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Journal articles on the topic 'Artibonite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Chery, Marie, Michel Dodard, and Arthur Fournier. "Cholera in Haiti's Artibonite Valley." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 31, no. 4 (April 2012): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892012000400013.

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2

Van Tilburg, Christopher, and Jennifer Donnelly. "Stand-Up Paddleboarding, Artibonite River, Verettes, Haiti." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 2014): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.07.002.

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3

Nicolas, Floyid, Kati W. Migliaccio, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Bala R. Rathinasabapathi, and William R. Eisenstadt. "Assessing the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Rice Yield in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti Using the CSM-CERES-Rice Model." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13868.

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HighlightsRice yield decreased in the spring-summer and summer-autumn seasons and increased in the winter-spring season.The average annual rice yield in the Artibonite Valley is expected to decrease.MarkSim climate data linked with DSSAT provide a means to simulate climate change impacts on crop yield.Abstract. Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major crops in the world and one of the most consumed agricultural products in Haiti, with the main production area in the Artibonite Valley. Crop management, poor soil conditions, and weather uncertainty affect rice production in this region. The objective of this study was to determine the potential impact of climate change on rice yield in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti for future periods (near-term: 2010-2039 and mid-century: 2040-2069) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) defined by the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The Crop Estimation Resource and Environment Synthesis (CERES)-Rice model of the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) cropping system model was used to perform the simulations using local soil characteristics, meteorological data, and crop management following model calibration with local experimental data. Temperature (maximum and minimum) was predicted to increase during all three rice-growing seasons (spring-summer, summer-autumn, and winter-spring). Under both RCPs (4.5 and 8.5), the simulation results indicated that the ensemble-mean rice yield decreased during the spring-summer and summer-autumn seasons (by 5.1% to 6.6% and by 5.4% to 8.3%, respectively) and increased during the winter-spring season (by 2.3% to 3.6%). Although yield increased during the winter-spring season, the average annual yield was predicted to decrease by 3.6% to 7.1% and by 4.2% to 9.6% for the near-term and mid-century climate periods, respectively. These findings could assist with the implementation of adaptation strategies to mitigate the projected negative impact of climate change on rice production in Haiti. Keywords: Cropping system model, DSSAT, Food security, Global climate model, Rice production, Systems analysis.

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4

Eisele, Thomas P., Joseph Keating, Adam Bennett, Berlin Londono, Dawn Johnson, Christina Lafontant, and Donald J. Krogstad. "Prevalence ofPlasmodium falciparumInfection in Rainy Season, Artibonite Valley, Haiti, 2006." Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 10 (October 2007): 1494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1310.070567.

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5

Peck, Robert N., and Daniel W. Fitzgerald. "Cutaneous Anthrax in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: 1992–2002." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.806.

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6

Fitzgerald, D. W., A. Caliendo, F. Behets, C. Lucet, D. Roberfroid, J. W. Fitzgerald, and L. Kuykens. "Economic hardship and sexually transmitted diseases in Haiti's rural Artibonite Valley." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.496.

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7

Fitzgerald, Daniel W., Frieda M. T. Behets, Catherine Lucet, and Dominique Roberfroid. "Prevalence, burden, and control of syphilis in Haiti's rural artibonite region." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 3 (January 1998): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(98)90113-8.

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8

Sisson, Andrew J., Peter J. Wampler, Richard R. Rediske, James N. McNair, and Daniel J. Frobish. "Long-Term Field Performance of Biosand Filters in the Artibonite Valley, Haiti." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0345.

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9

Llanes, Rafael, Lorenzo Somarriba, Placido Pedroso, Emiliano Mariscal, Carlos Fuster, and Yamila Zayas. "Did the Cholera epidemic in Haiti really start in the Artibonite Department?" Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2013): 753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3311.

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10

J. Turnier, Raymond. "Breve Estudo de Organização Administrativa da Diretoria da Agricultura do Departamento de Agricultura do Haiti." Revista do Serviço Público 70, no. 01 (February 20, 2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v70i01.4450.

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A República do Haiti ocupa a parte Oeste da Ilha do Haiti, e a RepúblicaDominicana, a parte Leste. O território da República do Haiti, denominadoHaiti, é de 28.000 quilômetros quadrados. De Norte a Sul está ocupado pornumerosas cadeias de montanhas que dão a sua topografia geral um carátermovimentado. Estas montanhas dominam vales e planícies de dimensões diferentesdas quais as mais importantes são, de norte ao sul, a planície do Norte,o Vale de Artibonite, as planícies de Arcahaie e da Croix des Bouquets, aPlanície dos Cayes e o Vale da Grand’Anse. Numerosos cursos dágua sulcamestas planícies e êstes vales.

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11

Fitzgerald, Daniel W., Frieda Behets, Johanne Preval, Lauren Schulwolf, Vidya Bommi, and Pascal Chaillet. "Decreased Congenital Syphilis Incidence in Haiti’s Rural Artibonite Region Following Decentralized Prenatal Screening." American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 3 (March 2003): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.3.444.

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12

Baena Izquierdo, J., K. García Pulido, F. Cabello Sanabria, P. Muñoz Martínez, D. Sevillano Borowski, and J. Reyes Remedios. "(A242) Evaluación De Emergencia Sobre Agua Y Saneamiento En Brote Epidémico De Cólera (Artibonite, Haití Octubre 2010)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s66—s67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002287.

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IntroducciónEn la actuación de Cruz Roja Haitiana/ Cruz Roja Española en la emergencia de Artibonite (Haití), se evaluaron posibles puntos de intervención para el tratamiento de agua dentro de hospitales regionales convertidos en Centros de Tratamiento de Cólera (CTC) improvisados.ObjetivoEvaluar las capacidades de Agua y Saneamiento del Centro Hospitalario de L'Estere, así como su respuesta de emergencia ante el brote epidémico de cólera a finales de Octubre de 2010.MetodologíaTras la confirmación de los primeros casos de cólera en la zona de Artibonite, se desplazó a la zona un equipo especializado de delegados en Agua y Saneamiento de la Cruz Roja Haitiana/Española que realizaron una valoración y evaluación de emergencia en la región, identificando el Centro Hospitalario de L'Estere, donde una brigada médica cubana ya ofrecía atención médica a la población previo al brote epidémico de cólera. Las tareas de apoyo a dicho centro fueron principalmente de potabilización y distribución de agua de diversas fuentes (aljibe propio y río), mantenimiento de niveles altos de cloración del agua, fabricación de letrinas y drenajes, así como capacitación en promoción de la higiene a usuarios y familiares de pacientes del Centro Hospitalario de L'Esfere y comunidades cercanas al mismo.ResultadosDel 21 de Octubre de 2010 al 26 de Octubre de 2010 se valoraron un total de 1966 pacientes; (424 hombres, 374 mujeres, 229 menores de 15 años, 596 de 5 a 10 años y 370 menores de 5 años), de los cuales 798 fueron diagnosticados de cólera. El número total de fallecidos en este periodo fue de 16.ConclusionesUna evaluación y respuesta rápida de apoyo en Agua y Saneamiento a estructuras sanitarias regionales permite capacitar y mejorar la respuesta de los mismos ante enfermedades epidémicas como el cólera.Palabras clave: Cólera, potabilización, saneamiento.

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13

Caillouët, Kevin A., Joseph Keating, and Thomas P. Eisele. "Characterization of aquatic mosquito habitat, natural enemies, and immature mosquitoes in the Artibonite Valley, Haiti." Journal of Vector Ecology 33, no. 1 (June 2008): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2008)33[191:coamhn]2.0.co;2.

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14

Williams, Holly Ann, Joanna Gaines, Molly Patrick, David Berendes, David Fitter, and Thomas Handzel. "Perceptions of Health Communication, Water Treatment and Sanitation in Artibonite Department, Haiti, March-April 2012." PLOS ONE 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2015): e0142778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142778.

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15

Allan, Maya, Francesco Grandesso, Ronald Pierre, Roc Magloire, Matthew Coldiron, Isabel Martinez-Pino, Thierry Goffeau, et al. "High-resolution spatial analysis of cholera patients reported in Artibonite department, Haiti in 2010–2011." Epidemics 14 (March 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2015.08.001.

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16

Lantagne, Daniele, G. Balakrish Nair, Claudio F. Lanata, and Alejandro Cravioto. "The Origin of Cholera in Haiti." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0759.

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Ten months after a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010, cholera appeared in Haiti for the first time in nearly a century. The secretary-general of the United Nations formed an independent panel to “investigate and seek to determine the source of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti.” To fulfill this mandate, concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and analysis of molecular investigations were carried out. Our findings indicated that the 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak was caused by bacteria introduced to Haiti as a result of human activity, specifically, by contamination of the Meye tributary system of the Artibonite River by a pathogenic strain of current South Asian Vibrio cholerae. Recommendations were presented to assist in preventing the future introduction and spread of cholera. The use of concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and molecular analysis is recommended to public health professionals for future cholera investigations.

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17

Sisson, Andrew J., Peter J. Wampler, Richard R. Rediske, and Azizur R. Molla. "An assessment of long-term biosand filter use and sustainability in the Artibonite Valley near Deschapelles, Haiti." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.092.

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A non-randomized assessment of long-term biosand filter (BSF) use and sustainability in the Artibonite Valley near Deschapelles, Haiti was conducted during March, 2011. Of the 55 BSFs visited, 47% were no longer in use. Filter lifespan ranged from <1 year to systems still in use after 12 years. Interviews with BSF owners revealed problems related to intermittent filter use due to travel for employment or personal matters; broken or missing filter parts; and fears that the filter would not be effective against cholera. In addition, 17 BSF field studies were reviewed to identify common issues impacting usage. Culturally appropriate technologies and education materials explaining proper maintenance and operation are essential for improved filter performance and sustainability. For Haiti, education materials should be provided in Creole and French and should include, (1) diagrams and descriptions of how the BSF works, (2) how to troubleshoot common problems, (3) how to properly maintain filters, and (4) a contact in case of questions. Operational problems can be minimized by providing long-term technical support, periodic water quality monitoring, and maintenance assistance for filter users.

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18

Patrick, Molly, David Berendes, Jennifer Murphy, Fabienne Bertrand, Farah Husain, and Thomas Handzel. "Access to Safe Water in Rural Artibonite, Haiti 16 Months after the Onset of the Cholera Epidemic." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 4 (October 9, 2013): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0308.

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19

Keating, Joseph, Kate Macintyre, Thomas P. Eisele, Dawn Johnson, and Adam Bennett. "A Description of Malaria-Related Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: Implications for Malaria Control." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.262.

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20

Londono-Renteria, Berlin, Thomas P. Eisele, Joseph Keating, Adam Bennett, and Donald J. Krogstad. "Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from the Artibonite Valley of Haiti." Acta Tropica 121, no. 1 (January 2012): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.09.005.

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21

Bélanger, Marie-Christine. "Building insurance through an NGO." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2015-0057.

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Purpose – This paper is based on a crop insurance implementation currently undergoing in Haiti. The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a program tailored to rice production in the Artibonite Valley, the challenges and opportunities that are arising from the exercise as well as pitfalls and ways to avoid them. Design/methodology/approach – The Système de Financement et d’Assurances Agricoles en Haïti’s approach for the development of crop insurance is in accordance with 13 concepts considered essential in the implementation of agricultural insurance programs. The case study is presented through each of these 13 fundamental concepts. Findings – The paper provides an insight on challenges any organization will face when implementing crop insurance for smallholder farmers. It points out notably that close collaboration of executing agencies with local partners is essential from data collection through insurance development and delivery and that all participants should receive a specific training tailored to their level of education and understanding. Social implications – Haiti is one of the poorest countries on the planet. Smallholder farmers could benefit a lot from crop insurance. It could help them stabilize their income when facing crop losses due to natural hazards or uncontrollable natural events. Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified need to share real case studies exposing challenges faced when implementing crop insurance for smallholder farmers.

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22

Mazzocca, Ann E. "Inscribing/Inscribed: Bodies and Landscape in the Ritual of Embodied Remembrance at Souvenance Mystique." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2015 (2015): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2015.17.

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There are many ways in which Haitian Vodou ceremonies defy Western binaries of ritual and performance, sacred and profane, and choreography and improvisation. Vodou, a danced religion, is an embodied practice. Souvenance Mystique refers to a place and an event. Eponymously named, it is a mystical remembrance that occurs annually in a weeklong ritual of Vodou ceremonies in the Artibonite Valley outside of Gonaives, Haiti. At Souvenance, the reference to memory and remembrance is embodied, and therefore Souvenance greatly reflects what Diana Taylor refers to as a repertoire of embodied memory. As a scholar, choreographer, and practitioner of Haitian folkloric dance, I have read this ritual in terms of its significations occurring through various signs such as the practitioners' clothing, their proximity to one another, movement, gesture, and ritual choreography.Souvenance is a site where the multiplicity of histories and bodies signify in relation to one another. While arguably an embodied history in itself, Souvenance also writes. The practitioners enacting the several-days-long ceremonies inscribe upon the surface of the earth. Repetition reinscribes ritual pathways, while a particularly important and meaningful pathway is traversed only twice—at daybreak toward a site and then at sundown returning to the central peristyle. It is the landscape that is inscribed by the practitioners. However, they also become written upon by sweat and sacred blood. In this paper, I will explore the ways in which the rituals at/of Souvenance write history annually and how, simultaneously, the history of Souvenance is being written.

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23

Guillaume, Yodeline, Gregory J. Jerome, Ralph Ternier, Louise C. Ivers, and Max Raymond. "‘It was a ravage!’: lived experiences of epidemic cholera in rural Haiti." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e001834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001834.

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IntroductionA cholera epidemic began in Haiti over 8 years ago, prompting numerous, largely quantitative research studies. Assessments of local ‘knowledge, attitudes and practices’ relevant for cholera control have relied primarily on cross-sectional surveys. The voices of affected Haitians have rarely been elevated in the scientific literature on the topic.MethodsWe undertook focus groups with stakeholders in the Artibonite region of Haiti in 2011, as part of planning for a public health intervention to control cholera at the height of the epidemic. In this study, we coded and analysed themes from 55 community members in five focus groups, focusing on local experiences of cholera and responses to the prevention messages.ResultsThe majority of participants had a personal experience with cholera and described its spread in militaristic terms, as a disease that ‘attacked’ individuals, ‘ravaged’ communities and induced fear. Pre-existing structural deficiencies were identified as increasing the risk of illness and death. Knowledge of public health messages coincided with some improvements in water treatment and handwashing, but not changes in open defecation in their community, and was sometimes associated with self-blame or shame. Most participants cited constrained resources, and a minority listed individual neglect, for inconsistent or unimproved practices.ConclusionThe experience of epidemic cholera in a rural Haitian community at the beginning of a major outbreak included a high burden and was exacerbated by poverty, which increased risk while hindering practice of known prevention messages. To interrupt cholera transmission, public health education must be paired with investments in structural improvements that expand access to prevention and healthcare services.

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Miller, Jessica, and Marvin L. Birnbaum. "Characterization of Interventional Studies of the Cholera Epidemic in Haiti." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17007002.

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AbstractIn October 2010, the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP; Port au Prince, Haiti) reported a cholera epidemic caused by contamination of the Artibonite River by a United Nation Stabilization Mission camp. Interventional studies of the subsequent responses, including a descriptive Methods section and systematic approach, may be useful in facilitating comparisons and applying lessons learned to future outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to examine publicly available documents relating to the 2010 cholera outbreak to answer: (1) What information is publicly available on interventional studies conducted during the epidemic, and what was/were the impact(s)? and (2) Can the interventions be compared, and what lessons can be learned from their comparison?A PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA) search was conducted using the parameters “Haiti” and “cholera.” Studies were categorized as “interventional research,” “epidemiological research,” or “other.” A distinction was made between studies and narrative reports. The PubMed search yielded 171 papers, 59 (34.0%) of which were epidemiological and 12 (7.0%) were interventional studies. The remaining 100 papers (59.0%) comprised largely of narrative, anecdotal descriptions. An expanded examination of publications by the World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland), the Center for Research in the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED; Brussels, Belgium), United States Agency for International Development (USAID; Washington, DC USA)-Development Experience Clearinghouse (DEC), and US National Library of Medicine’s (NLM; Bethesda, Maryland USA) Disaster Literature databases yielded no additional interventional studies. The unstructured formats and differing levels of detail prohibited comparisons between interventions, even between those with a similar approach. Only two (17.0%) interventional studies included any impact data, although neither commented whether the intervention improved health or reduced incidence or mortality related to cholera. Agreed frameworks for guiding responses and subsequent reporting are needed to ensure reports contain sufficient detail to draw conclusions for the definition of best practices and for the design of future interventions.MillerJ, BirnbaumML. Characterization of interventional studies of the cholera epidemic in Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(2):176–181.

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25

Routh, Janell, Anagha Loharikar, Marie-Delivrance Fouche, Emily Cartwright, Sharon Roy, Elizabeth Ailes, W. Roodly Archer, et al. "Rapid Assessment of Cholera-related Deaths, Artibonite Department, Haiti, 2010." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 11 (November 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1711.110747.

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26

Raviola, G., A. Rose, J. R. Fils-Aimé, T. Thérosmé, E. Affricot, C. Valentin, S. Daimyo, et al. "Development of a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in post-earthquake Haiti, 2010–2019." Global Mental Health 7 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2019.33.

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Abstract Between 2010 and 2019 the international health care organization Partners In Health (PIH) and its sister organization Zanmi Lasante (ZL) mounted a long-term response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, focused on mental health. Over that time, implementing a Theory of Change developed in 2012, the organization successfully developed a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in Haiti's Central Plateau and Artibonite departments, directly serving a catchment area of 1.5 million people through multiple diagnosis-specific care pathways. The resulting ZL mental health system delivered 28 184 patient visits and served 6305 discrete patients at ZL facilities between January 2016 and September 2019. The experience of developing a system of mental health services in Haiti that currently provides ongoing care to thousands of people serves as a case study in major challenges involved in global mental health delivery. The essential components of the effort to develop and sustain this community mental health system are summarized.

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27

Duke, William, Richard Nordin, Derek Baker, and Asit Mazumder. "The use and performance of BioSand filters in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: a field study of 107 households." Rural and Remote Health, August 2, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.22605/rrh570.

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28

Thomson, Ashley A., and Claudia K. Gunsch. "Evaluation of a field appropriate membrane filtration method for the detection of Vibrio cholerae for the measurement of biosand filter performance in the Artibonite Valley, Haiti." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, no. 8 (July 3, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4677-1.

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Desormeaux, Anne-Marie, Eleanor Burnett, Gérard Joseph, Mentor Ali Ber Lucien, Negar Aliabadi, Manise Pierre, Patrick Dély, et al. "Impact of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine on Rotavirus Hospitalizations among Children Younger Than 5 Years of Age in the Ouest and Artibonite Departments, Haiti, 2013 to 2019." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, August 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0414.

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Rotavirus is responsible for 26% of diarrheal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean. Haiti introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in April 2014. The objective of this analysis is to describe the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations among Haitian children younger than 5 years old during the first 5 years after introduction. This analysis includes all children with diarrhea who were enrolled as part of a sentinel surveillance system at two hospitals from May 2013 to April 2019. We compare the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in each post-vaccine introduction year to the pre-vaccine period. To account for the potential dilution of the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens from a waning cholera outbreak, we also analyzed annual trends in the absolute number of positive stools, fit a two-component finite-mixture model to the negative specimens, and fit a negative binomial time series model to the pre-vaccine rotavirus-positive specimens to predict the number of rotavirus diarrhea hospital admissions in the absence of rotavirus vaccination. The overall percentage of rotavirus-positive specimens declined by 22% the first year after introduction, increased by 17% the second year, and declined by 33% to 50% the subsequent 3 years. All sensitivity analyses confirmed an overall decline. We observed a clear annual rotavirus seasonality before and after vaccine introduction, with the greatest activity in December through April, and a biennial pattern, with high sharp peaks and flatter longer periods of increased rotavirus activity in alternating years, consistent with suboptimal vaccination coverage. Overall, our study shows evidence that the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

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Zervos, J., LM Kaljee, P. Kilgore, M. Zervos, D. Parke, S. Arshad, C. Chan, T. Prentiss, K. Prentiss, and J. Sime. "Healthcare Utilization for Acute Febrile Illness, Knowledge of Malaria and Trust in Informational Resources among Clinic Attendees in Port-au-Prince and Artibonite Département: A Cross-sectional Survey." West Indian Medical Journal, November 30, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2015.231.

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