasites which infect domesticated animals (for examples, see Table 2). Among these the ixodid hard ticks are particularly important and it has been estimated that the global cost of hard tick infections is $7000 million per annum (F.A.O., 1984). Not surprisingly, there have been strenuous efforts to control infections caused by arthropods.
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Mukaratirwa, S., E. Pillay, and K. Munsammy. "Experimental infection of selected arthropods with spirurid nematodes Spirocerca lupi Railliet & Henry, 1911 and Gongylonema ingluvicola Molin, 1857." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 4 (February 5, 2010): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000039.
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AbstractGongylonema ingluvicola and Spirocerca lupi are spirurid nematodes that require arthropod intermediate hosts in order to complete their life cycle. Beetles of the family Scarabaeidae are reported to serve as intermediate hosts for both these parasites. In this study selected species of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae as well as other groups of arthropods were screened for susceptibility to infection with S. lupi and G. ingluvicola. Arthropods were exposed to infective eggs of both parasites for a determined period of time and dissected/digested to determine the presence or absence of pre-infective and infective larvae. All the five species of dung beetles exposed to infection with S. lupi, namely, Pachylomerus femoralis, Scarabaeus rugosus, Gymnopleurus humanus, Kheper nigroaeneus and Anachalcos convexus were susceptible and, of the two species exposed to G. ingluvicola, only Gy. humanus was susceptible. Spirocerca lupi eggs developed in millipede species, Daratoagonus cristulatus, and remained as encysted larvae, while in Orthoporoides kyrhocephalus no development was observed. Spirocerca lupi larvae were not detected in the cricket species Gryllus assimilis, or the cockroach species Periplaneta americana, and, similarly, G. ingluvicola larvae were not detected in the millipede species O. kyrhocephalus. The difference in the susceptibility of the arthropods to the two parasite species may depend on their feeding biology.
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Bykov, Roman, Ivan Kerchev, Marya Demenkova, Artem Ryabinin, and Yury Ilinsky. "Sex-Specific Wolbachia Infection Patterns in Populations of Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera; Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." Insects 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080547.
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Wolbachia symbionts are maternally inherited bacteria that are widely distributed among Arthropoda hosts. Wolbachia influence their host biology in diverse ways. They may induce reproductive abnormalities, protect hosts against pathogens and parasites, or benefit hosts through metabolic provisioning. The progeny of an infected female are ordinarily infected with Wolbachia; however, Wolbachia have no future in male host progeny because they cannot transmit the symbiont to the next generation. Here, we analyze native and invasive populations of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus) for Wolbachia prevalence and symbiont genetic diversity. This species is a dangerous pest of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) forests. The native range of P. proximus includes the territories of the Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, and Northeast China, whereas its invasive range includes West Siberia, with further expansion westward. Surprisingly, we revealed a difference in the patterns of Wolbachia prevalence for males and females. Infection rate and Wolbachia titers were higher in females than in males. ST-533, the only haplotype of Wolbachia supergroup B, was associated with a minimum of three out of the five described mitochondrial haplotypes.
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Lee, Mi Young. "Essential Oils as Repellents against Arthropods." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6860271.
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The development of effective and safe repellents against arthropods is very important, because there are no effective vaccines against arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and parasites. Arboviruses and parasites are transmitted to humans from arthropods, and mosquitoes are the most common arthropods associated with dengue, malaria, and yellow fever. Enormous efforts have been made to develop effective repellents against arthropods, and thus far synthetic repellents have been widely used. However, the use of synthetic repellents has raised several concerns in terms of environmental and human health risks and safety. Thus, plant essential oils (EOs) have been widely used as an alternative to synthetic repellents. In this review, we briefly introduce and summarize recent studies that have investigated EOs as insect repellents. Current technology and research trends to develop effective and safe repellents from plant EOs are also described in this review.
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VAGIANOU (ΒΑΓΙΑΝΟΥ ΣΤ), St, K. BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ), and F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Φ.). "Sea lice (Ceratothoa oestroides), (Rissa, 1826), infestation in Mediterranean aquaculture: new information." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15043.
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Arthropoda parasites of fish are: Copepoda, Branchiura and Isopoda. The Branchiura are exclusively parasitic, while most of the Copepoda and Isopoda are free-living. About 450 species of isopods are parasites of marine and freshwater fish. Isopods are Malacostraca. In the isopod families Cymothoidae and Anilocridae, which number about 200 species, are parasitic species that remain on the fish body throughout their life. The main genus/species of interest to the Greek marine fish farmers is Ceratothoa oestroides. Other isopod species (Flabellifera-Cymothoidae, Anilocridae) have been reported to infest net-pen reared sea bass and/or sea bream, such as: Anilocra physodes, Nerocila orbignyi, Emetha audouini, Ceratothoa parallela. The name "Anilocra" is widely used by farmers for any type of isopods infesting their fish. A mature gravid female isopod releases about 400-550 larvae at a time. Ceratothoa sp are constantly fertile, remaining in reproductive condition throughout the year. Fecundity and hatching rate increase in warmer temperatures, July being the period of optimum isopod proliferation in the Mediterranean.Members of these families (Cymothoidae, Anilocridae) are protandrus hermaphrodites, i.e. an individual develops and functions first as a male and then may become a female. Sexual differentiation takes place after the pulii II larvae have left the marsupium. Regarding the most sensitive age of the fish hosts when the parasites attach in their buccal cavity, empirical observations agree with research results that there is a significant correlation between the level of infection and the length of the host. Fish fry are the evident target for isopod attachment. Ceratothoa oestroides pulii II larvae remain free swimming and capable of infecting a host for about 7 days at 22°C. During this period, in case the host dies, after successful settlement of the parasite, the isopod larvae immediately abandon the dead fish and are still capable of actively seeking another. Parasitic isopods are fairly common crustacean infestations of wild tropical marine fish.They are less common in cold marine waters and not often found on freshwater fish. The distribution of parasitic isopods, as that of all other parasites, is closely related to the occurrence and ecology of their hosts. Demersal fish in coastal waters are mainly infected, the parasites being rarer in benthic- and pelagic fish. Intensive fish farming in coastal waters in the Mediterranean provides an almost ideal environment for isopod parasites, hence, farmed sea bream (Sparus auratus), but mostly sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) infestations by isopods comprise a frequent problem in the Mediterranean. Ceratothoa oestroides is the most common among the isopod parasites and inflicts major damage to farmed fish. Among the wild fish, the usual hosts of parasitic isopods are mullets (Mugil sp., Liza sp.), bogues (Boops boops), goldlines (Boops salpa), striped breams (Lithognathus mormyrus) and white breams (Diplodus sargus). These fish species abound in the vicinity of sea bream (Sparus auratus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) net pens feeding on waste feed and comprise the vectors for the transmission of the parasites to the farmed species. Heavy infestations of parasitic larvae may kill smaller fish when they first infect them, while seeking permanent attachment. Injured tissues are frequently invaded by secondary bacterial pathogens, such as Aeromonas sp., Flexibacter sp., Vibrio sp. and this may lead to severe escalation of mortality. In young stocks, the cumulative mortality due to parasitism by the pulii II larvae may run as high as 15% even without any bacterial implications. Isopod infestation is confirmed by gross observation of the parasites on the skin, mouth or in the gill chamber of the fish. Recommended prevention would be mainly by means of stock management measures. Excessive fish densities in the fry holding pens must be avoided. Often, in cases of heavy parasitism and mortality, reducing the fish density is enough by itself to remedy the situation. It is worth noting that on farms, where injection vaccination of sea bass is routinely performed, manual delousing of the anaesthetised fish, by means of small blunt forceps, prior to injecting results in a sharp drop of fish retaining adult isopods. Treatment of isopod larvae infestations has been attempted with considerable success by means of hourly formalin baths, at concentrations of about 150ppm, subsequent to enclosing the fish in a tarpaulin and providing ample water oxygenation. Laboratory and field experiments with deltamethrin (pyrethroid), in live fish and in isolated parasites, have indicated that the minimum effective in vitro dose, that kills Ceratothoa oestroides adults in 30 minutes, is 0.05mg/litre.
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May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. "Parasite—host coevolution." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S89—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073042.
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In this paper we wish to develop three themes, each having to do with evolutionary aspects of associations between hosts and parasites (with parasite defined broadly, to include viruses, bacteria and protozoans, along with the more conventionally defined helminth and arthropod parasites). The three themes are: the evolution of virulence; the population dynamics and population genetics of host–parasite associations; and invasions by, or ‘emergence’ of, new parasites.
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Stewart, Colin D., S. Kristine Braman, and Beverly L. Sparks. "Abundance of Beneficial Arthropods on Woody Landscape Plants at Professionally-Managed Landscape Sites." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.2.67.
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Abstract Eight 0.2–0.4 ha (0.5–1.0 A) sites managed by landscape professionals were monitored biweekly for beneficial arthropod activity. More than 30 generalist predator taxa were identified. Spiders and green lacewings were the most numerous taxa and both were found on all plant taxa sampled. Green lacewings, especially the egg stage, were the most numerous natural enemies detected on birch, crape myrtle, cherry, and oak trees accounting for 52.5, 49.9, 43.5, and 38.1%, respectively. Spiders accounted for 56.2% of the insectivorous arthropods observed on magnolia and were the most abundant predatory arthropod on azaleas comprising 46.5% of all arthropod predators/parasites across all properties. The most abundant predatory arthropods on junipers were spiders accounting for 75.5% of the beneficials encountered with ants (associated with an early season aphid outbreak), green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, harvestmen, and parasitic wasps comprising 15.8, 0.4, 4.3, 0.4, and 1.2%, respectively. Spiders were the most abundant predators on boxwood accounting for 70.6% of the natural enemies.
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Hoy, Marjorie A. "Biological control of arthropod pests: Traditional and emerging technologies." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002198.
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AbstractBiological control of arthropod pests has a long history of useful practical application. Parasites, predators, and pathogens have been employed in many cases to control pest arthropods in an efficient, cost-effective, and permanent manner. The traditional tactics used in biological control (classical, augmentation, and conservation) remain vital and valuable tools in the biological control of pests for agricultural crops, range lands, forests, and glasshouses. New technologies offer promise. One emerging technique involves the genetic improvement of natural enemies of arthropods through selection, hybridization, or recombinant DNA technology.
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Nuttall, P. A. "Displaced tick-parasite interactions at the host interface." Parasitology 116, S1 (1998): S65—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008495x.
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SummaryReciprocal interactions of parasites transmitted by blood-sucking arthropod vectors have been studied primarily at the parasite–host and parasite–vector interface. The third component of this parasite triangle, the vector–host interface, has been largely ignored. Now there is growing realization that reciprocal interactions between arthropod vectors and their vertebrate hosts play a pivotal role in the survival of arthropod-borne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. The vector–host interface is the site where the haematophagous arthropod feeds. To obtain a blood meal, the vector must overcome the host's inflammatory, haemostatic, and immune responses. This problem is greatest for ixodid ticks which may imbibe as much as 15 ml blood whilst continuously attached to their host for 10 days or more. To feed successfully, the interface between tick and host becomes a battle between the host's mechanisms for combating the tick and the tick's armoury of bioactive proteins and other chemicals which it secretes, via saliva, into the feeding lesion formed in the host's skin. Parasites entering this battlefield encounter a privileged site in their vertebrate host that has been profoundly modified by the pharmacological activities of their vector's saliva. For example, ticks suppress natural killer cells and interferons, both of which have potent antiviral activities. Not surprisingly, vector-borne parasites exploit the immunomodulated feeding site to promote their transmission and infection. Certain tick-borne viruses are so successful at this that they are transmitted from one infected tick, through the vertebrate host to a co-feeding uninfected tick, without a detectable viraemia (virus circulating in the host's blood), and with no untoward effect on the host. When such viruses do have an adverse effect on the host, they may impede their vectors' feeding. Thus important interactions between ticks and tick-borne parasites are displaced to the interface with their vertebrate host - the skin site of blood-feeding and infection.
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Koprivnikar, J., T. M. Y. Urichuk, and D. Szuroczki. "Influences of habitat and arthropod density on parasitism in two co-occurring host taxa." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 8 (August 2017): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0210.
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Habitat attributes are known to influence infectious diseases such as those caused by parasites, but most studies have only considered single host and (or) parasite taxa, making it difficult to assess which features may be of general importance and to predict how alterations could affect disease dynamics. We examined infection with trematode (flatworm) parasites in two commonly co-occurring host taxa (larval amphibians and larval odonates (dragonflies and damselflies)) to investigate links with landscape-level features, including agricultural activity. We also assessed pond community composition with respect to the abundance and richness of aquatic arthropods known to prey upon tadpoles and (or) free-swimming trematode infectious stages. Larval amphibians from agricultural sites were most likely to be parasitized but had lower infection intensities, and infected hosts were positively associated with increasing distance to the nearest forest habitat, but negatively with road distance. The opposite was observed for larval odonate infection status; however, probability and intensity of parasitism in both host taxa was negatively associated with greater predatory arthropod abundance, consistent with the “dilution effect” of biodiversity on infectious diseases. Our approach demonstrates the importance of considering multiple host taxa when studying habitat links to diseases, and future studies incorporating even greater diversity will be needed.
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Akhoundi, Mohammad, Denis Sereno, Anthony Marteau, Christiane Bruel, and Arezki Izri. "Who Bites Me? A Tentative Discriminative Key to Diagnose Hematophagous Ectoparasites Biting Using Clinical Manifestations." Diagnostics 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10050308.
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Arthropod blood feeders are vectors of several human pathogenic agents, including viruses (e.g., yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue fever), parasites (e.g., malaria, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis), or bacteria (e.g., plague). Besides their role as a vector of pathogens, their biting activities cause a nuisance to humans. Herein, we document clinical symptoms associated with the biting of ten clusters of hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges and sandflies, lice, ticks, tsetse flies, blackflies, horse flies, fleas, triatomine and bed bugs. Within the framework of clinical history and entomo-epidemiological information, we propose a tentative discriminative key that can be helpful for practicing physicians in identifying hematophagous arthropods biting humans and delivering treatment for the associated clinical disorders.
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Edelson, J. V., and P. M. Estes. "SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORS AND PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH MONELLIOPSIS PECANIS BISSELL AND MONELLIA CARYELLA (FITCH) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDAE)1." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.336.
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A survey of predators and parasites associated with the pecan aphids Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell and Monellia caryella (Fitch), revealed the presence of approximately 33 aphidophagous arthropod species. The most abundant predators included Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister, C. quadripunctata Burmeister, Micromus posticus (Walsh), Coniopteryx simplicior Meinander, Olla abdominalis (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (Mulsant), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Mineville, and Allograpta oblique (Say). Three parasite species were collected and two subsequently identified from aphid mummies, including Aphelinus perpallidus Gahan, and Alloxysta schlingeri Andrews. Predators were most abundant at times of greatest aphid abundance; parasite abundance varied. No directional or height preferences in tree canopies were noted for predators or parasites.
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Byers, James E., J. P. Schmidt, Paula Pappalardo, Sarah E. Haas, and Patrick R. Stephens. "What factors explain the geographical range of mammalian parasites?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1903 (May 22, 2019): 20190673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0673.
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Free-living species vary substantially in the extent of their spatial distributions. However, distributions of parasitic species have not been comprehensively compared in this context. We investigated which factors most influence the geographical extent of mammal parasites. Using the Global Mammal Parasite Database we analysed 17 818 individual geospatial records on 1806 parasite species (encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, arthropods and helminths) that infect 396 carnivore, ungulate and primate host species. As a measure of the geographical extent of each parasite species we quantified the number and area of world ecoregions occupied by each. To evaluate the importance of variables influencing the summed area of ecoregions occupied by a parasite species, we used Bayesian network analysis of a subset ( n = 866) of the parasites in our database that had at least two host species and complete information on parasite traits. We found that parasites that covered more geographical area had a greater number of host species, higher average phylogenetic relatedness between host species and more sampling effort. Host and parasite taxonomic groups had weak and indirect effects on parasite ecoregion area; parasite transmission mode had virtually no effect. Mechanistically, a greater number of host species probably increases both the collective abundance and habitat breadth of hosts, providing more opportunities for a parasite to have an expansive range. Furthermore, even though mammals are one of the best-studied animal classes, the ecoregion area occupied by their parasites is strongly sensitive to sampling effort, implying mammal parasites are undersampled. Overall, our results support that parasite geographical extent is largely controlled by host characteristics, many of which are subsumed within host taxonomic identity.
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Dunn, A. M., M. J. Hatcher, R. S. Terry, and C. Tofts. "Evolutionary ecology of vertically transmitted parasites: transovarial transmission of a microsporidian sex ratio distorter in Gammarus duebeni." Parasitology 111, S1 (January 1995): S91—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075843.
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SUMMARYVertically transmitted parasites are transmitted from generation to generation of hosts usually via the host's gametes. Owing to gamete size dimorphism, the major transmission route is transovarial and selection (on the parasite) favours strategies which increase the relative frequency of the transmitting (female) host sex. These strategies impose unusual selection pressures on the host, and coevolution between hosts and vertically transmitted parasites has been implicated in speciation, in the evolution of symbiosis, and in the evolution of novel systems of host reproduction and sex determination. We review the evolutionary implications of vertically transmitted parasites in arthropods before focusing on strategies of transmission of a parasitic sex ratio distorter in Gammarus duebeni. The efficiency of parasite transmission to new hosts is a key factor underlying the relationship between vertically transmitted parasites and their hosts. Vertically transmitted parasites must overcome 2 bottlenecks in order to ensure successful infection of future host generations: first, transmission from adult to gamete; and secondly, transmission to the germ-line of the infected host. We investigate these 2 processes with regard to transovarial transmission by a microsporidian parasite in Gammarus duebeni. Parasite transmission from adult to eggs is highly efficient, with 96% of eggs of infected mothers inheriting the infection, whereas transmission to germ-line within infected embryos is relatively inefficient (72%). We measure parasite distribution between cells of developing embryos, and use these distributions to infer possible mechanisms of parasite transmission to germ-line. Parasite distribution within the embryo is dependent on host cell lineage, and is not consistent with unbiased segregation between daughter cells. These results indicate that parasites segregate together at host cell division, and may reflect a strategy of differential segregation to the host germ-line. We consider alternative parasite strategies at the cell-level in terms of their evolutionary implications.
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Jones, Edward O., Andrew White, and Michael Boots. "The evolution of host protection by vertically transmitted parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1707 (September 22, 2010): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1397.
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Hosts are often infected by a variety of different parasites, leading to competition for hosts and coevolution between parasite species. There is increasing evidence that some vertically transmitted parasitic symbionts may protect their hosts from further infection and that this protection may be an important reason for their persistence in nature. Here, we examine theoretically when protection is likely to evolve and its selective effects on other parasites. Our key result is that protection is most likely to evolve in response to horizontally transmitted parasites that cause a significant reduction in host fecundity. The preponderance of sterilizing horizontally transmitted parasites found in arthropods may therefore explain the evolution of protection seen by their symbionts. We also find that protection is more likely to evolve in response to highly transmissible parasites that cause intermediate, rather than high, virulence (increased death rate when infected). Furthermore, intermediate levels of protection select for faster, more virulent horizontally transmitted parasites, suggesting that protective symbionts may lead to the evolution of more virulent parasites in nature. When we allow for coevolution between the symbiont and the parasite, more protection is likely to evolve in the vertically transmitted symbionts of longer lived hosts. Therefore, if protection is found to be common in nature, it has the potential to be a major selective force on host–parasite interactions.
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Felska, Magdalena, Andreas Wohltmann, and Joanna Mąkol. "A synopsis of host-parasite associations between Trombidioidea (Trombidiformes: Prostigmata, Parasitengona) and arthropod hosts." Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.7.14.
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This comprehensive review of host-parasite associations between larval Trombidioidea and its arthropod hosts includes 676 pair-wise (species-species) associations and is based mainly on published records, supplemented with new findings. For 27% of all nominal species assigned to the superfamily (excl. Trombiculidae and Walchiidae), and for 66% of species known from larvae at least one host record has been hitherto provided. Hosts remain unknown for Allotanaupodidae and Yurebillidae. Both generalist and specialist parasites have been recognized within Trombidioidea. However, for the vast majority of species, the fragmentary data on host-parasite associations do not allow differentiation between common and exceptional hosts, apart from general preferences towards the host group. Hitherto recorded arthropod hosts, exploited by trombidioid larvae, are listed. Ecological data relating to measures of host-parasite interactions are summarized. Names of mites and their hosts are verified and updated and the recent affiliation to higher taxa is followed.
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Bush, Sarah E., and Dale H. Clayton. "Anti-parasite behaviour of birds." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0196.
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Birds have many kinds of internal and external parasites, including viruses, bacteria and fungi, as well as protozoa, helminths and arthropods. Because parasites have negative effects on host fitness, selection favours the evolution of anti-parasite defences, many of which involve behaviour. We provide a brief review of anti-parasite behaviours in birds, divided into five major categories: (i) body maintenance, (ii) nest maintenance, (iii) avoidance of parasitized prey, (iv) migration and (v) tolerance. We evaluate the adaptive significance of the different behaviours and note cases in which additional research is particularly needed. We briefly consider the interaction of different behaviours, such as sunning and preening, and how behavioural defences may interact with other forms of defence, such as immune responses. We conclude by suggesting some general questions that need to be addressed concerning the nature of anti-parasite behaviour in birds. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
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BEHRMANN-GODEL, JASMINCA. "Parasite identification, succession and infection pathways in perch fry (Perca fluviatilis): new insights through a combined morphological and genetic approach." Parasitology 140, no. 4 (January 2, 2013): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001989.
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SUMMARYIdentification of parasite species is particularly challenging in larval and juvenile hosts, and this hampers the understanding of parasite acquisition in early life. The work described here employs a new combination of methods to identify parasite species and study parasite succession in fry of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lake Constance, Germany. Classical morphological diagnostics are combined with sequence comparisons between parasite life-stages collected from various hosts within the same ecosystem. In perch fry at different stages of development, 13 different parasite species were found. Incomplete morphological identifications of cestodes of the order Proteocephalidea, and trematodes of the family Diplostomatidae were complemented with sequences of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase 1) and/or nuclear (28 s rDNA) genes. Sequences were compared to published data and used to link the parasites in perch to stages from molluscs, arthropods and more easily identifiable developmental stages from other fishes collected in Lake Constance, which both aided parasite identification and clarified transmission pathways. There were distinct changes in parasite community composition and abundance associated with perch fry age and habitat shifts. Some parasites became more abundant in older fish, whereas the composition of parasite communities was more strongly affected by the ontogenetic shifts from the pelagic to the littoral zone.
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Aguirre-Macedo, M. L., and C. R. Kennedy. "Patterns in metazoan parasite communities of some oyster species." Journal of Helminthology 73, no. 4 (April 1999): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x99000475.
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Metazoan parasite communities of Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis from Great Britain, Crassostrea virginica from Mexico, and Saccostrea commercialis from Australia are described and summarized in terms of species composition, species richness, total number of individuals and dominance. Metazoan parasite communities in all host species were composed of turbellarians and the metacercarial stage of digeneans, with the exception of S. commercialis where only metacercariae were found. Arthropods, including one copepod and one mite species, were present only in British oyster species. All metazoan parasite communities of oysters had few species and low density of individuals. Richest communities were found in C. virginica at both component and infracommunity level. The least diverse component community occurred in S. commercialis. Infracommunities in O. edulis and S. commercialis never exceeded one species per host. The host response against parasites is suggested as the principal factor responsible for depauperate parasite communities of oysters. Environmental factors characteristic of tropical latitudes are likely to have enhanced both the number of species and the densities of parasites per host in the infracommunities of C. virginica.
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Mazerolle, Daniel F., and Keith A. Hobson. "Consequences of forest fragmentation on territory quality of male Ovenbirds breeding in western boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-172.
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We evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation caused by agriculture on arthropod prey biomass and vegetation structure found in territories of male Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) breeding in the southern boreal mixed woods of Saskatchewan, Canada. The objective of this study was to determine if previously documented differences in pairing success of male Ovenbirds in contiguous forests and forest fragments in our study area were associated with differences in arthropod prey biomass and vegetation structure between contiguous and fragmented forests. A secondary objective was to examine the correspondence between vegetation and arthropods to evaluate whether vegetation cues could be useful for birds attempting to predict future arthropod biomass during territory selection. Our results indicate that both vegetation structure and arthropod prey composition in Ovenbird territories differed between fragmented and contiguous forests, whereas total arthropod biomass did not. Furthermore, the correspondence of vegetation with arthropod prey composition and total prey biomass was weak, a result that questions the use of vegetation structure by male Ovenbirds for predicting future prey availability during territory selection. Overall, the current extent of forest fragmentation in our study area is not likely reducing pairing success of territorial male Ovenbirds by lowering the biomass of arthropod prey. However, landscape differences in vegetation structure could influence pairing success of male Ovenbirds in forest fragments by reducing suitable microhabitats for nesting or by increasing habitat suitability for nest predators and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasites.
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Engelmann, Sabine, Olivier Silvie, and Kai Matuschewski. "Disruption of Plasmodium Sporozoite Transmission by Depletion of Sporozoite Invasion-Associated Protein 1." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 4 (January 30, 2009): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00347-08.
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ABSTRACT Accumulation of infectious Plasmodium sporozoites in Anopheles spp. salivary glands marks the final step of the complex development of the malaria parasite in the insect vector. Sporozoites are formed inside midgut-associated oocysts and actively egress into the mosquito hemocoel. Traversal of the salivary gland acinar cells correlates with the sporozoite's capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. Here, we characterized the cellular role of the Plasmodium berghei sporozoite invasion-associated protein 1 (SIAP-1). Intriguingly, SIAP-1 orthologs are found exclusively in apicomplexan hemoprotozoa, parasites that are transmitted by arthropod vectors, e.g., Plasmodium, Babesia, and Theileria species. By fluorescent tagging with mCherry, we show that SIAP-1 is expressed in oocyst-derived and salivary gland-associated sporozoites, where it accumulates at the apical tip. Targeted disruption of SIAP-1 does not affect sporozoite formation but causes a partial defect in sporozoite egress from oocysts and abolishes sporozoite colonization of mosquito salivary glands. Parasites with the siap-1(−) mutation are blocked in their capacity to perform continuous gliding motility. We propose that arthropod-transmitted apicomplexan parasites specifically express secretory factors, such as SIAP-1, that mediate efficient oocyst exit and migration to the salivary glands.
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Chin, H. M. H., L. T. Luong, and A. W. Shostak. "Rehydration methods to recover cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta from dry flour beetle carcasses." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 4 (June 10, 2016): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000365.
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AbstractTerrestrial arthropods host a variety of helminth parasites, yet quantifying the intensity of infection in these hosts post-mortem is challenging because carcasses may desiccate quickly. We recovered cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta from desiccated flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) carcasses by modifying a published insect rehydration procedure. Without rehydration, carcasses dissected more than 1 day post-mortem had noticeable degradation of cysticercoids. Mild rehydration (soaking in water only for 2 days, or 0.5–10% KOH for 1 h followed by 1 day in water, or 0.5% KOH for 1 day) left carcasses tough and time-consuming to dissect, but all parasites could be recovered and were similar in body size to fresh cysticercoids. Moderate rehydration (5–10% KOH for 1 day) allowed all parasites to be recovered and facilitated dissection by partially dissolving internal organs of the beetle while causing little degradation of the cysticercoids. Harsh rehydration (5–10% KOH for 1 day followed by 5 days in water) not only dissolved internal beetle tissues but also severely damaged cysticercoids, such that parasite counts were unreliable. The degree of initial carcass desiccation had little effect on results following rehydration. However, regardless of treatment used, intact cercomers were rarely retained on rehydrated cysticercoids. Rehydration was less successful on early developmental stages of the parasite, which were recovered reliably only as they neared the cysticercoid stage. This method has utility for studies of parasite-induced mortality by permitting accurate and reliable parasite counts from dead, desiccated hosts.
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Khanum, Hamida, Farjana Easmin, Md Showket Hasan, and Rimi Farhana Zaman. "Hemlninth and Parasitic Arthropod Prevalence in Catfish Clarias batrachus (L.) from Ponds in Savar." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 43, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v43i2.27397.
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A total of 115 Clarias batrachus were investigated for parasitic infestation. Out of 1504 parasites recovered from Clarias batrachus, 761 (50.59%) were cestodes, 34(2.26%) trematodes, 58(3.85%) nematodes and 12(0.79%) crustaceans ectoparasite. Cestodes showed the highest prevalence (66.09%) and the collected parasites were Bovienia serialis, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Balanotaenia bancroftii, Djombangia penetrans, Orientocreadium batrachoides, Orientocreadium clariae, Procamallanus slomei, Spirocamallanus olsenia and ectoparasite Lernaea cyprinacea. Among the 9 species of parasites, P. slomei (28.69%) showed the highest prevalence. The moderate prevalence showed by Bovienia serialis and S. olsenia (21.74), lowest by O. batrachoides (10.43%) and Lernaea cyprinacea (10.43). The overall prevalence and mean intensity of parasite infection were 82.61% and 15.83 respectively. The highest parasitic infestation was found (88.43%) in intestine. Cestodes B. serialis, B. bancroftii and D. penetrans were recovered from stomach and intestine. P. slomei were collected from three regions viz. oesophagus, stomach and intestine, while Lernaea cyprinacea from gill. Seasonally the highest prevalence (90%) and mean intensity (24.27%) was recorded during summer.Bangladesh J. Zool. 43(2): 269-277, 2015
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Crooker, Allen R. "A Rickettsia in the Ovary of the Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae KOCH (Acarina: Tetranychedae)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035807.
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Rickettsias are small, gram-negative Alpha Proteobacteria that are, with one exception, obligate intracellular parasites. They are found in a wide range of arthropods. Some of these bacteria are arthropod-vectored disease agents of vertebrates. For example, rickettsias are the causative agents of human typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Others, such as Wolbachia, are important manipulators of their arthropod host's reproductive capabilities and are not currently known to be disease agents of vertebrates.Research on Wolbachia and related rickettsias has increased dramatically in recent years. Most of the attention has been focused on insects, although there are occasional reports of rickettsiae being found in isopods and mites. Most recently, the use of molecular techniques has established that Wolbachia is widespread in spider and predatory mites. However, Wolbachia or other rickettsias have not been demonstrated ultrastructurally in the spider mites. This report documents the presence of a rickettsia in the ovary of the adult female twospotted spider mite, Tetranchus urticae Koch, an economically important pest of ornamental and crop plants.
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Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl, Ricardo L. Palma, and Sergey V. Mironov. "Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 12 (August 2020): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.007.
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Pugazenthi, Sangami, Phoebe White, Aakash Basu, Anoop Chandrashekar, and Dylan Shropshire. "Survey of Wolbachia frequency in Nashville, Tennessee Reveals Novel Infections." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 17, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2020.013.
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Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) are maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that infect approximately half of all insect species. These bacteria commonly act as reproductive parasites or mutualists to enhance their transmission from mother to offspring, resulting in high prevalence among some species. Despite decades of research on Wolbachia’s global frequency, there are many arthropod families and geographic regions that have not been tested for Wolbachia. Here, arthropods were collected on the Vanderbilt University campus in Nashville, Tennessee, where Wolbachia frequency has not been previously studied. The dataset consists of 220 samples spanning 34 unique arthropod families collected on the Vanderbilt University campus. The majority of our samples were from the families Blattidae (Blattodea), Pulicidae (Siphonaptera), Dryinidae (Hymenoptera), Aphididae (Hemiptera), Paronellidae (Entomobryomorpha), Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera), Sphaeroceridae (Diptera), and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). PCR-based techniques were used to assign infection states and, from these data, the first cases of Wolbachia in the Paronellidae springtails, Lithobiidae (Lithobiomorpha) centipedes, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) spear-winged flies, Sepsidae (Diptera) black scavenger flies, Cryptocercidae (Blattodea) wood roaches, and Lauxaniidae (Diptera) acalyptrate flies were identified. Within-family infection frequencies ranged from 17-100% when Wolbachia was observed; however, numerous families tested did not reveal evidence of infection. These results expand on the field’s understanding of Wolbachia’sfrequencyin Nashville, Tennessee, and among arthropod families broadly, and is the first report of Wolbachia in centipedes. KEYWORDS: Wolbachia; Infection Frequency; Endosymbiont; Tennessee; Centipede; Arthropod; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nashville
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Sures, B., M. Nachev, B. M. Gilbert, Q. M. Dos Santos, M. A. Jochmann, D. Köster, T. C. Schmidt, and A. Avenant-Oldewage. "The monogenean Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon behaves like a micropredator on two of its hosts, as indicated by stable isotopes." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17001195.
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AbstractThe analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen has been used as a fingerprint for understanding the trophic interactions of organisms. Most of these studies have been applied to free-living organisms, while parasites have largely been neglected. Studies dealing with parasites so far have assessed the carbon and nitrogen signatures in endoparasites or ectoparasites of different hosts, without showing general trends concerning the nutritional relationships within host–parasite associations. Moreover, in most cases such systems involved a single host and parasite species. The present study is therefore the first to detail the trophic interactions of a freshwater monogenean–host model using δ13C and δ15N, where a single monogenean species infects two distinctly different hosts. Host fishes, Labeobarbus aeneus and Labeobarbus kimberleyensis from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, were assessed for the monogenean parasite Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon, individuals of which were removed from the gills of the hosts. The parasites and host muscle samples were analysed for signatures of δ13C and δ15N using an elemental analyser connected to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Host fish appear to use partly different food sources, with L. aeneus having slightly elevated δ13C signatures compared to L. kimberleyensis, and showed only small differences with regard to their nitrogen signatures, suggesting that both species range on the same trophic level. Carbon and nitrogen signatures in P. ichthyoxanthon showed that the parasites mirrored the small differences in dietary carbon sources of the host but, according to δ15N signatures, the parasite ranged on a higher trophic level than the hosts. This relationship resembles predator–prey relationships and therefore suggests that P. ichthyoxanthon might act as a micropredator, similar to blood-sucking arthropods such as mites and fleas.
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Grabner, Daniel S. "Hidden diversity: parasites of stream arthropods." Freshwater Biology 62, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12848.
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Allan, Brian F., Theodore S. Varns, and Jonathan M. Chase. "Fear of Parasites: Lone Star Ticks Increase Giving-up Densities in White-Tailed Deer." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 3-4 (May 6, 2010): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.313.
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Nonconsumptive effects of predators on their prey are extensive and diverse, with significant consequences for community structure and ecosystem function. However, despite many theoretical similarities between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, nonconsumptive effects of parasites on their hosts remain poorly understood. Further, such effects may be of consequence to human and wildlife health, when host-parasite interactions involve hematophagous arthropods that vector infectious diseases. We used giving-up density estimation techniques to measure the response of white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus)to the risk of parasitism by lone star ticks(Amblyomma americanum), an important vector of several infectious diseases in the southeastern United States. We also deployed carnivore scent stations to estimate activity levels of potential deer predators, conducted deer dung count surveys to control for effects of deer abundance, and controlled for topographic aspect, a primary determinant of vegetative biomass and community composition. We found a significant, positive correlation between giving-up densities in deer and the densities ofA. americanum, but no effect of canid predators, deer abundance, or topographic aspect. Our results are consistent with the few other empirical examples that demonstrate nonconsumptive effects of parasites on their hosts. Considering that host-parasite interactions have enormous potential to influence the prevalence of vector-borne diseases that affect human health, incorporating indirect effects of parasites on their hosts into infectious disease ecology may be necessary to effectively mitigate disease risk.
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TARGETT, G. A. T. "Parasites, arthropod vectors, and immune responses." Parasite Immunology 28, no. 4 (April 2006): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00825.x.
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Barbero, F., D. Patricelli, M. Witek, E. Balletto, L. P. Casacci, M. Sala, and S. Bonelli. "MyrmicaAnts and Their Butterfly Parasites with Special Focus on the Acoustic Communication." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/725237.
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About 10,000 arthropod species live as ants' social parasites and have evolved a number of mechanisms allowing them to penetrate and survive inside the ant nests.Myrmicacolonies, in particular, are exploited by numerous social parasites, and the presence of their overwintering brood, as well as of their polygyny, contributes to make them more vulnerable to infestation. Butterflies of the genusMaculineaare among the most investigatedMyrmicainquilines. These lycaenids are known for their very complex biological cycles.Maculineaspecies are obligated parasites that depend on a particular food plant and on a specificMyrmicaspecies for their survival.Maculinealarvae are adopted byMyrmicaants, which are induced to take them into their nests by chemical mimicry. Then the parasite spends the following 11–23 months inside the ants' nest. Mimicking the acoustic emission of the queen ants,Maculineaparasites not only manage to become integrated, but attain highest rank within the colony. Here we review the biology ofMaculinea/Myrmicasystem with a special focus on some recent breakthrough concerning their acoustical patterns.
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Park, A. W., M. J. Farrell, J. P. Schmidt, S. Huang, T. A. Dallas, P. Pappalardo, J. M. Drake, et al. "Characterizing the phylogenetic specialism–generalism spectrum of mammal parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (March 7, 2018): 20172613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2613.
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The distribution of parasites across mammalian hosts is complex and represents a differential ability or opportunity to infect different host species. Here, we take a macroecological approach to investigate factors influencing why some parasites show a tendency to infect species widely distributed in the host phylogeny (phylogenetic generalism) while others infect only closely related hosts. Using a database on over 1400 parasite species that have been documented to infect up to 69 terrestrial mammal host species, we characterize the phylogenetic generalism of parasites using standard effect sizes for three metrics: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (PD), maximum PD and phylogenetic aggregation. We identify a trend towards phylogenetic specialism, though statistically host relatedness is most often equivalent to that expected from a random sample of host species. Bacteria and arthropod parasites are typically the most generalist, viruses and helminths exhibit intermediate generalism, and protozoa are on average the most specialist. While viruses and helminths have similar mean pairwise PD on average, the viruses exhibit higher variation as a group. Close-contact transmission is the transmission mode most associated with specialism. Most parasites exhibiting phylogenetic aggregation (associating with discrete groups of species dispersed across the host phylogeny) are helminths and viruses.
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Suárez-Rodríguez, Monserrat, Isabel López-Rull, and Constantino Macías Garcia. "Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe?" Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20120931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931.
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Birds are known to respond to nest-dwelling parasites by altering behaviours. Some bird species, for example, bring fresh plants to the nest, which contain volatile compounds that repel parasites. There is evidence that some birds living in cities incorporate cigarette butts into their nests, but the effect (if any) of this behaviour remains unclear. Butts from smoked cigarettes retain substantial amounts of nicotine and other compounds that may also act as arthropod repellents. We provide the first evidence that smoked cigarette butts may function as a parasite repellent in urban bird nests. The amount of cellulose acetate from butts in nests of two widely distributed urban birds was negatively associated with the number of nest-dwelling parasites. Moreover, when parasites were attracted to heat traps containing smoked or non-smoked cigarette butts, fewer parasites reached the former, presumably due to the presence of nicotine. Because urbanization changes the abundance and type of resources upon which birds depend, including nesting materials and plants involved in self-medication, our results are consistent with the view that urbanization imposes new challenges on birds that are dealt with using adaptations evolved elsewhere.
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Haelewaters, Danny, Meredith Blackwell, and Donald H. Pfister. "Laboulbeniomycetes: Intimate Fungal Associates of Arthropods." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-013020-013553.
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Arthropod–fungus interactions involving the Laboulbeniomycetes have been pondered for several hundred years. Early studies of Laboulbeniomycetes faced several uncertainties. Were they parasitic worms, red algal relatives, or fungi? If they were fungi, to which group did they belong? What was the nature of their interactions with their arthropod hosts? The historical misperceptions resulted from the extraordinary morphological features of these oddly constructed ectoparasitic fungi. More recently, molecular phylogenetic studies, in combination with a better understanding of life histories, have clearly placed these fungi among filamentous Ascomycota (subphylum Pezizomycotina). Species discovery and research on the classification of the group continue today as arthropods, and especially insects, are routinely collected and examined for the presence of Laboulbeniomycetes. Newly armed with molecular methods, mycologists are poisedto use Laboulbeniomycetes–insect associations as models for the study of a variety of basic evolutionary and ecological questions involving host–parasite relationships, modes of nutrient intake, population biology, host specificity, biological control, and invasion biology. Collaboration between mycologists and entomologists is essential to successfully advance knowledge of Laboulbeniomycetes and their intimate association with their hosts.
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Ranasinghe, H. A. K., and L. D. Amarasinghe. "Naturally Occurring Microbiota in Dengue Vector Mosquito Breeding Habitats and Their Use as Diet Organisms by Developing Larvae in the Kandy District, Sri Lanka." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 12, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5830604.
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Naturally occurring microbiota in mosquito larval habitats are among biotic factors which affect the population dynamics of developing larvae. Many microbiota species serve as food items for vector mosquito larvae, and food limitations within habitats adversely affect larval survival, developmental rate, adult fitness, and thereby vector competence. Therefore, identification of microbiota as associates with larvae reveals their relationship between each other as parasites, pathogens, epibionts, or diet organisms. Analysis of associated microbiota species in the dengue vector larval breeding habitats ( n = 40 ) and the mosquito larval gut content were conducted in Kandy District in Sri Lanka. Study revealed that a total of 22 microbiota species belong to nine phyla (Amoebozoa, Bacillariophyta, Ciliophora, Chlorophyta, Sarcodina, Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta, Euglenozoa, Ochrophyta/Heterokontophyta, and Rotifera) were encountered from different Ae. aegypti mosquito breeding habitats while 26 microbiota species that belonged to ten phyla were recorded from Ae. albopictus mosquito breeding habitats with one additional phylum Arthropoda. Considering Ae. aegypti breeding habitats, only Philodina citrina in low roof gutters existed as constant species. Considering Aedes albopictus breeding habitats, Volvox aureus in plastic containers, Lecane luna in coconut shells, Phacus pleuronectes in concrete slabs, and Pinnularia sp. in tree holes existed as constant species. The rest of the microbiota existed as common or accidental/rare species in a variety of habitat types. The Shannon-Weiner diversity (21.01 and 19.36) and gamma diversity (eight and eight) of the microbiota associated with Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae, respectively, in ponds were found to be higher than other types of breeding habitats recorded during the study. Twelve microbiota species were recorded from larval gut analysis as food organisms of both species of mosquito larvae. However, the distribution of gut microbiota species differed between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus ( Chi − square = 21.294 , P = 0.002 ). Identification of microbiota as food items of vector mosquito larvae led to a focus on larval food limitation by introducing food competitors, which could be a potential additional tool for integrated vector control approaches within the country.
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Wakaguri, H., Y. Suzuki, T. Katayama, S. Kawashima, E. Kibukawa, K. Hiranuka, M. Sasaki, S. Sugano, and J. Watanabe. "Full-Malaria/Parasites and Full-Arthropods: databases of full-length cDNAs of parasites and arthropods, update 2009." Nucleic Acids Research 37, Database (January 1, 2009): D520—D525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn856.
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Grushevaya, Inna V., Anastasia N. Ignatieva, Julia M. Malysh, Lyudmila I. Trepashko, Yuri S. Tokarev, and Andrei N. Frolov. "Genetic polymorphism of natural isolates of Nosema Pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae)." Ecological genetics 15, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15138-43.
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Background. Microsporidia are ubiquitous parasites of animals, most abundant in arthropods and fishes. Many species of these parasites are important from standpoints of medicine, veterinary and agriculture. Microsporidium Nosema pyrausta is an important disease agent in corn borer populations causing adverse effect on host fitness. Genotyping of this parasite is necessary for proper species identification and intraspecific polymorphysm studies. Materials and Methods. Microsporidia-infected larvae of corn borers of the genus Ostrinia were recovered from Krasnodar Territory in Russia and Gomel Region in Belarus. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) was amplified and sequenced directly, while intergenic spacer (IGS) was amplified, cloned and sequenced (1-5 clones per sample) for four isolates of microsporidia. Sequences were aligned and compared using standard bioinformatics tools (Clustal W and BLAST). Results. SSU rRNA genotyping showed allocation of all four isolates to N. pyrausta with 100% identity to each other and 99.7% similarity to Nosema bombycis, the type species of the genus Nosema. High levels of IGS sequence variation (61-74%) is observed both between isolates of different species and populations of microsporidia as well as between molecular clones within parasite isolates from individual hosts. Conclusion. N. pyrausta is widespread in corn borer populations and its genetic structure is complicated, as in other species of these parasites. Further studies of molecular markers are needed for genetic differentiation of geographic isolates of N. pyrausta.
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Mhaisen, Furhan T., and Abdul-Razzak L. Al-Rubaie. "Checklists of Parasites of Farm Fishes of Babylon Province, Iraq." Journal of Parasitology Research 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7170534.
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Literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of Babylon province, middle of Iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus,Liza abu, andHeteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. The parasitic fauna included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species,L. abu13 species,C. auratusone species, andH. fossilisone species. A host-parasite list for each fish species was also provided.
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T. Atkinson, Carter, Ruth C. Utzurrum, Joshua O. Seamon, Amy F. Savage, and Dennis A. Lapointe. "Hematozoa of forest birds in American Samoa - evidence for a diverse, indigenous parasite fauna from the South Pacific." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 3 (2006): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060229.
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Introduced avian diseases pose a significant threat to forest birds on isolated island archipelagos, especially where most passerines are endemic and many groups of blood-sucking arthropods are either absent or only recently introduced. We conducted a blood parasite survey of forest birds from the main islands of American Samoa to obtain baseline information about the identity, distribution and prevalence of hematozoan parasites in this island group. We examined Giemsa-stained blood smears from 857 individual birds representing 20 species on Tutuila, Ofu, Olosega, and Ta'u islands. Four hematozoan parasites were identified ? Plasmodium circumflexum (1%, 12/857), Trypanosoma avium (4%,32/857), microfilaria (9%, 76/857), and an Atoxoplasma sp. {<1%, 21857). Infections were found in seven indigenous bird species from the archipelago. Overall prevalence of infection varied significantly among bird species, individual islands, and between Tutuila and the more isolated Manu'a group of islands. Infections with Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and filarial worms occurred throughout the archipelago, including islands without introduced birds. There was a statistically significant difference in the overall prevalence of infection before and after Hurricane Olaf in February 2005, suggesting that catastrophic hurricanes may influence the dynamics of parasite infections. Given the central location of American Samoa in the South Pacific, it is likely that avian malaria and other hematozoan parasites are indigenous and widespread at least as far as the central South Pacific. Their natural occurrence may provide some immunological protection to indigenous birds in the event that other closely related parasites are accidentally introduced to the region.
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CHRISTENSEN, BRUCE M., and JAMES W. TRACY. "Arthropod-transmitted Parasites: Mechanisms of Immune Interaction." American Zoologist 29, no. 2 (May 1989): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.2.387.
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Kyei-Baafour, Eric, Bernard Tornyigah, Benjamin Buade, Langbong Bimi, Abraham R. Oduro, Kwadwo A. Koram, Ben A. Gyan, and Kwadwo A. Kusi. "Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1386587.
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Water bodies such as dams are known to alter the local transmission patterns of a number of infectious diseases, especially those transmitted by insects and other arthropod vectors. The impact of an irrigation dam on submicroscopic asexual parasite carriage in individuals living in a seasonal malaria transmission area of northern Ghana was investigated. A total of 288 archived DNA samples from two cross-sectional surveys in two communities in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana were analysed. Parasite density was determined by light microscopy and PCR, and parasite diversity was assessed by genotyping of the polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum msp2 block-3 region. Submicroscopic parasitaemia was estimated as the proportional difference between positive samples identified by PCR and microscopy. Dry season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher (71.0%, p=0.013) at the dam site compared with the nondam site (49.2%). Similarly, wet season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher at the dam site (54.5%, p=0.008) compared with the nondam site (33.0%). There was no difference in parasite density between sites in the dry season (p=0.90) and in the wet season (p=0.85). Multiplicity of infection (MOI) based on PCR data was significantly higher at the dam site compared with the nondam site during the dry season (p<0.0001) but similar between sites during the wet season. MOI at the nondam site was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season (2.49, 1.26, p<0.0001) but similar between seasons at the dam site. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of carrying submicroscopic parasites at the dam site in both dry season (OR = 7.46, 95% CI = 3.07–18.15) and in wet season (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.04–2.86). The study findings suggest that large water bodies impact year-round carriage of submicroscopic parasites and sustain Plasmodium transmission.
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CRAIG, B. H., L. J. TEMPEST, J. G. PILKINGTON, and J. M. PEMBERTON. "Metazoan-protozoan parasite co-infections and host body weight in St Kilda Soay sheep." Parasitology 135, no. 4 (January 24, 2008): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004137.
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SUMMARYFor hundreds of years, the unmanaged Soay sheep population on St Kilda has survived despite enduring presumably deleterious co-infections of helminth, protozoan and arthropod parasites and intermittent periods of starvation. Important parasite taxa in young Soay sheep are strongyles (Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Teladorsagia circumcincta), coccidia (11 Eimeria species) and keds (Melophagus ovinus) and in older animals, Teladorsagia circumcincta. In this research, associations between the intensity of different parasite taxa were investigated. Secondly, the intensities of different parasite taxa were tested for associations with variation in host weight, which is itself a determinant of over-winter survival in the host population. In lambs, the intensity of strongyle eggs was positively correlated with that of Nematodirus spp. eggs, while in yearlings and adults strongyle eggs and coccidia oocysts were positively correlated. In lambs and yearlings, of the parasite taxa tested, only strongyle eggs were significantly and negatively associated with host weight. However, in adult hosts, strongyles and coccidia were independently and negatively associated with host weight. These results are consistent with the idea that strongyles and coccidia are exerting independent selection on Soay sheep.